taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B59F7DFF9C7138F8F06CECFAB7FA52.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: in dumetosis et silvaticis prope urbem principalem, 1832, Riedel s. n. (lectotype, US, first-step lectotype designated by Carvalho-Okano 1998: 74, second-step lectotype, US [16368, barcode US 01866918]! image, designated here; isolectotypes, BR [BR 0000005737000]!, F [871160, barcode V 0053734 F & 940151, barcode V 0053751 F]! images, GH [GH 00049846]! image, K [K 000494549 & K 000494550]! images, LECB [LECB 0002322, LECB 0002323 & LECB 0002324]! images, MO [3575647, barcode MO- 260564]!, NY [NY 01031025 & NY 01031026]!, P [P [P 05585697, P 05585698, P 05585699 & P 05585700]! images, RB [37821, barcode RB 00068210]!, S [S-R- 11 - 18752]!, US [16732, barcode US 01866917]! image, W [1880 - 1190 & 1889 - 62371]! images, B † [F neg 13277]).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9C7138F8F06CECFAB7FA52.taxon	discussion	Maytenus grandiflora was described by Reissek (1861) based on three different collections gathered from the city of Rio de Janeiro by Johann Christian Mikan, Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Guilherme Schüch de Capanema. After analysis of protologue and examination of specimens mentioned, no relevant difference between the circumscription of M. grandiflora and Monteverdia communis could be observed. It is a typical species from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, characterized by lanceolate to elliptic leaves, drying brown on the abaxial side, and multiflowered cymes with a conspicuous peduncle, always longer than pedicels, and flowers distributed along the axis. These two species were published in the same volume of Flora Brasiliensis (Reissek 1861); in this case the name M. communis is the preferable to be used as its basionym is most commonly found in literature and herbarium identifications (see article 11.5. of the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018). The specimen W 0059534 is selected as lectotype for Maytenus grandifolia. This specimen is the unique that bears a label that includes a handwritten description by Reissek, very similar to the one he provided in the protologue, which constitutes clear evidence by the author in applying this name (Recommendation 9 a. 3 from the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018). No date is provided on the label; however, according to Urban (1906), Schott collected in and near the city of Rio de Janeiro between 1817 and 1820. The specimen represented by negative number 19567 from the Field Museum’s Type Photograph Collection (previously deposited in B, and presumably destroyed) is not type of M. grandifolia because it is of a specimen gathered by Riedel and, thus, is not part of the original material.	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9C713BF8F06B34FEB6FEE0.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Goiás: ad Crixas, May 1819, Pohl s. n. (lectotype, W [0047062] [U neg 1177]! image, designated here; isolectotypes, BR [0000005737673]!, LE [n. v., indicated by Carvalho-Okano 1992: 62 and Carvalho-Okano & Leitão-Filho 2004: 29], W [0047063]! image).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9C713BF8F06B34FEB6FEE0.taxon	discussion	Maytenus floribunda var. parvifolia was described by Eugenius Warming based on one of his collections from the Minas Gerais state in Brazil’s Southeastern region, where he lived from 1863 to 1866 (Klein 2002). Monteverdia floribunda is a widely distributed species in South America. It is most prevalent in the Brazilian areas containing Cerrado vegetation but has also been collected in Bolivia, Colombia and Guyanas (Biral et al. 2015). Maytenus floribunda var. parvifolia was ignored in Carvalho-Okano’s (1992) Maytenus revision and it did not appear in other references I traced. After contacting the herbarium C, I was able to inspect a high-resolution image of the holotype and to determine that its continued designation as a variety of Monteverdia floribunda, based solely on leaf characters, is not supported. The leaves of M. floribunda are quite variable in size but relatively constant in other features, such as having an elliptic to obovate shape, a margin that is crenate only close to the apex, 11 - 14 pairs of ascending secondary veins, and multi-flowered fasciculate inflorescences. The specimen W 0047062 is elected as lectotype for Monteverdia floribunda because it is constituted by a complete branch with flowers and contains two labels, one with the name author’s identification and other bearing a handwritten description.	