taxonID	type	description	language	source
03858C7C0D41FFAF6BBBFBCE807A66AE.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — INDIA. Andhra Pradesh, Chittoor district, Thamballepatti, on siliceous rock, elev. 1676 m, 05 January 2013, Satish Mohabe & A. Madhusudana Reddy 2782 (holotype LWG, isotype LWG). (Fig. 1) Thallus saxicolous, crustose, epilithic, brownish yellow, rimose to areolate, up to 0.2 mm thick, surface smooth; prothallus visible as black margin around thallus; medulla pale yellow orange, I + blue, lacking calcium oxalate (H 2 SO 4 −). Apothecia numerous, lecideine, initially adnate, soon becoming sessile, round, single (less often in groups), 0.3 – 0.6 mm diam.; margin black, thick and distinct, reduced with age but persistent, covered with irregular thalline collar concolorous with the thallus, prominent only in younger apothecia, becoming dark brown to black at maturity; disc black, flat, becoming slightly convex when mature, finely covered with yellow orange pruina (UV –, POL +, soluble in K), more prominent in younger apothecia; exciple dispersa - type (Bungartz et al. 2007), 25 – 40 µm thick, inner excipular hyphae narrow, pale brown, outer excipular hyphae parallel, dark brown, without aeruginose pigments (K –, HNO 3 –); epihymenium brown, 8 – 10 μm thick, K –, HNO ₃ –; hymenium hyaline, 40 – 70 µm high, not inspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses simple to moderately branched, apically swollen, with brown pigment cap (cf. elachista brown), aeruginose pigment absent; hypothecium dark brown, 100 – 120 μm high. Asci clavate, Bacidia- type, up to 8 - spored. Ascospores 1 - septate, brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoid, usually not constricted at septum, not curved, Buelliatype, proper septum and spore wall thin, not thickening during spore ontogeny, ornamentation absent, (8.5 –) 9.3 – 10.9 (– 11.7) × (5.2 –) 5.6 – 6.3 (– 6.8) µm, l / w = (1.5 –) 1.6 – 1.8 (– 2.0) µm (n = 30). Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Spot tests: K + yellow soon turning red (forming crystals), P + orange, C−. Thallus UV + pale white. TLC: norstictic acid (major), connorstictic (minor) and a unknown substances at approx. Rf value 70 (minor, paleyellow spot, less visible in natural light, LW UV: pale yellow green). Etymology: The species epithet “ austroindica ” refers to the southern part of India, the type locality of the new species. Distribution: The new species is known only from the type locality in Deccan region of India. It was growing on siliceous rock in a semi-shaded environment in a hilly forest area at an elevation of about 1,600 m. Notes: Buellia austroindica can be recognized by its brownish yellow, rimose areolate thallus, amyloid medulla, orange pruinose apothecial disc and the presence of norstictic acid. The pigment in Buellia austroindica is pale white under UV light and spot on TLC plate is not clearly visible under natural light in TLC. However, a closer observation under long-wave (366 nm) ultraviolet light, a pale yellow-green spot at approx. Rf value 70 is detected. The pruina appeared POL + and intermixed with the epihymenium, dissolving in KOH. Morphologically, Buellia halonia (Ach. 1803: 47) Tuck (1866: 26) shares similarities with B. austroindica in having a pale yellow to brownish thallus, however, B. halonia has a distinctly areolate thallus, apothecia in close groups, discs lacking pruina, it produces xanthones as major substances, and occasionally has bright red pigment (eumitrin) in its medulla, its exciple is much better developed and belongs to the leptocline- type containing an aeruginose HNO 3 + violet pigment, additionally, it has larger ascospores of size 12 – 19 × 6 – 9 µm (Grube et al. 2004, Bungartz et al. 2007 & Elix 2016). Buellia argillicola B. de Lesd. (1929: 243) is another species containing norstictic, connorstictic acid and weak traces of xanthones. However, it differs from B. austroindica by the presence of calcium oxalate, adnate apothecia, much larger ascospores (15 – 18.5 × 6.5 – 8.1 µm), stictic, hypostictic acid and it grows on limestone (Bungartz 2004). An Indian species Buellia pinicola S. R. Singh & D. D. Awasthi (1981: 181) has orange pruina on apothecial discs but differs from B. austroindica in lacking secondary metabolites, having a greenish grey thallus and a corticolous habitat (Singh & Awasthi 1981).	