taxonID	type	description	language	source
039187DF7A074808FF7F1702FBE6AAFC.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Malaysia, Sarawak, Kuching Division, Kuching District, Semenggoh Nature Reserve, lowland mixed dipterocarp forest near arboretum trail, 515 m west from main entrance, 1.3992774 ° N, 110.3201979 ° E, 71 m a. s. l., 1 Feb 2024, Hroneš & Uvírová 2024 / 01 (SAR!). Diagnosis — Hanguana ensifolia is similar to H. bakoensis Siti Nurfazilah & al. but differs by being taller, 1.1 – 1.6 m tall (vs to 1 m in H. bakoensis), with leaf blade abaxially purplish, purplish green to light green (vs bluish green), pseudopetiole accounting for c. 1 / 3 of entire leaf length (vs c. 1 / 2 of entire leaf length), infructescence deflexed to prostrate (vs declinate), outer tepals distinctly swollen (vs not swollen) and fruits globose, ripening dull red (vs compressed globose, very weakly 3 - lobed, ripening medium pink to magenta). Description — Herbaceous, dioecious, solitary or clump-forming mesophyte 1.1 – 1.6 m tall. Rhizome ascending, sparsely covered by fibrous remnants of sheaths; stolons absent. Stem terete, very short, c. 15 cm long, to 2 cm in diam., fully covered by sheaths when young, basally erect, with age becoming leafless and sparsely covered by fibrous remnants of leaf sheaths, terminally with a crown of 10 – 14 leaves. Leaves tristichously arranged, 70 – 150 cm long, erect then gently arching, bases imbricate with hyaline margins (young leaves), turning brown and erose-marcescent with age; pseudopetiole 30 – 45 cm long, c. 1 cm wide, accounting for c. 1 / 3 of entire leaf length, rounded channelled with sharp margins, basally sparsely greyish white floccose, apically glabrous; leaf blade 95 – 105 × 4 – 4.5 cm, very narrowly elliptic, linear-lanceolate to ensiform, base long narrowly attenuate, tip long narrowly attenuate with apicule 7 – 9 mm long, leathery, almost flat to slightly undulate on margins, adaxially mid- to dark green with somewhat indiscernible, greyish green to blackish green, transverse variegation, shiny, abaxially purple, purplish green to light green, semi-matt when dry, shiny when wet, glabrous to nearly glabrous on both surfaces; midrib distinctly impressed, pale whitish green adaxially, rounded raised, olive green, glabrous and shiny abaxially. Male inflorescence not observed, female inflorescence not observed. Infructescence distinctly deflexed to prostrate, consisting of up to 6 partial, whorled, alternate-secund, spiciform infructescences ascending at an angle of 70 ° – 80 °, plus a terminal spike; peduncle and rachis together to 80 cm long, pale green to purplish green when fresh, glabrous, visible portion of peduncle to 35 cm long; sterile bracts 1 or 2 per peduncle, foliaceous, persistent, lanceolate with a basal claw, to 30 cm (incl. 2 cm long claw / pseudopetiole) × c. 3.5 cm; bracts subtending lower partial infructescences similar to sterile bracts, diminishing in size and becoming narrowly triangular distally along infructescence, fully reduced in uppermost partial infructescences; bract supporting most basal partial infructescence c. 15 × 2 cm (incl. c. 2 cm long claw), all bracts of same colour as leaves, glabrous on both surfaces; partial infructescences each consisting of up to 7 branches at basal levels (gradually fewer with up to 1 branch toward apex of infructescence), branches arising simultaneously from axil of subtending bract, 1.8 – 2.5 mm in diam., usually unbranched or with up to 3 branches, to 8.5 cm long, with up to 20 fruits each; all branches covered by scattered, minute, curly, white hairs. Female flowers scattered, solitary, or clustered up to 4 at terminal parts of branches, sessile, all with an associated minute bracteole; perianth consisting of 6 tepals in 