identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
038AC51EF978AA04C861FA9415B7FCF7.text	038AC51EF978AA04C861FA9415B7FCF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena	<div><p>Salpichlaena</p><p>Salpichlaena J.Sm.(1841) 168. — Type: Salpichlaena volubilis (Kaulf.) J.Sm. (1841) 168.</p><p>Terrestrial. Rhizome long-creeping, dorsiventral, 0.3–0.8 cm diam; scales 2–5(–9) mm long, brown to black, usually with a lighter margin. Fronds almost monomorphic to strongly dimorphic, with twining rachises, up to 15 m long. Petioles abaxially terete, adaxially sulcated with one omega-shaped vascular bundle, glabrous, with catenate hairs and yellowish to brown scales. Laminae entire in juveniles, 1- (or 2-)pinnate in non-climbing and 2-pinnate in climbing fronds. Pinnae subopposite to opposite; herbaceous to coriaceous, margin cartilaginous to not cartilaginous, catenate hairs of 2 or 3 cells on abaxial side of the lamina, mostly on the veins; axes glabrous, sparsely hairy or scaly, veins parallel, simple or once-forked. Pinnules subopposite to opposite (alternate), fertile ones generally narrower than sterile, lanceolate, elliptic to oblanceolate, petiolulate to sessile or winged; apex acuminate, attenuate, caudate, cuspidate or cuneate, with entire, crenate or serrate margin, base round to attenuate. Sori linear at both sides of the costule covered by a firm dark-brown indusium that opens towards the costa, paraphyses absent. Spores monolete, ellipsoid-reniform with vesicules on the surface, monolete, 0.7–1 µm; n = 40 (Walker 1973; count from Trinidad).</p><p>IDENTIFICATION KEY TO SPECIES</p><p>1. Fertile pinnae almost without lamina; apices of sterile pinnae/pinnules serrate; pinnae/pinnules elliptic; laminar buds common in climbing fronds at the pinna bases.......................................... 1. S. hookeriana</p><p>1. Fertile pinnae with lamina; apices of sterile pinnae/pinnules entire, crenate or serrate; if serrate, pinne/pinnules lanceolate; laminar buds in climbing fronds absent or very rare 2</p><p>2. Apices of sterile pinnae/pinnules obviously serrate; costal scales broad and shapeless, like crumpled paper, or ovate with or without small appendices..........3. S. papyrus</p><p>2. Apices of sterile pinnae/pinnules entire, crenate to slightly serrate; costal scales lanceolate or ovate, always with long appendices................................... 3</p><p>3. Sterile pinnae/pinnules broadly elliptic to oblanceolate, herbaceous, margin sometimes slightly cartilaginous........................................... 2. S. hybrida</p><p>3. Sterile pinnae/pinnules of variable shape; if broadly elliptic, then chartaceous-coriaceous with clearly cartilaginous margin, if lanceolate, then herbaceous-chartaceous with only slightly or not at all cartilaginous margin....4. S. volubilis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF978AA04C861FA9415B7FCF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF977AA05CB3BFC99135FFEE2.text	038AC51EF977AA05CB3BFC99135FFEE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena hookeriana (Kuntze) Alston	<div><p>1. Salpichlaena hookeriana (Kuntze) Alston — Fig. 3a, 4b, 5; Map 1</p><p>Salpichlaena hookeriana (Kuntze) Alston (1932) 312.</p><p>Lomaria volubilis Hook. (1860) 39. — Blechnum volubile Kaulf. var. lomarioidea Baker (1870) 428.Replacement name for Lomaria volubilis Hook. at a new rank. — Spicanta hookeriana Kuntze (1891) 821. Replacement name for L. volubilis Hook., non Spicanta volubilis (Kaulf.) Kuntze. — Salpichlaena lomarioidea (Baker) A.R.Sm.(1990) 250, nom.illeg.superfl.</p><p>— Type: Spruce R 1263 (lectotype K K000633415, designated here; isolectotypes K K000633413, K000633414, NY 02617982, 02617987, P P00347482), Brazil, Amazonas, Barra .</p><p>Etymology. Species named after William Jackson Hooker (1785–1865).</p><p>Non-climbing and sterile climbing fronds with herbaceous (chartaceous) lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins not cartilaginous; scales on abaxial axes lanceolate with long, sometimes bifurcated appendices (stick-like scales formed by a long apical row of cells and usually two shorter lateral basal cells); stomata rarely on white laminal protuberances. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 27 by 2.4 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 34–77 cm. Pinnae up to 6 pairs; apical one elliptic (lanceolate), 8.7–20.5 by 1.9–4.3 cm; lateral ones elliptic, oblanceolate (lanceolate), 9–19.7 by 1.8–4.4 cm; apex acuminate (attenuate), with serrate margin; base acute. Climbing fronds with pinnae strongly dimorphic, fertile pinnae almost without any laminar tissue. Pinnules opposite to subopposite. Fertile pinnules in 1–7 pairs; apical one linear, 12.4–36.3 by 0.1–0.4 cm; lateral ones linear, 8.4–31 by 0.1–0.4 cm. Sterile pinnules in 2 – 6 pairs; apical one elliptic (lanceolate), 12.7–35 by 2.4–5.8 cm, apex acuminate (attenuate) with serrate margin, serration sometimes extending more than 1/4 of the length of the pinnule, base acute, equilateral to slightly oblique; lateral ones elliptic (oblanceolate, lanceolate), 9–24.3 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate, base obtuse, cuneate, acute, equilateral to oblique; petiolulate, sessile, rarely winged; sometimes foliar buds on the base of pinnule.</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena hookeriana occurs mostly in Amazonia, reaching Mato Grosso do Sul in the south.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary lowland rain forest. Grows in poorly drained areas including palm swamps, near creeks and less often near paths. On brownish sandy and clay soil. Altitude 50– 700 m.</p><p>Additional specimens seen. BOLIVIA, Beni, 5 km NW of Guayaramerin, 24 Jan. 1978, Anderson WR 11824 (US). – BRAZIL, Amazonas, Mun.Presidente Figueiredo, na margen da Rodovia AM-240, 2 Feb. 2008, Prado J et al. 1863 (NY, SP, TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.616665/lat -2.6166668)">Carauari</a>, 3–5 km north-west from the village of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.616665/lat -2.6166668)">Lago do Pupunha</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.616665/lat -2.6166668)">Río Juruá</a>, S5°34' W67°48', 100–140 m, 12 June 2012, Tuomisto H et al. 16902 (SP, TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.6166668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.616665/lat -2.6166668)">Rio Preto da Eva</a>, S2°37' W59°37', 80–120 m, 23 Jan. 2008, Tuomisto et al. 15436 (INPA, SP, TUR). – COLOMBIA, Vaupés, Río Piraparaná (tributary of Río Apaporis), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.5/lat -0.25)">Caño Teemeeña</a>, S0°15' W70°30', 10 Sept. 1952, Schultes RE &amp; Cabrera I 17449 (US); Vichada, Gaviotas, Caño Urimica, 130–160 m, 8 Dec. 1972, Murillo TM 1582 (AAU, P). – GUYANA, Potaro-Siparuni, Pakaraima Mts, Ireng River, 4 km upstream from Kurutuik Falls along <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.3661112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.033333/lat 1.3661112)">Topaima</a> stream, N5°05'00" W60°02'00", 685 m, 27 Oct. 1994, Mutchnick P et al. 240 (CAY, US); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.3661112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.033333/lat 1.3661112)">Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.3661112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.033333/lat 1.3661112)">Acarai Mts</a>, 8 km S of Sipu River, N01°21' 58 °57', 610 m, 3 Sept. 1998, Clarke D et al. 7429 (CAY, US). – PERU, Loreto, Loreto, Río Pucacuro, S3°17' W74°59', 100–200 m, 14 Jan.2005, Tuomisto H et al. 14123 (AMAZ, TUR, UC, USM); Loreto, Río Tigre, S3°33' W74°39', 100–200 m, 6 Feb. 2005, Tuomisto H et al. 14956 (AMAZ, TUR); Mariscal Ramón Castilla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.65/lat -4.866667)">Río Yaguasyacu</a>, 2–5 km SW from the village of Puerto Izango, S3°18' W72°1', 100–150 m, 23 May 1997, Tuomisto H et al. 11252 (AAU, AMAZ, TUR, UC, USM); Mariscal Ramón Castilla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.866667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.65/lat -4.866667)">Río Yaguasyacu</a>, 2 km S from the village of Puerto Izango, S3°19' W72°00', 100–150 m, 20 Aug.1998, Tuomisto H et al. 12677 (AMAZ, TUR, USM); Maynas, Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco, S4°21' W73°9', 110 m, 17 Sept. 2010, Cárdenas GG et al. 1755 (AMAZ, TUR);Requena, Río Ucayali, 2 km N from the biological station Jenaro Herrera, S4°52' W73°39', 100–200 m, 18 Sept. 1998, Tuomisto H et al. 12785 (AMAZ, TUR, USM). – VENEZUELA, Amazonas, Cerro Sipapo ( Paráque), 2 Feb. 1949, Maguire B &amp; Politi L 28766 (K, US).