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9F713AF8F06CA2FF72FE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL, URUGUAY. In Brasilia meridionali extratropica et ad Montevideo, 1821 - 1823, Sellow d 768 (lectotype, M, designated by Biral & Lombardi 2012: 468).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9F713AF8F06CA2FF72FE8C.taxon	discussion	Maytenus acanthophylla var. eurostos is a forgotten name, absent in all Celastraceae literature I accessed after its publication. I came cross the holotype (not annotated as such) when examined New World Maytenus specimens provided on loan from the NY herbarium. The specimen is derived from the Herbarium of Otto Kuntze (purchased by Andrew Carnegie for the New York Botanical Garden, see Zanoni 1980), signed by Ludwig Eduard Theodor Loesener (the species’ author) and its label includes the following diagnosis: “ Maytenus acanthophylla Reiss. forma eurostos Loes. forma nova foliis paullo latioribus, basi magis truncatis spinis robustioribus diversa ”. Later, when the name was validly published, Loesener (in Kuntze 1898) did so as a variety of Maytenus acanthophylla and not as a forma. Some specimens of Monteverdia ilicifolia, especially those from Bolivia and Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, are confused with Monteverdia acanthophylla (Reissek 1861: 6, t. I, f. 5) Biral (2017: 688) because they have broad leaves with long spines on the margin but can be differentiated by their spherical fruits, as opposed to the tetragonal fruits of Monteverdia acanthophylla. Monteverdia ilicifolia is widely distributed in the forests of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil (chiefly, in south region), Paraguay and Uruguay, whereas Monteverdia acanthophylla is endemic to Brazil, especially in areas with caatinga vegetation (BFG 2015). Carvalho-Okano (1992: 228) considered Maytenus castaneiformis in the “ Untreated species ” section of her thesis because she did not have access to any original material from this species. In addition to this mention, I found no citation of this name in literature. The morphological characters available from the type specimens and mentioned in the protologue overlap those found for Monteverdia ilicifolia. The leaves with two or three pairs of spines concentrated only on the apex presented in the type specimens are quite characteristics of M. ilicifolia; thus, Maytenus castaneiformis is considered here as its synonym. The specimen Pohl 1710 in W [0059514] is designated here as lectotype for M. castaneiformis because it is constituted by a complete branch with an attached label bearing a handwritten morphological description by Reissek that is identical to that provided by him in the protologue (see Recommendation 9 a. 3. from the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018). The collection date is not provided on the label but was taken from the Pohl’s itinerary in Brazil according to Urban (1906). Maytenus macrodonta was described by Reissek (1861) in Martius’ Flora Brasiliensis. The description presented in the protologue is short and essentially based on vegetative characters, such as branches and leaves (shape, measures, number of spines and secondary veins). No flower or fruit features are mentioned and the unique information cited about the inflorescence [“ Flores axillares, aggregati ”, Reissek (1861: 7)] is not informative since all Maytenus / Monteverdia species with spinose leaves share this type of inflorescence. Because the description lacks details and no original material was accessible, Carvalho-Okano (1992) excluded the name from her thesis. Now, considering the protologue, the type collections and the Celastraceae collections from Goiás state, it is determined that M. macrodonta is conspecific with Monteverdia ilicifolia. Monteverdia ilicifolia is easily characterized by young twigs flattened or carinated, coriaceous leaves spirally arranged, leaf with one to seven pairs of spines regularly arranged in the margin or concentrated in the apex, and multi-flowered fasciculate inflorescence. The protologue of M. macrodonta does not mention locality, collector number, or date of collection. The collector number [2444] and the locality [Rio Pillano] included in this paper are taken from the label of the designated lectotype. According to Pohl’s itinerary, provided by Urban (1906), he visited the Pilões river in the Brazilian state of Goiás twice between late March 1919 and February 1820.	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9E713AF8F06C16FD3EFB24.