identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B2F26FFFDFFFDCFF7CDA2D0618F8E2.text	03B2F26FFFDFFFDCFF7CDA2D0618F8E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Curimatidae Gill 1858	<div><p>Curimatidae</p><p>Curimatids are widespread in the Neotropical region (Vari, 2003). However, only one Steindachnerina species was known to be present in the upper rio Paraná: S. insculpta, which is abundant in the entire basin. Late last century, another congener was described from the rio Corumbá (an affluent of the rio Paranaíba): S. corumbae, which is endemic to the rio Paraná headwaters (Pavanelli &amp; Britski, 1999). Steindachnerina brevipinna, which was restricted to the Paraná-Paraguay system below Sete Quedas (Vari, 2003), successfully colonized the upper rio Paraná basin after the construction of the Itaipu Dam, and it is now found syntopically with S. insculpta . One of the main differences between the two congeners is a round black blotch on the dorsal fin rays of S. brevipinna that is lacking in S. insculpta . Captures of several individuals with faded blotches caused uncertainties about the existence of hybrids between these species. To elucidate this issue, samples of individuals displaying a very dark, faded or completely absent blotches were compared by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique in addition to being morphologically analyzed. Occurrences of both species were confirmed, and individuals with a faded blotch were attributed to S. brevipinna rather than hybrids (Oliveira et al., 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFDFFFDCFF7CDA2D0618F8E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFDFFFDCFF7CD98D02BCF902.text	03B2F26FFFDFFFDCFF7CD98D02BCF902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Potamotrygonidae Garman 1877	<div><p>Potamotrygonidae</p><p>The natural distribution of Potamotrygonidae in South America excluded the rio São Francisco basin, rivers that drain into the Atlantic Ocean from the Atlantic rainforest of northeastern and southeastern Brazil, the upper rio Paraná basin and rivers south of the La Plata River in Argentina (Carvalho et al., 2003). In the rio Paraná basin, there are at least six rio Paraná potamotrygonids ( P. brachyura, P. castexi, P. falkneri, P. hystrix, P. motoro, and P. schuhmacheri), all of them found just downstream from Sete Quedas Falls. After the impoundment, stingrays appeared in several kinds of environments in the upper rio Paraná basin (Agostinho et al., 2004; Garrone-Neto et al., 2007; Garrone &amp; Sazima, 2009). Fishers of the floodplain above the Itaipu Reservoir had never seen those fish before; thus, several accidents occurred during fishing, mostly when seining on sand beaches at night. Potamotrygon motoro and P. falkneri are currently very abundant in the upper Paraná.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFDFFFDCFF7CD98D02BCF902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFDFFFDDFCC4DA0D07AFF842.text	03B2F26FFFDFFFDDFCC4DA0D07AFF842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Characidae	<div><p>Characidae</p><p>The largest characiform family, characids are abundant in several environments throughout the Neotropical region. Because of their heterogeneous nature, the species are arranged in several subfamilies in addition to many genera incertae sedis, following Lima et al. (2003). In the present study, the characids are presented jointly.</p><p>Roeboides descalvadensis, currently considered a seniorsynonym of R. paranensis, is widespread in the Amazônia and Paraná-Paraguay basins (Lucena, 2007). Its recent occurrence in the upper rio Paraná basin is due to the flooding of Sete Quedas Falls by Itaipu Reservoir, as can be evidenced by examination of the very extensive analysis material provided by Lucena (2007) when studying that species. The single lot from the upper rio Paraná basin in that list was caught in 2000, almost two decades after Itaipu Dam’s closure. Today, R. descalvadensis is easily found in the upper rio Paraná. The Coleção Ictiológica do Nupélia (NUP) has 15 lots of the species sampled in the upper rio Paraná, and all of them come from different periods after Itaipu.</p><p>The only native piranha to the upper rio Paraná is Serrasalmus maculatus, until recently named S. spilopleura, according to Jégu &amp; Santos (2001). After the impoundment, the congener S. marginatus successfully colonized the upper rio Paraná basin and drastically affected the native species population in that region.Agostinho &amp; Júlio Jr.(2002), analyzing data from 21 sampling sites in the region of influence of Itaipu Reservoir and in the upper rio Paraná floodplain, detected an increase in the population of S. marginatus to the detriment of populations of the native species ( S. maculatus). Notwithstanding its small size, S. marginatus is gregarious and more aggressive, attacking animals and even humans when taking care of nests or offspring, which explains its colonization success. The current prevalence of S. marginatus has caused a misunderstanding about its origin, considering that it was stated as native by Langeani et al. (2007).