taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B387CF49436515FD9BFC2354F465FC.taxon	description	While visiting the herbarium of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT) in 2013, we came across an unusual specimen of Solidago L. The specimen was collected by Robert Kral in 1978 from phyllite boulders along the banks of the Hiwassee River in east Tennessee. Although identified by Kral as S. speciosa Nutt. (and as S. roanensis Porter in additional collections at NY and TENN), the specimens instead appear to instead bear a strong resemblance to the “ riverscour ” Solidago species of subsect. Erectae (G. Don) Semple & J. B. Beck (S. arenicola B. R. Keener & Kral, S. plumosa Small, and S. racemosa Greene) known from other river systems in the unglaciated southeastern United States. None of these three taxa had previously been documented in the Blue Ridge of Tennessee (with S. arenicola being restricted to the Cumberland Plateau, S. plumosa being endemic to the Yadkin River in the Piedmont of central North Carolina, and S. racemosa reported from northern Virginia and northwards and disjunct in the Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee and Kentucky). The presence of a “ riverscour ” Solidago in a region where none were known before spurred suspicion that it might represent an undescribed species. In 2014 Tennessee Valley Authority botanist Adam Datillo visited the Hiwassee River, made collections of the Solidago, and deposited them at APSC. Close examination of this series of specimens provided additional clarity. Applying the most recent key at the time (Weakley 2020) to the Hiwassee River Solidago specimens resulted in a tentative determination as the single-site endemic S. plumosa. This determination could not be accepted however, as the Hiwassee River specimens differ from S. plumosa in having a distinctly puberulent inflorescence axis and broader basal leaves. A second possibility for the Solidago was considered, which was that the Hiwassee River entity simply represented a disjunct population of S. arenicola, albeit with a smaller involucre than previously documented. However, the heads were not simply shorter, but denser as well. In addition, the Hiwassee River material has a more consistently hispid-puberulent inflorescence than the often scarcely puberulent to scabrid S. arenicola. While the Hiwassee entity also bears a resemblance to the more upland S. erecta, and has been previously identified as such on two specimens (NY, TENN), it can be readily distinguished by its glabrous leaf margin (as opposed to ciliate-scabrid). With all identification possibilities eliminated, it appears that the Hiwassee River Solidago has a novel combination of characters not found in any other Solidago known in North America. The morphological distinctiveness, combined with its unusual riverscour habitat and significant geographic disjunction from its morphologically closest relatives (S. arenicola, S. plumosa, and S. racemosa), leads us to the conclusion that this population warrants recognition as a previously undescribed species.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49406515FFF8FDC955A460DA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Solidago ayuhwasi appears most morphologically similar to S. arenicola, S. plumosa, and S. racemosa but differs as follows: from S. arenicola in its shorter involucres, more densely arranged heads, and densely hispid-puberulent inflorescence axis (with the pubescence of S. arenicola being sparser and scabrid); from S. plumosa in its broader basal leaves and hispid-puberulent inflorescence axis (with S. plumosa being glabrous); and from S. racemosa in its glabrous achenes, hispid-puberulent inflorescence axis (as opposed to scabrid), smaller involucres, and more densely arranged heads.