taxonID	type	description	language	source
0391C91C6803FF970D101AA67004FBCF.taxon	description	Coelorachis Brongn. (1831) 64, t. 14. — Rottboellia L. f. subg. Coelorachis Hack. (1889) 293, nom. superfl. — Rottboellia L. f. sect. Coelorachis Pilg. (1940) 139; Roberty (1960) 74 (‘ Coelorrhachis ’), isonym. — Type: The plate, ‘ Coelorhachis’ glandulosa Brongn. (= Mnesithea glandulosa Trin.). Diperium Desv. (1831 a) 180, t. 9, f. 3; (1831 b) 76. — Type: Diperium cylindricum Desv. (= Mnesithea laevis Retz.).	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6803FF970D101AA67004FBCF.taxon	description	Rottboellia L. f. subg. Rottboelliastrum Hack. (1883) 310. — [Cycloteria C. E. Hubb. (1931 a) 459, nom. inval., in syn.; (1931 b) 546, in nota]. — Syn- types: Mnesithea selloana Hack., Mnesithea loricata Trin. Heteropholis C. E. Hubb. (1956) t. 3548; de Koning et al. (1983) 137. — Type: Heteropholis sulcata (Stapf) C. E. Hubb. [= Mnesithea sulcata (Stapf) de Koning & Sosef]. Rottboellia auct non L. f. Annuals or perennials. Culms solid. Ligule collar-shaped, membranous. Inflorescence a compound, leafy panicle of spatheate spikes. Peduncles not articulating at base. Inflorescence axes articulating in joints, with 1 – 2 sessile spikelets and 1 pedicelled one; joints at base with a remnant of a vascular bundle (‘ knob’ or ‘ elaiosome’) which fits into a cavity in the top of the joint below. Spikelets paired (1 sessile, 1 pedicelled and the topmost a triad: 1 sessile, 2 pedicelled) or in triads (2 sessile, 1 pedicelled, but in the topmost one 1 sessile and 2 pedicelled). Sessile spikelets more or less immersed in cavities in the joints, 2 - flowered, awnless, the lower floret epaleate or paleate and sterile, the upper one bisexual. Lower glume indurated, smooth or sculptured, 4 – 13 - nerved, apex winged or not; upper glume chartaceous, 3 – 15 - nerved. Lower lemma membranous, upper one even thinner. Pedicel free or adnate to the joint. Pedicelled spikelets dorso-ventrally flattened, varying from a single small scale to 2 - flowered with the upper floret bisexual (M. glandulosa, M. granularis, M. rottboellioides). × = 7 (R. granularis (L.) Roberty), 9, 10. Distribution — Pantropical with about 32 species, of which 10 species and 1 variety in Malesia and Thailand. Eponymy — Named after the Greek herbalist, Mnesitheus Cyzicenus (from Cyzicus in Mysia, Turkey, c. 300 BC), but the work cited (πεΡΙ ’ εδεΣΤΩν, On Diet) is by Mnesitheus Athenien- sis (of Athens, Greece, c. 400 BC).	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6801FF950D1019C77135F91A.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Malesia: Lesser Sunda Isl. (Kissar, Wetar), New Guinea: Aru Isl., Papua New Guinea (Western, Central); Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory, W Australia). Habitat — Eucalypt savannahs, dry grasslands, open forest edges, roadside in degraded mixed forest, red sand, clay soils, heavy brown soil, laterite, granite, up to 200 m altitude; a locally common inconspicuous grass of straggling habit. Notes — For Queensland Domin (1915) distinguished between a var. typica with a forma subglabra and a var. pilosissima based on the density of the pubescence of the plant. This turned out to be a very variable feature and these taxa cannot be maintained. Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners by the unique silvery (rarely golden) setose indument of the sessile spikelet.	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6801FF920FDA187A76B5F7F7.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Malesia: Malay Peninsula (Pahang) and SE Kalimantan (Motley 446: Banjarmasin). Habitat — Sandy soil at sea level, coconut groove. Notes — The above account is based on four collections only, all in K: Ridley 11, the type, Ridley 15229, Motley 446 and SF 29882 (Corner). Gilliland (1971: 267) mentioned Thailand, but no specimens were seen. The first two have joints with two sessile and one pedicelled spikelets (see plate 34 a in Gilliland 1971). Motley 446 from SE Kalimantan has some joints with four sessile and two pedicelled spikelets. This distribution would seem to be one of the indicators of a drought pocket near Banjarmasin. Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Culms 0.2 – 0.4 m long. Joints 4.2 – 5.4 mm long. Sessile spikelet callus puberulous; lower glume yellowish. Most similar is M. glandulosa: 1. Culms 0.2 – 0.4 m long. Sessile spikelet callus puberulous, lower glume laterally without small appendages ........ .................................... M. geminata 1. Culms 0.6 – 1.9 m long. Sessile spikelet callus ciliolate, lower glume laterally with small appendages .... M. glandulosa	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6806FF930FDA1F067004FBC4.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Nicobars (Car), Burma (Prome), Thailand (N: Chiang Mai; C: Saraburi, Nakhon Nayok; SW: Kanchanaburi; SE: Prachin Buri; Peninsular: Nakhon si Thammarat, Songkhla), Cambodia (Kratie), S Vietnam (common, fide Schmid 1958: 194), Malesia: Malay Peninsula (widespread, but rare), Singapore, Sumatra (widespread), Mentawei Isl., P. Enggano, Bangka, Java (all over), Anambas Isl., Borneo (widespread), Celebes (widespread), Talaud, Philippines (see note; Antique, Balabac, Bohol, Busuanga, Cagayan de Sulu, Camiguin, Cu- lion, Guimaras, Jolo, Luzon (Benguet: once Elmer 5823), Mindanao, Mindoro, Palawan, Panay, Siargao, Tawitawi), Lesser Sunda Isles (Flores, Sumbawa), Moluccas (Ambon, Bacan, Banda, Ceram, Halmaheira, Nusa Laut), New Guinea: Aru, Waigeo. The record for Australia (e. g. Merrill 1921) probably is based on a Von Mueller collection cited as R. muricata by Bentham (1878), type of R. ophiuroides Benth. var. commutata Hack., a synonym of R. rottboellioides, q. v. Habitat — Sunny, grassy places, fired grasslands, savannahs, disturbed forests, teak forests, along roads, railroads, rivers (? rheophyte), up to 1525 m altitude; locally common. Ecology — Beumée (1927) reported the presence of myrmecochory. Uses — Yields a considerable amount of leaf, but the old ones and the culms are very hard. According to analyses the nutritional value is also low. Notes — Rottboellia mutica was mentioned in a list of names with various literature references, e. g. to Sprengel ’ s Systema vegetabilium, but this one without any, suggesting that it was a new species. It is stated to grow in sugarcane fields. Fernandez-Villar (1882: 314) ‘ corrected’ it to Rottboellia muricata, a name often misapplied to Mnesithea glandulosa. The ‘ true’ R. muricata (Eremochloa muricata (Retz.) Hack.) does not occur in the Philippines, while M. glandulosa has not been reported for sugarcane fields (f. Backer 1928). The identity of R. mutica can therefore not be established. Buse (1854) distinguished a form from Java with the pedicelled spikelets reduced to two glumes which was formally named var. javanica Buse by Miquel (1857), who cited besides the Junghuhn specimen referred to by Buse also Zollinger (352), the type. The var. bandanensis would be distinct by the presence of a stronger indument on the lower glume of the sessile spikelets. Similar hairy glumes were observed in Jacobs 5645 (Brunei) (but also some nearly glabrous), Alston 13411 (W Kalimantan), SAN 33502 (Meijer) (Sabah), Buwalda 6032 (Ceram) and Van Royen 5558 (New Guinea, Vogelkop). In view of the fact that within the material there seems to be a more or less continuous cline from subglabrous to pubescent glumes, being sometimes variable within a single inflorescence (see Jacobs 5645 mentioned above) and that such specimens occur within at least a considerable part of the range, it must be concluded that this variety should not be maintained. Bulbous-based hairs occasionally occur, e. g. on the culms (Backer 6858, Java; Bünnemeijer 6469, Sumatra; Endert 2101, Borneo; Hallier f. 649 c, Java; Kostermans 21728, Borneo; LÖrzing 13008, Sumatra), or on the upper side of the blades (Backer 5828, 17108, 18838, Java). Backer 6858, Dorgelo 109, Koorders 42425 and De Wit 4282 (Java) have blades pubescent on both sides. Van Steenis 7530 (Java) has a single joint with two sessile and one pedicelled spikelet. Danser 6981 (Java), Kato B- 4431 (Borneo), Kostermans 1141 (Thailand) and Lütjeharms 5394 (Sumatra) have several joints with two sessile and two pedicelled spikelets. De Wit 4217 (Java) has some joints alternat- ingly without any or with five (three sessile and two pedicelled) spikelets. Dorgelo 109, PNH 38767 (Kondo & Edaño) and Reinwardt 171 have sessile spikelets without or with a minute first palea. In the Philippines the species is restricted to the southern and central Philippines and has not been found in the north-east, except for a single collection from Benguet, Luzon. The species is easily recognized by the small appendages along the edges of the lower glume of the sessile spikelet. These are also sometimes found in M. helferi, which otherwise differs only slightly. See the key. Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners by: Sessile spikelet 3.8 – 5.5 mm long (incl. ciliolate callus). Lower glume spikelet smooth, laterally with small appendages. Most similar is M. helferi (see key).	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6807FF900FDA1B4E7511F8BF.taxon	description	[Rytilix glandulosa Raf. (1830) 219, nomen, error for granularis?].	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6807FF900FDA1B4E7511F8BF.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sikkim, Bhutan, India, Sri Lanka to N Vietnam, not yet seen from Cambodia, Laos; Thailand (N: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lampang, Lamphun, Mae Hong Son; NE: Loei, Nong Khai; SE: Chon Buri), China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan; Malesia: Sumatra (widespread), Malay Peninsula (Pahang, once), Singapore (once), Java (all over), Borneo (Sabah, W-, SE Kalimantan), Celebes (Buton, Kendari, Masamba, Muna, Palu, Tondano, Tukang Besi), Philippines (Cebu, Guimaras, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros Oriental), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Alor, Bali, Flores, Sumba, Sumbawa, Timor, Wetar), Moluccas (Ambon, Buru, Tanimbar, Ternate), New Guinea (Irian Jaya: Jayapura, Vogelkop; Papua New Guinea: Central, Milne Bay, Morobe, New Ireland, E. Highland Prov.). Habitat — In open place at mountain ridge, open and fireinduced grassland, weed on sandy soil, near the road side, partly shaded areas among bamboo, somewhat disturbed place in the deciduous dipterocarp oak forest, common in evergreen forest, swampy ground, granite bedrock, 0 – 1450 m altitude. Notes — Easily recognized by the small, subglobose, pusticulate sessile spikelets, and therefore also generally regarded as representing the distinct genus Hackelochloa, see Veldkamp et al. (1986: 294 – 295). Noltie (2000) regarded H. porifera as distinct from H. granularis: 1. Lower glume of sessile spikelet to 1.7 mm, shallowly pitted, ribs between pits broad, rounded. Stipe inconspicuous, under 0.5 mm, much narrower than upper part. Racemes to 12.5 mm long ....................... H. granularis 1. Lower glume of sessile spikelet over 2 mm, deeply pitted, ribs between pits narrow, sharp. Stipe conspicuous, c. 0.7 mm, almost as broad as upper part, smooth. Racemes over 20 mm long ............................ H. porifera However, when viewed over the whole range these characters appear to break down (Veldkamp et al. 1986: 294). Differs from all congeners by the suborbicular, cancellate lower glume of the 1.5 – 2.6 mm long sessile spikelet and the 2.2 – 4 mm long pedicelled spikelet.	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6804FF900D1018D770D6FA1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Burma (Tenasserim), Thailand (NE: Nong Khai; SE: Chanthaburi; C: Saraburi), Cambodia (Kratie), S Vietnam (Biên Hoa), Malesia: Malay Peninsula (Kedah, Penang, Perak). Habitat — Rocks in river, shaded more or less dense evergreen forest, c. 150 m altitude. Notes — The differences with M. glandulosa are but slight (see key). Future research will have to show whether two taxa can be maintained. Nguyen Van Khiem 148 (L), Vietnam (Biên Hoa), may represent the form mentioned by Schmid (1958: 191) as Rottboellia 5. It has joints with two sessile and one pedicelled spikelets as are also present in the type Helfer 913. Poilane 19 Jul 1932 (L, P) also from Biên Hoa, was ‘ normal’. Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Culms 0.4 – 0.8 m long. Sessile spikelet 4.8 – 5.5 mm long (incl. ciliolate callus). Most similar is M. glandulosa (see key).	