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFDFFFDDFCC4DA0D07AFF842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD9FFDBFCC4DBCC0272FBC2.text	03B2F26FFFD9FFDBFCC4DBCC0272FBC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Auchenipteridae Bleeker 1862	<div><p>Auchenipteridae</p><p>There are six auchenipterid species inhabiting the upper rio Paraná, distributed in the genera Ageneiosus, Auchenipterus, and Trachelyopterus . Two Ageneiosus species colonized the upper Paraná after the Itaipu impoundment: A. inermis (formerly called A. brevifilis) and A. ucayalensis . The only Ageneiosus species native to the upper rio Paraná is Ageneiosus militaris (formerly called A. valenciennesi), which is widespread in the whole rio Paraná basin. Species of this genus recently had their names changed following Ferraris Jr. (2003). Misunderstandings regarding their native geographical distributions were noted since Ferraris Jr. (2003) and Langeani et al. (2007) stated that A. ucayalensis was in the upper rio Paraná before Itaipu’s closure. Older checklists, such as Britski (1972) and Walsh (1990), recorded only A. militaris in this ecoregion, and Graça &amp; Pavanelli (2007) agree with the present work in stating that A. inermis and A. ucayalensis dispersed only after the Sete Quedas Falls barrier was eliminated. Auchenipterus was also revised by Ferraris &amp; Vari (1999), who mentioned that the single representative species in the upper Paraná, A. osteomystax, apparently colonized that region after the barrier elimination. Trachelyopterus was recently revised by Akama (2004) and later by Ferraris (2007). Two species of this genus currently occur in the upper rio Paraná basin: Trachelyopterus galeatus and Trachelyopterus sp. The latter is consensually native to the upper rio Paraná, in addition to almost all other Neotropical basins. The former, conversely, was not present in the upper Paraná before the impoundment. On the other hand, Langeani et al. (2007) recorded both species as native to the upper rio Paraná basin. All auchenipterid species successfully colonized the Itaipu Reservoir just after the closure of the dam, except Trachelyopterus sp. (Agostinho et al., 1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD9FFDBFCC4DBCC0272FBC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFCC4D9CC0678F922.text	03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFCC4D9CC0678F922.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Doradidae Bleeker 1858	<div><p>Doradidae</p><p>Four thorny catfishes successfully invaded the upper rio Paraná after Itaipu: Oxydoras eigenmanni (= Doras eigenmanni in Zawadzki et al., 1996), Platydoras armatulus, Pterodoras granulosus, and Trachydoras paraguayensis, as already stated by Zawadzki et al. (1996). The only native doradid species upstream from the Falls was Rhinodoras dorbignyi, which remains hitherto cohabiting with congeners. Some of the introduced species became common, such as T. paraguayensis, especially in the years just after the impoundment, and P. granulosus, currently the second most important species in biomass considering artisanal fisheries in the Itaipu Reservoir (Okada et al., 2005). Oxydoras kneri is the only thorny catfish native to the rio Paraná basin below Sete Quedas Falls that did not colonize the upper rio Paraná after Itaipu.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFCC4D9CC0678F922	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFF7CDD8C02DAFC02.text	03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFF7CDD8C02DAFC02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Erythrinidae	<div><p>Erythrinidae</p><p>Three erythrinid genera currently occur in the rio Paraná basin, but the greatest number of species in this family is found in the Amazon basin, following Oyakawa (2003). Erythinus erythrinus and Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, native in the lower rio Paraná basin, may have dispersed to the upper part after the barrier elimination, but they may have also been introduced by anglers as live bait (Langeani et al., 2007), or both. Another erythrinid widespread in the entire Neotropical region, traditionally identified as Hoplias malabaricus, also occurs in both the upper and lower Paraná. However, Bertollo et al. (2000), studying samples previously identified as H. malabaricus, found seven different cytotypes scattered in several Neotropical basins, which they labeled by alphabetic letters. These cytotypes remain taxonomically unstudied and, therefore, are still not formally described. Sympatric cytotypes A and D naturally occur in the upper rio Paraná basin. Cytotype C, which formerly only occurred in the lower Paraná basin, has been caught in the upper Paraná since the barrier removal. In the upper rio Paraná floodplain, the introduced cytotype C is presently more abundant than cytotypes A and D (Pazza &amp; Júlio Jr., 2003). Graça &amp; Pavanelli (2007) preliminarily provided a brief description of the three cytotypes, discriminating them in a key for identification and calling cytotypes C, D and A Hoplias sp. 1, Hoplias sp. 2 and Hoplias sp. 3, respectively.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFF7CDD8C02DAFC02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFF7CD92C007AF842.text	03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFF7CD92C007AF842.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Loricariidae Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Loricariidae</p><p>The family Loricariidae (armored catfish) is the largest family of catfishes in the world. Its numerous species are scattered in seven currently recognized subfamilies; however, in the present work, representative species of two subfamilies are presented.