taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B287DCFF84521023EF54CAFB17F937.taxon	description	(Figs. 1, 7, 9 A, 10 A)	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521023EF54CAFB17F937.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂, CHINA, Yunnan, Menghai, Mengsong, Huazhuliangzi, 1700 m, 5. V. 2017, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY); 24 ♂♂ 6 ♀♀, CHINA, Yunnan, Lüchun, 2198 – 2278 m, 9 – 25. VIII. 2023, legs. Lang Yi & Song-yun Lang (LSY); 1 ♂, CHINA, Yunnan, Yuanjiang, Yangjie, 2000 m, 29. VIII. 2023, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY); 4 ♂♂, CHINA, Yunnan, Jingdong, Lomeshu, 2000 m, 3. IX. 2023, legs. Hou Jiang & Song-yun Lang (LSY); 1 ♂ 2 ♀♀, CHINA, Yunnan, Fengqing, Yongxin, 1500 – 1800 m, 7. IX. 2023, legs. Hou Jiang & Song-yun Lang (LSY); 2 ♂♂, CHINA, Yunnan, Lushui, Gutanhe, 2150 m, 10. IX. 2023, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY); 2 ♂♂, CHINA, Yunnan, Lushui, 2100 m, 12. IX. 2023, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521023EF54CAFB17F937.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ypthima persimilis can be distinguished from the sympatric Y. atra by the combination of the following characters: 1) on the underside, the striation is more yellowish brown, whereas it is less yellowish but more darkish brown in Y. atra; 2) the laminae of androconia (Fig. 10 A) are elongated and bottle-shape, whereas those are obviously shorter and nearly triangular in Y. atra (Fig. 10 B); 3) in the male genitalia, the dorsal lobe of valva (Fig. 9 A) is acute, whereas it is broad and round in Y. atra (Fig. 9 B).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521023EF54CAFB17F937.taxon	discussion	Remarks. 1) Cantlie & Norman (1959) already pointed out that the clasp (= valva) of Ypthima persimilis (Cantlie & Norman, 1959: text-fig. 10) has a right-angled shoulder (= the dorsal lobe of valva) whereas the shoulder of Y. atra is round (Cantlie & Norman, 1959: text-fig. 9), and therefore they described the latter as a distinct species. 2) Eliot (1967) said that androconia are with bottle-shaped bases in Y. persimilis and with triangular bases in Y. atra. A more accurate description of their androconia should be that the lamina of Y. persimilis is more elongated alike a bottle, whereas the lamina of Y. atra is short and nearly triangular. 3) In the key in Uémura (2023 b), Y. atra (together with Y. atra taiwana) was distinguished from Y. persimilis and other similar congeners in sakra - group by the rounded forewing termen, whereas the forewing termen is nearly straight in its congeners. However, after examining more individuals of both species, the shape of the forewing termen is found to be an unstable character, as shown in figs 1 & 2.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521023EF54CAFB17F937.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), N. Vietnam, N. Laos, Myanmar, N. Thailand, N. E. India.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521523EF511CFAACFE46.taxon	description	(Figs. 2, 8, 9 B, 10 B)	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521523EF511CFAACFE46.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♂♂, CHINA, Hainan, Mt. Wuzhishan, 15 – 17. IV. 2015, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY); 3 ♂♂, CHINA, Hainan, Lingshui, Mt. Diaoluoshan, 20 – 23. IV. 2015, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY); 5 ♂♂, CHINA, Guangxi, Jinxiu, Hekou, 700 m, 13 – 15. V. 2015, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY); 1 ♂, CHINA, Guangxi, Jinxiu, Mt. Lianhua-shan, 1000 m, 19. V. 2015, leg. Song-yun Lang (LSY); 4 ♂♂, CHINA, Yunnan, Ximeng, Mengsuo, 1135 m, 6 – 7. V. 2019, legs. Song-yun Lang & Lang Yi (LSY).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521523EF511CFAACFE46.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Its differential diagnosis with Ypthima persimilis is given in the diagnosis section of the latter above.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521523EF511CFAACFE46.taxon	discussion	Remarks. 1) According to Uémura (2020), the record of Ypthima atra from Fujian Province, S. E. China was traced to the work of Lee & Wang (1995) who recorded “ Y. formosana ” from Kinmen (Jinmen) which is a small coastal island off Xiamen (Amoy), Fujian. It is probable that Lee & Wang (1995) studied material of true “ Y. formosana ”, viz. “ Y. atra taiwana ” from Taiwan Island, but wrongly labelled as Kinmen. Therefore, until the a reliable record from the island or the continental part of the province is established, the record of Y. atra from Fujian should be disregarded. 2) The specimens of Y. atra from Jinxiu, E. Guangxi are notably larger than specimens from S. Yunnan and Hainan Island, and the former might be a new subspecies, pending further research.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF84521523EF511CFAACFE46.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (S. Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan), N. Vietnam, N. Laos, N. Myanmar, N. E. India.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521523EF57CFFDACFA08.taxon	description	(Figs. 3, 9 C, 10 C)	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521523EF57CFFDACFA08.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. photo: 1 ♂, “ Taiwan, Nantou Hueisun Exp. Forest 22. - 24. X. 1998 leg. Mey & Ebert ” (ZMHU).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521523EF57CFFDACFA08.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ypthima taiwana stat. rev. can be separated from the closely related Y. atra by the combination of the following characters: 1) on the hindwing underside, the dark discal line is clear, whereas it is blurry in Y. atra; 2) on the hindwing underside, the ground colour of the distal half is more whitish, whereas it is con-coloured with the basal half in Y. atra; 3) in the male genitalia, the dorsal lobe of valva (Fig. 9 C) is more or less pointed, whereas it is broad and round in Y. atra (Fig. 9 B). Ypthima taiwana stat. rev. can be separated from the sympatric Y. angustipennis by the combination of the following characters: 1) forewing broader with termen rounded, whereas the termen is relatively straight in Y. angustipennis; 2) on the hindwing underside, the ground colour is less whitish especially on the basal half; 3) on the hindwing underside, the apical ocellus in space 5 is equal in size with the anal ocellus in space 2, whereas the ocellus in space 5 is larger than the one in space 2 in Y. angustipennis; 4) the laminae of androconia (Fig. 10 C) are nearly triangular, whereas the basal two thirds of the laminae in Y. angustipennis are nearly square (Fig. 10 E).