</p><p>Notes — Salpichlaena hookeriana is unique within the genus in the nearly complete absence of laminar tissue in fertile pinnules. Serrate apices of the sterile pinnae and the presence of foliar buds differentiate it from S. hybrida and S. volubilis . Foliar buds are common on climbing fronds and occur at the base of the pinnae and sometimes at the base of pinnules. They are more frequent in sterile than in fertile pinnae. Foliar buds have also been seen in S. papyrus, but only rarely. The non-climbing fronds of the S. hookeriana can be separated from the co-occuring S. volubilis subsp. amazonica by smaller size and higher number of pinnae.</p><p>The clearly serrate pinna/pinnule apices is a character that S. hookeriana shares with S. papyrus but not with the other species. The sterile fronds of these two species can be differentiated by the scales: in S. hookeriana, scales are lanceolate and have long appendices, whereas in S. papyrus they are formless and resemble crumpled paper and usually lack appendices. In addition, S. hookeriana has elliptic pinnules with herbaceous texture whereas S. papyrus has more lanceolate chartaceous pinnules.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF977AA05CB3BFC99135FFEE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF976AA06C861FEA615B1FAE5.text	038AC51EF976AA06C861FEA615B1FAE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena hybrida Lehtonen, G. G. Cardenas & Tuomisto	<div><p>2. Salpichlaena hybrida Lehtonen, G.G.Cárdenas &amp; Tuomisto, sp. nov. — Fig. 3b, 6; Map1</p><p>Intermediate between S. hookeriana and S. volubilis subsp. amazonica . Differs from the former by lack of foliar buds,presence of laminar tissue in fertile pinnae and larger pinnae in the non-climbing fronds;and from the latter by the herbaceous texture of the lamina and thin rather than cartilaginous pinna/pinnule margin.</p><p>— Type: Christenhusz, M.J.M., Bollendorff, S.M., Maas, P.J.M. &amp; Maas-van de Kamer, H. 2460 (holo TUR (mounted on three sheets: 576477, 576478, 576479); iso CAY, NY, U), French Guiana, Commune Montsinéry-Tonnégrande, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.483334/lat 4.8)">Bagne des Annamites</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.483334/lat 4.8)">km 15 along Route Départementale 5</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.483334/lat 4.8)">near Rivière de Tonnégrande</a>, N4°48' W52°29', 21 Feb. 2003 .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the postulated hybrid origin of the species.</p><p>Climbing and non-climbing fronds with herbaceous lamina texture,pinnae and pinnule margins not cartilaginous (to slightly cartilaginous); scales on abaxial axes lanceolate with long appendices sometimes divided and bifurcate, some stick-like scales formed by a long apical row of cells and usually two shorter basal lateral cells; stomata rarely on white laminal protuberances. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 62–151 cm. Pinnae up to 4 pairs; apical one elliptic (oblanceolate), 22.6–46 by 6.4–8 cm; lateral ones oblanceolate, 22.7–35 by 6–7.2 cm; apex acuminate (caudate), with entire (slightly serrate) margin; base obtuse, acute. Climbing fronds with dimorphic pinnae. Pinnules opposite to subopposite. Fertile pinnules in up to 6 pairs; apical one elliptic, lanceolate, slightly oblanceolate, 20 by 4.1 cm, apex caudate, entire, base acute, oblique up to 0.1 cm; lateral ones elliptic (oblanceolate), 19.5 by 4.1 cm, apex caudate, entire, base obtuse, slightly oblique. Sterile pinnules in 2 – 4 pairs; apical one elliptic, slightly oblanceolate,13–20 by 3.8–6.6 cm, apex acuminate (caudate), entire to slightly serrate, base acute, slightly oblique; lateral ones oblanceolate, 9.5–15.8 by 2.9 cm, apex acuminate, caudate, entire, base obtuse, equilateral to oblique; petiolulate, rarely sessile or winged.</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena hybrida occurs in northern Brazil (Roraima), French Guiana and Suriname.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Terra firme rain forest, on white sand and poorly drained soil, close to creeks and paths. Altitude 0– 130 m.</p><p>Additional specimens seen (paratypes). BRAZIL, Roraima, Rorainópolis, about 5 km W along a side road starting at km 120–130 (RR) of the Manaus - Boa Vista road, N0°13' W60°29', 80–130 m, 18 Feb. 2008, Tuomisto H et al. 15787 (TUR). – FRENCH GUIANA, Cayenne, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.1/lat 4.15)">road N2 from Régina to Saint-Georges de l’Oyapock</a>,km 127, N4°9' W52°6', 70 m, 29 Oct.2013, Lehtonen S &amp; Geniez C 1073 (CAY, TUR); environs du lieu-dit ‘Roche-bateau’, sur la Crique Nouvelle-France, 11 Mar. 1976, Raynal A &amp; Tirel C 18572 (P). – SURINAME, Brokopondo, Brownsberg Nature Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.2/lat 4.9333334)">Mazaroni vallen</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.2/lat 4.9333334)">waterfalls on very steep slope of at least 60°</a>, N4°56' W55°12', 400–500 m, 6 Mar. 2003, Christenhusz MJM &amp; Bollendorff SM 2581 (TUR).</p><p>Notes — The climbing sterile pinnae are elliptic and similar in appearance to those of S. hookeriana, but the pinnule apices are entire instead of serrate. Non-climbing fronds are similar to those of S. volubilis subsp. amazonica in having large pinnae, but in S. hybrida they have herbaceous texture and lack the cartilaginous margin. Salpichlaena hybrida can be differentiated from S. papyrus by the entire pinnule apices and by the scales similar to those in S. hookeriana in contrast to the scales of S. papyrus resembling crumpled paper. Salpichlaena hybrida differs from S. volubilis subsp. volubilis by shorter and broader pinnules, and from S. volubilis subsp. crenata by shorter pinnules and by thinner lamina texture.</p><p>We did not have physical access to fertile specimens of S. hybrida and the description of the fertile state is based on a few morphologically identified specimens seen as digital images. Hence, we do not have molecular support for the identification of the fertile specimens. Among the specimens seen, Raynal A &amp; Tirel C 18572 (P01326148) can be considered most typical as it clearly shows mixed characters of the presumed parental taxa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF976AA06C861FEA615B1FAE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF975AA00CB38FAB1166CFE8F.text	038AC51EF975AA00CB38FAB1166CFE8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena papyrus G. G. Cardenas, Tuomisto & Lehtonen 2019	<div><p>3. Salpichlaena papyrus G.G.Cárdenas, Tuomisto &amp; Lehtonen, sp. nov. — Fig. 3c, 7; Map 1</p><p>Salpichlaena papyrus can be recognised by its scales on the abaxial axes having an appearance of crumpled paper, or being broadly ovate with no appendices or only small ones.