taxonID	type	description	language	source
039E5268FFC51803FF6F8ECDAE5CF8DF.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 ‒ 14)	en	Raphel, Sheeba, Jose, Joyce (2025): Description of two synanthropic silverfish (Insecta: Zygentoma), Ctenolepisma longicaudatum (Escherich, 1905) and Ctenolepisma rothschildi (Silvestri, 1907), from Kerala, India. Zootaxa 5570 (2): 309-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4
039E5268FFC51803FF6F8ECDAE5CF8DF.taxon	materials_examined	Materials Examined. India, Kerala, specimens from 13 sites (Table 2) among old wooden articles, S. Raphel, coll. Specimens in alcohol deposited at Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode, with registration numbers ZSI / WGRC / I. R. - INV. 26924 and ZSI / WGRC / I. R. - INV. 26925. Body sub-cylindrical, elongated and tapering posteriorly; length up to 13 mm (Fig. 2). Epidermic pigmentation light golden yellow dorsally, lighter ventrally. Dorsally covered with dark grayish or brownish scales and ventrally with light yellowish scales. Scales rounded with dense parallel ribs; relatively homogeneous structures, only differing in size (Fig. 3). Head wider (1.35 – 1.70 mm) than long (0.9 – 1.1 mm), with tufts of bifid and pectinate macrosetae on frontal region, 1 + 1 tufts of macrosetae on clypeus and 1 + 1 small tufts of macrosetae on labrum. Eyes black with 12 ommatidia, located well behind the antennae. Antennae length 10 ‒ 13 mm. Five-segmented maxillary palp, with the apical article about 5.9 – 6.5 times longer than wide and almost same length as that of the penultimate article. Four-segmented labial palps with distal article wider at the apex than at the base (L / W 1 – 1.3) and usually with five sensory papillae (Fig. 4) but sometimes with more than 10 papillae arranged in a single row (Fig. 5). Thorax wider than abdomen; thorax width up to 3.25 mm, thorax length up to 4.1 mm. Pronotal collar with 4 – 5 rows of bristles in the centre and single row towards the anterolateral side; lateral margin of pronotum with (9 – 10) + (10 – 11) bristle combs of 3 – 6 macrosetae each. Trichobothrial areas of the pronotum situated on inner side of last (N) and the anterior on the inner side of antepenultimate (N- 4) bristle-combs (Fig. 6). Mesonotum lateral margins with (11 – 12) + (12 – 15) bristle combs of 3 – 6 macrosetae (Fig. 7). Trichobothrial areas of the mesonotum situated on last (N) and the anterior on outer side of antepenultimate (N- 2) bristle-combs. Metanotum (Fig. 8) lateral margins with (10 – 11) + (10 – 11) bristle combs of 2 – 6 macrosetae. Trichobothrial areas of the metanotum located on last (N) and the anterior on outer side of (N- 1) bristle-combs. All nota provided with 1 + 1 bristle combs of 6 – 7 setae on the posterolateral region. Prosternum (L / W: 1.3 – 1.4) and mesosternum (L / W: 1.1 – 1.3), slightly longer than wide; metanotum wider than long (L / W: 0.85 – 0.1) (Fig. 9). Prosternum with 3 – 5 + 3 – 5 bristle combs of 3 – 10 macrosetae on its subapical area. Mesosternum (Fig. 10) with 2 – 5 + 2 – 5 bristle combs of 4 – 12 macrosetae on its subapical area. Metasternum (Fig. 11) with 1 + 1 subapical combs of more than 20 macrochaetae, arranged in a single row; few scattered setae also visible between the comb and the margin. Legs stout; protibiae 2.4 – 2.8 times longer than wide; mesotibiae 3.1 – 3.82 times longer than wide and about 1.2 – 1.3 times longer than the protibiae; metatibiae 4 – 5 times longer than wide and about 1.87 – 1.9 times longer than the protibiae. Tarsi L / W PI 6.7 – 7.5, PII 7.7 – 12.6, PIII 10.5 – 13.66. Pretarsi with two curved lateral claws and a medial claw. Coxae and femora covered ventrally by rounded scales similar to those of the body; remaining articles of leg