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6805FF910D101F0676B6FC53.taxon	description	For the synonymy see under the varieties. Plants perennial. Culms 0.2 – 1.2 m long. Cataphylls ovate to ovate-oblong, 2 – 15 by 0.6 – 2.5 mm, glabrous, apex acute. Nodes glabrous to setose. Sheaths glabrous to sparsely hairy, margin glabrous to pilose. Ligule 0.2 – 1.8 mm long, margin setose. Contra-ligule absent. Blades flat to folded, 9 – 35 cm by 0.6 – 4.8 mm, margins at base glabrous or pectinate, glabrous to hairy above, glabrous to setose behind the ligule, smooth. Peduncles 1 – 4 together, glabrous to hairy. Spatheoles 3.5 – 6.5 cm long, blade present. Spikes 2.5 – 10 cm by 1.5 – 3 mm. Spikelets in pairs or triads. Joints 4.4 – 6.5 mm long, glabrous, smooth. Sessile spikelets: spikelet 4 – 5.6 mm long (incl. the glabrous callus), shorter than the joint; lower glume flat to convex, ovate-oblong, glabrous, coriaceous, smooth, laterally without small appendages or sculptured, with longitudinal lines of minute dots, greenish yellow, 4 – 7 - nerved, apex rounded, winged or not; upper glume boat-shaped to concave, ovate-oblong, 3.9 – 5.1 mm long, glabrous, 2 – 4 - nerved, nerves not anastomosing, margin infolded, apex obtuse to acute; lemmas ovate-oblong, glabrous, apex rounded to acute; first lemma epaleate, 3.8 – 4.2 mm long, 3 – 4 - nerved; second lemma 2 – 3 - nerved; paleas 2 – 3 - nerved, glabrous; second palea ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2.7 – 3.6 mm long; anthers 1.6 – 2.5 mm long. Pedicel adnate to the joint, 4.4 – 5.8 mm long, glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to 1 small scale, laterally flattened, 0.2 – 0.8 mm long.	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6805FF9E0D101CC37669FDE4.taxon	description	Culms 0.2 – 1.2 m long. Cataphylls ovate to ovate-oblong, 2 – 15 by 1.3 – 3 mm. Nodes glabrous to setose. Sheaths glabrous to sparsely hairy, margin glabrous to pilose. Ligule 0.2 – 1.8 mm long. Blades 11 – 35 cm by 1 – 4.5 mm, margins at base glabrous, glabrous to hairy above, glabrous to setose behind the ligule. Peduncles glabrous to hairy. Spatheoles 4.5 – 6.5 cm long. Spikes 2.5 – 10 cm by 1.5 – 3 mm. Spikelets usually in triads or paired (upwards, in depauperate specimens only the most basal group a triad, or, very rarely, all paired). Joints 4.4 – 6.5 mm long. Sessile spikelet 4 – 5.6 mm long (incl. callus); lower glumes flat to convex, smooth, greenish yellow, 4 – 5 - nerved, apex rounded, winged or not; upper glume of boat-shaped to concave, 3.9 – 5.1 mm long, 2 – 3 - nerved, apex obtuse to acute; first lemma 3.8 – 4.2 mm long, 3 – 4 - nerved; paleas 2 - nerved; second palea ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate, 2.9 – 3.6 mm long. Anthers 1.8 – 2.5 mm long. Pedicel 4.4 – 5.8 mm long. Pedicelled spikelets 0.2 – 0.4 mm long. 2 n = 18. Distribution — Pakistan to Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand (N: Chiang Mai, Sukhothai, Nakhon Sawan, Kamphaeng Phet; E: Chaiyaphum, Nakhon Ratchasima, Buri Ram; SE: Chon Buri, Kanchanaburi; Peninsular: Songkhla), Laos (Champasak, Saravan), Malesia: Java (Ceribon, Surabaya, Besuki), Madura, Celebes (Rapang), Bali. The variety has been recorded for Laos, Cambodia and S Vietnam, but material from these countries as far as we have seen it all belonged to var. cochinchinensis. The genus was not recorded for Afghanistan by Bor (1970) although it is a country cited for this species and where it possibly may occur. Habitat — On rather open grassy slope, dry savannah forest, sunny places, in a dipterocarp-savannah area, along the road, stony soil, up to 1500 m altitude. Ecology — Beumée (1927: 419) reported the presence of myrmecochory. Uses — Readily eaten by cattle, at least when young. Little valued by the Javanese because of its relative little yield of rather tough leaves mixed with tough culms. Analyses showed a very little nutritional value with an excess of fibre (Backer 1950: 177, sub M. laevis). Notes — The species is distinct by the smooth, unappend- aged lower glume of the sessile spikelets, the adnate pedicel, and the much reduced, small pedicelled spikelets. Jansen (1953) described