</p><p>— Type: Jones M &amp; Olivas P 165 (holo CR (CR0241094), iso LSCR, TUR (mounted on two sheets: 591746, 591747), USJ), Costa Rica, Heredia, Sarapiquí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.01667/lat 10.433333)">La Selva Biological Station</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.01667/lat 10.433333)">nearest grid post P1000:50</a>, N10°26' W84°1', 50–150 m, 7 Aug. 2001 .</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the scales, which have the distinctive appeareance of crumpled paper.</p><p>Climbing and non-climbing fronds with herbaceous, chartaceous (to coriaceous) lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins not cartilaginous (to slightly cartilaginous); scales on abaxial axes formless resembling crumpled paper or ovate with no appendices or only short ones (1–3 cells); stomata often on white protuberances of the lamina. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 32 by 3 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 20–80 cm. Pinnae up to 9 pairs, apical one lanceolate (elliptic), 11.2–22.2 by 2–2.7 cm; lateral ones lanceolate, parallel-sided (elliptic), 6.3–19.2 by 1.5–2.8 cm; basal ones rarely pinnate; apex acuminate (attenuate), with serrate margin; base obtuse. Climbing fronds with pinnae almost monomorphic, although fertile pinnae usually narrower than sterile. Pinnules subopposite to opposite (alternate). Fertile pinnules in 2–11 pairs; apical one lanceolate, lanceolate-elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate (falcate), 12–27.7 by 0.8–2.1 cm, apex attenuate, serrate margin (to entire), base obtuse, cuneate, equilateral to oblique; lateral ones lanceolate, elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate, parallel-sided (falcate), 12.6–22.7 by 0.6–1.8 cm, apex attenuate, long-attenuate,acuminate, caudate or serrate, base obtuse, equilateral to slightly oblique. Sterile pinnules in 3–10 pairs; apical one lanceolate, parallel-sided (elliptic), 10.7–24.5 by 0.9–3.7 cm, apex attenuate, acuminate, serrate margin, base round, acute, equilateral to oblique; lateral ones lanceolate, parallel-sided (elliptic), 9.6–20.4 by 1.8–3.3 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate (caudate), serrate margin, base obtuse (acute), equilateral to oblique; petiolulate, sessile, rarely winged. Foliar buds rarely present at the base of pinnules.</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena papyrus occurs in Central America in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Panama, and in South America in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru and Venezuela.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary rain forests on variable topographies on relatively well-illuminated sites near paths, tree fall gaps, streams, cliffs and ravines, also along forest borders and in disturbed forests. Reported from clayey to loamy soils. Altitude 50–1830 m.</p><p>Additional specimens seen (paratypes). BOLIVIA, Beni, Ballivián, al sud de la Misión Fatima, 950 m, 24 May 1988, Beck G, et al. 16372 (F). – BRAZIL, Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimaraes, Veu das Noivas, 16 Feb.1988, Salino A 402 (AAU, BHCB, UEC). – COLOMBIA, Meta, Llanos, 457 m, Mar.1948, Sandeman C 5868 (K); Nariño, 2 km E of Barbacoas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.13333/lat 1.6666667)">just s of Río Telembí</a>, N1°40' W78°8', 100 m, 13 Oct. 1943, Fosberg FR 21245 (US). – COSTA RICA, Cartago, forest near the entrance to Parque Nacional Tapanti, 1270 m, 3 Aug. 1983, Moran R 3344 (AAU, MO); Heredia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.01667/lat 10.433333)">Sarapiquí</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.01667/lat 10.433333)">La Selva biological station</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.433333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.01667/lat 10.433333)">nearest grid post 3400:750</a>, N10°26' W84°1', 50–150 m, 21 May 2007, Jones M &amp; Putkonen M 610 (TUR); San Jose, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Estación La Montura, Sendero A de 0–250 m, 22 Jan. 1984, Gómez LD et al. 20878 (AAU). – ECUADOR, Morona-Santiago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat -2.1833334)">Mutintz</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat -2.1833334)">SE of Makuma</a>, c. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat -2.1833334)">km 1 along trail to Tunantza</a>, S2°11' W77°44', 675 m, 31 Oct. 1996, Øllgaard B &amp; Navarrete H 1907 (AAU); Zamora-Chinchipe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.8333335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.13333/lat 4.8333335)">Rd. Zumba-San Andres</a>,km 1–4, N4°50' W79°8', 1300–1500 m, 24 May 2001, Elgaard Madsen J &amp; Rosales C 8079 (AAU); Pastaza, Sarayacu, S01°46' W77°29', 12 Apr. 2007, Sirén A et al. 64 (QCA, TUR). – FRENCH GUIANA, Sommet tabulaire,centre ouest, Tête de crique marécageuse avec éboulis Eclairée et ensoleillée, ± 45km ES de Saül, 600–650 m, Cremers 6502 (CAY, Z). – GUYANA, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.576637&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.204611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.576637/lat 5.204611)">Mt Maringma,southern slopes of summit escarpment</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.576637&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.204611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.576637/lat 5.204611)">Arabaru River</a>, N5°12'16.6" W60°34'35.9", 1360 m, 23 June 2004, Clarke et al.12005 (US); Schomburgk 1140 (K). – NICARAGUA, Rio San Juan,San Juan del Norte, Reserva Indio-Maiz, N11°07' W83°54', 100 m, 18 Sept.1998, Rueda R et al. 8780 (US). – PANAMA, Coclé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.166664/lat 8.666667)">3-mountain ridge above El Valle</a>, N8°40' W80°10', 900–1000 m, 24 July 1983, Hamilton C et al. 4121 (AAU); Colón, Sierra Llorona, collected in forest at P32, N9°21' W79°44', 285 m, 5 Mar. 2008, Jones M &amp; Mitre D 933 (TUR). – PARAGUAY, in regione calcarea cursus superioris fluminis Apa, Sept. 1913, Hassler 11969 (K, Z). – PERU, San Martín, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.45/lat -5.9)">Rioja</a>, Sol de Oro, S5°54' W77°27', 1343 m, 17 June 2015, Suominen L et al. 286 (TUR). – VENEZUELA, Bolivar, Alto Caroni, alrededores de Santa Elena de Uairen, 25 Apr. 1946, Lasser 1642 (K, US); Zulia, Ayapa, Sierra Perijá, west of Machiques, 1320 m, Dec. 1947, Ginés 137 (US).</p><p>Notes — Salpichlaena papyrus shares the serrate pinnule apices with S. hookeriana, but can be differentiated from it in any ontogenetical state by the scales that are formless and resembling crumpled paper, and in the fertile state by the presence of laminar tissue in the fertile pinnules. Furthermore, the usually higher number of pinnules, more lanceolate pinnule shape and more chartaceous texture of lamina are distinguishing characters.</p><p>The scales in S. papyrus are unlike those in any other species with an appearance of crumpled paper without clear shape (more often on the costa), or ovate with no appendices or only small ones (1 or 2 cells) (more often on the rachis and petiolule). Specimens with ovate scales and longer appendices have been observed in Peru, Bolivia and South-East Brazil. Scales on the rachises and petiolules are often big enough to be easily observed by the naked eye.