identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B287F60545FFB93587308FFC05FA16.text	03B287F60545FFB93587308FFC05FA16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neanthes Kinberg 1865	<div><p>Genus Neanthes Kinberg, 1865</p><p>Type-species Neanthes vaalii Kinberg, 1865 (subsequent designation)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F60545FFB93587308FFC05FA16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
03B287F60545FFB93587333CFAEBF83B.text	03B287F60545FFB93587333CFAEBF83B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neanthes willeyi (Day 1934) Fauvel 1911	<div><p>Neanthes willeyi (Day, 1934), new record</p><p>Material examined. Ramin Jetty (25° 16' 31.00" N, 60° 44' 59.00" E), ZUTC 7074, intertidal zone, rocky, collected by Bonyadi-Naeini A., 16 January 2015 .</p><p>Remarks. Fauvel (1911) mentioned Neanthes willeyi under the original name Neanthes capensis Willey, 1904, but it is now accepted as Neanthes willeyi (Day, 1934) (Read &amp; Fauchald 2024) . Mohammad (1971) reported Neanthes willeyi as Nereis (Neanthes) willeyi from the Persian Gulf; Wehe &amp; Fiege (2002) regarded it as an endemic species in the Red Sea. We report this species from the Gulf of Oman as a new record. Two specimens were examined. They differ from specimens of Neanthes deplanata Mohammad, 1971 in the numbers of paragnaths: they have more conical paragnaths in Area III (20 vs 14–15) and fewer paragnaths in Area V (0 vs 2). The specimens we recorded from Gulf of Oman have fewer paragnaths in Area V (0 vs 1–3) than Neanthes biparagnatha Bonyadi-Naeini et al., 2017 . Also, they have no superior neuropodial lobes (SupLo), which are present in Neanthes biparagnatha .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F60545FFB93587333CFAEBF83B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
03B287F60544FFB335873582FEA2F89B.text	03B287F60544FFB335873582FEA2F89B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neanthes farurensis Bonyadi-Naeini & Glasby & Rahimian 2025	<div><p>Neanthes farurensis sp. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org:act: 621A5381-3808-4D50-BF87-01282ACE2900</p><p>(Figures 2 A–C, 3 A–D, 4 A–J)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.53971&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.287508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.53971/lat 26.287508)">Farur Island</a> (26° 17' 15.03" N, 54° 32' 22.96" E), ZUTC 7076, intertidal zone, rocky with coral, collected by Bonyadi-Naeini A., 31 December 2017.</p><p>Description. Holotype, body complete with 71 chaetigers. Colour in alcohol creamy with dark brown dorsal pigmentation from anterior part to end of body (Fig. 2A). Total length post-fixation 49 mm, maximum width 4 mm at chaetiger 15, including parapodia.</p><p>Body flattened and tapering posteriorly, prostomium slightly wider than long, with stout palps slightly longer than wide. Palps with barrel-shaped palpophore, slightly wider at base, and with single transverse groove; palpostyles ovoid. Palps and entire prostomium pigmented black. One pair of antennae and four pairs of tentacular cirri, with longest (postero-dorsal) reaching chaetiger 6 (Figs 2B, 3A). Four eyes. Apodous anterior segment without ventrolateral projections. Everted pharynx bearing brown to dark jaws with 7–8 teeth. Paragnaths on maxillary ring arranged as follows: I = 4 conical paragnaths in a quadrangular arrangement; II = 14–18 conical paragnaths in an elongate patch; III = a group of 29 conical paragnaths in rectangular patch and separate lateral groups; IV = approximately 22–26 conical paragnaths in wedge shape. Paragnaths on oral ring as follows: V = 0; VI = 0 (Figs 2B, 3A); and VII–VIII = 28 large conical paragnaths in two rows (figs 2C, 3B). Tentacular belt about 2x length of first chaetiger.</p><p>Parapodium of chaetiger 10 with three ligules/lobes. Dorsal ligule as large as ventral ligule and mid-one (notopodial prechaetal lobe) smaller than both. Dorsal cirri single, mid-dorsally, attached to notopodial ligule. Dorsal cirrus longer than dorsal ligule. Dorsal ligule of anterior chaetigers with distal and proximal parts, distal part is dark brown in colour</p><p>Anterior neuropodia with two ligules, postchaetal lobes present. Neuropodial acicular ligule conical, rounded distally, and smaller than ventral neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirri smaller than neuropodial acicular ligule (Fig. 3C). Aciculae dark. Notochaetae homogomph spinigers (Fig. 4A). Neurochaetae in dorsal fascicle include homogomph spinigers (tending toward sesquigomph) (Fig. 4B) and heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 4C); in ventral fascicle are heterogomph spinigers, heterogomph falcigers with short blades serrated along their whole length (Fig. 4D).