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49406515FFF8FDC955A460DA.taxon	description	Description. — Perennial, 3 – 15 cm, from stout rhizome with caudex-like branches. Stems erect, single or in tight clusters; glabrous proximally, becoming hispid-puberulent distally especially near inflorescence; green or maroon-tinged. Basal and proximal cauline leaves with long tapering petioles, oblanceolate to broadly lanceolate, 3 – 18 × 0.5 – 3.5 cm, margins distally serrulate, apices acute, blades and margins glabrous; mid stem and distal cauline with short, strongly winged petioles scarcely discernible from leaf blade, elliptic to linear, up to 14 × 2 cm and gradually tapering in size distally, serrulate to nearly entire, acute, blades and margins glabrous. Inflorescence a cylindrical paniculate raceme of heads, with short-erect side branches and leafy bracts, (5) 18 – 30 × 2 – 7 cm; branches 1 – 4 cm long with 6 – 15 heads per 3 cm of length; axis and branches with hispid-puberulent arching hairs. Involucres around 3 – 4 mm long, campanulate on short peduncles; phyllaries strongly unequal, in 3 – 5 series, with prominent central stripe, median phyllaries 2.2 × 0.8 mm. Ray flowers 3 – 4, 5.0 – 5.6 mm; limb 2.4 – 3.0 mm; claw 1.5 – 2.6 mm. Disc flowers 6 – 8, 3.2 – 4.8 mm, lobes 0.8 mm. Achenes glabrous, ridged, 2.0 – 2.8 mm; pappus 1.7 – 2.6 mm. Additional collections: TENNESSEE. Polk Co.: Phyllite boulders along Hiwassee River, ca. 5 mi E Reliance, 3 Oct 1978, Kral 62761 (VDB); Phyllite ledges and island along Hiwassee River, ca. 5 mi E Reliance, 3 Oct 1978, Kral 62768 (NY, TENN); McFarland Quad., along trail on N side of Hiawasee River above Apalachia Powerhouse, Cherokee National Forest, 18 Sep 1981 Fusiak s. n. (NY).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49476511FE44FB3E5493601D.taxon	description	Primary author: Mason Brock The identity of a Sabulina patula - like entity in the rugged calcareous barrens and cliffs in the mid-south has long perplexed botanists. These populations resemble S. patula (Michx.) Small ex Rydb. in many respects, and most herbarium specimens are currently identified under historical synonyms, viz., Arenaria patula Michx., Minuartia patula (Michx.) Mattf., and Mononeuria patula (Michx.) Dillenb. & Kadereit. However, the S. patula - like populations are distinct in their sepal and seed morphology, inflorescence and growth habit, and habitat. They are described here as a new species: Sabulina diffusa. This new taxa was first brought to my attention during a collection trip to an area of limestone cliffs in Estill County Kentucky in 2019. The Sabulina growing at this location was highly aberrant from the S. patula I was accustomed to seeing around the disturbed flat limestone glades of the Nashville Basin. The branches were divaricate-spreading, forming a bush-like mound, and the plant in general was more robust. In addition, the sepals had three nerves, as opposed to the five nerves of the S. patula with which I was familiar. This problem inspired me to visit the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO) in 2020, where I investigated this issue more deeply and began mapping populations from herbarium specimens. In both the regional Atlas of Kentucky (Campbell & Medley 2012) and in Bassett Maguire’s 1951 conspectus of Arenaria (Maguire 1951) this eastern Sabulina was treated as disjunct populations of what is now known as S. muscorum (Fassett) E. E. Schill. [syn. Arenaria patula var. robusta (Steyerm.) Maguire, Minuartia muscorum (Fassett) Rabeler, Mononeuria muscorum (Fassett) Dillenb. & Kadereit]. This eastern mapping of S. muscorum is also currently being adopted by Weakley’s Flora of the Southeastern United States (Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). The primary reason these populations have been called S. muscorum by some researchers is understandable: the sepals have three nerves as in S. muscorum instead of five found in S. patula. However, as noted by Rabeler et al. (2005), a close examination of the seed morphology reveals a problem with these plants simply being S. muscorum: They have the tuberculate surface texture typical of S. patula, distinctly unlike the pebbled-papillose surface texture typical of S. muscorum (Rabeler et al. 2005). In addition, the general habit of these plants is more diffuse with a divaricate-spreading inflorescence, in contrast with the more sparingly flowered and erect-spreading inflorescence of the western S. muscorum. A recent phylogenetic study of the stichwort complex provided additional genetic evidence of this taxon’s distinctiveness (Schilling et al. 2022). As part of a study that used molecular data of populations of Caryophyllaceae to determine generic delimitations within the family, they