</p><p>The serrate pinnule apices of S. papyrus are usually distinctive enough to allow differentiating it from S. volubilis and S. hybrida . However, the serration is less clear in fertile pinnules, which also have thicker lamina texture and more tendency towards a cartilaginous margin than the sterile pinnules do. Therefore, material consisting only of fertile pinnae can be difficult to identify to species, especially if the fronds are already so old that the scales have been eroded.</p><p>Foliar buds exist but are very rare in S. papyrus: out of the more than 300 specimens we studied, only two had foliar buds (Øllgaard 105457 AAU and Holm-Nielsen et al. 25341, AAU, both from Ecuador). This contrasts with S. hookeriana, where foliar buds are very common. The non-climbing fronds in S. papyrus are sometimes 2-pinnate, a character that we have not observed in any other taxa.</p><p>Salpichlaena papyrus and S. volubilis subsp. thalassica are the only Salpichlaena taxa occuring in Central America and along the western side of the Andes, where they are broadly sympatric. The non-climbing fronds of S. papyrus usually are smaller and have higher number of pinnae than S. volubilis subsp. thalassica .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF975AA00CB38FAB1166CFE8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF973AA00CB38FE421431FBEF.text	038AC51EF973AA00CB38FE421431FBEF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena volubilis (Kaulf.) J. Sm. (Smith 1841	<div><p>4. Salpichlaena volubilis (Kaulf.) J.Sm. — Fig. 3d–g, 8–11; Map 1</p><p>Salpichlaena volubilis (Kaulf.) J.Sm. (1841) 168.</p><p>Blechnum volubile Kaulf. (1824) 159. — Spicanta volubilis (Kaulf.) Kuntze (1891) 821. — Type: Korte A &amp; Kniess A 2825 (neotype FLOR FLOR0059465, designated here; isoneotype FURB FURB06861), Brazil, Santa Catarina, Ascurra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.41&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.41/lat -27.0)">Guaricanas</a>, S27°00'00" W49°24'36", 281 m, 15 Mar. 2010.</p><p>Blechnum scandens Bory (1828) 272. — Salpichlaena scandens (Bory) C. Presl (1851) 122. — Type: Brazil, Sta. Catherine, Durville s.n. 1827 (lectotype P00347471 designated here).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the twining petioles and rachises.</p><p>Climbing and non-climbing fronds with herbaceous to coriaceous lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins with or without cartilaginous margin; scales on abaxial axes either stick-like (formed by a long apical row of cells and usually two lateral smaller rows of cells) or lanceolate with small or large body of cells and always with long appendices; stomata located on small white laminal protuberances or not. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 53 by 6.8 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 45–135 cm. Pinnae up to 6 pairs; apical one lanceolate, elliptic, 16.3–45.5 by 2–9.5 cm; lateral ones lanceolate, elliptic, parallel-sided, oblanceolate, 18–32.2 by 1.7–7.7 cm; apex acuminate, attenuate, cuspidate, entire, entire with few small teeth on the cartilaginous margin, crenate; base obtuse, acute. Climbing fronds with pinnae slightly dimorphic, fertile pinnae generally narrower than sterile. Pinnules opposite to alternate; in 1–7 pairs, lanceolate, elliptic, oblanceolate, parallel-sided; petiolulate, sessile (winged); apex acuminate, attenuate, caudate (apiculate, cuneate, cuspidate, falcate), entire, almost entire with few small teeth (sometimes serration-like) on the cartilaginous margin, slightly crenate, slightly serrate, base obtuse, cuneate, acute, attenuate, equilateral to oblique.</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena volubilis is widely distributed, occurring from Central America to the Lesser Antilles and southern Brazil. Each of the four subspecies has a different distribution. Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. amazonica occurs in Western Amazonia, along the eastern slopes of the Andes and in French Guiana; S. volubilis subsp. crenata occurs in the Lesser Antilles and in the northern part of South America; S. volubilis subsp. thalassica occurs in Central America and along the western side of the Andes in northeastern South America and S. volubilis subsp. volubilis occurs in the Atlantic rain forest of southeastern Brazil.</p><p>Notes — Apices of frond, pinna and pinnule of S. volubilis are entire, crenate to only slightly serrate, which differentiates it from S. hookeriana and S. papyrus, whose apices are obviously serrate. Most subspecies of S. volubilis differ from S. hybrida by their more chartaceous-coriaceous lamina texture and the presence of a cartilaginous margin. Only S. volubilis subsp. volubilis has equally herbaceous texture and non-cartilaginous margin, but it differs from S. hybrida by having lanceolate rather than elliptic pinnules. Distinguishing characters to identify S. volubilis subspecies are in Table 4.</p><p>We have been unable to locate any of the original material of Blechnum volubile collected by Von Chamisso. The type specimen was not found in LE where Von Chamisso’s collection is kept. Therefore, we designate here a neotype for Blechnum volubile . We have chosen a specimen collected close to Santa Catarina Island, because according to Von Chamisso’s diary (Von Chamisso 1821) this is the most probable place from where he could have collected the original material. Our results suggest that only one Salpichlaena taxon occurs in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, and the name S. volubilis should be applied to this taxon.</p><p>Two different sources have received credit for the first publication of the name Salpichlaena volubilis, ‘The Journal of Botany vol. 4’, and ‘Genera Filicum’, both by Hooker. ‘The Journal of Botany’ has priority. It was published in 1841, whereas ‘Genera Filicum’ was probably published in 1842 (Stafleu &amp; Cowan 1979).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF973AA00CB38FE421431FBEF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF973AA01C861FBA11365F9FA.text	038AC51EF973AA01C861FBA11365F9FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. volubilis	<div><p>a. subsp. volubilis — Fig. 3g, 4a, 8; Map 1</p><p>Climbing and non-climbing fronds with herbaceous to chartaceous lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins not cartilaginous, or sometimes slightly cartilaginous in fertile specimens; scales on abaxial axes lanceolate and ovate with long appendices, sometimes stick-like; stomata not on white laminal protuberances. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 33 by 2.3 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 45–101 cm. Pinnae up to 6 pairs; apical one lanceolate, elliptic, 16.3–25.5 by 2–3.5 cm; lateral ones lanceolate (elliptic), 11.3–27.5 by 1.7–3.5 cm; apex acuminate, with entire margin; base obtuse. Climbing fronds with pinnules subopposite to opposite. Fertile pinnules in 3–7 pairs; apical one lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic, 12.9–18.2 by 0.75–1.8 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate (round or fan-shaped tip caused by the apical division of the main vein), entire, base obtuse, equilateral; lateral ones elliptic, parallel-sided, slightly oblanceolate, 12–13.6 by 0.69–1.5 cm, apex acuminate-attenuate (round or fan-shaped tip caused by the apical division of the main vein), base obtuse, attenuate, equilateral. Sterile pinnules in 2–5 pairs; apical one lanceolate, elliptic, 17.5 by 2.2 cm, apex acuminate, entire (round or fan-shaped tip caused by the apical division of the main vein), base obtuse, equilateral; lateral ones lanceolate, 13.6 by 1.9 cm, apex, acuminate, entire (round or fan-shaped tip caused by the apical division of the main vein), base obtuse, equilateral; petiolulate, sometimes winged.</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. volubilis occurs in the Atlantic rain forest in southeastern Brazil.