taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B387BDFFEAE27CFE8ADC285D3158D6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ireland. 1 ♂, 3 ♀, Kilkieran Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 19.548 ’ N 009 ° 38.9165 ’ W, 7.9 m, sandy gravel, 15. x. 2010. 4 ♂, 4 ♀, Kingstown Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 30.905 ’ N 10 ° 7.6979 ’ W, 10 m, gravelly muddy sand, 16. x. 2010. 3 ♀, Valentia Island, Co. Kerry, 51 ° 53.819 ’ N 10 ° 18.786 ’ W, 4 m, muddy sandy gravel, 16. ix. 2010 (NMINH: 2016.1.5, 1 ♀). 1 ♀, Valentia Island, Co. Kerry, 51 ° 53.2439 ’ N 10 ° 21.948 ’ W, 6 m, maërl, 16. ix. 2010 (NMINH: 2016.1.4, 1 ♀). 1 ♂, 5 ♀, Ahabeg, Bantry Bay, Co. Cork, at edge of stocked salmon farm cage located at 51 ° 39.7302 ’ N 009 ° 45.1727 ’ W, 20 – 23.4 m, mud with broken shell, 4. ix. 2012 (JM: 2014, 1 ♂, 4 ♀). 1 ♂ adult, Glinsk, Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, 55 ° 12.1368 ’ N 007 ° 47.0682 ’ W, 8 – 15 m, medium sand with both live and dead maërl, 14. viii. 2012. 1 ♂ adult, Millstone, Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, 50 m from stocked salmon farm, 55 ° 11.4205 ’ N 007 ° 45.388 ’ W, 5 – 12.9 m, medium sand with maërl gravel, 15. viii. 2012 (JM: 2014, 1 ♂). British and Irish Distribution. South-west, west, and north of Ireland (Co. Cork, Co. Kerry, Co. Galway and Co. Donegal) and Guernsey (Dahl, 1985) (Fig. 1 A). Distribution beyond the study area. Gulf of Naples, Italy (type locality), Eastern Atlantic, from the north-west coast of France to St. Helena (Dahl, 1985). Western Mediterranean (Dahl, 1985). Eastern Mediterranean (Koçak and Katagan, 2006; Koçak et al., 2007). Concarneau, Brittany, France (J. M. C. Holmes, pers. comm.). Ecology. Coarse sediments, from gravel to coarse sand at depths of 12.7 – 15.2 m, Total Organic Matter (% TOM) 0.6 – 4.9 (Moreira et al., 2009 a). Maërl, medium sand to mud at depths of 4 – 23.4 m, % TOM 2.92 – 18.93 (present study). Remarks. Nebalia strausi is recorded for the first time from Irish waters. Records of N. strausi to date suggest a southerly distribution with the specimens from Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, representing the northernmost extent of its range. Features distinguishing N. strausi from other species of Nebalia within the North-East Atlantic include distally acute denticles on the posterior margin of pleonites 6 and 7, in conjunction with an antennular flagellum with more than 10 articles and the exopod of the 2 nd maxilla barely extending past the proximal article of the endopod. However, research (Moreira et al., 2004; Koçak et al., 2010) has shown that specimens of N. strausi from different localities can exhibit variation in a number of characters including the shape of the anal scales and the denticles of the posterior border of pleonites 6 – 7. Koçak et al. (2011) suggested that the existence of cryptic species cannot be ruled out for N. strausi.	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFECE27BFF7BDAB558CF59A7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ireland. 40 ♀, 16 ♂, 52 juveniles, Finavarra, Co. Clare, 53 ° 9.270 ’ N 009 ° 7.059 ’ W, intertidal, semi-exposed shingle, stone and sand beach, 18. ix. 2009 (NMINH: 2016.1.1, 3 ♂, 5 ♀). 5 ♀, 1 ♂, Corranroo, Co. Clare, 53 ° 9.033 ’ N 009 ° 0.509 ’ W, intertidal sheltered rocky shore with a muddy substrate, 10. x. 2009. 3 ♀♀, 22 ♀, 10 ♂, 19 juveniles, Carna, Co. Galway, 53 ° 18.712 ’ N 009 ° 51.535 ’ W, intertidal, exposed rocky shore with a sandy substrate, 21. ix. 2009. 1 ♀, Aran Island, Co. Donegal, 54 ° 58.2359 ’ N 008 ° 31.0488 ’ W, 5.7 m, sandy gravel, 1. ix. 2010. 7 ♀, 3 ♂, 17 juveniles, Kilkieran Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 17.508 ’ N 009 ° 36.3858 ’ W, 4 m, gravelly muddy sand, 17. x. 2010. 22 ♂, 132 ♀, 43 juveniles, Kingstown Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 30.905 ’ N 10 ° 7.6979 ’ W, 10 m, gravelly muddy sand, 16. x. 2010. 6 ♂, 2 ♀, 30 juveniles, Kingstown Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 30.93 ’ N 10 ° 7.8359 ’ W, 6 m, muddy sandy gravel, 16. x. 2010. 4 ♀, Valentia Island, Co. Kerry, 51 ° 53.418 ’ N 10 ° 21.5879 ’ W, 5 m, muddy sandy gravel, 16. ix. 2010. 1 ♀, Valentia Island, Co. Kerry, 51 ° 53.2439 ’ N 10 ° 21.948 ’ W, 6 m, maërl, 16. ix. 2010. 3 ♂, 18 ♀, 28 juveniles, Deenish, Kenmare Bay, Co. Cork, at the edge of a stocked salmon farm located at 51 ° 44.364 ’ N 10 ° 12.8189 ’ W, 23.2 m, medium sand with mussel shell, signs of low oxygen / organic enrichment (Beggiatoa spp. patches), 13. ix. 2012 (NMINH: 2016.1.2, 3 ♂, 1 ♀, 4 juveniles; JM: 2014, 2 ♂, 5 ♀, 4 juveniles). 