</p><p>Parapodium of chaetiger 30 with three ligules/lobes. Dorsal cirri single, mid-dorsally attached to notopodial ligule and as large as dorsal ligule. Dorsal ligule larger than ventral ligule and mid-one (notopodial prechaetal lobe) smaller than both. Dorsal ligule with distal and proximal parts.</p><p>Neuropodia of chaetiger 30 with two ligules, postchaetal lobes present. Neuropodial acicular ligule conical, rounded distally, and smaller than ventral neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirri smaller than both. Aciculae dark. Notochaetae homogomph spinigers. Neurochaetae in dorsal fascicle include homogomph spinigers (tending toward sesquigomph) and heterogomph spinigers; in ventral fascicle are heterogomph spinigers, and heterogomph falcigers with short and serrated blades. Notopodial prechaetal lobe reduced posteriorly and disappears by chaetiger 35 th.</p><p>Parapodium of posterior chaetigers (50 th) with dorsal cirrus as long as dorsal notopodial ligule. Dorsal notopodial ligule conical, dark brown in colour. Dorsal ligule is slightly enlarged towards posterior end. Notopodial prechaetal lobe absent. Both acicular neuropodial ligule and postchaetal lobe rounded, ventral neuropodial ligule conical and longer than acicular neuropodial ligule, ventral cirri shorter than ventral neuropodial ligule (Fig. 3D). Notochaetae homogomph spinigers (Fig. 4E). Neurochaetae in dorsal fascicle homogomph, spinigers and heterogomph falcigers with short blades. Neurochaetae in ventral fascicle heterogomph spinigers and heterogomph falcigers with short blades serrated along their whole length (Fig. 4F).</p><p>Pygidium with a pair of conical cirriform cirri as long as last 7 th chaetigers.</p><p>Ecology. Neanthes farurensis sp. nov. was collected from the intertidal zone of Farur Island, Persian Gulf. The type locality consists of a rocky shoreline interspersed with coral formations, forming a heterogeneous habitat subject to tidal influence. A single specimen was collected from crevices and interstices among rocks and coral rubble exposed at low tide. The occurrence of N. farurensis sp. nov. in this environment suggests adaptation to dynamic intertidal conditions and contributes to the knowledge of nereidid diversity in the Persian Gulf.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Reference sources: 1, Augener (1918); 2, Bakken (2006); 3, Bonyadi-Naeini et al. (2017b); 4, Claparède (1868); 5, Day (1934); 6, Day (1957); 7, Day (1963); 8, Day (1967); 9, de León-González &amp; Salazar-Vallejo (2003); 10, Ehlers (1868); 11, Ehlers (1897); 12, Fauvel (1918); 13, Fauvel (1932); 14, Fauvel (1953); 15, Glasby et al. (2011); 16, Gravier &amp; Dantan (1934); 17, Grube (1878); 18, Hartman (1964); 19, Hartman (1967); 20, Horst (1924); 21, Kinberg (1865); 22, Lee &amp; Glasby (2015); 23, McIntosh (1885); 24, Misra (1999); 25, Misra et al. (1987); 26, Mohammad (1971); 27, Monro (1930); 28, Monro (1931); 29, Monro (1937b); 30, Soota &amp; Rao (1977); 31, Southern (1921); 32, Stimpson (1856); 33, Villalobos-Guerrero &amp; Idris 2021; 34, Willey (1904); 35, Willey (1905); 36, Wilson (1984); 37, Yousefi et al. (2011).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after Farur Island, Persian Gulf, the location where the worm was collected.</p><p>Remarks. Comparisons were made with Neanthes species previously reported from the Persian Gulf and/or Gulf of Oman (Table 3). Our material differs markedly from N. acuminata (Ehlers,1868), N. biparagnatha Bonyadi-Naeini et al., 2017, N. deplanata Mohammad, 1971, N. trifasciata (Grube, 1878), N. unifasciata (Willey, 1905), and N. willeyi (Day, 1934) in many morphological features, although they have a few common features with the material studied here (Table 4).