revealed that Sabulina patula as it is currently understood is polyphyletic, with two specimens from eastern Tennessee (from Claiborne and Knox counties, TENN herbarium) appearing more closely related to S. michauxii (Fenzl) Dillenb. & Kadereit [syn. Arenaria stricta Michx., Alsine michauxii Fenzl, Minuartia michauxii (Fenzl) Farw.] than other populations of S. patula. This molecular data also showed that these populations were distinct from the clade containing S. muscorum. An examination of these specimens on the online SERNEC database revealed that they indeed are specimens of the unusual and difficult-to-place entity in question. This unexpected placement of the atypical Sabulina as sister to neither S. patula nor S. muscorum confirms what other lines of evidence has already indicated: These populations represent an undescribed species.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF4944651FFFF8FBEA572D6292.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Sabulina diffusa appears morphologically similar to S. michauxii, S. muscorum and S. patula but differs as follows: from S. michauxii in its reduced to absent axillary leaves and its stipitate-glandular inflorescence branches; from S. muscorum in its narrower and more linear leaves, its tuberculate seed surface (as opposed to pebbled-papillose) and more diffuse-divaricate mature inflorescence branches; and from S patula in its larger seeds, its tendency to have fewer and weaker sepal nerves (Figs. 5, 6), its diffuse-divaricate mature inflorescence branches (Fig. 4), and its shorter and less acuminate sepal tips (Figs. 5, 6). In addition, S. diffusa has a later flowering time where sympatric with S. patula.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF4944651FFFF8FBEA572D6292.taxon	description	Description. — Taprooted annual. Stems ascending to lax, 10 – 27 cm, stipitate-glandular, sometimes minutely so. Leaves linear, up to 25 mm × 1 mm, decreasing in size distally, 1 - veined abaxially (weakly 3 veined at base), linear, glabrous to stipitate-glandular; reduced axillary present or absent. Inflorescences spreading-ascending in flower, becoming diffusely divaricate-branching in fruit; bracts 1 - nerved. Pedicels 1 – 3 cm, stipitate-glandular. Sepals lanceolate, 3.5 – 5.2 mm, apex acute (rarely acuminate), glabrous to sparsely stipitate-glandular; green with hyaline margin, prominently 3 veined (occasionally 5), spaces between veins wider than veins; petals 5 – 8 mm long, weakly notched. Seeds reddish brown to black, 0.5 – 0.7 (0.75) mm across, tuberculate with low, rounded ridges. Additional collections. GEORGIA. Murray Co.: cedar glade at cross road between old and new GA 411, opposite and W of Carters regulation dam, 0.5 mi W of L & N, Conasuga ribbon dolomite, 10 May 1986, Samuel B. Jones 24784 (GA). KENTUCKY. Barren Co.: Prewitt’s Knob, 0.5 mi SW of Cave City on US 31 W, 28 Apr 1979, G. P. Johnson 611 (APSC). Edmonson Co.: vicinity of Mammoth Cave, May 1899, E. J. Palmer s. n. (NY). Estill Co.: Grassy Knob, cedar glade like area near the summit on SW corner of knob, ca. 2 air mi SW of Hargett, 11 Jun 1983 M. Medley 8142 (APSC). Garrard Co.: narrow limestone point between unnamed stream and Dix River near end of Bryantsville- Buena Vista Road, 8 May 1987, M. Medley 16005 (APSC). Jackson Co.: Berea College Forest, Owsley Fork Reservoir west-trending Mississippian limestone outcrop cliff crevices and ledges, 26 May 1983, R. L. Thompson 83 - 1244 (APSC, BEREA). Jessamine Co.: Brooklyn Bridge on US 68 at Kentucky River, wooded bluffs just east of bridge, 1 Jun 1984, M. Medley 10246 (APSC). Madison Co.: Berea College Forest, on limestone cap on NW and N lobes of Robe Mountain, 14 Jul 1982, D. Taylor 1819 (BEREA, LSU). Mercer Co.: Shaker Ferry on W side of ephemeral stream ravine, dry limestone bluff edges and upper bluffs, 1 Jun 1987, M. Medley 10188 (APSC). Pulaski Co.: by Short Creek on Short Creek Road near Stab, 20 May 1983, M. Medley 7733 (APSC). Warren Co.: Hwy 31 W glade, 4 Jun 1971, Baskin 1053 (APSC). MISSOURI. Howell Co.: in section 3, 4 mi E of Lanton limestone glade along Myatt Creek, 27 Apr 1938, J. Steyermark 5174 (MO). Oregon Co.: The Narrows, W of Calm limestone glade above Blue Spring, 11 May 1935, J. Steyermark 18911 (MO). TENNESSEE. Claiborne Co.: Hwy 33 and Sharps Chapel Road, in PLROW, 36 ° 21 ' 3.84 ” N, 83 ° 44 ' 10.93 " W. Abundant on large mossy boulders and on limestone pavement. 