1 ♂, 3 ♀, 2 juveniles, Inishfanard, Kenmare Bay, Co. Cork, at the edge of a stocked salmon farm at 51 ° 42.702 ’ N 10 ° 0.4408 ’ W, 20 – 23 m, muddy sand with shell debris, signs of signs of low oxygen / organic enrichment (Beggiatoa spp. patches), 13. ix. 2012 (JM: 2014, 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 2 juveniles). 16 ♂, 39 ♀, 59 juveniles, Ahabeg, Bantry Bay Co. Cork, at edge of stocked salmon farm cage located at 51 ° 39.7302 ’ N 009 ° 45.1727 ’ W, 20 – 23.4 m, mud with shell fragments, 4. ix. 2012 (JM: 2014, 11 ♂, 3 ♀, 3 juveniles). 46 ♂, 31 ♀, 34 juveniles, Inishdoonver, Clew Bay, Co. Mayo, at edge of a stocked salmon farm, 53 ° 52.7711 ’ N 009 ° 39.052 ’ W, 21.7 m, cobbles with shell and stone gravel and patches of sand, 20. vii. 2012 (JM: 2014, 45 ♂, 30 ♀, 31 juveniles). 6 ♂, 10 ♀, 16 juveniles, Glinsk, Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, at edge of a stocked salmon farm located at 55 ° 12.0912 ’ N 007 ° 46.9314 ’ W, 8 – 13.1 m, medium sand with shell gravel, signs of signs of low oxygen / organic enrichment (small patches of Beggiatoa spp.), 14. viii. 2013 (JM: 2014, 2 ♂, 4 ♀, 3 juveniles). 1 ♀, Glinsk, Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, 150 m from edge of stocked salmon farm, 55 ° 12.1368 ’ N 007 ° 47.06819 ’ W, 8 – 13.1 m, medium sand with live and dead maërl and shell debris, 14. viii. 2013 (JM: 2014, 1 ♀). 10 ♀, 6 juveniles, Millstone, Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, at the edge of a stocked salmon farm, 55 ° 11.446 ’ N 007 ° 45.4068 ’ W, 5 – 12.9 m, medium sand with a shell gravel fraction and maërl debris, 15. viii. 2012 (JM: 2014, 1 ♀). 4 ♂, 7 ♀, Cranford, Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal, near edge of a stocked salmon farm, 55 ° 10.4491 ’ N 007 ° 42.1786 ’ W, 5 – 12.9 m, fine / medium sand with silt and shell debris, sparse patches of bacterial mats (Beggiatoa spp.) and feed from salmon farm, 14. viii. 2012 (JM: 2014, 2 ♂, 2 ♀). Northern Ireland. 2 specimens, Strangford Lough, 54 ° 27.000 ’ N 005 ° 36.000 ’ W, 19.7 m, mud with shell, 30. v. 2012. 1 specimen, Strangford Lough, 54 ° 25.000 ’ N 005 ° 37.480 ’ W, 17.1 m, shelly mud, 30. v. 2012 (OUMNH. ZC. 2016 - 01 - 008, 1 specimen). 2 specimens, Strangford Lough, 54 ° 24.500 ’ N 005 ° 35.400 ’ W, 60.1 m, muddy sand with shell, 31. v. 2012. 1 specimen, Strangford Lough, 54 ° 27.730 ’ N 005 ° 36.640 ’ W, 18.8 m, mud with shell, 18. vi. 2013. England. 1 specimen, Falmouth, Cornwall, 50 ° 93.770 ’ N 005 ° 39.100 ’ W, 4.4 m, clean broken shells / maërl, 01. v. 2013. Scotland. 9 specimens, Sian Bay, Loch Eriboll, Highlands, 58 ° 31.325 ’ N 004 ° 40.011 ’ W, 20.1 m, sand with shell, 05. xi. 2010 (OUMNH. ZC. 2016 - 01 - 007, 9 specimens). 2 specimens, Sian Bay, Loch Eriboll, Highlands, 58 ° 31.325 ’ N 004 ° 40.011 ’ W, 20.1 m, sand with shell, 05. xi. 2010. 1 specimen, south-west Scotland, 55 ° 15.901 ’ N 004 ° 51.197 ’ W, 1.9 m, poorly sorted very coarse sand, 11. vii. 2015. 5 specimens, south-west Scotland, 55 ° 16.139 ’ N 004 ° 51.483 ’ W, 11.6 m, poorly sorted very fine gravel, 11. vii. 2015. 5 specimens, North Sandwick, Yell, Shetland, 60 ° 39.122 ’ N 000 ° 59.450 ’ W, 15 m, 2003. British and Irish Distribution. North, west and south-west of Ireland (Co. Donegal, Co. Mayo, Co. Galway, Co. Kerry, Co. Cork), Cornwall, western and northern Scotland, Shetland (Fig. 1 B). Distribution beyond the study area. Izmir Bay, Turkey (type locality). Cyprus and the Aegean Sea to the western Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands (Moreira et al., 2007; Koçak et al., 2011). Based on the previously known distribution and the present records it seems likely that this species is also present along the west coast of France and southern North Sea coasts but this requires confirmation. Ecology. Gravel to fine sand with mats of Zostera marina, at depths of 4.5 – 13.8 m, % TOM 1.2 – 4.9 (Moreira et al., 2009 a). Cobbles and gravel to mud, at depths of 4 – 23.2 m, % TOM 0.69 – 18.93 (present study). Intertidal on semi-exposed and sheltered rocky shores. The study of their distribution relative to aquaculture cages indicates that this species is most abundant at the edges of the cages as distinct from directly beneath them or further out. Remarks. The specimens examined agree closely with the description and figures given by Moreira et al. (2007). A comparison of diagnostic characters of Mediterranean species of Nebalia by Koçak and Moreira (2015) highlights useful differences between N. kocatasi and other species, in particular the lateral armature of the 3 rd article of the antenna (N. kocatasi has 3 thin setae and 3 spine-like setae