</p><p>Further comparisons were made with similar species among the approximately 25 Neanthes species occurring in the Indo–West Pacific, based on 10 key features identified by Villalobos-Guerrero &amp; Idris (2021, Table 4). The studied material most resembles N. chilkaensis (Southern, 1921) and N. mossambica (Day, 1957) in seven different features; N. indica brunnea (Day, 1957) and N. pachychaeta (Fauvel, 1918) in six different features. However, the new species differs from these four species in having a highly distinctive darkly pigmented head (dark brown palps and prostomium) and the absence of paragnaths in Area VI. Further, these four species differ from the new species in the following additional features:</p><p>Neanthes farurensis sp. nov. differs from N. chilkaensis (Southern, 1921) in the number of paragnaths in Area I (4 vs 5–10) and Area VII–VIII (28 vs 37&gt;). Also, the shape of the dorsal ligule is similar throughout the body in N. chilkaensis (Southern, 1921) but is slightly enlarged towards the posterior end in the material studied here. Neanthes farurensis sp. nov. differs from N. mossambica (Day, 1957) in the number of paragnaths in Areas I and II. It has fewer conical paragnaths in Area I (4 vs 6), more paragnaths in Area II (29 vs 20) than N. mossambica (Day, 1957) Also, the shape of dorsal ligule is similar throughout the body in N. mossambica (Day, 1957) but is slightly enlarged towards the posterior end in the material studied here. Neanthes farurensis sp. nov. differs from N. indica brunnea (Day, 1957) in the number of paragnaths in Area I (4 vs 2–3), Area II (29 vs 7–10), Area VII–VIII (28 vs 38). Also, the shape of the dorsal ligule is similar throughout the body in N. indica brunnea (Day, 1957) but is slightly enlarged towards the posterior end in the material studied here. Neanthes farurensis sp. nov. differs from N. pachychaeta (Fauvel, 1918) in the number of paragnaths in Area II (29 vs 1–8) and Area VII–VIII (28 arranged in two rows vs 0–8 in one row).</p><p>The material studied here was also compared with Neanthes chingrighattensis (Fauvel, 1932), originally described from Kolkata, West Bengal, India, but also occurring in Bangladesh and elsewhere in India (Muir &amp; Maruf Hossain 2014); and N. glandicincta (Southern, 1921) also originally described from Kolkata, West Bengal, but now known to occur across southern and south-east Asia (Lee &amp; Glasby 2015). Neanthes farurensis sp. nov. differs from Neanthes chingrighattensis (Fauvel, 1932) in the number of paragnaths in Area III and V, shape of dorsal ligule and presence/absence of homogomph spinigers among subacicular neurochaetae and in the presence/absence of superior neuropodial lobes The material studied here has more conical paragnaths in Area III (29 vs 5) than N. chingrighattensis (Fauvel, 1932), and paragnaths in Areas V and VII–VIII are merged in N. chingrighattensi . Also, the shape of the dorsal ligule is similar throughout the body in N. chingrighattensis (Fauvel, 1932) but is slightly enlarged towards the posterior end in the material studied here. Further, the material studied here has no homogomph spinigers among the subacicular neurochaetae, but they are present in N. chingrighattensis (Fauvel, 1932) . Also, N. chingrighattensis (Fauvel, 1932) has superior neuropodial lobes, which are absent in the material studied here.</p><p>The material studied here differs from N. glandicincta (Southern, 1921) type material and material recorded from Singapore (Lee &amp; Glasby 2015) in the number of paragnaths in Area III and V, and shape of the dorsal ligule. The material studied here has fewer conical paragnaths in Area III in comparison to Southern's type material (29 vs 50) and in material recorded from Singapore (29 vs 30–63). Paragnaths in Areas VII–VIII are more in the material studied here in comparison to Southern’s type material (29 vs 0) and in material recorded from Singapore (29 vs 0–8). Also, the shape of dorsal ligule is similar throughout the body in Southern’s type material, material recorded from Singapore and Southern’s material but is slightly enlarged towards the posterior end in the material studied here. Moreover, the material studied here has more conical paragnaths in Area III (29 vs 13–28), more paragnaths in Areas VII–VIII (28 vs 0) than material recorded by Bonyadi-Naeini et al. (2017b) from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman and paragnaths in Areas VII–VIII are arranged in two rows. Also, the material studied here has no superior neuropodial lobes, but they are present in N. glandicincta (Southern, 1921) recorded from the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F60544FFB335873582FEA2F89B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
03B287F6054EFFB235873582FD01FF10.text	03B287F6054EFFB235873582FD01FF10.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Genus Nereis Linnaeus, 1758</p><p>Type-species. Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F6054EFFB235873582FD01FF10	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