19 Apr 2016, Aaron Floden 2917 (TENN). Knox Co.: on limestone gravel and outcrops, in power line cut near quarry at Marbledale, TN, 35.965206 - 84.136571, 16 May 2003, C. Winder s. n. (TENN). White Co.: vicinity of Blue Hole at Rock Island, 23 May 2011, D. Estes 11956 (APSC). VIRGINIA. Lee Co.: cedar-limestone barrens west of county road 656, 0.6 mi S of US 58, 6 mi west of Jonesville, 7 Jun 1984, L. J. Uttal 13194 (CM, FSU).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF494E651BFD82FE5755C26107.taxon	description	Around 30 years ago, we first noticed a confusing Rhynchospora in central peninsular Florida. When using bristle characters, it keyed to Rhynchospora decurrens Chapm., but it lacked the decurrent tubercle base of that species, and also differed in spikelet color, inflorescence shape, and habitat. We distributed five collections of this entity to herbaria labeled as R. decurrens before realizing it only superficially resembled that species. At that time, Rhynchospora sect. Mixtae Kük. (sensu McMillan 2007) was not well studied, with some species (such as R. sulcata Gale) not consistently recognized until the detailed work on Rhynchospora in South Carolina by McMillan (2006, 2007). Although Florida material was outside of the scope of his study, the detailed descriptions, comparative character tables, illustrations, and discussion of variation in McMillan (2007), convinced us that our peninsular Florida entity did not match any of the known species in sect. Mixtae, and consequently, we here name R. vernalis as a new species. Rhynchospora vernalis is named for its typically early spring peak flowering and fruiting, often with mature achenes by April or May in central Florida, when it is most conspicuous. This robust, clump-forming perennial species will occasionally reflower later in the season, but it typically has mature fruit long before most species of Rhynchospora in undisturbed habitats. It is distinguished from other species of Rhynchospora sect. Mixtae with some difficulty. Superficially, it might be mistaken for Rhynchospora mixta Britton, R. elliottii A. Gray, or R. microcarpa Baldwin ex A. Gray. The new species R. vernalis has a much more spreading inflorescence of lighter brown colored spikelets than R. microcarpa, and forms larger clumps of stiffer culms than does R. mixta. It tends to differ in habitat from either of these species, being locally abundant in deep wet prairies, shallow marshy, depressional ponds, and in the grassy groundcover of open cypress dome swamps. In these habitats, it is often in association with R. inundata Fernald and R. cephalantha A. Gray, and less commonly with R. fascicularis Vahl, R. filifolia A. Gray, R. rariflora Elliott, R. latifolia Baldwin ex Elliott, and R. tracyi Britton, none of which are closely related. It will key incompletely to R. sulcata or R. microcarpa in McMillan (2007) and to these or R. decurrens in most other keys to southeastern US Rhynchospora, but differs in several characters from each of these, as detailed in the description and key. It is rather common and widespread in central peninsular Florida, becoming less frequent north and south of this region.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF494E6518FFF8FACD548E601D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Similar to Rhynchospora microcarpa, differing in being more robust, with widely spreading primary inflorescence branches, lighter brown spikelets, and with unequal bristle lengths from 0.9 – 1.5 times as long as the achene body.