with the proximal spine-like seta smallest (Fig. 5 A). Nebalia kocatasi is the only species that has been recorded in this study from the intertidal zone. This likely reflects the sampling methodology rather than true habitat preferences. Numerous specimens of N. kocatasi from Kenmare, Co. Kerry, and Finavarra, Co. Clare as well as two specimens from Shetland, had epibionts on the pleonites and on the carapace (Fig. 6). These had a total length of 306 ~ 392 µm, capsule length of 219 ~ 274 µm and stalk length of 86 ~ 141 µm (n = 15). A study of these by Gregorio Fernandez-Leborans (Universidad Complutense, Madrid) could not determine their identity but concluded they were most likely protozoans. Over 40 species of chonotrich ciliates are known from Nebaliaceans (Fernandez-Leborans, 2001).	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFEDE278FF7BDCD55AAC5E4B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ireland. 2 ♀, Deenish, Kenmare Bay, Co. Kerry, 51 ° 44.364 ’ N 10 ° 12.8189 ’ W, 23.2 m, on medium sand with shell gravel, 13. ix. 2012 (NMINH: 2016.1.3, 2 ♀). 3 ♂, 1 ♀, Aran Island, Co. Donegal, 54 ° 58.2359 ’ N 008 ° 31.0488 ’ W, 5.7 m, sandy gravel, 1. ix. 2010. 2 ♀, 1 juvenile, Sound of Aran, Co. Donegal, 54 ° 57.4439 ’ N 008 ° 28.6248 ’ W, 5.5 m, gravelly sand, 1. ix. 2010. 3 ♀, 1 juvenile, Sound of Aran, 54 ° 56.562 ’ N 008 ° 28.2629 ’ W, 9.9 m, gravelly sand, 1 September 2010. 12 specimens, Lough Foyle, Co. Donegal, 55 ° 11.510 ’ N 007 ° 00.765 ’ W, 9.5 m, sand with shell, 29. iii. 2012. 1 specimen, Lough Foyle, Co. Donegal, 55 ° 11.510 ’ N 007 ° 00.765 ’ W, 15.6 m, sand with shell, 26. vi. 2013. 2 juveniles, Kingstown Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 30.9829 ’ N 10 ° 8.22 ’ W, 9.3 m, gravelly sand, 16. x. 2010. 3 ♀, Valentia Island, Co. Kerry, 51 ° 52.5599 ’ N 10 ° 24.444 ’ W, 40 m, gravelly sand. Northern Ireland. 1 ♀, NE of Skernaghan Pt, Larne, Co. Antrim, dredge, 54 ° 51.6869 ’ N 005 ° 45.384 ’ W, 25 m, gravel and shell, 15. iv. 2010. 5 specimens, Larne Lough, 54 ° 50.352 ’ N 005 ° 47.802 ’ W, 5.7 m, muddy sand, 14. iii. 2013. 2 specimens, Carlingford Lough, 54 ° 03.271 ’ N 006 ° 09.058 ’ W, 7 m, muddy sand with shell, 05. vii. 2013. Scotland. 1 specimen, Oban Bay, 56 ° 24.862 ’ N 005 ° 29.708 ’ W, 37.6 m, gravelly shelly mud, 09. xii. 2010. 19 specimens, Kirkwall Bay, 59 ° 02.014 ’ N 002 ° 59.722 ’ W, 13 m, 25. v. 2014. 2 specimens, Kirkwall Bay, 59 ° 01.281 ’ N 002 ° 58.329 ’ W, 12 m, 25. v. 2014. 1 specimen, St. Abbs, 56 ° 04.500 ’ N 002 ° 05.460 ’ W, 55 m, 02. vi. 1986 [specimen previously cited by O’Reilly et al. (2001) as N. herbstii]. 1 specimen, Ayr Bay, 55 ° 28.570 ’ N 002 ° 41.000 ’ W, 17 m, 08. ix. 1989. 1 specimen, Shuna Island, Loch Linnhe, 56 ° 35.570 ’ N 005 ° 22.750 ’ W, 01. vi. 1992. 1 specimen, Bring Head, Hoy, Orkney, 58 ° 54.050 ’ N 003 ° 16.191 ’ W, 20 m, sand, 17. x 11.2012. 1 specimen, St. Margaret’s Hope, Orkney, 15. v. 2015. 1 specimen, south-west Scotland, 55 ° 16.121 ’ N 004 ° 51.617 ’ W, 10.6 m, poorly sorted coarse sand, 11. vii. 2015. 3 specimens, Moray Firth (Hilton of Cadboll Water Body), 57 o 38.09 ’ N 003 o 57.49 ’ W, 19 m, 23. vi. 2015. Wales. 1 specimen, Cardigan Bay, 52 ° 15.054 ’ N 004 ° 22.582 ’ W, 21.7 m, 2. vii. 2014. England. 1 specimen, Plymouth Sound, 50 ° 19.933 ’ N 004 ° 09.200 ’ W, 9.6 m, coarse sand, 30. iii. 2011. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 27.845 ’ N 000 ° 32.794 ’ E, 43.7 m, sandy gravel, 2. viii. 2014. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 23.765 ’ N 000 ° 45.489 ’ E, 39.8 m, sandy gravel, 1. viii. 2014. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 26.977 ’ N 000 ° 36.590 ’ E, 46.8 m, gravelly sand, 2. x. 2014. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 21.401 ’ N 000 ° 18.366 ’ E, 43.9 m, sandy gravel, 30. vii. 2014. 1 specimen, Cromer Shoals, 52 ° 59.807 ’ N 001 ° 28.649 ’ E, 11.6 m, sand, 12. ix. 2014. 1 specimen, Cromer Shoals, 53 ° 04.062 ’ N 001 ° 27.237 ’ E, 10.7 m, mixed sediments, 12. ix. 2014. 1 specimen, Liverpool Bay, 53 ° 29.165 ’ N 003 ° 30.429 ’ W, 21.9 m, gravelly sand, 29. x. 2014. 2 specimens, Liverpool Bay, 53 ° 26.970 ’ N 003 ° 23.971 ’ W, 16.0 m, gravelly sand, 30. x. 2014. 4 specimens, Liverpool Bay, 53 ° 26.038 ’ N 003 ° 24.593 ’ W, 13.8 m, sandy gravel, 30. x. 2014. North Sea. 5 specimens, Osprey Field, 61 ° 19.530 ’ N 004 ° 32.601 ’ E, 159.9 m, muddy sand, 6. xii. 2008. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 18.115 ’ N 001 ° 32.060 ’ E, 155 m, muddy sand, 11. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 13.141 ’ N 001 ° 30.927 ’ E, 148.1 m, muddy sand, 08. xi. 2009. 