03B287F6054EFFB235873192FCC4F957.text	03B287F6054EFFB235873192FCC4F957.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis pelagica Linnaeus 1758	<div><p>Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, new record</p><p>Material examined. Djod (25° 26' 33.00" N, 59° 31' 00.00" E), ZUTC 7061, intertidal zone, rocky-stony, collected by Bonyadi-Naeini A., 2 December 2008 . Jask (25° 38' 12.80" N, 57° 46' 25.15" E), ZUTC 7063, intertidal zone, rocky-stony, collected by Bonyadi-Naeini A., 24 April 2007 .</p><p>Remarks. The material studied is identified as Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, based on a comparison with the description of Bakken &amp; Wilson (2005); the species was originally described from Western Europe and has subsequently been reported worldwide (Read &amp; Fauchald 2024). Our material is similar to Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911, Nereis cf. persica sensu Bonyadi-Naeini et al. and Nereis (Nereis) neogracilis Mohammad, 1970 . It differs from Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911 in three features: more paragnaths in Area I (2–3 vs 0–1), fewer paragnaths in Area VI (4–5 vs 6–10), and shape of posterior notopodial homogomph falcigers (short, smooth blade vs with one to two blunt teeth). Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 differs from Nereis cf. persica sensu Bonyadi-Naeini et al. in three features: more paragnaths in Area I (2–3 vs 0), fewer paragnaths in Area VI (4–5 vs 11), and the shape of posterior notopodial homogomph falcigers (short, smooth blade vs with one to two blunt teeth). Also, Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, differs from Nereis (Nereis) neogracilis Mohammad, 1970 in three features: fewer paragnaths in Area I (2–3 vs 5), Area V (0 vs 14) and Area VI (4–5 vs 11–12).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F6054EFFB235873192FCC4F957	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
03B287F6054EFFB23587379AFC73FBDC.text	03B287F6054EFFB23587379AFC73FBDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis persica Bonyadi-Naeini	<div><p>Nereis cf. persica sensu Bonyadi-Naeini et al., new record</p><p>Material examined. Djod (25° 26' 33.00" N, 59° 31' 00.00" E), ZUTC 7073, intertidal zone, rocky-stony, collected by Bonyadi-Naeini A., 16 April 2015 .</p><p>Remarks. Nereis cf. persica sensu Bonyadi-Naeini et al. was compared with the five Nereis species that occur in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman based on 12 features (Table 5). The studied material is most similar to Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911 and Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 . The present material differs from Nereis persica by having fewer paragnaths in Area I (0 vs 0–1), more paragnaths in Area VI (11 vs 6–10), and lack of body pigmentation (no pigmentation vs on 10 to 12 anterior chaetigers traces of transverse brownish bands), but it differs from Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 in two features: lack of paragnaths in Area I (0 vs 2–3), and more paragnaths in Area VI (11 vs 4–5). The other three Nereis species recorded in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman show fewer similarities to the Nereis cf. persica sensu Bonyadi-Naeini et al., as shown in Table 5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F6054EFFB23587379AFC73FBDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
03B287F6054EFFB235873432FB07FDD4.text	03B287F6054EFFB235873432FB07FDD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis persica Fauvel 1911	<div><p>Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911, new record</p><p>Material examined. Ramin Jetty (25° 16' 31.00" N, 60° 44' 59.00" E), ZUTC 7060, rocky, intertidal zone, collected by Bonyadi-Naeini A., 20 April 2007 .</p><p>Remarks. The only specimen studied is most similar to the original description of Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911 . It is a new record for the Gulf of Oman. The Gulf of Oman specimen differs from Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 in three features: fewer paragnaths in Area I (0–1 vs 2–3), more paragnaths in Area VI (6–10 vs 4–5). Also, the posterior notopodial homogomph falcigers have one to two blunt teeth vs short smooth ones.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F6054EFFB235873432FB07FDD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