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF494E6518FFF8FACD548E601D.taxon	description	Description. — Densely cespitose perennial, typically with 8 – 18 (– 26) culms per clump. Largest culms in each clump mostly 1.2 – 1.4 (– 1.7) m tall, with shorter culms in the clumps 0.4 – 1.0 m tall, each culm with (3 –) 7 – 12 (– 21) basally disposed leaves. Leaves (11 –) 40 – 60 (– 88) cm long, (2 –) 3 – 5 (– 7) mm wide, glabrous. Inflorescence (11 –) 20 – 32 (– 50) cm long, typically occupying only the terminal 20 – 30 % of the culm length. Inflorescence units (clusters) mostly 2 – 3 (– 5) per culm, 3 – 5 (– 6) cm wide, (3 –) 5 – 8 (– 12) cm long, subtended by a leaf-like bract mostly 2 – 5 (– 8) cm long and 1 – 2 mm wide, the primary branches of each unit spreading to ascending in flower, not flexuous, becoming ascending in fruit, each unit rather open and diffuse (not congested) with elongate primary branches, the terminal branchlets mostly separated, each with a terminal cluster of 3 – 8 well-defined spikelets, not closely packed, the lowermost spikelets in each cluster pedicellate. Spikelets light to medium brown (not dark brown), broadly ovoid, 2 – 3.5 mm long, 2 – 3 mm wide, often 3 – 5 or more fruited, spikelet scales broadly ovate, abruptly short-aristate. Achenes broadly obovoid, biconvex, but not strongly tumid, light to medium brown (not dark brown), 1.0 – 1.2 mm long, 0.8 – 1.1 mm wide, the length / width ratio mostly 1.0 – 1.2. Achene surface strongly transversely ridged, with 6 – 8 mostly irregular ridges, the alveolae very narrow. Bristles 6, sometimes easily detached, finely antrorsely barbed, 0.9 – 1.6 mm long, unequal in length, from 0.9 – 1.5 times as long as the achene body, the shortest slightly shorter than the achene body, the longest nearly as long as the tubercle. Tubercle broadly conic to deltoid, narrower than the top of the achene body, 0.4 – 0.5 mm wide at the base, 0.4 – 0.5 mm long, distinct from the achene body and not decurrent on the achene, the margins smooth (not setose). See Figs. 10 – 13. In Flora of North America, Volume 23, page 228, Kral (2002), in his discussion of Rhynchospora microcarpa, states “ In peninsular Florida, apparent intergradation with R. elliottii produces some individuals with broad leaves and triangular subulate tubercles on nearly flat fruits. ” McMillan (2007) notes that, as expected, some characters overlap between the closely related species of this section, but that these do not show a pattern which would indicate intergradation between species. This manuscript further clarifies these issues, since some of the confusion between R. microcarpa and R. elliottii for specimens now referred to R. vernalis is borne out by annotation labels in which experts shift determinations back and forth between these two species. Writing a consistently workable key to Rhynchospora sect. Globulares and Mixtae has been a challenge for many authors. In Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022 a), LeBlond combines these two sections into a single long key with several of the species (notably, R. microcarpa, R. decurrens, and R. sulcata) keying out in multiple couplets, based on subtle differences in achene thickness (expressed as having either tumid, biconvex, concave-convex, flattened or concave achene faces) and bristle length, which can vary between species in these sections from being absent or nearly so to consistently exceeding the tubercle length. However, in each of these key locations, R. vernalis will key out imperfectly at the couplets separating R. decurrens, R. microcarpa and R. sulcata. The couplets from the key below separating these can be inserted in the Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022 a) key and will likely work in identifying R. vernalis. The following key is based on the Rhynchospora key in McMillan (2006, 2007), for sect. Mixtae.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49566501FD9CFD9857AE651D.taxon	description	Primary author: Scott G. Ward The species Euphorbia oblongata Griseb. is hereby confirmed as a naturalized member of the flora of the eastern United States. Currently it appears to be only occurring sporadically and spontaneously in disturbed anthropogenic habitats, but it has spread considerably in the western United States. This naturalized species has likely been overlooked in the eastern United States due to lack of concerted urban Euphorbia collections, its relatively recent naturalization, and possible confusion with other members of subgenus Esula Pers. I present here a brief history of spread, and detailed pictures and descriptions for E. oblongata as well as a revised partial dichotomous key and comparisons for Euphorbia subg. Esula in the southeastern US. Further monitoring and herbarium work may reveal further naturalized populations in our area. Introduction Eggleaf spurge (Euphorbia oblongata) has long been