en	Ngangom, Roshinikumar, Nayaka, Sanjeeva, Mohabe, Satish, Reddy, A. Madhusudhana (2025): New and interesting saxicolous species of Buellia De Not. (Caliciaceae, lichenized ascomycota) from India. Phytotaxa 681 (3): 265-276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2
03858C7C0D43FFAF6BBBFDFC84A0619E.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — INDIA. Karnataka, Bangalore District, Bannergatta, Hazam Kallu, on siliceous rock, elev. 980 m, 30 April 1979, D. D. Awasthi, G. Awasthi, R. Mathur & P. Srivastava 79.255 (holotype LWG-LWU, isotype LWG). (Fig. 2) Thallus saxicolous, crustose, epilithic, pale grey to ivory, rimose to areolate, thin to moderately thickened upto 0.18 mm thick; prothallus visible as black margin only around thallus; medulla white, I + blue, lacking calcium oxalate (H 2 SO 4 −). Apothecia numerous, lecideine, sessile, round, single or in groups, 0.3 – 0.6 mm diam., margin thick, prominent in young apothecia, becoming thinner when mature, but not excluded; disc black, flat becoming convex at maturity, epruinose; exciple dispersa - type, 40 – 60 µm thick, inner excipular hyphae narrow, pale brown, forming a pale middle layer, outer excipular hyphae parallel, dark brown, with aeruginose pigments (K –, HNO 3 + violet); epihymenium brown, 8 – 10 μm thick, K –, HNO ₃ –; hymenium hyaline 40 – 50 µm high, not inspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses simple to moderately branched, apically swollen (3 – 4 µm diam.), with brown pigment cap (cf. elachista brown), aeruginose pigment absent; hypothecium dark brown, 100 – 130 μm high. Asci clavate, Bacidia- type, 8 - spored. Ascospores 1 - septate, brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoid, usually not constricted at septum, not curved, Buellia - type, proper septum and spore wall thin, not thickening during spore ontogeny, ornamentation absent, (9.5 –) 10.2 – 12.3 (– 13.7) × (4.5 –) 5.0 – 5.5 (– 6) µm, l / w = (1.9 –) 2.0 – 2.3 (– 2.4) (n = 30). Pycnidia rare, subimmersed, globose, ontogeny similar to the Umbilicaria - type sensu Vobis & Hawksworth (1981); conidia simple bacilliform, 4 – 5 × 1 – 1.5 µm. Chemistry: Spot tests: K + yellow turning red (forming crystals), P + yellow, C−. Thallus UV +, orange. TLC: norstictic acid (major), 4,5 - dichlorolichexanthone (major), connorstictic acid (minor). Etymology: The species epithet “ subhemispherica ” derives from the similar species B. hemispherica S. Singh & Awasthi. Distribution: The new species is known from the Deccan plateau region of India, characterized by dry deciduous and tropical scrub forests at an elevation of approximately 1000 m, growing on siliceous rock. Notes: Buellia subhemispherica is characterized by a rimose-areolate thallus with a smooth, pale grey to ivory surface, dispera - type exciple with aeruginose pigment, which appears masked by a brown pigment and is best seen when treated with HNO 3. The external morphology of the species resemblance Buellia hemispherica S. R. Singh & D. D. Awasthi (1981: 186), however, specimen of B. hemispherica have strongly convex apothecial discs and lack aeruginose pigmentation in the exciple. Buellia subhemispherica also resembles B. quartziana S. R. Singh & D. D. Awasthi (1981: 189), but the latter has dispersed areoles, an I− medulla, adnate to subsessile apothecia and larger ascospores (11 – 15 × 5 – 7 µm). Morphologically and chemically Buellia subhemispherica is also similar to B. mackeei Elix & H. Mayrhofer (2019: 40), but the latter differs by an I− medulla and calcium oxalate in its medulla (H 2 SO 4 +) (Elix & Mayrhofer 2019).	en	Ngangom, Roshinikumar, Nayaka, Sanjeeva, Mohabe, Satish, Reddy, A. Madhusudhana (2025): New and interesting saxicolous species of Buellia De Not. (Caliciaceae, lichenized ascomycota) from India. Phytotaxa 681 (3): 265-276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2