a var. hirta on a Celebes collection which notably differed from the generally glabrous Java material by its rather dense bulbous-based bristly indument of the blades and peduncles. Specimens variable in this feature have been seen from Sri Lanka (Clayton 5845, Davidse 7598, Lazarides 7262), while others from Thailand (Van Beusekom & Phengkhlai 1192, Maxwell 75 - 433) were intermediary. It therefore seems to us that a taxonomic distinction for such hairy specimens cannot be maintained. According to the general literature M. laevis would have spikelets in triads. In fact this is not always so. Within the same spike both triads and paired spikelets occur, with a general tendency for the triads to be present at its base and the pairs more upwards. Sometimes the most basal spikelets are paired, followed by triads, and distally again paired. This basal grouplet usually persists after the spike has broken up, and, when consisting of paired spikelets, may cause confusion in identification. In poorly developed specimens the triads may be very few to even totally absent (cf. Kievits 1543, see the discussion by Veldkamp et al. (1986) 284). The distinction against the var. cochinchinensis then becomes very difficult. The var. laevis seems to be distinct by being more robust (60 – 170 cm tall against up to 50 cm in var. cochinchinensis), while it grows in less disturbed places. The general distribution is also different (see map in Veldkamp et al. 1986: 285). In Van Steenis 6648 and 7532 from Ceribon the terminal joints have one sessile and two pedicelled spikelets, the more ‘ normal’ type of triad often found in the Andropogoneae. The first collection, moreover, has doubly pedicelled spikelets, i. e. there is an additional internode between the pedicel and the spikelet, which then reaches to 0.5 – 0.67 th of the next higher joint fitting into a shallow excavation there. Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Culms 0.2 – 1.2 m long. Sheaths glabrous to sparsely hairy. Blades margins at base glabrous. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to 1 small scale, 0.2 – 0.4 mm long. Most similar is var. cochinchinensis (see key).	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C680AFF9E0D101D2B700CFE5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Thailand (N: Sukhotai, Nakhon Sawan; SW: Ratchaburi), Laos (Saravan), Cambodia (Kratie), Vietnam, S China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan), Taiwan, Ryu Kyu Isl., Pacific (Carolines (Palau, Jap), Marianas), Malesia: Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao), Buru. Habitat — Savannahs, disturbed places, e. g. roadsides, bunds of rice fields, grass fields, 20 – 600 m altitude. Notes — The records for India and Java cited and depicted by De Koning et al. (1983) refer to var. laevis (Veldkamp et al. 1986). Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Nodes glabrous. Margins of the blades at base pectinate. Lower glume of sessile spikelet 7 - nerved. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to 1 small scale. Most similar is var. laevis (see key).	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C680AFF9F0FDA1EB671F3FEEF.taxon	description	Plants perennial. Culms 0.4 – 0.9 m long, pilose with scattered bulbous-based bristles. Cataphylls ovate to ovate-oblong, (4 –) 14 – 24 (– 32) by 2.5 – 5.5 mm, puberulous to pilose, apex acute to acuminate or mucronate. Nodes setose. Sheaths setose, margin pilose to ciliate. Ligule 1 – 3 mm long, margin setose. Contra-ligule absent. Blades flat, (9 –) 26 – 35 (– 47) cm by 6 – 12 mm, margins pectinate at base, hairy on both sides, setose behind the ligule, smooth. Peduncles solitary or paired, hairy. Spatheoles 8 – 16 cm long. Spikes 3.5 – 8 cm by 1.8 – 2.5 mm. Spikelets in the lower part with triads or all paired. Joints 3.6 – 5.2 mm long, glabrous to ciliolate at base, smooth. Sessile spikelets 4.4 – 6.2 mm long (incl. callus), longer than the joint. Callus hairy. Lower glume convex, ovate-oblong, hairy, coriaceous, cancellate, greenish yellow, sometimes with purplish margins, 6 – 7 - nerved, lower part at keel smooth, apex winged; upper glume boat-shaped to concave, ovate-oblong, 3.3 – 5 mm long, 4 – 5 - nerved, nerves anastomosing or not, ciliolate along the infolded margin, apex acute. Lemmas ovate-oblong, 2.8 – 4.1 mm long, glabrous to ciliolate along the margin, acute. First lemma epaleate or paleate, 2.5 – 3.8 mm long, 3 – 4 - nerved; second lemma 3 - nerved. Paleas 2 - nerved, margin ciliolate; first palea ovate-lanceolate, 2.3 – 2.7 mm long; second palea ovate-lanceolate, 2.3 – 2.5 mm long. Anthers 1.6 – 2.1 mm long. Pedicel free from the joint, 4.2 – 6.4 mm long, glabrous, smooth. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to 2 glumes, laterally flattened, 0.6 – 0.9 mm long. Lower glume chartaceous, glabrous to margin ciliolate, apex winged. 2 n = 18. Distribution — Vietnam (widespread, fide Schmid 1958: 194), Thailand (N: Chiang Mai; E: Chaiyaphum; SE: Chan- thanaburi) to S China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan); Malesia: Malay Peninsula (Johor),? Singapore (Wallich 8876, but never found there again), Sumatra (E Coast, fide Jansen 1953), Java (Priangan, Cianjur, see note), Palawan. Habitat — Partly shaded, disturbed and overgrown places, sunny, dry places, in hedges and thickets, light deciduous (oakdipterocarp) forest, along roads, granite bedrock, 400 – 1200 m altitude (‘ low altitudes’ in Palawan). Ecology — Beumée (1927: 419) reported the presence of myrmecochory (sub M. pubescens). Uses — Backer (1950: 176, sub M. pubescens) noted that a large amount of soft leaf was produced which was well-liked by cattle. Analyses showed a very satisfactory nutrition value. The yield was much lower than that of Panicum maximum Jacq., however, and did not increase after manuring. Notes — The type of Rottboellia mollicoma is represented in K by two sheets. One has no original label, but is annotated ‘ 1862 ’ and bears a note by C. B. Clarke “ This is the type ”. Hance said he had collected the species first in October 1861. The other sheet has an original label which bears the date August 1869. Roberty with an exclamation mark following Clarke ’ s selection designated the G duplicate as the lectotype (‘ type’). However, if a specimen with the date October 1861 does exist that should take precedence as the lectotype. Mnesithea mollicoma differs mainly from M. cancellata by the pubescence of the spikelet and the shorter pedicelled spikelets. Msesithea mollicoma is usually densely hairy, but some exceptions were observed: Backer s. n. (1918) from Java has the lower glumes of the sessile spikelets almost glabrous to nearly so with hardly excurrent nerves. This is the only specimen seen from Java. Beumée (1927) and Backer (1950) have suggested that it was imported, e. g. with rubber seeds from Malaya; in 1918 it had locally become quite common in Imperata-fields. More recent collections are lacking. Ledesma s. n., the type of Rottboellia triflora, has nearly glabrous culms and blades, but the nodes are hairy. The upper glume is flatter than usually seen, slightly keeled with ciliolate margins. The dimensions of the width of the blade, the length of the glumes, lemmas, paleas are all rather small. This form seems to be linked to the more ‘ normal’ representatives of M. mollicoma by Smitinand 1827 from Thailand which has nearly glabrous culms, nodes and blades. Moreover, the leaves of this collection are exceptionally narrow (4 – 7 mm) and the plant is only 40 cm tall. Because of this transitional form, al- beit with quite a different provenance, Rottboellia triflora has been included in this species. More material from Palawan is required to see how variable that population is and whether or not it should have a separate status after all. Chase & Niles (1962) is an off-set of a card system prepared at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington (D. C.). Although there is no disclaimer in the introduction, one should regard any new combination or lectotypification made there as not having been validly published (Art. 34.1. a), being personal notes and not officially published in subsequent publications. See also Ramella et al. (2011). Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Sheaths setose. Sessile spikelet callus puberulous; lower glume cancellate, hairy. Most similar is M. glandulosa:	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C680BFF9C0FDA1E2576B5FB51.