2 specimens, Clipper Field, 53 ° 23.826 ’ N 001 ° 47.205 ’ E, 25.1 m, sandy gravel, 27. xii. 2008. 2 specimens, Clipper Field, 53 ° 24.179 ’ N 001 ° 46.431 ’ E, 24. m, sandy gravel, 27. xii. 2008 (OUMNH. ZC. 2016 - 01 - 009, 2 specimens). 2 specimens, Dunbar Field, 60 ° 37.700 ’ N 001 ° 39.200 ’ E, 145 m. 6 specimens, Clipper Field, 53 ° 21.452 ’ N 001 ° 44.148 ’ E, 29.9 m, muddy sand, 2. ii. 2009. 1 specimen, Juliet Field, 53 ° 35.444 ’ N 000 ° 46.261 ’ E, 33.3 m, sandy gravel, 10. ix. 2009. British and Irish Distribution. West and north-west of Ireland (Co. Kerry, Co. Galway, Co. Donegal) and east of Northern Ireland (Co. Antrim) (Fig. 1 C). Distribution beyond the study area. Ría de Ferrol, Galicia, Spain (type locality). Based on the previously known distribution and the present records it seems likely that this species is also present along the west coast of France and continental southern North Sea coasts but this requires confirmation. Ecology. Medium sand at depth of 6.4 m, 1.4 % TOM (Moreira et al., 2009 a). Gravelly sand at depths of 5.5 – 40 m, 0.69 – 3.1 % TOM (present study). Nebalia reboredae appears to be the European species of Nebalia which shows a greater affinity for sandy sediments. Remarks. The specimens examined agree closely with the description and figures given by Moreira et al. (2009 a). Contrary to Dahl’s statement that Nebalia herbstii is the dominant Nebalia species in British waters, N. reboredae was the most commonly recorded in this study.	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFEEE276FC1FDB7B5BA85DE5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Scotland. 16 specimens, Rubha Stillaig, Loch Fyne, Stn 17: 2, 55 ° 51.860 ’ N 005 ° 18.900 ’ W, 08. vi. 1999. England. 1 specimen, Falmouth, Cornwall, 50 ° 54.740 ’ N 005 ° 54.910 ’ W, 6.8 m, clean shells / maërl, 2. v. 2013. 9 specimens, north-east Isles of Scilly, 49 ° 55.289 ’ N 006 ° 19.926 ’ W, 15.9 m, sand, 26. v. 2013. 110 specimens, north-east Isles of Scilly, 49 ° 58.125 ’ N 006 ° 19.257 ’ W, 6.1 m, coarse (3 – 4 cm) gravel with mud and abundant macroalgae, 27. v. 2013.	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFEEE276FC1FDB7B5BA85DE5.taxon	distribution	Distribution beyond the study area. Western France to Spanish border (Walker-Smith and Poore, 2001); northern coast of the Iberian Peninsula (Martínez et al., 2007). Ecology. Shallow (6.1 – 15.9 m), near-shore waters over sands, muds, gravels and maërl (present study). Occurring under stones that lay on mud amongst the hollows of the rocks (Leach, 1814). Remarks. Dahl (1985) believed N. herbstii to be the dominant species of the genus in the British Isles. For this reason, many subsequent records of Nebalia from the British Isles have been attributed to N. herbstii. The material examined in the present study demonstrates that far from being the most common species of the genus it is relatively uncommon, in routine samples at least. Dahl (1985) also believed that the species may well occur around the Iberian Peninsula; however, Moreira et al. (2009 a) could not confirm the occurrence of N. herbstii there. Ledoyer (1997) recorded its presence in the Mediterranean (Corsica and Bonnieu, France). However, Koçak et al. (2011) suspect that these specimens may refer to a different species as the dimensions of the maxilla 2 in Ledoyer’s specimens differ from that typical of the species [in Dahl’s (1985) description the proximal article of the endopod is longer than the distal article, whereas in Ledoyer’s specimen they are subequal in length]. Subsequent to Dahl’s (1985) revision many of the records that were originally ascribed to Nebalia bipes within the British Isles were ascribed to N. herbstii but these records should be treated with caution and deposited specimens re-examined in the light of the new records submitted for the British Isles. All 16 specimens of N. herbstii from Loch Fyne had epibionts similar to those discussed above for N. kocatasi.	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFE0E276FE8ED89A5DB95E32.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. North Sea. 1 specimen, Clipper Field, 53 ° 23.071 ’ N 001 ° 47.078 ’ E, 25.9 m, muddy sand, 7. ii. 2009 (OUMNH. ZC. 2016 - 01 - 006, 1 specimen). 1 specimen, Clipper Field, 53 ° 22.121 ’ N 001 ° 46.887 ’ E, 27.1 m, muddy sand, 5. ii. 2009. Scotland. 1 specimen, St. Abbs, 56 ° 03.440 ’ N 002 ° 07.270 ’ W, 56 m, 30. vi. 1987 [specimen previously cited by O’Reilly et al. (2001) as N. herbstii]. England. 1 ♂, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 43.0174 ’ N 0 ° 31.0028 ’ W, 14.7 m, muddy sandy gravel and pebbles, 15. vii. 2015. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 21.968 ’ N 000 ° 12.759 ’ E, 45 m, sandy gravel, 31. vii. 2014. 11 specimens, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 23.835 ’ N 000 ° 19.243 ’ E, 48.1 m, sandy gravel, 31. vii. 2014. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 25.786 ’ N 000 ° 18.418 ’ E, 54.1 m, sandy gravel, 7. viii. 2014. British and Irish Distribution. Shetland Islands (Dahl, 1985); North Sea, St. Abbs, Scotland, English Channel (present study) (Fig. 2 A). Distribution beyond the study area. Norway, Sweden (Dahl, 1985). Ecology. Clay, muddy sands to sandy gravels and rocky bottoms at depths of 14 m to 350 m. Remarks. The specimens examined here agree well with Dahl’s description of the species. One of the specimens cited under the name N. herbstii by O’Reilly et al. (2001), with the caveat that only specimens for 1989 had been confirmed, was re-examined here and found to be N. borealis. This species has a northern distribution and the present records extend the southern range of the species southwards in the British Isles to the central English Channel.	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFE0E277FC0FDBA25A865AD8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Dahl (1985) created the genus Sarsinebalia to accommodate Nebalia typhlops, and based it on four characters: 1) a complicated rostrum with subterminal spine; 2) the features of the eye; 3) lack of a comb-row on the exopod of the first pleopod; and 4) a short exopod of the 2 nd maxilla. Dahl (1985) goes on to state that these features are also present in an undescribed species from the Red Sea [according to Moreira et al. (2003) this is corrected to north-west Africa in an unpublished manuscript by Dahl] and two further undescribed species from Australia. Moreira et al. (2003) postulate that the north-west African species could be could be identical to their Sarsinebalia urgorrii Moreira, Gestoso and Troncoso, 2003 whilst the identity of the Australian species is unknown as descriptions of these taxa had not appeared at the time of Dahl’s death. To date, five species have been ascribed to Sarsinebalia: S. typhlops, S. urgorrii, Sarsinebalia cristoboi Moreira, Gestoso and Troncoso, 2003, Sarsinebalia biscayensis Ledoyer, 1998, and Sarsinebalia kunyensis Ledoyer, 2000. According to Mauchline and Gage (1983) and Dahl (1985), specimens recorded from New Jersey, U. S. A. by Hessler and Sanders (1965) as Nebalia typhlops occidentalis Hessler and Sanders, 1965 differ in several significant characters and could represent a further species. Walker-Smith and Poore (2001) considered Sarsinebalia to be a synonym of Nebalia but only included the type species S. typhlops in their analysis. However, Moreira et al. (2003) retained Sarsinebalia as valid as some (but not all) of the characters proposed by Dahl (1985) hold between S. typhlops, S. urgorrii and S. cristoboi. However, their study likewise overlooked S. biscayensis and S. kunyensis. A recent key to worldwide Nebalia species (Song and Min, 2016) also did not adopt the synonymy of Sarsinebalia suggested by Walker-Smith and Poore (2001). Since Dahl’s (1985) landmark study there have been significant advances in the taxonomy and systematics of the Leptostraca with around 67 % of the currently accepted species having been described since this date with further new species continuing to be described (e. g. Koçak and Moreira, 2015; Song and Min, 2016). Combined with the phylogenetic studies of Olesen (1999) and Walker-Smith and Poore (2001), there is now a greater, if still not complete, understanding of variation in the traditionally used diagnostic characters across the Leptostraca. Many of Dahl’s diagnostic characters for Sarsinebalia no longer stand up to scrutiny and now appear to be more indicative of species- rather than genus-level differences. These are discussed in turn here. 1) Complicated rostrum with subterminal spine. All species of Nebalia have a rostral keel (Walker-Smith and Poore, 2001) so in this respect the rostrum of Sarsinebalia species is no more complex. The subterminal spine is present in Sarsinebalia and the undescribed Nebalia sp. B of Walker-Smith and Poore (2001) as well as the less closely related genera of the Paranebaliidae. Additionally, S. biscayensis has a reduced spine (see Ledoyer, 1998), and some mature males of S. typhlops are also noted by Dahl (1985) as having a reduced spine. 