03858C7C0D43FFAA6BBBF8EC86A765A2.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — INDIA. Andhra Pradesh, Vishakhapatnam, Simhachalam area near Cashew plantation, on siliceous rock 06 March 1986, D. D. Awasthi, G. Awasthi, R. Mathur & P. Srivastava 86.256 (holotype LWG-LWU, isotype LWG). (Fig. 3) Thallus saxicolous, crustose, epilithic, usually warm white to whitish grey, rimose to areolate, thin to moderately thickened up to 0.15 mm; prothallus visible as black margin only around thallus; medulla white, I + blue, lacking calcium oxalate (H 2 SO 4 −). Apothecia numerous, lecideine, initially adnate soon becoming sessile, round, single or in groups, 0.3 – 0.8 mm diam., margin thick and distinct, black or color masked by greyish necrotic layer; disc black, flat becoming convex at maturity, finely covered with yellowish brown pruina, which are more prominent in younger apothecia; exciple leptocline - type, 50 – 60 µm thick, dark brown, with aeruginose pigments (K−, HNO 3 + violet); epihymenium brown, 8 – 9 μm thick (K –, HNO ₃ –); hymenium hyaline 50 – 60 µm high, not inspersed with oil droplets; paraphyses simple to moderately branched, apically swollen (3 – 4.5 µm diam.), with brown pigment cap (cf. elachista brown) and diffuse aeruginose pigment absent; hypothecium dark brown, 100 – 130 μm high; asci clavate, Bacidia- type, 8 - spored. Ascospores 1 - septate, brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoid, usually not constricted at septum, Buellia - type, proper septum and spore wall thin, not thickening during spore ontogeny, ornamentation absent, (7 –) 8.2 – 11 (– 12) × (4 –) 4.3 – 5.3 (– 6) µm, l / w = (1.5 –) 1.6 – 2.2 (– 2.6) (n = 30). Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Spot tests: K + yellow turning red (forming crystals), P + yellow, C−. Thallus UV + orange. TLC: norstictic acid (major), 4,5 - dichlorolichexanthone (major), connorstictic acid (minor). Etymology: The specific epithet “ vizagensis ” refers to the old name (Vizag) of the type locality. Distribution: The new species is known only from the type locality in the hilly, coastal region of Southern India. It was growing on siliceous rock near a cashew plantation at elevations up to 300 m. Notes: Buellia vizagensis is closely related to B. nilgiriensis S. R. Singh & D. D. Awasthi (1981: 187) in having UV + orange thallus but distinguished from B. vizagensis by smaller (0.2 – 0.7 mm) immersed to adnate apothecia with epruinose disc, larger ascospores (9 – 16 × 5 – 7 µm) and lacking connorstictic acid. Morphologically, Buellia vizagensis shares similarities with B. halonia however, the later species is distinguished by occasionally having a bright red pigment (eumitrin) in the medulla. Further, Buellia halonia has a leptocline- type exciple that contains an aeruginose HNO ₃ + violet pigment which extends up to the epihymenium, whereas in B. vizagensis, the pigment is restricted to the outer exciple only. Additionally, B. halonia has larger ascospores (12.4 – 15.7 × 6.8 – 8.0 µm) (Bungartz et al. 2007). Buellia mamillana (Tuck. 1868: 226) W. A. Weber (1986: 493) also has a rimose areolate, UV + orange thallus, but latter species can be distinguished by its distinctly different mamillana - type exciple (initially lecanorine, transitioning to lecideine), epruinose apothecia, larger ascospores (12 – 15 × 6 – 8 µm) and the presence of atranorin along with other xanthones (Bungartz et al. 2007). Buellia lepidastra (Tuck. 1858: 429) Tuck (1888: 90). is another species with aeruginose pigmentation usually confined to outermost exciple, but it differs in having granular to verrucose thallus, aethalea - type exciple and lacking xanthones (Bungartz & Nash 2004 a).	en	Ngangom, Roshinikumar, Nayaka, Sanjeeva, Mohabe, Satish, Reddy, A. Madhusudhana (2025): New and interesting saxicolous species of Buellia De Not. (Caliciaceae, lichenized ascomycota) from India. Phytotaxa 681 (3): 265-276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2