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Terra firme, primary and disturbed Atlantic rain forest. Near open places like waterfalls and ravines. On hills, mid-slope and flat terrain. On clay soil. Altitude 0–1175 m.</p><p>Additional specimens seen. BRAZIL, Bahía, Litoral Sul, Ituberá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.716666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.133335/lat -13.716666)">Pacangê</a>, S13°43' W39°08', 10 Apr. 2006, Valadão R &amp; Guedes ML 38 (ALCB); El Moricano, 1836, Blanchet J 2487 (K, NY); Espírito Santo, Conceição da Barra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-39.850414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-18.373" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -39.850414/lat -18.373)">Floresta Nacional do Rio Preto</a>, S18°22'22.8" W39°51'01.5", 27 m, 10 June 2009, Salino A et al. 14313 (BHCB); Reserva Natural da CVRD- LINHARES, Jueirana Facão, Folli DA 5469 (CVRD); Paraná, Mun.Matinhos, Matinhos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-48.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-25.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -48.55/lat -25.85)">Morro do Teleférico</a>, S25°51' W48°33', 0–10 m, 14 Feb. 2008, Christenhusz MJM et al. 4774 (TUR); Pernambuco, Jaqueira, Usina Colônia (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.8405&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.714" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.8405/lat -8.714)">Serra do Quengo</a>), S8°42'50.4" W35°50'25.8", 713 m, 3 Apr.2002, Lopes M &amp; Pietrobom MRS 550 (HUEFS, INPA); Rio de Janeiro, Miers 177 (K); Santa Catarina, Guabiruba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.049442&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.049442/lat -27.09)">Aymoré</a>, S27°05'24" W49°02'58", 256 m, 28 Oct.2009, Stival-Santos A et al. 1123 (FLOR, FURB); Jaraguá do Sul, along the road to Campo Allegre, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.133335/lat -26.35)">Rio Itapocuzinho</a>, S26°21' W49°8', 140 m, 10 Feb. 2008, Christenhusz MJM et al. 4743 (TUR); São Paulo, Parque Estadual das <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.616665/lat -23.65)">Fontes do Ipiranga</a>, trail near the border of the zoo, S23°39' W46°37', 800 m, 19 Feb.2008, Christenhusz MJM et al.4800 (NY, TUR); Mun.Tapiraí, fazenda <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.45/lat -24.016666)">São José</a>, S24°1' W47°27', 300 m, 24 Feb. 2008, Lehtonen S et al. 601 (SP, TUR); Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Caraguatatuba, estrada da Intermediaria, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.65/lat -23.666666)">Rio Pardo</a>, S23°40' W45°39', 715 m, 8 Mar. 2008, Lehtonen S et al. 637 (SP, TUR); Iporanga, Prado J et al. 956 (INPA, NY); Brotas, Mata do Veiro Municipal, 14 July 1991, Salino 934 (BHCB, UEC).</p><p>Note — Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. volubilis differs from the other subspecies by its narrow pinnules with herbaceous (to chartaceous) lamina texture and non-cartilaginous to only slightly cartilaginous margin. Some specimens of subsp. crenata with nearly entire pinnule apices and lanceolate pinnules approach subsp. volubilis and cannot be reliably identified. We place the specimens from the Atlantic rain forest to subsp. volubilis and the specimens from eastern Amazonia, the Caribbean and Guyanas to subsp. crenata, but the distinction in morphology is diffuse and the amount of genetic variation within subsp. crenata is high.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF973AA01C861FBA11365F9FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF972AA03C861F98F17BCFDD7.text	038AC51EF972AA03C861F98F17BCFDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. amazonica G. G. Cardenas & Tuomisto 2019	<div><p>b. subsp. amazonica G.G.Cárdenas &amp; Tuomisto, subsp. nov. — Fig. 3d, 4f, 9; Map 1</p><p>Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. amazonica can be recognised by its chartaceous to coriaceous lamina texture, clearly cartilaginous pinnule margins, long and wide pinnules and uniform abaxial lamina.</p><p>— Type: Tuomisto H, Moulatlet G, Ruokolainen K &amp; Castro D 16904 (holotype SP; isotype INPA, TUR (mounted on four sheets: 606298–606301)), Brazil, Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.5833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.48333/lat -5.5833335)">Carauari</a>, c. 7 km south from the village of Vila Ramalho, Rio Juruá, S5°35' W67°29', 100 m, 14 June 2012.</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the geographical distribution of the subspecies in Amazonia.</p><p>Climbing and non-climbing fronds with chartaceous to coriaceous lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins clearly cartilaginous; scales on abaxial axes stick-like, formed by a long apical row of cells and usually two lateral smaller rows of cells, and sometimes also lanceolate scales with long appendices; stomata not (or very rarely) on white laminal protuberances. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 53 by 6.8 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 65–135 cm. Pinnae up to 3 pairs; apical one elliptic, lanceolate, 21.7–45.5 by 5.4–9.5 cm; lateral ones elliptic, oblanceolate, 18.5–30.8 by 5–7.7 cm; apex acuminate, cuspidate, with entire margin or with few small teeth on the cartilaginous margin; base obtuse, acute. Climbing fronds with pinnules subopposite to alternate. Fertile pinnules in 1–7 pairs; apical one lanceolate, elliptic (parallel-sided), 21–38.3 by 1.2–3.9 cm, apex attenuate, long-attenuate, acuminate, entire or with few small teeth (sometimes serration-like) on the cartilaginous border, base acute, strongly oblique; lateral ones elliptic-oblanceolate, lanceolate, parallel-sided, 14–25 by 1.6–2.2 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate, entire or with few small teeth (sometimes serration-like) on the cartilaginous border, base obtuse, equilateral. Sterile pinnules in 1–6 pairs; apical one elliptic, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 19.3–36.7 by 3.7–8.8 cm, apex acuminate, cuspidate, apicular, entire or with few small teeth (sometimes serration-like) on the cartilaginous border, base obtuse, acute, equilateral to strongly oblique; lateral ones elliptic, lanceolate, oblanceolate, 15.2–35.2 by 3.7–8.6 cm, apex cuspidate, acuminate (attenuate, apicular), entire or with few small teeth (sometimes serration-like) on the cartilaginous border, base obtuse, acute, equilateral to oblique; petiolulate, sessile (winged).</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. amazonica occurs mostly in Western Amazonia (eastern slopes of the Andes) with a few occurences in Central Amazonia and the Guyana Shield, in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana and Peru.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Tropical rain forest, usually in terra firme, rarely in periodically inundated areas or swamps. On hills, mid-slope and flat terrain. On loamy soil. Altitude 50–1500 (–2378) m.