2) Features of the eye. Of the five nominal species, only S. typhlops (and possibly the undescribed species of Dahl, 1985) has the ‘ squarish’ eye shape described by Dahl (1985). The eyes of S. urgorrii and S. cristoboi are of a similar but not identical shape, whilst S. biscayensis has long slender eyes (see Ledoyer, 1998) and S. kunyensis appears to have rounded eyes (see Ledoyer, 2000). Eye shape is exceptionally variable in other Nebalia (even as far as being bi-lobed – see Walker-Smith and Poore, 2001) so a ‘ squarish’ eye seems not to be too unusual and certainly within the range of variation covered by other Nebalia. In addition, Hessler (1984) illustrated significant developmental changes in the shape and armature of the eye of Dahlella caldariensis Hessler, 1984. Pigment is absent in S. biscayensis, S. kunyensis and S. typhlops but present in the S. urgorrii and S. cristoboi (but also seems to fade after long-term storage in alcohol, in S. urgorrii at least). As a general rule within the Crustacea, there is a tendency towards unpigmented eyes in deeper water species which may explain its absence in S. biscayensis, S. kunyensis and S. typhlops which are found deeper than S. urgorrii and S. cristoboi. Ommatidia are absent in S. typhlops and S. biscayensis but present in the other three species (also absent in unrelated Speonebalia Bowman, Yager and Iliffe, 1985, Nebaliella Thiele, 1904, and Dahlella Hessler, 1984). 3) Lack of a comb-row on the exopod of the first pleopod. A comb-row is absent in S. typhlops, S. urgorrii and S. cristoboi but present in both S. biscayensis and S. kunyensis. The length of the comb-row appears to be diagnostic (at least partially so) at a species level in Nebalia (see Walker-Smith and Poore, 2001) and the complete absence of a comb-row could just represent the extreme of this variation. 4) A short exopod of the 2 nd maxilla. Only S. typhlops and S. biscayensis have an unusually short exopod on maxilla 2, whereas the other species have an exopod longer than the first segment of the endopod. In S. kunyensis and S. biscayensis the division between the two endopod segments is indistinct but the length of the exopod relative to the overall endopod can be used. Based on this, the only character that is consistent between all 5 species of Sarsinebalia is the presence of a subterminal rostral spine. As already mentioned this spine occurs elsewhere in the Paranebaliidae and in Walker-Smith and Poore’s (2001) Nebalia sp. B and so is not unique to Sarsinebalia. A formal reappraisal of Sarsinebalia is outside of the scope of the current study and should await examination of material of the currently included species as it is conceivable that other, as yet un-investigated, characters may unite all or some of the species currently assigned to the genus. Molecular methods may also help resolve the status of the genus. Until such time we continue to use Sarsinebalia here in accordance with Moreira et al. (2003).	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFE1E275FC85DFC858B958D6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Ireland. 1 ♀, Mannin Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 28.3919 ’ N 10 ° 5.118 ’ W, 9.9 m, sand, 16. x. 2010. 2 ♂, 37 ♀ and 8 juveniles, Kingstown Bay, Co. Galway, 53 ° 30.9829 ’ N 10 ° 8.22 ’ W, 9.3 m, gravelly sand, 16. x. 2010. 1 ♀, Ahabeg, Bantry Bay, Co. Cork, under a cage at stocked salmon farm located at 51 ° 39.7302 ’ N 009 ° 45.1727 ’ W, 20 – 24.5 m, mud interspersed with shelly sand, 29. viii. 2013. 16 ♀, Ahabeg, Bantry Bay, Co. Cork, near edge of stocked salmon farm located at 51 ° 39.7302 ’ N 009 ° 45.1727 ’ W, 20 – 24.5 m, shelly gravel, 29. viii. 2013 (NMINH: 2016.1.6, 2 ♀). 2 specimens, Lough Foyle, Co. Donegal, 55 ° 11.510 ’ N 007 ° 00.765 ’ W, 9.5 m, sand with shell, 29. iii. 2012. 3 specimens, Lough Foyle, 55 ° 11.510 ’ N 007 ° 00.765 ’ W, 15.6 m, sand with shell, 26. vi. 2013. North Sea. 9 specimens, Osprey Field, 61 ° 19.530 ’ N 001 ° 32.601 ’ E, 159.9 m, muddy sand, 6. xii. 2008. 1 specimen, Osprey Field, 61 ° 19.249 ’ N 001 ° 34.643 ’ E, 159.5 m, muddy sand, 7. xii. 2008. 2 specimens, Osprey Field, 61 ° 20.318 ’ N 001 ° 31.633 ’ E, 160.1 m, muddy sand, 7. xii. 2008. 2 specimens, Osprey Field, 61 ° 19.257 ’ N 001 ° 34.653 ’ E, 158.6 m, muddy sand, 7. xii. 2008. 1 specimen, Osprey Field, 61 ° 19.102 ’ N 001 ° 32.295 ’ E, 159.1 m, muddy sand, 6. xii. 2008. 1 specimen, Osprey Field, 61 ° 18.626 ’ N 001 ° 30.998 ’ E, 157.6 m, muddy sand, 4. xii. 2008. 2 specimens, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 12.819 ’ N 001 ° 30.926 ’ E, 149.09 m, muddy sand, 9. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 12.151 ’ N 001 ° 41.738 ’ E, 145.8 m, muddy sand, 11. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 15.547 ’ N 001 ° 39.227 ’ E, 151.5 m, muddy sand, 11. xi. 2009 (OUMNH. ZC. 2016 - 01 - 012, 1 specimen). 