2 whorls tightly clasping ovary / fruit in fresh material, light green, margin 0.5 – 0.8 mm wide, hyaline translucent white (turning brown with age); outer tepals distinctly swollen, broadly ovate, c. 2 mm long, 3 – 3.5 mm wide, connate to 1 / 2 their length (c. 1.5 mm), glabrous; inner tepals almost orbicular to ovate-orbicular, 3 – 3.5 mm long, 2.5 – 3.5 mm wide, basally imbricate but free, glabrous; staminodes 6, in 2 whorls, whitish green, triangular to narrowly triangular, outer staminodes 0.3 – 0.4 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide at base, inner staminodes longer, 1 – 1.4 mm long, c. 0.2 mm wide at base, each basally sheathed with broadly orbicular to triangular-orbicular, apically blunt to shallowly bilobed staminodial scale, 0.5 – 0.6 mm long, 0.9 – 1.2 mm wide, dark brown with irregular, translucent to light brownish yellow margin. Stigma 3 - lobed (trefoil-like to triangular with rounded edges), 2 – 2.2 mm in diam., each lobe 1 – 1.1 mm long (fruiting material), almost orbicular to elliptic with rounded apex, lobes connate to c. 1 / 2 their length, dark brown to black at fruiting stage, usually positioned at 160 ° – 180 ° in ripe fruit. Fruit globose, 9 – 10.5 mm in diam., dull red, finally ripening black; pulp 1.5 – 4 mm thick, whitish yellow to yellow, fairly hard. Seed 1 or 2 per fruit, c. 5 × 3.5 mm, dark brown, bowl-shaped, with slightly incurved margins, deeply excavated, without any discernible appendage on rim, cavity filled with placental tissue. Distribution and habitat — Known from several locations in westernmost Sarawak (Kuching and Betong Divisions, Fig. 1) with the highest concentration observed in Kuching and Lundu Districts, Kuching Division. It grows in lowland mixed dipterocarp forests, kerangas, peat swamp forests and transitional forest types between these, usually in shady to semi-shady places on flat land or on small ridges, at altitudes of 50 – 180 m a. s. l. Conservation status — Hanguana ensifolia is endemic to Borneo and it is known from eight locations (sensu IUCN 2024), most of them recorded before 1989. While the overall extent of occurrence (EOO) estimated from historical and recent locations is c. 1900 km 2, its area of occupancy (AOO) could be estimated as 32 km 2. The current status of most populations is unknown, but the habitat is heavily degraded or completely destroyed at about half of its sites (e. g. Sampadi Forest Reserve, Setapok Forest Reserve, Siol). Because we expect further decline in the quality of the habitat, H. ensifolia is assigned a preliminary conservation status of EN B 1 ab (iii) + 2 ab (ii, iii) according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2024). Etymology — The Latin adjectival epithet ensifolia means with sword-like leaves and refers to the long, narrow leaf blades, which are rather unusual for Hanguana species. Additional specimens seen — MALAYSIA, SARAWAK, KUCHING DIVISION, LUNDU DISTRICT: Lundu road, Kpg. Rasau, path to G. Besi, kerangas forest, 10 May 1983, Ilias Paie 46077 (K 000710134, KEP 36772, SAR); Sampadi Forest Reserve, heath forest, 30 Jan 1989, Abang Mohtar 54854 (K 002791927, KEP 139702); Sampadi Forest Reserve, kerangas forest, 16 Sep 1989, Abang Mohtar 53083 (KEP 75351, SAR); ibid., 16 Sep 1989, Abang Mohtar 53084 (SAR); Matang Wildlife Centre, Sg. Rayu, lowland forest, 4 Mar 1999, Stephen Tao & al. 79517 (SAN). — KUCHING DISTRICT: Kuching, Sep 1905, John Hewitt 134 (SAR); Siol, Apr 1906, John Hewitt 370 (SAR); Kuching, Setapok F. R., in peat swamp forest, 14 Nov 1959, James Aidan Robb Anderson & Zen bin Osman 11729 (K 000710121 & 000710122, SAR); Gunung Selang, proposed Matang National Park, Matang, Kuching, mixed dipterocarp forest on ridge, 180 m a. s. l., 4 May 1987, Bernard Lee Meng Hock 54196 (K 000710147 & 000710147, SAR); Semengoh [sic!] arboretum, on flat land, 23 May 1974, Silvester Laijanai 34199 (SAR); Semengoh [sic!] forest station, c. 25 m a. s. l., 7 Mar 1994, Peter C. Boyce 764 (K 000710170). — BETONG DIVISION, BETONG DISTRICT: Simanggang, Triso P. F., Nov 1959, James Aidan Robb Anderson s. n. (SAR).	