taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B59E41FFCF3905E5517603FD7CFB3A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Funicle with six antennomeres. We reidentify the absence of a prosternal canal as a diagnostic characteristic, as a consequence of excluding the genus Agametis from this tribe (see DISCUSSION).	en	Tseng, Wei-Zhe, Hsiao, Yun, Cabras, Analyn, Cheng, Ren-Chung (2024): First Molecular Phylogeny Estimate of the Weevil Tribe Mecopini (Curculionidae: Conoderinae) Unveils its Polyphyletic Nature at the Tribal and Generic Level. Zoological Studies 63 (49): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14704312
03B59E41FFCF3905E54F76E2FB2DFE7A.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Pempheres trilineata Pascoe, 1871 (by present designation). Diagnosis (modified after Pascoe (1871) and Heller (1894 )): Funicle with antennomere 2 twice longer than 1; male without prosternal spines (Fig. 3 C, D) and hairs on the ventral of protarsi; abdominal ventrite I with medial canaliculate structures (Fig. 4 C, D). We regard two diagnostic characters — the sinuated protibia and the proximity of antennal scape to rostral base — as invalid for distinguishing this genus from other mecopine genera (see details in the DISCUSSION). Remarks: The type species of this genus was not designated in the original description and remained so until now (Pascoe 1871; Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999). Among the two species described in the original description of Pempheres, we designate P. trilineata as the type species. The decision is based on the type series of P. trilineata containing both male and female specimens, in contrast to the type series of P. habena containing only females, which provide less morphological information. The presence of canaliculate structures on the abdomen of males suggests that Mecopus serrirostris Pascoe, 1871 and M. ceylanensis Heller, 1894 probably belong to this genus (Heller 1894).	en	Tseng, Wei-Zhe, Hsiao, Yun, Cabras, Analyn, Cheng, Ren-Chung (2024): First Molecular Phylogeny Estimate of the Weevil Tribe Mecopini (Curculionidae: Conoderinae) Unveils its Polyphyletic Nature at the Tribal and Generic Level. Zoological Studies 63 (49): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14704312
03B59E41FFC33908E4FE7762FEC0F899.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Chirozetes (Mesochirozetes) formosanus Heller, 1931 (by monotypy). Diagnosis (modified after Heller (1931 )): Funicle with antennomere 2 as long as, or slightly longer than 1; male without prosternal spines (Fig. 3 B) and hairs on the ventral of protarsi; abdominal ventrite I and V with medial canaliculate structures (Fig. 4 B).	en	Tseng, Wei-Zhe, Hsiao, Yun, Cabras, Analyn, Cheng, Ren-Chung (2024): First Molecular Phylogeny Estimate of the Weevil Tribe Mecopini (Curculionidae: Conoderinae) Unveils its Polyphyletic Nature at the Tribal and Generic Level. Zoological Studies 63 (49): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14704312
03B59E41FFC33908E4FE7762FEC0F899.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Pronotum with lateral stripe sinuate, space between longitudinal stripes with spotted scales; elytra without or only with indistinct longitudinal stripe, apical half densely covered with spotted, patchy scales; integument reddish brown; metepisternum covered with white scales. Types: Lectotype: TAIWAN: 1 ò, Formosa / Kosempo / H. Sauter’ 09 [yellow rectangular label, print and hand writing] // 1909 / 22 [white rectangular label, print and hand writing] // Typus! [red rectangular label, print] // ò [white rectangular label, hand writing] // Staatl. Museum für / Tierkunde, Dresden [white rectangular label, print] (SNSD). Paralectotypes: 1 ò, Formosa / Kosempo / H. Sauter’ 09 [yellow rectangular label, print and hand writing] // 1909 / 22 [white rectangular label, print and hand writing] // Paratypus / formosanus Hell. [red rectangular label, print and hand writing] // ò [white rectangular label, hand writing] // Staatl. Museum für / Tierkunde, Dresden [white rectangular label, print] (SNSD); 1 ò, 1909 / 22 [white rectangular label, print and hand writing] // Formosa / Kosempo / H. Sauter’ 09 [yellow rectangular label, print and hand writing] // ò Paratypus / formosanus Hell. [red rectangular label, print and hand writing] // Staatl. Museum für / Tierkunde, Dresden [white rectangular label, print] (SNSD); 1 ñ, 