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 16.961 ’ N 001 ° 33.856 ’ E, 153.2 m, muddy sand, 11. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 12.911 ’ N 001 ° 30.772 ’ E, 148.45 m, muddy sand, 9. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 12.908 ’ N 001 ° 30.776 ’ E, 148.39 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 9. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 12.921 ’ N 001 ° 30.438 ’ E, 148.9 m, muddy sand, 9. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 13.140 ’ N 001 ° 30.883 ’ E, 148.4 m, muddy sand, 8. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 15.052 ’ N 001 ° 33.887 ’ E, 149.9 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 8. xi. 2009. 2 specimens, Dunlin Field, 61 ° 14.780 ’ N 001 ° 33.292 ’ E, 149.1 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 8. xi. 2009. 1 specimen, Dunlin Field, 60 ° 46.631 ’ N 001 ° 33.047 ’ E, 141.4 m, muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 1 specimen, Glenlivet Field, 61 ° 04.600 ’ N 002 ° 05.420 ’ W, 435 m. 1 specimen, Staffa Field, 60 ° 44.490 ’ N 001 ° 35.349 ’ E, 135.5 m, muddy sand, 17. ix. 2009. 2 specimens, Staffa Field, 60 ° 49.431 ’ N 001 ° 30.370 ’ E, 134.9 m, muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 3 specimens, Staffa Field, 60 ° 47.964 ’ N 001 ° 31.698 ’ E, 138.7 m, muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 1 specimen, Staffa Field, 60 ° 44.405 ’ N 001 ° 34.707 ’ E, 138.6 m, muddy sand, 16. v. 2010. 2 specimens, Staffa Field, 60 ° 45.327 ’ N 001 ° 34.281 ’ E, 139.3 m, muddy sand, 17. v. 2010. 1 specimen, Staffa Field, 60 ° 47.964 ’ N 001 ° 31.697 ’ E, 138.7 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 20. v. 2010 (OUMNH. ZC. 2016 - 01 - 011, 1 specimen). 1 specimen, Staffa Field, 60 ° 46.631 ’ N 001 ° 33.047 ’ E, 141.4 m, muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 1 specimen, Staffa Field, 60 ° 50.390 ’ N 001 ° 29.613 ’ E, 134.4 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 7 specimens, Staffa Field, 60 ° 50.390 ’ N 001 ° 29.612 ’ E, 134.35 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 1 specimen, Staffa Field, 60 ° 49.431 ’ N 001 ° 30.370 ’ E, 134.9 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 1 specimen, Staffa Field, 60 ° 47.964 ’ N 001 ° 31.698 ’ E, 138.7 m, slightly gravelly muddy sand, 20. v. 2010. 7 specimens, Dunbar Field, 60 ° 37.700 ’ N 001 ° 39.200 ’ E, 145 m. 2 specimens, Braemar Field, 58 ° 58.991 ’ N 001 ° 27.840 ’ E, 118 m, sandy mud, 21. xi. 2012. 1 specimen, Braemar Field, 58 ° 58.360 ’ N 001 ° 26.961 ’ E, 124 m, MDAC mud and shell, 21. xi. 2012. 1 specimen, Goldeneye Field, 57 ° 58.921 ’ N 000 ° 23.452 ’ W, 122 m, muddy sand, 15. i. 2010. 1 specimen, Nelson Field, 57 ° 56.500 ’ N 001 ° 36.683 ’ E, 95 m, muddy sand, 12. xii. 2013. Scotland. 1 specimen, Bring Head, Hoy, Orkney, 58 ° 53.702 ’ N 003 ° 15.115 ’ W, 23 m, sand, 17. i. 2012 (OUMNH. ZC. 2016 - 01 - 010). 1 specimen, Bring Head, Hoy, Orkney, 58 ° 54.050 ’ N 003 ° 16.191 ’ W, 20 m, sand, 17. i. 2012. 1 specimen, Bring Head, Hoy, Orkney, 58 ° 53.702 ’ N 003 ° 15.115 ’ W, 23 m, sand, 17. i. 2012. 1 specimen, Bring Head, Hoy, Orkney, 58 ° 53.765 ’ N 003 ° 15.115 ’ W, 21.8 m, sand, 19. ix. 2013. 1 specimen, Bring Head, Hoy, Orkney, 58 ° 54.050 ’ N 003 ° 16.191 ’ W, 19 m, sand, 19. ix. 2013. 1 specimen, Kirkwall Bay, Orkney, 59 ° 00.864 ’ N 002 ° 57.872 ’ W, 11 m, 25. v. 2014. 5 specimens, Kirkwall Bay, Orkney, 59 ° 02.014 ’ N 002 ° 59.722 ’ W, 13 m, 25. v. 2014. 1 specimen, Kirkwall Bay, Orkney, 58 ° 59.729 ’ N 002 ° 49.951 ’ W, 19 m, 25. v. 2014. 3 specimens, Bell Rock, 56 ° 27.000 ’ N 002 ° 10.000 ’ W, 53 m, 24. iv. 1989 [specimen previously cited by O’Reilly et al. (2001) as S. typhlops]. 1 specimen, Girvan Mains, 55 ° 15.780 ’ N 004 ° 51.790 ’ W, 30. viii. 2000. England. 1 specimen, Plymouth Sound, 50 ° 20.333 ’ N 004 ° 10.567 ’ W, 6.3 m, coarse sand, 30. iii. 2011. 1 specimen, Padstow, Cornwall, 50 ° 34.263 ’ N 004 ° 57.480 ’ W, 11.9 m, sand with shell, 12. iii. 2013. 2 specimens, Lizard Peninsula, Cornwall, 50 ° 02.550 ’ N 005 ° 03.998 ’ W, 10.5 m, muddy coarse sand, 13. vii. 2014. 1 specimen, north-east Isles of Scilly, 49 ° 56.194 ’ N 006 ° 16.593 ’ W, 18.8 m, fine sand, 26. v. 2013. 1 specimen, South West Deeps rMCZ, 48 ° 58.885 ’ N 009 ° 08.731 ’ W, 161 m, sand, 17. v. 2013. 1 specimen, South West Deeps rMCZ, 49 ° 08.603 ’ N 008 ° 54.977 ’ W, 154 m, muddy sand, 13. v. 2013. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 43.7117 ’ N 0 ° 34.5528 ’ E, 24.5 m, sandy gravel, 7. vi. 2015. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 26.046 ’ N 000 ° 48.017 ’ E, 44.1 m, gravelly sand, 1. viii. 2014. 