</p><p>Additional specimens seen (paratypes). BOLIVIA, La Paz, puente de Tora ( near Tipuani), 800 m, Cárdenas M 1287 (US); near Inglis-Inglis, 1524 m, 16 Aug. 1902, Williams RS 1295 (US). – BRAZIL, Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -5.4)">Carauari</a>, c. 4 km south from the village of Bom Jesus, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.2/lat -5.4)">Río Juruá</a>, S5°24' W67°12', 100 m, 30 Mar. 2012, Tuomisto H et al. 16010 (SP, TUR); Itamarati, c. 5 km north-west from the town of Itamarati, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.28333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.28333/lat -6.4)">Río Juruá</a>, S6°24' W68°17', 120–150 m, 8 Apr. 2012, Tuomisto H et al. 16118 (SP, TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.7833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.183334/lat -6.7833333)">Eirunepe</a>, c. 3 km south from the village of Vila União, Río Juruá, S6°47' W70°11', 140 m, 1 May 2012, Tuomisto H et al. 16550 (SP, TUR). – COLOMBIA, Amazonas, Río Caquetá, Araracuara, 24 Sept.1991, Vester H &amp; Matapi A 653 (Z); Caquetá, Valparaiso, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.656&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.1843057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.656/lat 1.1843057)">vía Morelia-Valparaiso</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.656&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.1843057" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.656/lat 1.1843057)">finca Las Palmeras</a>, N1°11'3.5" W75°39'21.6", 250 m, 19 Oct.2010, Rodríguez WD et al. 7001 (NY). – ECUADOR, Morona-Santiago, comunidad Shuar de Mutints, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.73333/lat -2.1833334)">faldas orientales de la Coordillera del Cutucú</a>, S2°11' W77°44', 600 m, Navarrete H 1257 (AAU); Napo, Parque Nacional <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.38333/lat -0.6666667)">Yasuní</a>, S0°40' W76°23', 250–280 m, 30 Jan.1996, Navarrete H 1509 (AAU); Pastaza, Sarayacu, S01°52' W77°14', 1 Dec.2007, Sirén A et al.2023 (QCA, TUR); Sucumbios, Reserva Faunística Cuyabeno, one-hectare plot c. 1 km north of Laguna Grande and surroundings, S0°00' W76°12', 265 m, Poulsen A 80802 (AAU). – FRENCH GUIANA, D.Z. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.288334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4730554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.288334/lat 4.4730554)">du Haut-Kourcibo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.288334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4730554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.288334/lat 4.4730554)">Bassin du Sinnamary</a>, N4°28'23" W53°17'18", 80 m, 19Apr.1991, de Granville JJ et al. 11333 (CAY, US). – PERU, Amazonas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.38611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2825003" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.38611/lat -5.2825003)">Bagua</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.38611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2825003" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.38611/lat -5.2825003)">along road from Chiriaco towards Bagua</a>, S05°16'57" W78°23'10", 750 m, 21 Mar. 2001, Van der Werff H. et al. 16278 (MO); Cajamarca, San Ignacio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.72195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.063889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.72195/lat -5.063889)">Huarango</a>, S5°03'50" W78°43'19", 2378 m, 27 Aug. 2007, Perea J et al. 3902 (AAU, US); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.7333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.61667/lat -2.7333333)">Loreto</a>, Loreto, Upper Rio Pastaza, ± 20 km northwest of Nuevo Andoas community, S2°44' W76°37', 250 m, 26 Mar. 2005, Higgins M &amp; Ruiz F 139 (TUR); Ramón Castilla, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.38333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.4166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.38333/lat -4.4166665)">río Yavarí-Mirín</a>, S4°25' W72°23', 100–200 m, 23 Mar. 2002, Cárdenas GG &amp; Salovaara K 1290 (AMAZ, TUR, USM); Madre de Dios, Manu, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.46667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.46667/lat -12.666667)">Eastern bank of rio Colorado</a>, 10 km from its confluence with rio Madre de Dios, S12°40' W70°28', 250–350 m, 2 Nov. 1998, Tuomisto H et al. 13601 (TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.4/lat -5.9666667)">San Martín</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.4/lat -5.9666667)">Rioja</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.4/lat -5.9666667)">Yaracyacu</a>, S5°58' W77°24', 1381 m, 10 June 2015, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.9666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.4/lat -5.9666667)">Suominen L et al. 219</a> (TUR); Pasco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.25/lat -10.2)">Oxapampa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.25/lat -10.2)">Palcazu Valley</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.25/lat -10.2)">Iscozacin</a>, S10°12' W75°15', 400 m, 12 Jan. 1984, Foster R et al. 7894 (F, USM).</p><p>Notes — In general appearance, S. volubilis subsp. amazonica is similar to subsp. thalassica and non-climbing fronds can be confused with S. hybrida . However,usually subsp. amazonica can be distinguished from subsp. thalassica by the uniform appearance of the abaxial lamina in contrast to the typical white protuberances of the lamina associated with stomata in subsp. thalassica . The chartaceous-coriaceous lamina texture and cartilaginous pinnule margins distinguish subsp. amazonica from S. hybrida and also from subsp. volubilis, both of which have herbaceous texture and non-cartilaginous (or only slightly cartilaginous) margins. It is more difficult to separate subsp. amazonica from subsp. crenata because their characters sometimes overlap. In subsp. amazonica, the pinnule apices are entire or have small teeth that do not cut into the lamina, in contrast to subsp. crenata whose pinnule apices are usually crenate (sometimes slightly serrated or entire). Subsp. amazonica has wider pinnules, more chartaceous-herbaceous texture, and an obvious cartilaginous margin that is absent or not so obvious in subsp. crenata .</p><p>In the northern Andes, S. volubilis subsp. amazonica and subsp. thalassica are difficult to separate on morphological grounds. The distribution of our sequenced specimens suggests that S. volubilis subsp. amazonica is restricted to the eastern side of the Andes, whereas subsp. thalassica occurs only on the western side.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF972AA03C861F98F17BCFDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF970AA1CCB38FDFA13ECFCAA.text	038AC51EF970AA1CCB38FDFA13ECFCAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. crenata G. G. Cardenas & Tuomisto 2019	<div><p>c. subsp. crenata G.G.Cárdenas &amp; Tuomisto, subsp. nov. — Fig. 3e, 10; Map 1</p><p>Distinguished from all other Salpichlaena taxa by the crenate to slightly dentate-serrate apices of the sterile pinnules.</p><p>— Type: Christenhusz MJM &amp; Katzer F 3988 (holotype TUR (mounted on two sheets 581127, 581128); isotypes NY 02007148, 02730089, P P01419530), Guadeloupe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.733334/lat 16.283333)">Basse Terre</a>, comm. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.733334/lat 16.283333)">Saint-Rose</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.733334/lat 16.283333)">Sofaïa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.733334/lat 16.283333)">route forestier de Sofaïa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.733334/lat 16.283333)">Trace de Baille-Argent-Sofaïa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.733334/lat 16.283333)">down to the crossing with Rivière Moustique</a>, N16°17' W61°44', 460 m, 8 Mar. 2005.</p><p>Etymology. The infraspecific epithet refers to the crenate pinnule apices.