03B287F6054EFFA83587321AFEFBFB97.text	03B287F6054EFFA83587321AFEFBFB97.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nereis quadrata Bonyadi-Naeini & Glasby & Rahimian 2025	<div><p>Nereis quadrata sp. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org:act: CAF75B15-CA14-48E1-9524-160177E70C3</p><p>(Figures 5 A–C, 6 A–D, 7 A–H)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: Qeshm Island – <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=56.217556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.993418" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 56.217556/lat 26.993418)">Tola village</a>, (26° 59' 36.30" N, 56° 13' 03.20" E), ZUTC 7062, intertidal zone, sandy beach covered with cobble, collected by Bonyadi-Naeini A., 4 May 2008.</p>?Markedly expanded<p>......continued on the next page</p>1-2 homogomph falcigers with smooth conical bladeThe superior lobe of the notopodium becomes very long<p>......continued on the next page</p>A wedged-shaped group0A small close-set cluster about 3–6A single row of 7–8Stout falcigers with two to three large teethAlways small<p>......continued on the next page</p>With one to two blunt teethNot expanded<p>......continued on the next page</p>Short smooth conesDorsal notopodial ligule larger and longer than ventral notopodial lobe but not markedly expanded or lamellate. Dorsal cirrus long and terminal<p>......continued on the next page</p>Not notched?14 in a curved row04 in a slanted row3 arranged vertically4–6 in a round to elongated cluster7One homogomph, falciger with an almost straight, toothed terminal bladeNot markedly expanded<p>Paratypes: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.931274&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.569778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.931274/lat 26.569778)">Kish Island– Mir Mohana</a>, Arabs district (26° 34' 11.20" N, 53° 55' 52.59" E), ZUTC 7057 ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=57.77365&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.636889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 57.77365/lat 25.636889)">Jask</a> (25° 38' 12.80" N, 57° 46' 25.15" E), ZUTC 7064 ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=56.499443&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.050278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 56.499443/lat 27.050278)">Hormoz Island</a>, Research Station (27° 03' 01.00" N, 56° 29' 58.00" E), ZUTC 7067 ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.53971&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.287508" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.53971/lat 26.287508)">Farur Island</a> (26° 17' 15.03" N, 54° 32' 22.96" E), ZUTC 7075 .</p><p>Description. Holotype. Body complete with 92 chaetigers. Colour in alcohol creamy, with no pigmentation from anterior part to end of body (Fig. 5A). The total length post-fixation 22 mm, maximum width 2 mm at chaetiger 12 including parapodia. Body flattened and tapered posteriorly. Prostomium slightly wider than long, with palps slightly longer than wide. Palps with barrel-shaped palpophore, transverse groove lacking; palpostyles conical. Palps and all parts of prostomium without pigmentation. One pair of antennae and four pairs of tentacular cirri, with longest reaching chaetiger 9 (Figs 5B, 6A). Pharynx has yellow to light brown jaws, with 6–7 teeth (figs 5B &amp; C). Paragnaths on maxillary ring arranged as follows: I = 3 conical paragnaths arranged in triangle, II= 13–14 minute and large horny paragnaths arranged in wedge shape (figs 5B, 6A), III = group of 22 minute conical paragnaths in long patch, IV = 28–34 minute and large horny paragnaths arranged in wedge shape (Figs 5C, 6B). Paragnaths on oral ring arranged as follows: V = 4 minute conical paragnaths arranged in triangle shape, with larger one at triangle apex, VI = 9–10 minute conical paragnaths arranged in wedge shape (Figs 5B, 6A), VII–VIII = wide band consisting of a large number of fine and coarse conical paragnaths, fine paragnaths in Area VII arranged in hollow squares toward jaws, width of band decreases in Area VIII with coarse paragnaths (Figs 5C, 6B). Tentacular belt about 2x the length of first chaetiger.</p><p>Parapodium of chaetiger 10 with two ligules. Dorsal notopodial ligule as large as ventral ligule. Dorsal cirrus significantly longer (4–5x) than dorsal ligule. Anterior neuropodia with two ligules, postchaetal lobes present. Neuropodial acicular ligule conical and longer than ventral neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirri shorter than both (Fig. 6C). Notochaetae homogomph spinigers (Fig. 7A). Neurochaetae in dorsal fascicle include homogomph spinigers (Fig. 7B) and in ventral fascicle heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 7C) and heterogomph falcigers, with short blade serrated for most of length (Fig. 7D).