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Malesia: Philippines (Bohol, Cebu, Guimaras, Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Siargao), Lesser Sunda Isl. (Flores, Sawu, Tanimbar, Timor, Wetar), New Guinea: Irian Jaya: Jayapura, Merauke; Papua New Guinea: Central, Madang, Milne Bay, Morobe, Northern, Western Prov.; Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory, W Australia) and? Polynesia (fide Warburg 1890: 260), but not in e. g. Fosberg et al. (1987: 19). Habitat — Sunny, grassy places, burned grasslands, savannahs, swampy areas, roadsides, along railroads, Eucalyptus forests, up to 2320 m altitude; locally dominant. Vernacular name — Baron river tussock grass (E). Uses — An analysis showed nutritional value to be consider- ably below the average (Backer 1950: 176, as R. ophiuroides). In Goodenough Island widely used for thatching (Burcham 1948: 414, t. 2, 3). Notes — The species is easily recognized by the smooth lower glume of the sessile spikelets apically with distinct auricles. The var. commutata would be distinct by bulbous-based bristles on the lower glume of the sessile spikelets. This feature is variable within a single spike and therefore there seems to be no other reason to maintain this taxon.	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C680BFF9C0FDA1E2576B5FB51.taxon	description	A form described as var. vestita by Domin from Australia and as var. hirsuta by Jansen from New Guinea would be distinct by the presence of densely hairy sheaths (especially the upper ones) and blades (e. g. Carr 11134, lectotype of the second), but Hoogland 4690 and NGF 22056 (Gillison) have glabrous sheaths and hairy blades. Many specimens have blades that are pubescent on the upper surface only, and several have completely glabrous blades. It seems therefore impossible to maintain this variety. In the Philippine var. intermedia the lower glume of the sessile spikelet is only shortly winged above the middle. The expres- sion of this feature, however, is quite variable, and insufficient to base a taxon on. Van Borssum Waalkes 3156 (Tanimbar) and HÖft 3230 (Morobe Prov.) (L) have joints with two sessile and two pedicelled spikelets. Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Cataphylls glabrous. Sessile spikelet callus glabrous; lower glume chartaceous. Pedicelled spikelets composed of 2 glumes and 1 male or bisexual floret. Most similar is M. glandulosa: 1. Cataphylls puberulous to ciliate along the margin. Sessile spikelet callus ciliolate; lower glume coriaceous, laterally with small appendages ................ M. glandulosa 1. Cataphylls glabrous. Sessile spikelet callus glabrous; lower glume chartaceous, laterally without small appendages .. ................................ M. rottboellioides	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C6808FF9A0FDA1F0676B4FB16.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Burma (Mergui) to S Vietnam and S China (S Yunnan); Thailand (N: Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun; NE: Khonkaen; SW: Kanchanaburi; Peninsular: Phangnga). Mentioned for Singapore by Wallich and so cited by others, but Wallich 8876 is M. mollicoma. It is erroneously cited as the type of M. striata by Roberty (1960). Noltie (2000: 829, t. 62 k) reported the species for ‘ Terai’, an area along the S border of Bhutan with Assam. Habitat — Sunny places, old clearings, in the area between the deciduous dipterocarp oak-forest and a bamboo hardwood zone, moist savannah on clay, dry evergreen or mixed (Quercus) forest, along the road, granite bedrock, 25 – 1325 m altitude, locally common. Notes — The species is best recognized by the glabrous lower glume of the sessile spikelets without appendages and with lines of small slits (which, however, are nearly absent in var. laevis Bor). For differences with M. helferi, see there. The reasons for the lectotypification of M. striata and the reduction of the varieties has been discussed by Veldkamp et al. (1986: 292). Part of Helfer 457 (syntype of M. merguensis) has pedicelled spikelets on two-jointed