taxonID	type	description	language	source
039C879CFC53FFC3FE9994B9FCD0FDE1.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Lingula alveata Hall, 1863.	en	Emig, Christian C., Herrera, Zarela (2006): Dignomia munsterii (Brachiopoda, Lingulata) from the Ordovician of Bolivia, with redescription of the genus. Geodiversitas 28 (2): 227-237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5375724
039C879CFC53FFC3FE9994B9FCD0FDE1.taxon	distribution	TYPE LEVEL. — Dignomia ranges from Middle Ordovician to the Middle Devonian. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. — North and South America.	en	Emig, Christian C., Herrera, Zarela (2006): Dignomia munsterii (Brachiopoda, Lingulata) from the Ordovician of Bolivia, with redescription of the genus. Geodiversitas 28 (2): 227-237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5375724
039C879CFC53FFC3FE9994B9FCD0FDE1.taxon	diagnosis	EMENDED DIAGNOSIS (FIGS 3 - 5). — Shell thin, elongate oval in shape; externally, two diverging medio-lateral grooves (internally ridges) extend from the umbonal region to the anterior margin, and a narrow median groove (a septum internally) extends from the umbonal region to the anterior margin of the dorsal valve but in the ventral valve only over the anterior half of the shell. Asymmetrical muscle system with three internal oblique muscles; unpaired posterior adductor muscle; no vascula media observed. (Note: these three characters are prerequisite to a diagnosis of the family Lingulidae – see Emig 2003).	en	Emig, Christian C., Herrera, Zarela (2006): Dignomia munsterii (Brachiopoda, Lingulata) from the Ordovician of Bolivia, with redescription of the genus. Geodiversitas 28 (2): 227-237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5375724
039C879CFC53FFC3FE9994B9FCD0FDE1.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Hall (1863), in the original description of Lingula alveata (only two valves were described), indicates that the valves “ have a somewhat elevated or thickened border extending from the beak, within which is a distinct groove nearly parallel with the margin and reaching half of the length of the shell ”, that is concurrent with our observation and could describe a ventral valve. The other valve (a cast) “ preserves the mark of a thin septum, which extends from just beneath the beak three-fourths the length of the shell ”: this valve is dorsal, and is probably the dorsal valve represented by Rowell (1965). The specimens mentioned were found in the shales of the Hamilton Group (Ludlowville, Cayuga county, New York) and in sandstone near Fultonham (Schoharie county, New York), both dated Middle Devonian. Hall (1871) created the genus Dignomia but gave no diagnosis; only the cast (see above) was figured on plate 13, figure 3. The genus has been recorded “ in the Lower Silurian and Devonian, and probably in the Middle Silurian ” (Hall 1863; Cleland 1903). The description of two dorsal valves of Dignomia alveata by Hoare & Steller (1969) agrees with the genus characteristics; their specimens came from the Silica Formation (Middle Devonian; Ohio and Michigan). In South America, d’Orbigny (1842) described from the Cochabamba and Chuquisaca regions of Bolivia two species: Lingula submarginata and L. munsterii, both of which are assigned here to the genus Dignomia. In his diagnosis of L. submarginata, d’Orbigny states: “ Marquée en long de très légères stries, plus prononcées en approchant du bord. On remarque à partir du sommet, vers le bord, deux sillons assez prononcés, qui laissent entr’eux une surface bombée, formant feston sur le bord ”. The shell length is 20 mm and the width 10 mm. The second species, L. munsterii, has a similar description: “ Ornée en long de stries fines ” and “ sur le milieu de la longueur, on remarque trois sillons qui partent du sommet et vont en s’écartant vers le bord; l’un est au milieu, les deux autres sont aux côtés d’une partie légèrement saillante ”. The shell length is 18 mm and the width 8 mm. According to d’Orbigny (1842), the specimens of both species were collected together in the same locality, that is “ au sommet de la côte de Tacopaya [now: Zudáñez], entre Valle Grande et Chuquisaca [other name: Sucre] ” (Fig. 1). The syntypes of L. munsterii have been studied: they belong with no doubt to Dignomia. D’Orbigny (1842) also recorded L. munsterii east of Cochabamba, “ près de Palta-cueva, au sommet de la Cordillère de Cochabamba, sur le chemin de Yuracares (Bolivia), à la hauteur absolue de près de 5000 mètres ” (Fig. 1). Kayser (1897) described a broad Dignomia, that he named D. subalveata