identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038C3E27FFDEA414FCA7FBF5FDECF22D.text	038C3E27FFDEA414FCA7FBF5FDECF22D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thouarella Gray 1870	<div><p>Genus Thouarella Gray, 1870</p><p>Thouarella Gray, 1870: 45 . – Cairns, 2006: 175-176; 2011: 4-5. – Taylor et al., 2013: 20-21 (species groups 1 and 2, complete synonymy). – Taylor &amp; Roger, 2015: 197.</p><p>Thouarella (Diplocalyptra) Kinoshita, 1908: 454 . – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009: 34-35.</p><p>Thouarella (Euthouarella) Kükenthal, 1915: 149 . – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009: 34. – Cairns &amp; Wirshing, 2018: 18.</p><p>Thouarella (Parathourella) Kükenthal, 1915: 150 .</p><p>Thouarella (Epithourella) Kükenthal, 1915: 150-151 . – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009: 35.</p><p>Thouarella (Thouarella) Bayer, 1956: F220. – Cairns &amp; Bayer, 2009: 33-34. – Cairns &amp; Wirshing, 2018: 18.</p><p>Type species. Primnoa antarctica Valenciennes, 1846, by monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis (from Cairns 2011). Colonies bottlebrush, uniplanar pinnate, or dichotomous in branching.</p><p>Polyps isolated (occurring on all sides on the stem and branchlets in a random fashion, i. e., subgenus Thouarella) or arranged in pairs of whorls (subgenus Euthouarella). Each polyp covered by 6 or 8 longitudinal rows of body wall scales, the scales on the adaxial side reduced in size and number to accommodate inward flexing of polyp. Marginal scales often arranged in 2 circles of 4 scales that alternate with one another, each marginal bearing simple or ornate longitudinal keel or multiple keels that, when the marginals fold over the opercular scales, glide along the outer concave surface of the underlying opercular scales. Opercular scales lanceolate or tongue-shaped, often bearing a longitudinal ridge on inner surface; smaller accessory opercular scales sometimes present.</p><p>Remarks. The genus Thouarella has been intensely studied over the last century, its species being allocated to various subgenera and species groups (see synonymy above) based on various morphological criteria such as polyp placement, colony branching, and nature of the distal edge of the marginal scales. The history of research in this genus is recounted by Cairns (2006, 2011), Cairns &amp; Bayer (2009), Taylor et al. (2013), Taylor &amp; Rogers (2015), and Cairns &amp; Wirshing(2018), and will not be repeated here, except to say that the monograph of Taylor et al. (2013) includes descriptions and illustrations of all extant species to that time (usually based on type material), an exhaustive key to the species, and a discussion of character states. Most recently, the molecular studies of Taylor &amp; Rogers (2015) and Cairns &amp; Wirshing (2018) suggest that there are two subgenera within the genus, differing in the arrangement of their polyps, i. e., randomly (nominate subgenus) or in pairs and whorls (subgenus Euthouarella). The nominate subgenus consists of 25 species, subgenus Euthouarella consists of nine species.The new species described herein belongs to the nominate subgenus.</p><p>Distribution. Cosmopolitan, especially common in the Antarctic and Subantarctic, 11-6400 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C3E27FFDEA414FCA7FBF5FDECF22D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cairns, Stephen D.;Häussermann, Verena	Cairns, Stephen D., Häussermann, Verena (2021): A new species of Thouarella from Chilean Patagonia. Spixiana 44 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851359
038C3E27FFDCA411FF12FBAFFDC4F2D2.text	038C3E27FFDCA411FF12FBAFFDC4F2D2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thouarella (Thouarella) debilis Cairns & Häussermann 2021	<div><p>Thouarella (Thouarella) debilis sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 1-4</p><p>Thouarella (Thouarella) sp. 2 Ofwegen, Breedy &amp; Cairns, 2008: 209-210, 955 (including 5 figures, one in situ).</p><p>Types. Holotype: Lenca, Chile, 32 m, colony and SEM stubs 1223, 1226, 2565-2566, USNM 1116614 . – Paratypes: Lenca, Chile, 28 m, 8 Feb 2014, HF19-5, Museo Nacional de Historia, Santiago, Chile, MNHNCL CNID-15059; Lenca, Chile, depth unknown, 24 March 2001, USNM 1569221 ; Lenca, Chile, 33 m, 8 Feb 2014, HF19-5, ZSM 20190632 .</p><p>Type locality. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.6694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.6383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.6694/lat -41.6383)">Lenca</a> (41°38.298'S, 72°40.164'W), Chile, 32 m.</p><p>Distribution. Lenca is the only site out of hundreds of dive sites throughout Chilean Patagonia where this species was found.