</p><p>Parapodium of posterior chaetiger (80 th): Dorsal notopodial ligule larger and longer than ventral notopodial lobe but not markedly expanded or lamellate. Dorsal cirrus long and terminal. Acicular neuropodial ligule reduced. Ventral neuropodial ligule conical and smaller than acicular neuropodial ligule. Ventral cirri shorter than ventral neuropodial ligule (Fig. 6D). Notochaetae one homogomph falciger, straight and smooth tip without serrations (Fig. 7E). Neurochaetae in dorsal fascicle homogomph spinigers (Fig. 7F) and heterogomph falcigers with short blades. Neurochaetae in ventral fascicle heterogomph spinigers (Fig. 7G) and heterogomph falcigers with short blades serrated for most of length (Fig. 7H).</p><p>Pygidium with a pair of long cirriform cirri.</p><p>Variation in 20 paratypes: Size ranges from 25–30 mm in length and 1–3 mm in width at widest part of the body. Chaetiger numbers range from 60–118. Paragnath counts as follows: Area I = 2–6; Area II = 9–16; Area III = 20–31; Area IV = 28–39; Area V = 4–9 (specimens with more than 4 paragnaths have larger paragnaths at top of pyramid and paragnaths decreasing in size towards base of pyramid); Area VI = 6–10; Area VII –VIII = numerous conical paragnaths.</p><p>Ecology. The holotype and paratypes of Nereis quadrata sp. nov. were collected from four localities along the Persian Gulf, representing distinct intertidal habitats. Material was collected from Qeshm Island ( Tola village, intertidal zone, sandy beach with cobble cover), Kish Island ( Mir Mohana, Arabs district, rocky–sandy substrate), Hormoz Island ( Research Station, rocky–stony–sandy substrate), and Farur Island (rocky habitat with coral assemblages). The occurrence of this species in heterogeneous substrates across multiple islands suggests a relatively broad ecological tolerance within the intertidal environments of the region.</p><p>Etymology. The species name is inspired by the distinctive arrangement of paragnaths in Area VII, resembling hollow squares.</p><p>Remarks. Five Nereis species occur in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman up to now. The material studied was compared with these five Nereis species based on 12 features (Table 5). The studied material is the most similar Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911 and Nereis neogracilis Mohammad, 1970 . The present material differs from Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758, in four features: more paragnaths in Area V (4–9 vs 0) and Area VI (6–10 vs 4–5), the shape and arrangement of paragnaths Area VI (minute and large horny paragnaths arranged in a wedge shape vs large cones in a cross) and the arrangement of paragnaths in Area VII–VIII (a wide band consisting of a large number of fine and coarse conical paragnaths, fine paragnaths in Area VII arranged in hollow squares near the jaw, the width of the band decreases in Area VIII with coarse paragnaths vs a broad band with an anterior row of large cones and two or three posterior rows of fine cones). The material studied is also similar to Nereis persica Fauvel, 1911, but it differs from Nereis persica by having more paragnaths in Area I (2–6 vs 0–1), Areas III (20–31 vs a few) and Area V (4–9 vs 0); the arrangement of paragnaths in Area VII–VIII (a wide band consisting of a large number of fine and coarse conical paragnaths, fine paragnaths in Area VII arranged in hollow squares near the jaw, the width of the band decreases in Area VIII with coarse paragnaths vs a broad band with an anterior row of large cones and two or three posterior rows of fine cones; and shape of posterior notopodial homogomph falcigers (short smooth cones vs with one to two blunt teeth). The present material differs from Nereis neogracilis Mohammad, 1970 in three features: numbers and arrangement of paragnaths Area V (4–9 minute conical paragnaths arranged in triangle shape in material studied vs 5 large cones followed by a curved transverse row of 8 smaller ones and behind each end of the latter there is a single cone in Nereis neogracilis Mohammad, 1970); and the shape of the dorsal ligule posteriorly (dorsal notopodial ligule larger and longer than ventral notopodial lobe but not markedly expanded or lamellate in material studied vs not markedly expanded or lamellate in Nereis neogracilis Mohammad, 1970). The other three Nereis species recorded in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman show fewer similarities to the new species. Also, eight other species ( Nereis (Nereis) gaikwadi Day, 1973, Nereis (Nereis) gilchristi Day, 1967, Nereis (Nereis) ethiopiae Day, 1965, Nereis filicaudata Fauvel, 1951, Nereis ghardaqae Hartmann-Schröder, 1960, Nereis granulata Day, 1957, Nereis longilingulis Monro, 1937, Nereis sarsoensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1960) occurring in the Indo-Pacific were compared with the new material studied. Among these, none of the species display the same combination of morphological features as in Nereis quadrata sp. nov., as detailed below.