pedicels. One joint had four sessile and two pedicelled spikelets. Some other joints had two sessile and one pedicelled spikelets. The lower glumes have some pusticules with hairs. Two collections from Thailand (Van Beusekom et al. 3597 (L, P) and Iwatsuki et al. T- 10929 (L) have the pedicel fused to the joint in the lower part to completely so, while in the other specimens seen they were usually completely free. Geesink & Santisuk 5004 (L, P) has lower glumes with pusticules on the keels. Tran Van Hing 196 has some joints with three sessile and two pedicelled spikelets. This specimen has hairy culms, sheaths and blades. It is the only collection seen from Vietnam, all other references seem to refer to M. cancellata (q. v.). Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Culms 1.5 – 2.5 m long. Sessile spikelet 5.8 – 6.8 mm long (incl. callus); upper glume 5.2 – 6.1 mm long. Most similar are M. cancellata and M. glandulosa: 1. Culms 0.4 – 1.1 m long. Sessile spikelet 4.3 – 5.8 mm long (incl. callus); lower glume cancellate; upper glume 3.3 – 5.1 mm long ............................ M. cancellata 1. Culms 1.5 – 2.5 m long. Sessile spikelet 5.8 – 6.8 mm long (incl. callus); lower glume with longitudinal lines of small slits; upper glume 5.2 – 6.1 mm long .............. M. striata 2. Sessile spikelet 3.8 – 5.5 mm long (incl. callus); lower glume smooth, laterally with small appendages; upper glume 2.8 – 4.9 mm long ......................... M. glandulosa 2. Sessile spikelet 5.8 – 6.8 mm long (incl. callus); lower glume smooth, laterally without small appendages and with lines of small slits; upper glume 5.2 – 6.1 mm long .... M. striata	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
0391C91C680EFF9A0D101A7571FCFDC9.taxon	description	Mnesithea thailandica Traiperm & Boonkerd (in Traiperm et al. 2010) 341, t. 1. — Type: Paisooksantivathana & S. Suutheesorn y 1048 - 82 (holo BK). Description based on Traiperm & Boonkerd (in Traiperm et al. 2010). Plants perennial (cataphylls probably present). Culms 0.26 m long. Nodes puberulous. Sheaths hairy. Ligule 0.5 mm long, margin ciliolate. Blades flat, 5 – 20 cm long, 4 – 8 mm wide, hairy on both sides. Peduncles solitary. Spikes 6 cm long. Spikelets paired. Joints 2 – 2.5 mm long, hairy in the lower half. Sessile spikelet callus puberulous. Sessile spikelet 4 – 5 mm long (incl. callus); spikelets longer than the joint. Lower glume convex, ovate-oblong, hairy, smooth, laterally without small appendages, apex winged. Upper glume boat-shaped, ovate-oblong, 3 mm long, hairy along the keel. First lemma paleate. Anthers 1 mm long. Pedicel free from the joint, 3 mm long, pubescent. Pedicelled spikelets reduced to 2 glumes, dorso-ventrally flattened. Distribution — Thailand. Northeast: Roi Et (formerly Saket Nakhon): Suwanaphoom District, Nayai, Ban Hang Hoey. Habitat — Common in rice fields, c. 100 m altitude. Notes — Only known from the type collection. A request to BK (24 Jan. 2012) for additional data or a loan remained unanswered. The description above had to be summarised from the publi- cation and is not congruent with the other ones given here. A later visit by the authors to the area showed that it had been converted to industrial development. Differs from the Malesian / Thai congeners in: Ligule 0.5 mm long. Joints 2 – 2.5 mm long, hairy in the lower half. Upper glume of sessile spikelet hairy along the keel. Most similar is M. laevis var. laevis: 1. Sheaths glabrous to sparsely hairy; blades glabrous or hairy above. Joints 4.4 – 6.5 mm long. Upper glume of sessile spikelet 3.9 – 5.1 mm long. Pedicel 4.4 – 5.8 mm long ........ .............................. M. laevis var. laevis 1. Sheaths hairy; blades hairy on both sides. Joints 2 – 2.5 mm long. Upper glume of sessile spikelet 3 mm long. Pedicel 3 mm long .......................... M. thailandica	en	Veldkamp, J. F., Heidweiller, J., Klaauw, M. A. F. van der, Koning, R. de, Kraaijeveld, A. R., Sosef, M. S. M., Strucker, R. C. W. (2013): A revision of Mnesithea (Gramineae - Rottboelliinae) in Malesia and Thailand. Blumea 58 (3): 277-292, DOI: 10.3767/000651913X678257, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651913x678257