1 specimen, eastern English Channel, 50 ° 29.212 ’ N 000 ° 04.533 ’ E, 56.8 m, gravelly sand, 4. viii. 2014. 1 specimen, South Falls Disposal Ground, Outer Thames, 51 ° 34.3416 ’ N 1 ° 58.3548 ’ E, 49 m, muddy sand with clay, 2. xi. 2014. 1 specimen, Liverpool Bay, 53 ° 28.641 ’ N 003 ° 29.659 ’ W, sandy gravel, 29. x. 2014. British and Irish Distribution. North, west and south-west Ireland (Co. Donegal, Co. Galway and Co. Cork), North Sea, Orkney Islands, Firth of Clyde, English Channel, Cornwall, Isles of Scilly, South West Deeps (Fig. 2 B). Distribution beyond the study area. Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula (Moreira et al., 2003; 2009 a). Based on the previously known distribution and the present records it seems likely that this species is also present along the west coast of France and continental southern North Sea coasts but this requires confirmation. Ecology. Coarse sandy sediments, from very coarse sand to medium sand, at depths of 12.7 – 20 m, 1.4 – 3.7 % TOM (Moreira et al., 2009 a). Coarse shelly gravel to mud at depths 9.3 – 435 m, 9.03 – 14.73 % TOM (present study). Remarks. Based on the current records, S. urgorrii is the dominant species of Sarsinebalia in shallow British and Irish waters. The pigmentation of the eyes was variable in the present material ranging from dark to orange and occasionally being almost completely absent; when this was the case externally visible ommatidia were still evident. The examined material generally agreed with the description of Moreira et al. (2003) but in one female from the English Channel six spines were noted on the distolateral border of the sixth pleopod rather than four as stated in the diagnosis provided by Moreira et al. (2003). All other characters agreed well with S. urgorrii.	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFE3E272FC03DEAE5BB05FD6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. None. British and Irish Distribution. Rockall Trough, 1390 – 2900 m (Mauchline and Gage, 1983) (Fig. 2 D). Distribution beyond the study area. Cabot Strait, eastern Canada at 378 m (type locality – Clark, 1932), off New Jersey, U. S. A., 2085 m (Hessler and Sanders, 1965). Remarks. Although Mauchline and Gage (1983) referred their specimens to N. caboti they did so with some reservation given the uncertainty surrounding the systematics of Nebaliella at that time and stated that comparative studies should be made of all Nebaliella species to help resolve these issues. Such a study was conducted by Walker-Smith (1998) who reviewed Mauchline and Gage’s (1983) record accepting their identification in addition to providing other characters useful for separating N. caboti from its congeners.	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFE3E275FC42DAB55AD15B6C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. None. British and Irish Distribution. Rockall Trough, 1990 – 2900 m (Mauchline and Gage, 1983), west of Ireland (Tattersall, 1905) (Fig. 2 C). Distribution beyond the study area. Widespread; Red Sea, Lofoten Is. (Norway), Messina, Bay of Naples (Italy), North America from Davis Strait to New Jersey, Australia (Walker-Smith and Poore, 2001). Records should be examined as it is possible that some may refer to undescribed species. Remarks. Previous British and Irish records of S. typhlops require confirmation in light of the present study where only S. urgorrii was recorded amongst abundant material from shallow waters (much of which was originally identified as S. typhlops following Mauchline, 1984). It is likely that S. typhlops is restricted to deeper waters in the area (Mauchline and Gage, 1983).	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
03B387BDFFE4E272FED6DBA25B0A5C84.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. None. British and Irish Distribution. South-west British Isles (Linder, 1943), Rockall Trough (Mauchline and Gage, 1983) (Fig. 2 D). Distribution beyond the study area. Described from the South Pacific midway between New Zealand and Chile (Sars, 1887). Considered to be near cosmopolitan between the latitudes 50 ° N and 50 ° S (Mauchline, 1984). West and south-east coast of South America, near Falkland Is., off coast of Ghana, Ivory Coast, south-west Indian Ocean, South Pacific, Scotia Sea (Walker-Smith and Poore, 2001).	en	McCormack, Edward, Ashelby and David McGrath, Christopher W. (2016): A review of the Leptostraca of the British Isles with discussion of the genus Sarsinebalia Dahl. Nauplius (e 2016006) 24: 1-19, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2016006, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2016006