1909 / 22 [white rectangular label, print and hand writing] // Formosa / Kosempo / H. Sauter’ 09 [yellow rectangular label, print and hand writing] // ñ Typus / formosanus Hell. [red rectangular label, print and hand writing] // ñ [white rectangular label, hand writing] // Staatl. Museum für / Tierkunde, Dresden [white rectangular label, print] (SNSD); 1 ò, Formosa / Kosempo / H. Sauter’ 09 [yellow rectangular label, print and hand writing] // 1909 / 22 [white rectangular label, print and hand writing] // Syntypus [red rectangular label, print] // Cotypus / P. formosana / Heller [red rectangular label, print and hand writing] // Pempheres / formosana m / Det. K. M. Heller 1913 [rectangular label, print and hand writing] // SDEI Coleoptera / # 304541 (SDEI); 1 ò, XI Formosa / Kosempo / H. Sauter 1908 [white rectangular label, print and handwriting] // g. n. / Mesochirozetes [white rectangular label, handwriting] // (Pempheres) Mesochirozetes / formosana n. sp. / Det. K. M. Heller 1920 [white rectangular label, print and handwriting] // SDEI Coleoptera / # 304543 (SDEI); 1 ex., Formosa / Kosempo / Sauter _ VIII _. 07 - 09 [white rectangular label, print and handwriting] // SDEI Coleoptera / # 304544 (SDEI); 1 ex., XI Formosa / Kosempo / H. Sauter 1908 [white rectangular label, print and handwriting] // SDEI Coleoptera / # 304546 (SDEI); 1 ñ, Kosempo (Formosa) / H. Sauter VI 1929 [white rectangular label, print and handwriting] // SDEI Coleoptera / # 304547 (SDEI). Other materials: TAIWAN: 1 ò, Formosa / Hoozan / H. Sauter 1910 [yellow rectangular label, print] // Pempheres / formosana m. / Det. K. M. Heller 1912 [rectangular label, print and hand writing] // MUSEO GENOVA / coll. Angelo Solari (acquisto 2000) [white rectangular label, print] (MSNG); 1 ò, ò [white rectangular label, hand writing] // Kankau (Koshun) / Formosa / H. Sauter VI. 1912 [white rectangular label, print] // SDEI Coleoptera / # 304542 (SDEI); 1 ex., Formosa / Hoozan 08 - 10 / Sauter [white rectangular label, print] // SDEI Coleoptera / # 304545 (SDEI); 1 ñ, Lienhuachih, Yuchi Township, Nantou County, 9. IV. – 19. V. 1998, collected by Malaise trap, C. - S. Lin & W. - T. Yang leg. // NMNS ENT 3161 - 437 (NMNS); 1 ò 1 ñ, Chunyang, Ran'ai Township, Nantou County, 7. V. – 11. VI. 2002, collected by Malaise trap, C. - S. Lin & W. - T. Yang leg. // NMNS ENT 5237 - 3693; NMNS ENT 5237 - 3946 (NMNS); 1 ò 1 ñ, Lienhuachih, Yuchi Township, Nantou County, 9. IX. – 4. X. 2004, collected by Malaise trap, C. - S. Lin & W. - T. Yang leg. // NMNS ENT 6541 - 161; NMNS ENT 6755 - 23 (NMNS); 1 ñ, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, Hengchun Township, Pingtung County, 13. IV. – 8. VI. 2005, collected by Malaise trap, C. - S. Lin & W. - T. Yang leg. // NMNS ENT 5737 - 1905 (NMNS); 1 ñ, Lienhuachih, Yuchi Township, Nantou County, 3. X. – 10. XI. 2005, collected by Malaise trap, C. - S. Lin & W. - T. Yang leg. // NMNS ENT 6776 - 242 (NMNS); 1 ñ, Chunyang, Ran'ai Township, Nantou County, 10. IV. – 8. V. 2007, collected by Malaise trap, C. - S. Lin & W. - T. Yang leg. // NMNS ENT 7530 - 1014 (NMNS); 1 ò, Huisun Forest Area (Sheshui Trail), N 24.088830 E 121.030011, Ran'ai Township, Nantou County, 29. IV. – 16. V. 2018, collected by Malaise trap, W. - R. Liang leg. // WZPCC _ 01310 (NMNS); 1 ò, Kenting Forest Recreation Area, N 21.96253 E 120.81293, Hengchun Township, Pingtung County, 13. XI. 2021, collected by hand, B. - H. Ho leg. // WZPCC _ 03629 (NMNS). Distribution: Taiwan (Heller 1931). Remark: Heller (1931) did not designate a primary type or specify the number of specimens being examined in the original description. However, it is apparent that his description was based on multiple specimens from a single locality “ ... — Kosempo. ”. He also indicated that these specimens were deposited in SNSD and SDEI. There are four such specimens in the SNSD and five in the SDEI, indicating that all nine specimens are syntypes with equal nomenclatural status. To establish a definitive, name-bearing type for C. (M.) formosanus, we designate the male syntype labeled as “ type! ”, which closely matches the original description, as the lectotype of C. (M.) formosanus. The other specimens from the type series are thus designated as paralectotypes.	en	Tseng, Wei-Zhe, Hsiao, Yun, Cabras, Analyn, Cheng, Ren-Chung (2024): First Molecular Phylogeny Estimate of the Weevil Tribe Mecopini (Curculionidae: Conoderinae) Unveils its Polyphyletic Nature at the Tribal and Generic Level. Zoological Studies 63 (49): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14704312
