taxonID	type	description	language	source
03998866FFF4FF860BA7FA82ED0DEADE.taxon	description	Farming of Kappaphycus alvarezii in India originated with a few grams of biomass imported from Japan by CSIR-CSMCRI in the early 1990 s; the importation followed the quarantine procedures appropriate for cultivation and utilization. Initial out-planting trials were done along the Northwest’s Okha coast following laboratory acclimatization studies. Subsequently, southeast Tamil Nadu’s Mandapam coast was explored for its suitability as a potential cultivation region from 1995 to 1997. Initial field trials evaluated a variety of cultivation methods, including (a) polythene bags, (b) fish net bags and (c) net enclosed open culture (Eswaran et al. 2002). Eventually, the bamboo raft method was adopted. In this method, 3 × 3 m rafts made with 7 – 8 cm diameter bamboo were reinforced utilizing diagonally orientated bamboo braces approximately 1.3 m long to maintain integrity in open sea conditions. Lower portions of the rafts were covered with fishing net minimizing grazing and biomass drifting. Twenty plantings (fresh cuttings) of approximately 100 g. each were attached to raft ropes (3 mm thick polypropylene) at regular intervals using a braider. The seeded ropes were tied at both ends of the bamboo rafts at 15 - cm intervals. Initial seeding weight of each raft averaged 40 kg fresh wt. and rafts were moored in clusters of 5 – 10 and anchored to 30 - kg mooring stones. Deployed seaweed cuttings began growing immediately and were harvested after a growth period of approximately 45 days (Figure 8 A, B; Mantri et al. 2017). Kappaphycus alvarezii commercial cultivation was initiated in 2001 along the southeast coast of Tamil Nadu by Pepsico India Holdings (P) Ltd., Gurgaon, India after licensing cultivation technology from CSIR-CSMCRI, Bhavnagar. The company successfully adopted a contractfarming model with buy-back arrangements for seaweed produced by the women’s Self-help Groups (SHGs). Infrastructure was provided to the SHGs through the national bank subsidies. The contract farming model allocated 45 rafts to each SHG individual member. The amount of distributed rafts was tied to the planting and harvesting 45 - day scheduled farming period. Each farmer could conveniently plant and harvest one raft per day. Harvests averaged 240 kg of live seaweed per raft with approximately 40 kg used as raft seeding material for the subsequent farming cycle, leaving 200 kg of fresh biomass or 20 kg of dry seaweed available for sale. More than 1500 households along the Tamil Nadu coast engaged in seaweed farming as an alternative livelihood, each earning approximately US $ 300 per month (Table 1). Seaweed cultivation has emerged as viable option for the economic improvement of low income coastal communities in India (Krishnan and Narayanakumar 2010, Periyasami et al. 2014, 2015, Mantri et al. 2017). Production increased significantly from 21 dry metric tonnes in 2001 – 1490 dry tonnes in 2013, totaling 7187 dry tonnes biomass, worth US $ 2.5 million during the 13 - year cultivation period (Mantri et al. 2017). Kappaphycus alvarezii commercial farming from Tamil Nadu experienced a Tamil Nadu and expansion is underway in Gujarat, where commercial activities commenced in 2017. Hypnea musciformis	en	Ganesan, Review Meenakshisundaram, Trivedi, Nitin, Gupta, Vishal, Madhav, S. Venu, Reddy, Chennur Radhakrishna, Levine, Ira A. (2019): Seaweed resources in India - current status of diversity and cultivation: prospects and challenges. Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) 62 (5): 463-482, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2018-0056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0056
03998866FFF8FF8A0835F8E5EC32E936.taxon	description	Gracilaria edulis standing stock. The agar from this alga has a gel strength of approximately 510 g · cm 2 (Meena et al. 2008). Over-harvesting of Gr salicornia depleted the standing stock resulting in its cultivation by adopting the tube-net method. Each single tube net is filled with 400 g of G. salicornia seed material. The raft (2 × 2 m size) consists of 15 tube nets totaling an initial biomass of 6.0 kg fresh weight with harvesting every 30 – 40 days as thalli attain harvestable size. Harvest yields range from 14.1 to 60.62 kg fresh wt raft− 1 (Figure 14) with seven harvests each year (Ganesan et al., unpublished).	en	Ganesan, Review Meenakshisundaram, Trivedi, Nitin, Gupta, Vishal, Madhav, S. Venu, Reddy, Chennur Radhakrishna, Levine, Ira A. (2019): Seaweed resources in India - current status of diversity and cultivation: prospects and challenges. Botanica Marina (Warsaw, Poland) 62 (5): 463-482, DOI: 10.1515/bot-2018-0056, URL: https://doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0056