with generic characteristics like those of the diagnosis above (Fig. 4). The specimens were collected in the “ Lingula - Schichten ” (Lingula - layers) from Jachal (Argentina). Branisa (1965) stated that Lingula munsterii is clearly identified by the large size of the shell and by its ornamentation, i. e. a central groove and two lateral ones as shown in the figure 4 of his plate 2: the three specimens represented are similar to our specimens (see Fig. 4). Branisa’s description of Lingula lepta Clarke, 1912 (= Dignomia subalveata (Kayser, 1897 )) was confirmed by Castellaro (1966), collected in San Juan (Bolivia; Lower Devonian). Recently, Toro et al. (1994) reported Lingula sp. cf. munsterii with Dignomia - like characteristics in the area of Llavini (Cochabamba, Bolivia) in the Anzaldo Formation (Ordovician) (Fig. 1). Rowell (1965) diagnosed Dignomia as follows: “ Relatively large, wide, thin-shelled forms, long conspicuous median ridge in both valves, with 2 low, broadly diverging ridges that extend anterolaterally from beak ”. This description is confirmed by our present observations, but Rowell’s figure 158: 4 does not represent the interior of a ventral valve, but an external view of a dorsal valve. Nevertheless, Holmer & Popov (2000) in the second edition of the Treatise have curiously simplified this original diagnosis to: “ Shell subtriangular to suboval; ventral interior with two widely divergent ridges posteriorly (may be impression of pedicle nerve); dorsal interior with long median ridge. All other characters inadequately known ”; the figure 37: 5 a used by Holmer & Popov to illustrate Dignomia is that in Rowell (1965) with the identical caption, but the valve represented on figure 37: 5 b to illustrate Dignomia is not Dignomia but probably a Barroisella (compare it with fig. 9: 1 b in Holmer & Popov 2000). After an examination by A. Balinski and C. C. Emig during a recent visit in Warsaw (Poland) the two fragments referred to Dignomia sp. by Balinski (1995) are assigned to Barroisella Hall & Clarke, 1892. Finally, the genus Dignomia appears to have been well recognized and defined by many authors. The characteristics of the shell defined in the emended diagnosis are sufficiently well described to permit the recognition with all certainty that Dignomia belongs to the order Lingulida. Furthermore, this genus has three characteristics defined in the diagnosis of the family Lingulidae (see Emig 2003): an asymmetrical muscle system with three internal oblique muscles, an unpaired posterior adductor muscle and the absence of vascula media (Fig. 5). On this basis we consider that Dignomia belongs to the family Lingulidae as did Rowell (1965). However, this genus was classed as incertae sedis in the family “ Uncertain ” by Holmer & Popov (2000) in the second edition of the Treatise of Invertebrate Paleontology.	en	Emig, Christian C., Herrera, Zarela (2006): Dignomia munsterii (Brachiopoda, Lingulata) from the Ordovician of Bolivia, with redescription of the genus. Geodiversitas 28 (2): 227-237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5375724
039C879CFC51FFCDFC919574FE9EFBBB.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — See Chapter Material.	en	Emig, Christian C., Herrera, Zarela (2006): Dignomia munsterii (Brachiopoda, Lingulata) from the Ordovician of Bolivia, with redescription of the genus. Geodiversitas 28 (2): 227-237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5375724
039C879CFC51FFCDFC919574FE9EFBBB.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (FIGS 3 - 5). — The outline of the shell is an elongate oval. Two large medio-lateral grooves, longitudinally striated, extend from the umbonal region to the anterior margin of the valves; a median groove is narrow. On the outer surface of the dorsal valve is a median groove that occupies its whole length. On the ventral valve, the groove extends from the anterior margin to about the half to two-thirds of the length. Anterior margin straight, without indentation at the level of the grooves. Lateral margins subparallel; width of the shell largest at or above the middle; surface smooth with numerous weak, occasionally well marked, growth lines. Umbonal region rounded on dorsal valve, pointed on ventral valve. Small proparea slightly curved with a weak pedicle groove, continuous with internal valve side. The ventral lophophoral cavity occupies approximately 36 % of the length of the valve. Mantle canals curved. A pair of narrow subparallel, V-shaped, grooves extend from the anterior adductor scars to the unpaired posterior adductor scars; three long oblique internal muscles; a V-shaped perimial line. No internal observation of dorsal valve.	en	Emig, Christian C., Herrera, Zarela (2006): Dignomia munsterii (Brachiopoda, Lingulata) from the Ordovician of Bolivia, with redescription of the genus. Geodiversitas 28 (2): 227-237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5375724