03B59E41FFC23908E76C70C3FBC9F979.taxon	description	The exclusion of Agametis highlights the demand for a comprehensive taxonomic revision of Mecopini. For instance, two genera, Agametina Heller, 1915 and Ganyopis Pascoe, 1871, share characteristics like the arcuate rostrum and tapered ventral eye margin with Agametis, suggesting that they might not belong to Mecopini as well. Furthermore, the taxonomic status of genera possessing seven funicular antennomeres, in contrast to the widely accepted diagnosis of Mecopini (Heller 1894; Morimoto 1962; Anzaldo 2017; Legalov 2018), should also be reevaluated. A comprehensive taxonomic revision, coupled with robust phylogenetic analysis, is essential for reshaping the systematics of this understudied tribe.	en	Tseng, Wei-Zhe, Hsiao, Yun, Cabras, Analyn, Cheng, Ren-Chung (2024): First Molecular Phylogeny Estimate of the Weevil Tribe Mecopini (Curculionidae: Conoderinae) Unveils its Polyphyletic Nature at the Tribal and Generic Level. Zoological Studies 63 (49): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14704312
03B59E41FFC2390BE76C74A2FC06FCD9.taxon	description	Furthermore, the sexually dimorphic characteristics of Mesochirozetes are distinct from Chirozetes but similar to Pempheres. Specifically, males of Mesochirozetes and Pempheres, except for P. picta Heller (known from a single female specimen), do not exhibit prosternal spines (Fig. 3 B – D) and hairs on the ventral side of protarsi, which are present in the males of Chirozetes species (Fig. 3 A). The sexual dimorphism of both taxa present in the abdomen, where males of Mesochirozetes and Pempheres species have canaliculate structures in the middle of ventrites (Fig. 4 B – D), whereas Chirozetes lacks such abdominal canaliculate structures (Fig. 4 A). Heller described this character in Pempheres (Heller 1894: 12) and Mesochirozetes (Heller 1931: 109), but never recognized it as a diagnostic characteristic for either taxon. However, despite the morphological similarity between Mesochirozetes and Pempheres, we still observed characteristics that differ between Mesochirozetes and Pempheres species. For example, Mesochirozetes has two canaliculate structures in ventrites I and V (Fig. 4 B), while Pempheres species have a single structure in ventrite I (Fig. 4 C – D). The relative length of the first two antennomeres also differs, which Pempheres species exhibit antennomere 2 twice as long as 1, while antennomere 2 of Mesochirozetes is as long as, or slightly longer than 1. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses and morphological examinations, we propose raising the subgenus Mesochirozetes to full generic level to maintain the monophyly of Chirozetes. Additionally, we modified the diagnoses of Pempheres and Mesochirozetes, after Pascoe (1871) and Heller (1894 1931). The sexually dimorphic characteristics are important diagnoses for both genera, including the males without prosternal spines and hairs on the ventral side of protarsi, and with canaliculate structures on ventrites. The number of canaliculate structures can further distinguish Pempheres and Mesochirozetes, where Pempheres has a single structure on ventrite I while Mesochirozetes has two on ventrites I and V. Antennal funicles are also crucial to distinguish both genera. Pempheres species have antennomere 2 twice as long as 1, while the antennomere 2 of Mesochirozetes is equal to, or slightly longer than 1. Two diagnostic characteristics for Pempheres, namely the sinuated protibia and proximity of antennal scape to rostral base, are not suitable for distinguishing this genus. We find that the protibia is straight in all described species (Fig. 2 A – C) and the proximity between scape and rostral base is common in mecopine genera, such as Mecopus, Mecopomorphus Hustache, 1920 and Neomecopus Hustache, 1921. Therefore, we propose excluding these characters from the diagnosis of Pempheres.	en	Tseng, Wei-Zhe, Hsiao, Yun, Cabras, Analyn, Cheng, Ren-Chung (2024): First Molecular Phylogeny Estimate of the Weevil Tribe Mecopini (Curculionidae: Conoderinae) Unveils its Polyphyletic Nature at the Tribal and Generic Level. Zoological Studies 63 (49): 1-13, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2024.63-49, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14704312