03858C7C0D46FFAA6BBBFC8E80186F78.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — AUSTRALIA. South Australia. Flinders Ranges National Park, Parachilna Gorge, 19 km W of Blinman, 31 ° 07 ’ S, 138 ° 31 ’ E, SW exposed rocks beside road, elev. 250 m, 7 April 1986, G. Rambold 5466 (holotype M [photo!]) (Fig. 4) Thallus saxicolous, crustose, thick, chalky white, epilithic, weakly rimose areolate, coarsely pruinose; prothallus visible as light brown margin around thallus, surface matt, ochraceous to grey, epruinose; medulla white, I –, containing calcium oxalate (H 2 SO 4 + forming clusters of transparent needle shaped crystals). Apothecia lecideine, innate to subsessile with constricted base, 0.6 – 1.1 mm in diam.; disc covered with dense white pruina, plane, becoming strongly convex at maturity, margin distinct, reduced with age but persistent; exciple leptocline- type (Bungartz et al. 2007), 60 – 90 µm wide, aeruginose pigments absent (K –, HNO 3 –), outermost layer dark brown, inside with light brown and bright red (eumitrin, K + yellow solution in lower part of exciple) pigment; hymenium hyaline, not inspersed, 60 – 80 µm high; paraphyses simple to moderately branched, apically swollen, with brown pigment cap (cf. elachista brown), aeruginose pigment absent. Hypothecium dark brown, 60 – 80 μm high. Asci usually 8 - spored, clavate, Bacidia- type. Ascospores 1 - septate, brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoid, not curved, Buellia - type, proper septum and spore wall thin, not thickening during spore ontogeny, ornamentation absent, (13.5 –) 15.5 – 17.4 (– 17.8) × (5.1 –) 5.4 – 6.1 (– 6.4) µm, l / w = (2.6 –) 2.7 – 3.1 (– 3.3) (n = 30). Pycnidia rare, subimmersed, globose, pycnidial ontogeny similar to the Umbilicaria - type sensu Vobis & Hawksworth (1981), conidia simple, bacilliform (4 – 5 × 1 – 1.5 µm). Chemistry: Spot tests: K + yellow, P –, C –. Thallus UV –. TLC: atranorin (major), eumitrin (major), secalonic acid (minor). Distribution: Buellia cinnabarina has only been reported for Australia (McCarthy 2023). This is a new distributional record for India, collected from Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra, and found growing on siliceous rock. Notes: This species can be distinguished from other saxicolous Buellia species in India by the presence of densely white pruinose apothecia, medulla rich in calcium oxalate and bright red pigment in exciple. The holotype of Buellia cinnabarina has slightly less pruina on the apothecial disc than the Indian specimens. Buellia cinnabarina is similar to B. hypostictella Elix & H. Mayrhofer (2016: 10) in having a grey-white surface, a medulla containing calcium oxalate (H 2 SO 4 +) and pruinose apothecia, but the latter species differs in having a HNO 3 + violet outer exciple and containing hypostictic acid (Elix & Mayrhofer 2016). The description provided here is based on Indian specimens which matches well with the protologue and the holotype photo of Buellia cinnabarina. Specimens examined: INDIA. Maharashtra: Pune City, Chatushrungi Hill, on rock, elev. 560 m. 30 March 2005, S. Nayaka 05 - 001887 (LWG). Himachal Pradesh: Parbati River Valley, on way to Pulga from Manikaran just before bridge on Parbati, on rock, elev. 1950 m. 18 June 1975, D. D. Awasthi & K. Dange 75095 (LWG-LWU).	en	Ngangom, Roshinikumar, Nayaka, Sanjeeva, Mohabe, Satish, Reddy, A. Madhusudhana (2025): New and interesting saxicolous species of Buellia De Not. (Caliciaceae, lichenized ascomycota) from India. Phytotaxa 681 (3): 265-276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2