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521523EF57CFFDACFA08.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Based upon the distinct difference in the valva, the Taiwanese Ypthima taiwana stat. rev. is reinstated and separated from the Asian mainland and Hainan Island species Y. atra. As a result, currently three species in the sakra - group are known from Taiwan Island, all of which have their corresponding sibling species respectively in the Asian mainland (Table 1).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521523EF57CFFDACFA08.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Taiwan).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521623EF510AFD77FDD7.taxon	description	(Figs. 4, 9 D, 10 D)	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521623EF510AFD77FDD7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂, CHINA, Zhejiang, Qingyuan, 10 – 20. VI. 2019, leg. Qing-song Wu (LSY); photo: 1 ♂, “ Holo-typus ♂ Ypthima conjuncta luxurians Forster W. Forster München / Kuatun 2300 m (Fukien) 27, 40 n. Br. / 117, 40 ö. L. 7.7. 1938. H. Höne / Genital – Präparat: Gross Nr. 363 / ZFMK Lep 153453 ” (ZFMK).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521623EF510AFD77FDD7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ypthima luxurians is more closely related to Y. persimilis than to other congeners, and it can be distinguished from the latter by the combination of the following characters: 1) size much larger; 2) on the underside of both wings, the striae are more coarse, whereas they are finer and denser in Y. persimilis; 3) on the forewing underside, the subbasal fascia is clear, whereas it is blurry in Y. persimilis; 4) in the male genitalia, the dorsal lobe of valva (Fig. 9 D) is more pointed than that in Y. persimilis (Fig. 9 A).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521623EF510AFD77FDD7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is only known from a narrow range in E. China. Uémura (2023 b) recorded two females of Y. luxurians from Dayaoshan, [Jinxiu, Guangxi]; however, presence of this species in S. China requires further confirmation based on male specimens from the same area.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF81521623EF510AFD77FDD7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (N. Fujian, S. Zhejiang).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF54BFFDACFBB8.taxon	description	(Figs. 5, 9 E, 10 E)	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF54BFFDACFBB8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. photo: 1 ♂, “ Taiwan, Nantou Hueisun Exp. Forest 22. - 24. X. 1998 leg. Mey & Ebert ” (ZMHU).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF54BFFDACFBB8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Its differential diagnosis with the sympatric Ypthima taiwana stat. rev. and its continental sibling species Y. microconjuncta is given above in the diagnosis sections of both species, respectively.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF54BFFDACFBB8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Based upon the male genitalia and androconial features, the sibling of the insular Ypthima angustipennis is the recently described Y. microconjuncta from Asian mainland (E. Guizhou, S. W. China) (Table 1), as stated below. However, they are easily distinguishable from each other by the wing patterns.	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF54BFFDACFBB8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Taiwan).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF5295FDF9F81E.taxon	description	(Figs. 6, 9 F, 10 F)	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF5295FDF9F81E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂, holotype, CHINA, Guizhou, Shibing, Yuntai-shan, 800 m, 1. VI. 2024, leg. Song-yun Lang (CMNH); 2 ♂♂, paratypes, CHINA, Guizhou, Shibing, Yuntai-shan, 800 m, 1 - 2. VI. 2024, legs. Hou Jiang & Song-yun Lang (LSY); 1 ♂, paratype, CHINA, Guizhou, Shibing, Yuntai-shan, 800 m, 9. VI. 2023, leg. Hou Jiang (LSY).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF5295FDF9F81E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. On Asian mainland, the appearance of Ypthima microconjuncta is very similar to Y. atra, and it can be distinguished from the latter by the combination of the following characters: 1) on the forewing upperside, the yellowish ring of the subapical ocellus is ill-defined, whereas it is clear in Y. atra; 2) the ground colour of upperside is more greyish, whereas it is more brownish in Y. atra; 3) the laminae of androconia (Fig. 10 F) are very stout, whereas they are generally somewhat narrower and slightly elongated in Y. atra (Fig. 10 B); 4) in lateral view, the dorsal lobe of valva (Fig. 9 F) is triangular with an acute tip, whereas it is rounded and less produced in Y. atra (Fig. 9 B). Ypthima microconjuncta can be easily separated from its sibling species Y. angustipennis from Taiwan Island by the combination of the following characters: 1) on the forewing upperside, the subapical ocellus is oval with its yellowish ring blurry, whereas it is more rounded with its yellowish ring clear in Y. angustipennis; 2) on the hindwing underside, the subapical ocelli in spaces 5 and 6 are relatively small, whereas they are obviously enlarged in Y. angustipennis; 3) on the hindwing underside, the striae are thinner and denser; 4) the laminae of androconia (Fig. 10 F) are very short and nearly triangular at basal two thirds, whereas those in Y. angustipennis are elongated and have the basal two thirds nearly squarish (Fig. 10 E).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
03B287DCFF82521623EF5295FDF9F81E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (E. Guizhou).	en	Ding, Cui-Zhen, Lang, Song-Yun (2025): Notes on Ypthima persimilis Elwes & Edwards and its closely related species (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Zootaxa 5659 (1): 117-126, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5659.1.7