devoid of scales. Urotergite I with 1 + 1 infra-lateral bristle-combs composed of 6 – 8 macrosetae. Urotergites II – VI with 3 + 3 bristle-combs; infra lateral bristle combs with 5 – 10 macrosetae, lateral combs with 5 – 7 macrosetae and sub-median bristle combs with 6 – 7 macrosetae. Urotergite VII and VIII with 2 + 2 bristle-combs, each lateral bristle comb composed of 11 macrosetae and sub-median bristle combs with 7 – 8 macrosetae. Urotergite IX without bristle combs. Urotergite X (Fig. 12) trapezoidal in shape with 1 + 1 bristle-combs of 8 – 10 macrosetae; few scattered setae towards the tip. Urosternites I and II without setae. Urosternites III – VII with 1 + 1 lateral combs of 17 – 20 macrosetae. The lateral combs of urosternite VIII with 12 – 13 macrosetae. The number of macrosetae per bristle comb on urotergites and urosternites as in Table 4. Both sexes bear two pairs of stylets inserted on abdominal segments VIII and IX (Figs. 13, 14), armed apically with several strong spines. Ratio of length of styli IX / length of styli VIII is 1.25 – 2. Coxite IX in male with fringe of setae along internal margin; internal process about 1.8 – 4.5 times longer than the external process and 1.08 – 1.18 (L / W) times as long as broad at its base. Penis with numerous apical setae. Parameres absent (Fig. 13). Genital region of female shown in Fig. 14. Inner process of coxite IX long, triangular and pointed at tip about 2 – 2.7 times longer than wide at its base and 2.7 – 5 times longer than the external process. Very long ovipositor with 40 – 48 divisions and its length measures 2.5 – 3.8 mm from the base of urosternite VIII; surpassing the apex of the internal processes of coxite IX by 2 – 3.75 times coxite IX length.	en	Raphel, Sheeba, Jose, Joyce (2025): Description of two synanthropic silverfish (Insecta: Zygentoma), Ctenolepisma longicaudatum (Escherich, 1905) and Ctenolepisma rothschildi (Silvestri, 1907), from Kerala, India. Zootaxa 5570 (2): 309-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4
039E5268FFC0180AFF6F88EAAE13FBDE.taxon	description	(Figs. 15 ‒ 27)	en	Raphel, Sheeba, Jose, Joyce (2025): Description of two synanthropic silverfish (Insecta: Zygentoma), Ctenolepisma longicaudatum (Escherich, 1905) and Ctenolepisma rothschildi (Silvestri, 1907), from Kerala, India. Zootaxa 5570 (2): 309-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4
039E5268FFC0180AFF6F88EAAE13FBDE.taxon	materials_examined	Materials Examined. India, Kerala, specimens from 44 sites (Table 3), mostly from books and papers, S. Raphel, coll. Specimens in alcohol deposited at Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode and the registration numbers are ZSI / WGRC / I. R. - INV. 26926 and ZSI / WGRC / I. R. - INV. 26927. Elongated body, generally parallel-sided, gradually tapering towards the posterior end (Fig. 15). Body length up to 9.8 mm (♀) and 7.3 mm (♂). Epidermal colour light straw; covered with dark brownish to blackish scales dorsally and whitish yellow scales ventrally. Length of antenna up to 7.05 mm and that of cerci and paracercus 4.75 mm and 4.5 mm, respectively. Macrosetae plumose. Scales oval, globular or subtriangular, of varying sizes (Fig. 16), usually with 20 – 30 fine rays or 10 - 16 widely spaced, thicker rays. Head wider (0.9 – 1.1 mm) than long (0.5 – 0.7 mm); anterior margin of head with tufts of bifid and pectinate macrochaetae laterally extending to the eye and 1 + 1 frontal tufts of macrosetae on the frontal margin; clypeus and labrum also with 1 + 1 tufts of setae. Five-segmented maxillary palps; apical article 5 – 8.7 times longer than wide and about the same length as the penultimate article (0.9 – 1.2). Four-segmented labial palps with apical article wider than long (L / W 0.75 – 0.86 mm) and with 5 papillae in a single row (Fig. 17). Thorax wider than abdomen. Maximum thorax width 2.18 mm; maximum thorax length 3.3 mm. Pronotal collar with 2 – 4 rows of bristle combs in the centre and single towards anterolateral margins. Pronotum (Fig. 18) with (8 – 9) + (8 – 9) bristle combs on the lateral margins composed of 2 – 4 macrosetae. Mesonotum (Fig. 19) with (10 – 11) + (11 – 12) bristle combs composed of 2 to 4 macrosetae; metanotum (Fig. 20) with (8 – 10) + (9 – 11) lateral combs of 1 – 3 macrosetae. All nota with 1 + 1 posterior combs of 2 – 3 macrosetae. Trichobothrial areas in pronotum, posterior on inner side of the last (N) comb and the anterior one, on the inner side of N – 3 bristle comb. In mesonotum posterior associated to the innerside of last (N) combs and posterior on the outer side of antepenultimate (N – 2) comb and to the two last combs (N and N – 1) in the metanotum. Prosternum (L / W 1.24) (Fig. 21) and mesosternum (L / W 1.26) (Fig. 22) of approximately equal size and rounded subtriangular shape. Both with 1 + 1 posterior submarginal combs of 3 – 4 and 5 – 6 macrosetae, respectively, and with some marginal setae between comb and margin. Metasternum (Fig. 23) broader (width 1.07 mm) than previous segments, with 1 + 1 posterior submarginal combs of 6 macrosetae and numerous setae along the posterior margin. Protibiae 2.65 – 2.74 times longer than wide; mesotibiae 3 – 3.6 times longer than wide and about 1 – 1.2 times longer than the protibiae; metatibiae 3.25 – 4.3 times longer than wide and about 1.3 – 1.6 times longer than the protibiae. Tarsal L / W: foretarsi 7.5, middle tarsi 7.5, hind tarsi 9.3 – 11. Basal article of tarsi longer than the remaining three together. Pretarsi with two strong, curved lateral claws and a smaller medial claw; coxae with broad, rounded scales along outer margin. Femur with small, narrow scales along proximal two-thirds of outer margin; remaining articles devoid of scales. Urotergite I with 1 + 1 infralateral combs of 3 – 4 macrosetae, urotergites II – V with 3 + 3 bristle combs, urotergites VI – VIII with 2 + 2 combs, urotergite IX without combs; urotergite X trapezoidal in shape (Fig. 24) with 1 + 1 combs of 3 macrosetae and several marginal setae. Urosternites I and II glabrous, urosternites III – VIII with 1 + 1 lateral combs of 4 – 10 macrosetae each. Macrosetal numbers per comb on urotergites and urosternites given in Table 4. rothschildi. Two pairs of styli in both sexes inserted on abdominal segments VIII and IX, armed apically with several strong spines. Stylets of IX more developed than that of VIII. The ratio length of styli IX / length of styli VIII in female is about 1 – 1.67. The ratio length of styli IX / length of styli VIII in male is about 1.3 – 1.6. Coxite IX in male with fringe of setae along internal margin; internal process about 2.6 – 4 times longer than the external process and 1 – 1.3 (L / W) times as long as broad at its base. Penis with numerous apical setae. Parameres absent (Fig. 25). Genital region of female as in Fig. 26, coxite IX also with fringe of setae along internal margin, internal process about 0.5 – 1.5 times longer than wide at its base and 2.2 – 2.8 times longer than the external process. Ovipositor long with 34 – 41 divisions and its length measures 2.24 – 2.66 mm from the base of urosternite VIII; surpassing the apex of the internal processes of coxites IX by 4.4 – 4.8 times coxite IX length.	en	Raphel, Sheeba, Jose, Joyce (2025): Description of two synanthropic silverfish (Insecta: Zygentoma), Ctenolepisma longicaudatum (Escherich, 1905) and Ctenolepisma rothschildi (Silvestri, 1907), from Kerala, India. Zootaxa 5570 (2): 309-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.2.4