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — VENEZUELA. Amazonas: habitat ad flum. [‘ Guainia v. ’] Rio Negro, supra ostium flum. Cassiquiare, June 1854, Spruce 2284 (lectotype, BR [BR 0000005737055]!, designated here; isolectotypes, BM [BM 000778831]! image, E [E 000775445]! image, F [871648, barcode VF 0053757 F]! image, G!, GH [GH 00049865]! image, K [K 000494623 & K 000494624]! images, MO [1624264, barcode MO- 2196878]!, NY [NY 00380604, MO neg 5035]!, P [P 02274006 & P 05585758]! images).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9E713AF8F06C16FD3EFB24.taxon	discussion	Revisiting the Celastraceae names published by Reissek (1861) in Martius’ Flora Brasiliensis, no substantial differences could be found between types and protologues of Maytenus laevis and M. sapotiformis. They are indistinguishable morphologically, being characterized by carenated young twigs, coriaceous leaves with obscure venation on both sides, pruinose, usually blackening as they dry, and fasciculate inflorescences. Both names were described on the same page of the Celastraceae treatment in Flora Brasiliensis (Reissek 1861, p. 27), so there is not an older name that must have priority. However, the combination based on Maytenus laevis is preferable to be used as it is more common in literature and herbarium determinations (see article 11.5. of the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018). I have seen herbarium specimens of Monteverdia laevis from Colombia (Vaupés, but also cited for Guainía by Kearns 1998), Venezuela (Amazonas and Bolívar) and Brazil (Amazonas). In the protologue, Reissek (1861) cited the type of M. sapotiformis as deposited in the Herbarium Martii (“ hb. Mart. ”), currently housed at BR (Förther 1994). During a visit to BR, I located a unique specimen of M. sapotiformis in its Celastraceae collection; the specimen is annotated with Reissek’s determination and his signature indicating that it is clearly the holotype (following McNeill 2014). The specimen BR 0000005737055 is selected here as lectotype for M. laevis because it is the unique mentioned specimen that brings a label signed by Reissek (Recommendation 9 a. 3 from the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9E713DF8F069EEFAB1FE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — PERU. Habitat in Muña et Chacahuassi nemoribus, s. d., Ruiz & Pavón s. n. (original material, B [B-W 04741 - 01 0, F neg 13298]! image, BM [BMBM 000839147]! image, BR [BR 0000005737383]!, F [679926, barcode V 0053698 F; 844178, barcode V 0042341 F, F neg 58701 & 712488, barcode V 0042341 F, F neg 58700]! images, G [G 00177337]!, HAL [HAL 0118520]! image, MA [781162, MA 813010, MA 813011, MA 813012, MA 813014, MA 816701, MA 816702, MA 817410 & MA 817411]! images, MPU [MPU 020561]! image, P [P 02274011 & P 02274012]! images, B † [F neg 13302]).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF9E713DF8F069EEFAB1FE8C.taxon	discussion	All the known Amazonian species of Maytenus (sensu McKenna et al. 2011) have capsular fruits with coriaceous pericarp opening by two valves and exhibit a white aril completely covering the seeds. After revising the delimitations among Maytenus and related genera, all species with these characteristics, including both M. krukovii and M. macrocarpa, were combined into Monteverdia (Biral et al. 2017). Now, at a species-level revision, Monteverdia krukovii and Monteverdia macrocarpa cannot be distinguished as separate taxa, as their main morphological characters overlap: they share elliptic to oblong leaves with basically entire margins (slightly crenulate close to the apex), that are shiny on the adaxial side when drying, fasciculate inflorescences, and have relatively larger fruits than other species (13 - 27 mm × 11 - 15 mm). Alberta Mennega suggested the reduction of Maytenus krukovii to Maytenus tarapotensis Briquet (1919: 264), currently a synonym of Monteverdia macrocarpa, on the label of the isotype deposited in G, but never proposed it effectively (see the articles 29 - 31 of the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018). The species is present primarily in the western Amazon region in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (occurrences confirmed through herbarium specimens), and cited as occurring in Venezuela by Kearns (1998) and Hokche et al. (2008).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF99713DF8F06C16FB3CFB08.