</p><p>Climbing and non-climbing fronds with chartaceous, herbaceous (coriaceous) lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins slightly cartilaginous to cartilaginous; scales on abaxial axes lanceolate with long appendices, some scales stick-like with a long apical row of cells and usually two smaller lateral cells; stomata rarely on white laminal protuberances. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 35 by 3.8 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 65–91 cm. Pinnae up to 3 pairs; apical one lanceolate (elliptic), 22.5–40.7 by 3.9–5.5 cm; lateral ones lanceolate, elliptic, 18.5–29.5 by 3.9–4.4 cm; apex attenuate, with entire, crenate margin; base acute, obtuse. Climbing fronds with pinnules subopposite (opposite, alternate). Fertile pinnules in 1– 5 pairs; apical one elliptic, parallel-sided, lanceolate, 17.7–33.2 by 1.8–3.3 cm, apex caudate, acuminate, slightly serrate, entire margin, base acute, slightly oblique; lateral ones lanceolate, parallel-sided, slightly oblanceolate, 10–26 by 1.2–2.9 cm, apex slightly caudate, acuminate, attenuate with slightly crenate or slightly serrate margin, sometimes with a round or fan-shaped tip caused by the apical division of the main vein, base obtuse, cuneate, equilateral to slightly oblique. Sterile pinnules in 1– 5 pairs; apical one lanceolate, elliptic, (parallel-sided), 16–28.8 by 2.2–6.5 cm, apex acuminate, caudate, attenuate, slightly crenate, slightly serrate, sometimes with a round or fan-shaped tip caused by the apical division of the main vein, base acute, obtuse, cuneate (lobate), oblique; lateral ones lanceolate, elliptic (parallel-sided, falcate), 9–26.3 by 1.8–4.7 cm; apex attenuate, slightly crenate, slightly serrate, base acute, obtuse, equilateral to oblique; petiolulate (sessile or winged).</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. crenata occurs in the Lesser Antilles and in the northern part of South America, in Brazil, Dominica, Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Guyana, Martinique, Santa Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Terra firme primary rain forest, subtropical and transitional cloud forests. Along paths and along steep creekbanks. In hills and flat terrain. On clay and sandy soil. Altitude 70–1123 m.</p><p>Additional specimens seen (paratypes). BRAZIL, Amapá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Rivière Haut Jari</a>, N54°46' W2°28', 400 m, 17 Aug. 1993, de Granville JJ et al. 12339 (CAY, Z); Amazonas, Presidente Figueiredo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Reserva Biológica Uatumã</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">close to the easternmost point of the lake</a>, S1°45' W59°19', 90–140 m, 6 Feb.2008, Tuomisto H et al. 15651 (TUR). – DOMINICA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">rainforest bordering Imperial Road</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Sylvania to Mahaut River</a>, 549 m, 13 and 23 Aug. 1938, Hodge WH 98 (NY, US); Syndicate Estate, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">north-west slopes of Morne Diablotins</a>, 10 Oct.1983, Whitefoord C &amp; Eddy A 3965 (US). – FRENCH GUIANA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Cayenne</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Réserve Naturelle des Nouragues</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">camp Inselberg</a>, white quartz sand derived from the inselberg,along a small creek, N4°5' W52°40', 200 m, 5 Oct. 2013, Lehtonen S et al. 813 (CAY, TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">road N2 from Régina to Saint-Georges de I’Oyapock</a>, km 159, N4°00' W51°57', 70 m, 23 Oct. 2013, Lehtonen S &amp; Geniez C 985 (CAY, TUR); Montagne Cacao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">SE de Cayenne</a>, Cremers 7819 (CAY, P, Z). – GUADELOUPE, Basse Terre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Capesterre-Belle-Eau</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Grand-Étang</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">along D4 road from St.Sauveur to Chutes du Carbet</a>, N16°2' W61°37', 400 m, 30 Mar. 2003, Christenhusz MJM &amp; Bollendorff S 2729 (TUR); Sainte-Rose, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Source Sulfureuse de Sofaïa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">along the trail down to Saut des Trois Cornes</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">steep slopes with creek gullies</a>, N16°18' W61°43', 400 m, 2 Apr. 2003, Christenhusz MJM &amp; Paajanen MT 2756 (TUR). – GUYANA, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Waukauyengtipu</a>, slope, N5°49'30" W61°11'40", 1300 m, 10 July 1997, Clarke HD et al. 5530 (CAY, US); Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Acarai Mts</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.4666667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.4666667/lat 54.766666)">Kashinar Mt</a>, summit and surrounding slopes, N1°17' W58°39', 825–975 m, 2 Mar. 1994, Henkel TW et al. 4903 (CAY, US). – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">MARTINIQUE</a>, 1886, Père Duss 1700 (NY). – SANTA LUCIA, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">forest between Quilesse and head of Murray Hill road</a>, Apr. 22–May 18 1950, Howard RA 11691 (P); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">Morne Lacombe</a> at 1200’, Aug. 1934, Box HE 419 (US). – SURINAME, Brokopondo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">Brownsberg Nature Park</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">steep slope on lateritic soil along path leading to Leoval</a>, N4°57' W55°11', 400–500 m, 5 Mar. 2003, Christenhusz MJM &amp; Bollendorff S 2553 (TUR); Brownsberg Nature Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">Koemboeval</a>, N4°56' W55°11', 400–500 m, 8 Mar.2003, Christenhusz MJM &amp; Bollendorff S 2627 (TUR). – TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, Tobago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">road from Parlatuvier to Roxborough</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">near Gilpin Trace</a>, 500 m, 28 Dec. 2002, Kessler M 12906 (TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">Trinidad</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">Arima valley</a>,north range, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">Forestry Trail</a>, 600 m, 24 Mar. 1959, Cowan RS &amp; Simmonds NW 1202 (P, US). – VENEZUELA, Vargas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">cordillera de la Costa</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">serranía del litoral</a>, Monumento Natural Pico Codazzi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">Carretera Arco de la Colonia Tovar-Pto. Cruz</a>, 2.5 km desde el Arco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-58.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -58.65/lat 1.2833333)">SE del centro turístico Villa Bahareque</a>, N10°26' W67°13.5', 1850–1950 m, 15 Aug. 1999, Mostacero J &amp; Castillo R 259 (US) .</p><p>Note — Most specimens of S. volubilis subsp. crenata differ from all the other subspecies by the crenate to slightly dentate-serrate apices on sterile pinnules. When only slightly serrate (or practically entire), subsp. crenata may be confused with subsp. amazonica or subsp. thalassica, but the serrations in the latter two are, when present, merely small teeth in the cartilaginous border and they do not cut into the lamina, as they do in subsp. crenata . Fertile pinnules of subsp. crenata may have entire apices, and then they can be confused with fertile pinnae of the other subspecies of S. volubilis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF970AA1CCB38FDFA13ECFCAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