03858C7C0D47FFA66BBBF99281556652.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — SWITZERLAND. Kanton Zürich. On granitic alpine boulders growing with Lecidea atro-alba [original label data: Ad saxa granitica, Schleicher, 1823 sub Lecidea atro-alba; Hepp, Flechten Europas Nr. 33, auf Alpenfindlingen bei Zürich], collected by Schleicher s. n., distributed by Hepp, Lich. Helvet. Exs. 33, 0023903 (isoneotype M [photo!]); 000660170 (isoneotype BM [photo!]). For further synonymy, see Bungartz et al. (2004, 2007). Thallus saxicolous, crustose, thin to moderately thickened, continuous, epilithic; areolate; prothallus conspicuously black, visible between areoles, rarely only surrounding thallus outline; surface matt, usually white to whitish grey, rarely dark grey, epruinose, phenocorticate; medulla white, I + blue, lacking calcium oxalate (H 2 SO 4 –). Apothecia lecideine, sessile, numerous, immersed to adnate, round 0.3 – 0.5 mm in diam.; disc epruinose, black, rarely becoming slightly convex with age; proper margin thin, persistent, rarely excluded with age, black or color masked by greyish necrotic thalline material; exciple narrow aethalea - type (Bungartz et al. 2007), aeruginose pigments continuous with epihymenium (K –, HNO ₃ + violet); hymenium, hyaline, not inspersed, 50 – 60 µm high; paraphyses simple to moderately branched, apically swollen, with brown pigment cap and diffuse, aeruginose pigment (K –, HNO 3 + violet). Asci 8 - spored, clavate, Bacidia - type. Ascospores olive to brown at maturity, oblong to ellipsoid, Buellia - type, proper septum and spore wall thin, not thickening during spore ontogeny, ornamentation absent, (9.4 –) 10.5 – 13.9 (– 15.3) × (4.8 –) 5.6 – 6.8 (– 7.4) µm, l / w = (1.7 –) 1.8 – 2.1 (– 2.4) (n = 30). Pycnidia not observed. Chemistry: Spot test: K + yellow to red (forming crystals), P + yellow, C –, KC –. Thallus UV –. TLC: atranorin (major), norstictic (major) and connorstictic acid (minor). Distribution: This is cosmopolitan species found in the Northern Hemisphere (Bungartz & Nash 2004 a), southern and eastern hemisphere (Joshi et al. 2010, McCarthy 2023) on a variety of siliceous rock. In India it is distributed in tropical to subtropical regions between elevation 500 to 1600 m and found growing along with species of Aspicilia and Lecanora. Notes: Buellia spuria is closely related to B. stellulata (Taylor in Mackay 1836: 118) Mudd (1861: 216). which shares similar morphological characters, but latter species consistently has a non-amyloid medulla and lacks norstictic acid (Bungartz et al. 2007). The description provided here is based on Indian specimens which matches well with protologue and the isoneotype photos of Buellia spuria. Specimens examined: INDIA. Himachal Pradesh, Beas River valley, Kulu, on way to Barahi road, elev. ca. 1500 m. 16 June 1975. D. D. Awasthi & K. Dange 75032 A (LWG-LWU). Karnataka, Chikmangalure district Chikmagalure to Kummangundi, on rock, elev. 1100 m. 01 May 1979. D. D. Awasthi, D. K. Upreti & U. Mishra 79.417 (LWG-LWU). Manipur, Ukhrul, on rock, elev. 1676 m. 05 November 1976. K. P. Singh 55186 (LWG-LWU). Odisha, Ganjam district, on way to Seranga, on rock. 03 March 1986. D. D. Awasthi, G. Awasthi, R. Mathur & P. Srivastava 86.158 (LWG-LWU). Tamil Nadu, Salem district, Palamalai Hills, elev. 705 m. N 11 ° 44 ’ 10.4 ”, E 77 ° 44 ’ 29 ”. 14 February 2012. Logesh, Komal & Preeti 12 - 028076 (LWG); Nilgiri Hills, Love dale, on rock. 01 December 1973. K. P. Singh 73.515 (LWG-LWU). Uttarakhand, Almora district, Almora, Karbala, Pine Forest, on exposed rock, elev. 1600 m. 26 May 1997. D. K. Upreti, Chatterjee & Tandon L 69762, L 69761 / B (LWG); Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve, Sandikhal, on rock, elev. 1000 – 1100 m. 03 December 1999. D. K. Upreti & Tandon 217429 / A (LWG).	en	Ngangom, Roshinikumar, Nayaka, Sanjeeva, Mohabe, Satish, Reddy, A. Madhusudhana (2025): New and interesting saxicolous species of Buellia De Not. (Caliciaceae, lichenized ascomycota) from India. Phytotaxa 681 (3): 265-276, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.681.3.2