</p><p>Hypostomus cochliodon, H. commersoni and H. ternetzi were widespread in the Paraguay and Uruguay rivers and in the rio Paraná downstream from Sete Quedas, according to Carvalho &amp; Bockmann (2007). These species have been found in the upper Paraná since Itaipu’s closure and the barrier disappearance (Graça &amp; Pavanelli, 2007). Langeani et al. (2007) listed these species as being of unknown origin in the upper rio Paraná basin. Hypostomus microstomus is another loricarid that was previously restricted to waters below Sete Quedas (Weber, 2003) but is now caught in the upper rio Paraná. This finding has been corroborated by Graça &amp; Pavanelli (2007), but not by Langeani et al. (2007), who listed the species as native to the upper Paraná. Most are commercially important (Delariva &amp; Agostinho, 2001).</p><p>Loricariichthys species are also widespread in South America, but they have never been recorded in the upper rio Paraná, nor in the rio São Francisco basin (Reis &amp; Pereira, 2000). These authors described Loricariichthys rostratus from the Itaipu Reservoir region and stated that this species was absent in the upper rio Paraná before Itaipu impoundment. They also provided similar comments for L. platymetopon, earlier described from the Paraguay River. Both species are currently common in the upper rio Paraná, in particular the former, which is abundant in the upper rio Paraná floodplain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFF7CD92C007AF842	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFCC4DD8C0710FB22.text	03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFCC4DD8C0710FB22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pimelodidae Bonaparte 1835	<div><p>Pimelodidae</p><p>Pimelodid, as currently defined, presents several modifications if compared to the traditionally accepted definition until late in the last century (Lundberg &amp; Littmann, 2003). In any case, it encompasses species with a broad range of sizes, and several species are especially important as human food resources. Hypophthalmus edentatus, a zooplanktivorous species, was previously distributed only in the lower Paraná and Amazon basins. In the early years after the Itaipu Reservoir was completed, this species was one of the most abundant, benefitting from the upsurge of organic matter and increasing zooplankton and phytoplankton biomass (Ambrósio et al., 2001; Abujanra &amp; Agostinho, 2002). Lundberg &amp; Littmann (2003) reported only H. oremaculatus for the rio Paraná basin, but Graça &amp; Pavanelli (2007), comparing dispersed individuals with the original description of this species, observed that the characteristics did not match. In addition, Britski et al. (2007) referred only to H. edentatus for the Pantanal (Paraguay River basin).</p><p>Pimelodus ornatus, a species with a color pattern quite different from other species of the genus, was restricted to the Paraguay and Paraná Rivers downstream from Sete Quedas Falls and has been caught in the upper rio Paraná basin since the Itaipu impoundment (Graça &amp; Pavanelli, 2007). In the floodplain stretch, it preferentially inhabits rapids.</p><p>Sorubim lima is another pimelodid species that apparently colonized the upper rio Paraná basin, where it was absent before Itaipu’s closure as suggested by Langeani et al. (2007), who listed it as being of unknown origin in the upper rio Paraná basin. Corroborating this, in the recent revision of the genus Sorubim, Littman (2007) provides a list composed of more than 80 lots of material examined for that species, but none from the upper Paraná.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD9FFDAFCC4DD8C0710FB22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDD90C06DDF982.text	03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDD90C06DDF982.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apteronotidae Jordan 1923	<div><p>Apteronotidae</p><p>Apteronotus ellisi was the only apteronotid in the upper rio Paraná basin before the Itaipu Reservoir (Britski, 1972). It has been misidentified and has received different names, such as A. brasiliensis, Sternarchus brasiliensis and Porotergus ellisi (Albert, 2003) . At present, A. caudimaculosus, associated with aquatic macrophytes (mainly Eichornia and Pistia), has also been caught in the upper rio Paraná. It was not described from this ecoregion or recorded there before Itaipu. Currently it is widespread in the upper stretch, suggesting that it might have invaded after the impoundment. Graça &amp; Pavanelli (2007), based on the widespread occurrence of that species, even suggested that A. caudimaculosus was probably native to this ecoregion. Nevertheless, it was not found in the region of the Itaipu Reservoir sampled just before the closure of the dam (CETESB, 1981). This can be attributed to the use of inadequate fishing gear for capturing such species. Further studies must be carried out for conclusive statements.