</p><p>Description</p><p>Colonies are very sparsely branched, the main stem sometimes remaining simple, in other colonies producing one or two secondary stems (Fig. 2A, B). The holotype is 33 cm in height and has a simple unbranched stem, whereas the largest of specimens is up to 53 cm in height. Branchlets diverge from the main stem in all directions (Fig. 3A) but are most common on opposites of the stem, producing a loose bottlebrush arrangement tending toward pinnate. The base of the main may be up to 2 mm in diameter, whereas the branchlets are very thin, filiform, only 0.5- 0.15 mm in diameter and up to 50 mm in length, producing a weak or flaccid support for the polyps. The branchlets are themselves unbranched. The stem is pale yellow in colour, the polyps are white. The polyps are flared in shape (Fig. 3C, E), 1.2-1.7 mm in length, and 12-16 of them occurring randomly (not paired or in whorls, Fig. 3A) on a 1 cm length of branchlet.</p><p>The body wall scales are arranged in eight longitudinal rows, the number of scales in each row decreasing in number (but not size) from ab- to adaxial polyp side. The body wall sclerite formula is: 7-9: 5-9: 3-5: 2-3, the abaxial scales (Figs 3C, 4F) increasing in size toward the base of the polyp. The marginal scales (Figs 3F, 4A- B) are diamond shaped, with broad lateral wings and thus a low L: W ratio of 1.1-1.6. They measure 0.45-0.65 mm in length, including an elongate distal spine; their distal inner surface bears a prominent, sometimes multi-ridged, serrate keel (Fig. 4B); their outer surface is sparsely granular proximally and smooth distally. Sometimes the submarginal scales (Fig. 4C) have a shorter pointed distal spine (length of scale about 0.55, L:W =0.9-0.95), others having a rounded distal edge consistent with the other body wall scales. The body wall scales (Fig. 4F) are fan-shaped, usually broader than tall (L:W =0.6-1.0), 0.35-0.45 mm in height, and have a straight, finely serrate distal edge. The opercular scales (Fig. 4D- E) are lanceolate in shape, 0.45-0.52 mm in length, having a L: W ranging from 1.4-2.0. Like the marginals, they bear a prominent serrate inner keel (Fig. 4E) and a sparsely granular outer surface. The operculum itself is relatively low. The coenenchymal scales (Fig. 4G- H) are circular to elliptical in shape, thin, and imbricate, ranging from 0.15-0.40 mm in greater diameter. Their upper surface bears prominent ridges that radiate from a boss near the base of each scale.</p><p>The colonies were all whitish in colour, attached to moderately steep rocky substrata covered with some sediment, with the colony protruding perpendicular from the rock.</p><p>Associated species. The hard substratum below 15 m is densely populated with the primnoid gorgonian Primnoella chilensis; below approximately 20 m numerous deep-water sea anemones such as Actinostola chilensis McMurrich, 1904 have been recorded. At vertical or overhanging sites, the scleractinian coral Desmophyllum dianthus (Esper 1794) is found. The hard substratum around the gorgonians is inhabited by numerous holothuriids of the species Psolidium disciformis (Théel 1886), the zoanthid Epizoanthus fiordicus Sinniger &amp; Häussermann 2009, the bryozoan Cellaria malvinensis (Busk 1852), the sea anemone Gonactinia prolifera (Sars 1835) and numerous species of sponges. The crinoid species Astrotoma agassizii Lyman, 1875, the octocoral Clavularia magelhaenica Studer, 1878, and the gastropod Nasserius gayii (Kiener 1834) have been recorded using Thouarella debilis as substrate.</p><p>Comparisons. When run through the comprehensive key to all Thouarella species that have isolated polyps, i. e., the nominate subgenus (Taylor et al. 2013), T. debilis comes closest to T. chilensis Kükenthal, 1908, another species obviously also known from Chile. However, T. chilensis differs in having a robust bottlebrush shape, much shorter (15 mm length) and thicker (0.25 mm diameter) branchlets, accessory opercular scales, and larger (2.5-2.7 mm) polyps.</p><p>Remarks. This species was briefly described and illustrated by Ofwegen et al. (2009) but not named, except for the common name of “limp bottlebrush gorgonian”, as only one specimen was available. Since then more specimens have been collected and thus a formal description is given herein. It is one of the shallowest of the 34 species in the genus.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Lenca (about 41.61° S, 72.66° W), Los Lagos Region, Gulfo de Ancud, Chile (Fig. 1), 28- 38 m.</p><p>Etymology. Named debilis (Latin for weak), in allusion to the weak, limp, or flaccid colony strength.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038C3E27FFDCA411FF12FBAFFDC4F2D2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cairns, Stephen D.;Häussermann, Verena	Cairns, Stephen D., Häussermann, Verena (2021): A new species of Thouarella from Chilean Patagonia. Spixiana 44 (1): 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16851359