039C879CFC51FFCDFC919574FE9EFBBB.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Our specimens were cited under Dignomia boliviana nov. sp. by Emig in Gagnier et al. (1996) but never described completely. The d’Orbigny (1842) description of two species, Lingula submarginata (see also below) and L. munsterii, both of which are obviously Dignomia (see above) and are similar in aspect to our specimens collected in the same area. That was corroborated by the study of the syntypes of L. munsterii. Therefore we consider our specimens should be named Dignomia munsterii, the betterdescribed of d’Orbigny’s two species. However, as the name marginata was preoccupied by Lingula marginata Phillips, 1836 a species from the Carboniferous of England, d’Orbigny (1850) proposed its replacement by Lingula submarginata. Shell and internal features The length of the shell of our specimens ranges from 12 to 30 mm (mean 19.1 ± 5.5 mm; n = 12), and the width from 5.9 to 14 mm (mean 9.3 ± 2.4 mm; n = 12). The W / L ratio lies between 0.45 and 0.55 (mean 0.49 ± 0.02) (Fig. 4 B). D’Orbigny (1842) measured two specimens. The W / L ratio is 10 / 20 = 0.5 for the specimen referred to Lingula submarginata, and for L. munsterii the W / L ratio is 8 / 18 = 0.44. The general shape of the shell of Dignomia appears similar to those of the species of Lingula with an elongate oval shell (W / L = 0.38 - 0.53; mean 0.43 ± 0.3 - 0.48 ± 0.3 mm derived from the geographic populations; n = 155) (Fig. 4). The two medio-lateral grooves are visible on the inner faces of both valves as ridges (or septa), sometimes well developed especially near the anterior margin, at the site where the central exhalant pseudosiphon and the two lateral inhalant ones separate (Figs 3; 5). The anterior margin of the valves is straight and flat. These ridges may have a morpho-functional role related to the disposition of the lophophore in the lophophoral cavity. On the outer side, longitudinal ribs exist in the grooves and commonly extend laterally (Figs 3; 5). Ventral valve. The internal umbonal region differs from that of the lingulides in the presence of small propareas and the absence of a true pedicle groove (Fig. 5). The existence of a pair of V-shaped grooves – the impressions of the pedicle nerves (Biernat & Emig 1993) – on the inner side of the ventral valve in Dignomia (Fig. 5) can be considered as general in the superfamily Linguloidea since Cambrian times (Biernat & Emig 1993; Emig 2002, 2003). These grooves extend from the anterior adductor muscles until the level of the posterior adductor muscle where they join. The disposition of the mantle canals in Dignomia could be seen in only one ventral valve (Fig. 5). The distance from the distal tips of the mantle canal to the anterior margin of the valve represents 17 % of the total length of the valve. The length of the lophophoral cavity, i. e. the distance between the distal limits of the anterior adductor muscle scars to the anterior margin of the valve is 36 % of the total length of the valve. Both measurements are congruent with those seen in Lingula, respectively 17 - 22 % (mean 20 ± 1.7 %; n = 44) and 35 - 46 % (mean 41 ± 4.5 %) (Biernat & Emig 1993; Emig & Bitner 2005 a). No vascula media could be found (Fig. 5). The disposition of the body muscles on the ventral side is similar to that in the family Lingulidae (see Emig 1982, 2003; Emig & Bitner 2005 a, b): the oblique muscles have a V-shaped arrangement and a perimial line, the trace of the attachment of the body wall to the valves (a line surrounding the body muscles); the internal oblique muscles are represented by long scars (Fig. 5). Such a disposition is similar to that described by Egorov & Popov (1990) in the lingulide Semilingula. The trace of the posterior adductor muscle could not be followed completely in Dignomia but it seems to be unpaired (Fig. 5) and similar in shape to that of Lingularia. Dorsal valve. Muscle arrangement and disposition of the mantle canal could not be observed on dorsal valve.	en	Emig, Christian C., Herrera, Zarela (2006): Dignomia munsterii (Brachiopoda, Lingulata) from the Ordovician of Bolivia, with redescription of the genus. Geodiversitas 28 (2): 227-237, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5375724