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDD90C06DDF982	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD8FFD8FCDDDBAC01CEFE62.text	03B2F26FFFD8FFD8FCDDDBAC01CEFE62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cichlidae	<div><p>Cichlidae</p><p>Cichlids are one of the major vertebrate families occurring on almost all continents and include roughly 1900 species (Kullander, 2003). Due to their varied behavior, often attractive colors and moderate size, they are commonly exploited as ornamental fishes. Two invasive cichlids have been found in the upper rio Paraná. Astronotus crassipinnis, previously misidentified as Astronotus ocellatus in the upper rio Paraná basin, is well appreciated in aquariophily in the world and might have been released deliberately in natural habitats by aquarists. This is suggested due to its absence in surveys conducted just below the Sete Quedas Falls before the Itaipu Reservoir (CETESB, 1981) in addition to its late appearance after Itaipu, along with the considerations of expert fishers, who agree with this possibility. That species was successful in the upper rio Paraná mainly in ponds and lagoons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD8FFD8FCDDDBAC01CEFE62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFF75D96C061BFF02.text	03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFF75D96C061BFF02.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnotidae Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Gymnotidae</p><p>The only gymnotid genus recorded in the upper rio Paraná basin is Gymnotus, monophyletic and the most diverse and widespread of South American electric fishes (Fernandes et al., 2005), with a single species previously found in this basin: G. carapo . Electrobiological, cytogenetic and molecular studies have shown that Gymnotus currently encompasses numerous different species throughout the Neotropical region, some of which are still undescribed (Campos-da-Paz, 2003). Currently, five Gymnotus species are found in the upper rio Paraná: G. inaequilabiatus, G. pantanal, G. paraguensis, G. sylvius and G. pantherinus . The first was described from some imprecise sites, although the type locality has been indicated as the La Plata River . Several individuals previously identified as G. carapo in the whole rio Paraná basin, including the upper, are now attributed to G. inaequilabiatus . All Gymnotus species are frequently used as live bait by anglers, which might cause releases between basins by ill-informed fishers. Graça &amp; Pavanelli (2007) have considered this possibility to justify the presence of G. pantanal and G. paraguensis in the upper Paraná in addition to the Itaipu impoundment. However, Langeani et al. (2007) consider the former as native species in the upper Paraná basin, attributing to the Itaipu impoundment only the presence of G. paraguensis in this ecoregion. Some Gymnotus species are presently abundant in the upper rio Paraná, mostly in lentic environments. However, due to misidentifications and further introductions, their genuine origin in that region remains uncertain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFF75D96C061BFF02	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDDF8C062DFBE2.text	03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDDF8C062DFBE2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypopomidae Eigenmann 1912	<div><p>Hypopomidae</p><p>Brachyhypopomus cf. gauderio also appeared in the upper rio Paraná only recently and its presence can be credited to the Itaipu building as in G. cf. hypostomus, since hypopomid species are uncommon in the aquarium trade, they are not consumed (Albert &amp; Crampton, 2003), and they are rarely used as live bait. The real cause for the current geographical distribution of both Gymnorhamphichthys and Brachyhypopomus species necessarily demands further analysis, such as molecular studies comparing populations from native and invaded habitats. For now, their true origin in this region remain uncertain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDDF8C062DFBE2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDDC2C072FFD62.text	03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDDC2C072FFD62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhamphichthyidae Regan 1911	<div><p>Rhamphichthyidae</p><p>Rhamphichthyids are a small family of knifefishes with a few more than a dozen species (Ferraris Jr., 2003). The colonizer Rhamphichthys hahni (formerly misidentified as R. rostratus), currently found in the upper rio Paraná, was consensually absent in this basin before the Itaipu’s closure, as stated by several authors, such as Graça &amp; Pavanelli (2007) and Langeani et al. (2007). Gymnorhamphichthys cf. hypostomus clearly appeared in the upper rio Paraná only recently. Its occurrence is rare and its invasion in the upper Paraná ecoregion can be attributed to the elimination of Sete Quedas Falls by the Itaipu Reservoir.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFD8FFDBFCDDDC2C072FFD62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
03B2F26FFFDBFFD8FF7CDC8C02D9FD62.text	03B2F26FFFDBFFD8FF7CDC8C02D9FD62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Achiridae Rafinesque 1815	<div><p>Achiridae</p><p>Achirids are saltwater and freshwater flatfishes (Ramos, 2003) that encompass eight Neotropical genera. Previously included in the genus Achirus, the only species in the upper rio Paraná basin is Catathyridium jenynsii, which clearly colonized the region after the barrier removal, as already stated by Agostinho et al. (1994).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B2F26FFFDBFFD8FF7CDC8C02D9FD62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio;Tós, Claudenice Dei;Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio;Pavanelli, Carla Simone	Júnior, Horácio Ferreira Júlio, Tós, Claudenice Dei, Agostinho, Ângelo Antonio, Pavanelli, Carla Simone (2009): A massive invasion of fish species after eliminating a natural barrier in the upper rio Paraná basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 7 (4): 709-718, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1679-62252009000400021