en	Hroneš, Michal, UVÍroVá, Alena, Dančák, Martin, Boyce, Peter C., Leong-ŠkorničkoVá, Jana (2025): Hanguana ensifolia and H. flavescens, two new species of Hanguana (Hanguanaceae) from western Sarawak, Borneo. Willdenowia 55 (1): 259-269, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.12, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.12
039187DF7A024807FCD712E2FE81AD1C.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Malaysia, Sarawak, Kuching Division, Bau District, Jambusan, secondary forest south of Jibong Lake, 1.39933 ° N, 110.16475 ° E, c. 50 m a. s. l., 2 Feb 2024, Hroneš & Uvírová 2024 / 04 (SAR!). Diagnosis — Hanguana flavescens is similar to H. exultans Siti Nurfazilah & al. but differs by pseudopetioles accounting for c. 1 / 4 of entire leaf length (vs c. 1 / 2 of entire leaf length in H. exultans), leaf blade abaxially distinctly and evenly white floccose (vs somewhat floccose, soon becoming glabrescent), stigma depressed, 1.5 – 2 mm in diam. (vs conspicuously raised, c. 1.2 mm in diam.) and stigmatic lobes connate basally (vs free). Description — Herbaceous, dioecious, solitary mesophyte c. 0.8 m tall. Rhizome ascending, c. 4 cm wide, densely covered by rotting remnants of sheaths; stolons absent. Stem terete, very short, c. 15 cm long, to 2 cm in diam., fully covered by leaf sheaths when young, basally ascending to erect, densely covered by rotting remnants of leaf sheaths with age, terminally with a crown of up to 24 leaves. Leaves 60 – 80 cm long, spreading then arching, bases imbricate with hyaline margins (young leaves), turning brown and erose-marcescent with age; pseudopetiole c. 15 cm long, 0.8 – 1 cm wide, accounting for c. 1 / 4 of entire leaf length, rounded channelled with sharp margins, basally densely greyish white floccose, becoming sparsely so apically; leaf blade 50 – 60 × 9 – 12 cm, narrowly elliptic to narrowly elliptic-ovate, base attenuate, tip long narrowly attenuate with apicule to 5 mm long, leathery, flat to slightly undulate on margins, adaxially dark green with somewhat indiscernible, greyish green to blackish green, transverse variegation, almost glabrous, abaxially light greyish green, evenly white floccose; midrib weakly impressed, pale whitish green adaxially, rounded raised, light green, sparsely white floccose and shiny abaxially; secondary veins distinct and slightly raised adaxially. Male inflorescence not observed, female inflorescence not observed. Infructescence suberect, consisting of up to 5 partial, whorled, alternate-secund, spiciform infructescences ascending at an angle of 80 ° – 90 °, plus a terminal spike; peduncle and rachis together to 60 cm tall, pale green when fresh, peduncle basally papillose, apically white floccose, visible portion of peduncle to 25 cm long; sterile bract 1 per peduncle, foliaceous, persistent, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, remotely undulate on margins, long apiculate, with a basal claw, to 40 cm (incl. c. 3 cm long claw / pseudopetiole) × c. 10 cm; bracts subtending lower partial infructescences similar to sterile bracts, diminishing in size and becoming narrowly triangular distally along infructescence, fully reduced in uppermost partial infructescences; bract supporting most basal partial infructescence c. 18 × 4 cm (incl. c. 2 cm long claw), all bracts of same colour as leaves, with sparse, evenly distributed, white hairs adaxially, densely whitish floccose abaxially; partial infructescences