038AC51EF96FAA1DC861FC5E14EEFDEA.text	038AC51EF96FAA1DC861FC5E14EEFDEA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. thalassica (Grayum & R. C. Moran) G. G. Cardenas & Tuomisto	<div><p>d. subsp. thalassica (Grayum &amp; R.C. Moran) G.G.Cárdenas &amp; Tuomisto, comb &amp; stat. nov. — Fig. 3f, 4e, 11; Map 1</p><p>Salpichlaena thalassica Grayum &amp; R.C.Moran (in Moran 1990) 591, 593. — Type: Grayum &amp; Chazdon 6833 (holotype MO; isotype CR), Costa Rica, Heredia, forest between Río Peje and Río Sardinalito, Atlantic slope of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.075&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.283334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.075/lat 10.283334)">Volcán Barva</a>, N10°17' W84°4.5', 800–1000 m, 7 Apr. 1986.</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the bluish green colour of the fronds observed in the field.</p><p>Climbing and non-climbing fronds with chartaceous, herbaceous, coriaceous lamina texture, pinnae and pinnule margins cartilaginous; scales on abaxial axes stick-like formed by a long apical row of cells and usually two lateral smaller rows of cells and sometimes lanceolate scales with long appendices; stomata on white laminal protuberances. Non-climbing entire fronds up to 45 by 5 cm. Non-climbing 1-pinnate fronds 66–128 cm. Pinnae up to 4 pairs; apical one elliptic, lanceolate, 25–42 by 5.3–6.3 cm; lateral ones elliptic, parallel-sided, 18–32.2 by 3.7–5.5 cm; apex acuminate, attenuate, with entire margin; base obtuse. Climbing fronds with pinnules subopposite to opposite (alternate). Fertile pinnules in 1–5 pairs; apical one elliptic, lanceolate, parallel-sided, 18.2–30.2 by 1.1–3.1 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate (falcate), entire (slightly serrate), base cuneate, obtuse, acute, equilateral to strongly oblique; lateral ones elliptic (lanceolate, parallel-sided, falcate), 13.2–27.9 by 0.9–2.65 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate, or sometimes with a round, divided or fan-shaped tip caused by the apical division of the main vein, entire or with few small teeth (sometimes serration-like) on the cartilaginous border, base acute, obtuse, slightly oblique. Sterile pinnules in 1– 6 pairs; apical one elliptic, lanceolate, (parallel-sided), 23–34.4 by 2.2–7.7 cm, apex acuminate, attenuate (cuspidate), entire, slightly serrate, base acute (lobate) equilateral to strongly oblique; lateral ones elliptic (lanceolate, parallel-sided), 17.3–27.7 by 2.4–6.9 cm; apex acuminate, attenuate (cuspidate, cuneate), entire or with few small teeth (sometimes serration-like) on the cartilaginous border; base obtuse, acute, entire to oblique; petiolulate, sessile (winged).</p><p>Distribution — Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. thalassica occurs in Central America and on the western side of the Andes in northeastern South America; Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Panama.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Near stream valleys. On hills, mid-slope and flat terrain. Altitude 25–2400 m.</p><p>Additional specimens seen. COLOMBIA, Chocó, area of Baudó, on left bank of Rio Baudo, about 1.5 km upstream of stuary, 11 Feb.–28 Mar. 1967, Fuchs HP &amp; Zanella L 21894 (AAU, K, USM); Magdalena, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Cerro Ratón, serranía de <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.883333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.01667/lat 10.883333)">San</a> Javier, N10°53' W74°01', 1900 m, 5 Aug. 1972, Forero E &amp; Kirkbride Jr H 672 (MO, US); Nariño, Ricáurte, 1300 m, 18 May 1941, Von Sneidern K A. 603 (AAU, MO); Valle, Cordillera Occidental, vertiente occidental:hoya del río Anchicayá, quebrada del Danubio, 300–350 m, 20 Dec.1942, Cuatrecasas J 13726 (US). – COSTA RICA, Heredia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.166664/lat 10.333333)">Braulio Carrillo National Park</a>, N10°20' W84°10', 1215 m, 13 Nov. 1986, Hennipman E et al. 6893 (Z); San José, Tapantí, a lo largo del sendero Quebrada Segunta, 9 Apr. 1986, Berrocal J &amp; Sánchez J 122 (CR); Mts 5 miles S of Cartago, 1800 m, 12 May 1906, Maxon WR 512 (US). – ECUADOR, Carchi, Maldonado, 1500 m, 8 Oct. 1981, Werling L &amp; Leth-Nissen S 428A, 428B (AAU); Esmeraldas, Playa Grande, ± 2 km SE San Francisco de Cayapas, along Rio Cayapas, 16 Aug. 1967, Sparre B 18058 (P); Pichincha, Reserva Forestal ENDESA, Río Silanche, ‘ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.083333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.03333/lat 0.083333336)">Corporación Forestal Juan Manuel Durini’</a>, km 113 de la carretera <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.03333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.083333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.03333/lat 0.083333336)">Quito-Pto.Quito</a>, faldas occidentales, N0°05' W79°02', 650–700 m, 17 Aug. 1984, Jaramillo J 7016 (AAU). – NICARAGUA, Zelaya, cerro <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-84.998604&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.744445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -84.998604/lat 13.744445)">La Pimiena</a> N13°44'40" W84°59'55", 1000–1200 m, 14 Apr. 1979, Grijalva A 346 (CR); Cerro el Hormiguero, W range, N13°44' W85°00', 1100–1183 m, Pipoly J 5182 (MO). – PANAMA, Colón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.73333/lat 9.35)">Santa Rita</a>, STRI tree plot 32, N9°21' W79°44', 400 m, 20 Oct. 2005, Tuomisto H et al. 15141 (PMA, TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.73333/lat 9.35)">Sierra Llorona</a>, N9°21' W79°44', 285 m, 5 Mar. 2008, Jones M &amp; Mitre D 881 (TUR); Panama, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.683333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.933334/lat 8.683333)">Cerro Campana National Park</a>, N8°41' W79°56', 850–900 m, 25 Oct. 2005, Tuomisto H &amp; Aguilar 15159 (PMA, TUR); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.133333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.9/lat 9.133333)">Las Pavas</a>, N9°08' W79°54', 87 m, 19 May 2008, Jones M 1110 (TUR); PN Soberanía, N9°10' W79°45', 215 m, 23 Jan. 2008, Jones M et al. 650 (TUR); PN Soberanía, N9°10' W79°45', 90 m, 15 Feb. 2008, Jones M et al. 804 (TUR).</p><p>Notes — Salpichlaena volubilis subsp. thalassica shares with subsp. amazonica the chartaceous-coriaceous texture, cartilaginous margin, and the entire pinnule apices, which sometimes can have a few small teeth. However, the appearance of the abaxial lamina sets subsp. thalassica apart from subsp. amazonica . In subsp. thalassica, the stomata are usually located on the top of small whitish laminal protuberances, which can be so conspicuous that they are visible to the naked eye as small white spots on the abaxial side of the lamina. In contrast, the epidermal surface of subsp. amazonica generally lacks the white protuberances altogether, but sometimes they may irregularly occur close to the lamina borders. Subsp. thalassica differs from subsp. volubilis and subsp. crenata by the presence of cartilaginous pinna margin and thicker lamina texture.</p><p>The paratype Hampshire &amp; Whitefoord 370 (BM) does not belong to S. volubilis subsp. thalassica but instead represents S. papyrus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038AC51EF96FAA1DC861FC5E14EEFDEA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Cárdenas, G. G.;Lehtonen, S.;Tuomisto, H.	Cárdenas, G. G., Lehtonen, S., Tuomisto, H. (2019): Taxonomy and evolutionary history of the neotropical fern genus Salpichlaena (Blechnaceae). Blumea 64 (1): 1-22, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2018.64.01.01