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: in prov. Rio de Janeiro montanis silvaticis. Ad rivulos in Serra d’Estrella, January 1824, Riedel s. n. (syntypes, F [871159, barcode V 0053774 F & 936577, barcode V 0053773 F] images!, K [K 000494559] image!, LE [n. v., indicated by Carvalho-Okano 1992: 169 - 170 and Carvalho-Okano & Leitão-Filho 2004: 44], P [P 02274031, P 02274032 & P 02274033] images!, W [0059563 & 1880 - 1199] images!, B † [F neg. 13321]). Rio de Janeiro: Serra dos Orgãos, 1833, Vauthier 551 (syntypes, G!, W [0059564] image!).	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF99713DF8F06C16FB3CFB08.taxon	discussion	Warming (1880) used the collection Glaziou 10472 to describe the new variety Maytenus gonoclados var. glaziovii, distinguished from the typical variety by wider and smaller leaves. The taxon resembles Monteverdia gonoclados (Mart. 1841: 89) Biral (2017: 689) in that it has inflorescences in cymes and slightly crenate leaf margin but is distinguished by its subwinged young twigs and pauci-flowered inflorescences with reduced peduncle, shorter than pedicels. The young twigs in Monteverdia gonoclados are flattened or carinate and the inflorescences multi-flowered with an evident peduncle. Eight specimens from Glaziou 10472 were examined and it is concluded that the variety is conspecific with Monteverdia subalata, a shrub endemic from the high altitude areas of Brazil’s Atlantic rainforest in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. This taxonomic decision is against Carvalho-Okano (1992) and Carvalho-Okano & Leitão-Filho (2004), who considered it a synonym of Maytenus gonoclados based on leaf size and the examination of only two specimens deposited in LE and S (see Carvalho-Okano 1992: 179). The specimen C 10023018, originally from Herbarium Eug. Warming and currently deposited in C, is selected as lectotype for Maytenus gonoclados var. glaziovii and not considered the holotype according to McNeill’s (2014) recommendations.	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF99713CF8F0698AFEAFFE8C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Not designated.	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
03B59F7DFF99713CF8F0698AFEAFFE8C.taxon	discussion	Plenckia bahiensis was described by Loesener (in Pilger 1923) from one collection gathered by the Swiss naturalist Leo Zehntner in the Brazilian state of Bahia. It is a neglected name absent in all the Celastraceae literature I examined after its publication. I found the holotype, indicated in the protologue as deposited in “ Herb. Monac. ” (Loesener in Pilger 1923: 536), among the undetermined Celastraceae specimens when visiting the herbarium M in November 2015. In the protologue, Loesener provides a Latin description and a short comment (in German) in that the new species is closely related to P. populnea but distinguished from it by shape and size of leaves and petioles. However, the author did not provide measures when comparing both species, and the differences are imprecise when a large amount of collections is examined. The size and shape of P. populnea leaves are extremely variable, as was mentioned in its description by Reissek (1861: 29) when he established five varieties based solely on leaf shape. The specimens of one of these varieties, P. populnea var. angustifolia Reissek (1861: 31), were described as having elliptic, narrower leaves, and match those of P. bahiensis. Therefore, the recognition of P. bahiensis as a distinctive species from P. populnea is not supported. When described Plenckia populnea, Reissek (1861: 29) designated several types (syntypes) for each one of the five varieties established by him. However, no specimen was cited or associated with the typical variety. In absence of a holotype, a lectotype is necessary to be designated (article 9.3. of the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018). Additionally, as no isotype, syntypes, isosyntypes or paratypes exist, an uncited specimen or cited and uncited illustration, being part of the original material, must be chosen as lectotype (article 9.12. of the Shenzen Code, Turland et al. 2018). Thus, additional searches are necessary before any nomenclatural act involving the typification of Plenckia populnea, especially in the herbaria B, BR, M, LE and W, in order to find uncited specimens that comprise original material of the typical variety and can be designated as lectotype. If no specimen is found, the illustration on table X can be designated as lectotype.	en	Biral, Leonardo (2020): New synonyms in Celastraceae toward an update of the flora of Brazil. Phytotaxa 446 (4): 237-244, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.446.4.4