each consisting of up to 8 branches at basal levels (gradually fewer with up to 3 branches toward apex of infructescence), branches arising simultaneously from axil of subtending bract, 2 – 4 mm in diam., unbranched or with up to 3 branches, to 12 cm long, with up to 20 fruits each. Female flowers scattered, solitary, sessile, all with an associated minute bracteole; perianth consisting of 6 tepals in 2 whorls tightly clasping ovary / fruit in fresh material, all tepals with prominent, bulbous thickening at base (more prominent in outer whorl), light green, margin 0.1 – 0.2 mm wide, hyaline translucent white (turning brown with age); outer tepals broadly ovate, 1.3 – 2.2 mm long, c. 2 mm wide, connate at base (only to c. 0.6 mm), sparsely hairy at margins; inner tepals broadly orbicular, c. 2.5 mm long, 2.5 – 3 mm wide, basally imbricate but free, glabrous; staminodes 6, in 2 whorls, whitish green to brownish green, linear, outer staminodes c. 0.3 mm long, c. 0.1 mm wide at base, inner staminodes longer, 0.8 – 1 mm long, c. 0.3 mm wide at base, each basally sheathed with broadly orbicular, semicircular staminodial scale, 0.7 – 0.8 mm long, 0.8 – 0.9 mm wide, brown with irregular (usually bilobed), translucent margin. Stigma slightly sunken into fruit, 3 - lobed (trefoil-like), 1.5 – 2 mm in diam., each lobe 0.7 – 1 mm long (fruiting material), elliptic with rounded apex, lobes connate basally, dark brown at fruiting stage, positioned usually at 130 ° – 160 ° in ripe fruit. Fruit globose to shortly ellipsoid, slightly ventricose, depressed around stigma, c. 7.5 mm long, c. 7.9 mm in diam., c. 8.5 mm in ventricose diam., creamy white to yellowish white, finally ripening black; pulp 1 – 3 mm thick, yellowish white, fairly hard. Seed 1 or 2 per fruit, c. 5.5 × 2.5 mm, brown, bowl-shaped, with slightly incurved margins, deeply excavated, with large, incurved appendage positioned on distal part of rim, c. 2 mm long, 2 – 2.5 mm wide, externally with pointy projection at outer surface, cavity filled with placental tissue. Distribution and habitat — So far known only from three localities in the vicinity of Bau town in Bau District, Kuching Division, western Sarawak. Except for two populations vouchered by herbarium specimens, we encountered and photographed a third population on the Bronang trail near Kampung Segong, north of Bau (1.5566667 N, 110.1661111 E). The species was found in primary or secondary forests on limestone and sandstone, usually in semi-shady and drier places on slopes, at altitudes of c. 50 m a. s. l. Conservation status — Hanguana flavescens is endemic to Borneo and it is known from three locations (sensu IUCN 2024) in western Sarawak. The current extent of occurrence (EOO) is estimated as c. 95 km 2 and the area of occupancy (AOO) is c. 12 km 2. Although the species is apparently able to grow also in disturbed secondary forests, none of its known populations is located in a protected area. Because we expect further decline in the quality of the habitat, H. flavescens is assigned a preliminary conservation status of EN B 1 ab (iii) + 2 ab (iii) according to the IUCN Red List categories and criteria (IUCN 2024). Etymology — The Latin adjectival epithet flavescens means turning yellowish or pale yellow and refers to the colour of the fruits. Additional specimen seen — MALAYSIA, SARAWAK, KUCHING DIVISION, BAU DISTRICT: Bau, Gg. Poing, 13 May 2002, D. Malcolm & al. SBC 1560 (SING 0203928).	en	Hroneš, Michal, UVÍroVá, Alena, Dančák, Martin, Boyce, Peter C., Leong-ŠkorničkoVá, Jana (2025): Hanguana ensifolia and H. flavescens, two new species of Hanguana (Hanguanaceae) from western Sarawak, Borneo. Willdenowia 55 (1): 259-269, DOI: 10.3372/wi.55.12, URL: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.55.12