</p><p>Nereis quadrata sp. nov. differs from Nereis gaikwadi Day, 1973 in several characters, particularly the number and arrangement of paragnaths in Areas III and IV (20–31 and 28–39 in Nereis quadrata sp. nov. vs ~15 and ~ 20 in Nereis gaikwadi). Furthermore, Nereis quadrata sp. nov. possesses 4–9 paragnaths in Area V and 6–10 in Area VI, whereas Nereis gaikwadi has only 1 and 5–6. Nereis quadrata sp. nov. also displays a distinct paragnath band in Area VII with fine cones arranged in hollow squares—this pattern is absent in Nereis gaikwadi, which shows only a simple band 4–5 deep. Nereis quadrata sp. nov. possesses short, smooth lacks posterior homogomph falcigers, while Nereis gaikwadi possesses one or two homogomph falcigers with short, curved blades bearing a single small tooth.</p><p>Compared with Nereis gilchristi Day, 1967, Nereis quadrata sp. nov. shows a greater number of paragnaths in all regions where data are available. For example, Area III in Nereis gilchristi is characterized by only a few scattered cones, while Nereis quadrata sp. nov. shows a dense group of 20–31 cones. Additionally, Nereis gilchristi has a markedly expanded dorsal ligule, in contrast to the non-expanded yet prominent dorsal ligule of Nereis quadrata sp. nov. Nereis ethiopiae Day, 1965 shares with Nereis quadrata sp. nov. the lack of pigmentation and an unnotched prostomium, but differs by having uniformly small, subequal cones and fewer paragnaths in Area I (1 vs 2–6), Area VI (15 vs 28–39), and Area VI (3–4 vs 6–10). The posterior notopodial falcigers in Nereis ethiopiae are conical and smooth, similar to those of Nereis quadrata sp. nov., but the paragnath arrangement in Area VII–VIII (irregular rows) is simpler than the structured hollow-square pattern seen in Nereis quadrata sp. nov. Compared with Nereis filicaudata Fauvel, 1951, Nereis quadrata sp. nov. possesses significantly more paragnaths and more complicated paragnath arrangements. Nereis filicaudata lacks paragnaths in Area I and has very reduced groups in other areas, with Area VI showing a formulaic arrangement (2+2, etc.) and Area VII–VIII represented by a single row of cones. Additionally, Nereis filicaudata lacks posterior homogomph falcigers, while Nereis quadrata sp. nov. possesses short, smooth ones.</p><p>Nereis ghardaqae Hartmann-Schröder, 1960 shares with Nereis quadrata sp. nov. a lack of pigmentation and notched prostomium, but it displays a far simpler paragnath pattern with only 1 cone in Area I and up to 6 in Area VII–VIII, compared to the complex bands and large counts found in Nereis quadrata sp. nov. with falcigers similar in shape but do not present the same distribution density.</p><p>Nereis granulata Day, 1957 is similar in having smooth falcigers, but is clearly differentiated by the pigmentation, nature of its paragnaths, which are minute and granular. Paragnath counts are also lower, and Area VII–VIII forms a broad, almost colourless ventral band, lacking the defined hollow-square pattern of Nereis quadrata sp. nov.</p><p>Nereis longilingulis Monro, 1937 is characterized by highly reduced paragnath numbers, with only crescentic patches in some areas and single cones in others, notably lacking in Area V. This minimalism in paragnath development sharply contrasts with the dense fields and complex geometry seen in Nereis quadrata sp. nov.</p><p>Finally, Nereis sarsoensis Hartmann-Schröder, 1960, differs in having fewer paragnaths in almost all areas and pigmentation on the prostomium. Area V, for example, shows only 3 cones arranged vertically compared to 4–9 in a triangle in Nereis quadrata sp. nov. Its falcigers have toothed terminal blades, unlike the smooth ones in the new species (Table 5).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287F6054EFFA83587321AFEFBFB97	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh;Glasby, Christopher J.;Rahimian, Hassan	Bonyadi-Naeini, Alieh, Glasby, Christopher J., Rahimian, Hassan (2025): Taxonomic update and new discoveries in Nereididae (Polychaeta: Phyllodocida) of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman: two new species and four new records. Zootaxa 5696 (3): 334-360, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5696.3.2