established in the flora of the western United States. Originally native to southern Europe in the Aegean region and southern Balkan peninsula (Smith & Tutin 1968), E. oblongata has since naturalized elsewhere in North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and throughout remaining portions of Europe. In California, It has been documented as occurring spontaneously since at least 1929 as a garden escape (Copeland 1221, DAV), and was increasingly being collected from established populations as early as the 1950 ’ s. It is now recognized as a noxious weed in California, Oregon, and Washington (Kartesz 2015; Riina et al. 2016). While its documentation has been extensive westward, an increasing number of recent iNaturalist observations suggest that this species may now be spontaneously occurring outside of cultivation in the eastern US. Despite this uptick in observations, only two collections are currently known from the eastern US: one from a Bronx County, NY specimen originally identified as Euphorbia cyparissias (Roy 104, NY) and another specimen originally identified as Euphorbia platyphylla [os] collected in Orange County, NC in 2010 by Alan S. Weakley and later brought to my attention recently by Alan S. Weakley and Carol Ann McCormick (see location for Ward 1529, Fig. 14). The former specimen (Roy 104) was not annotated to its correct identity as E. oblongata until 33 years after its initial identification in 2015 (D. Atha), and the latter specimen (Weakley s. n., NCU; lacking roots) had not been examined since its initial determination in 2010, thus, further specimens could be awaiting proper identification in other regional herbaria. As a relatively recent naturalized member of the flora, Euphorbia oblongata is understandably underrepresented in other regional or statewide plant atlas authorities (e. g., Kartesz 2010; LeGrand et al. 2023). The overall lack of attention afforded this species in the southeast could be due, in part, to confusion or disinterest in identification within subg. Esula or merely that this species has only intermittently naturalized in our region. Additionally, its status as an overlooked garden waif may also be due to the uncertainty of whether current populations are truly occuring spontaneously. Given the recent increased spread of non-native garden flora throughout the southeastern US (e. g., Mahonia beadlei, Ilex crenata, Ilex cornuta), and shorter invasion lag time for non-native herbaceous plant species (Niemiera & Holle 2009), a close but perhaps not overly obsessive eye should be kept on E. oblongata.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF4954650FFFF8FE8C526F673B.taxon	description	Euphorbia oblongata has a similar gestalt to E. obtusata and E. spathulata, but differs primarily in having distinct woody taproots (vs. annual with thin herbaceous taproots), and conspicuously villous (vs. glabrous) stems and pleiochasial branches (Fig. 15). Euphorbia oblongata will often form dense cespitose clumps, with as many as 4 – 6 stems often arising from a single taproot (Fig. 14). While E. obtusata and E. spathulata may also have multiple stems arising from their taproots, they also appear to more often contain single culms. The leaves of E. oblongata are often much wider (to 25 mm) compared to E. obtusata and E. spathulata (to 11 mm wide). Furthermore, E. oblongata is unique within the southeastern members of subg. Esula that bear serrulate or crenulate leaf margins in that it is the only perennial species with a robust woody taproot (see key below). Euphorbia oblongata appears to currently grow in highly urbanized or garden-adjacent suburban habitats, along roadsides, in botanical gardens and in other similar disturbed anthropogenic or cultivated habitats. It does not appear to be readily establishing within intact or higher-quality natural areas in our area. In the western US; however, it appears to be opportunistic and more closely tied to human-impacted habitats, but still clearly established within intact natural areas (especially in the San Francisco Bay area). It could eventually occur similarly in the eastern US. Euphorbia oblongata clearly occurs outside of cultivation in at least portions of Virginia and North Carolina (Fredericksburg County, VA; Orange County, NC; Wake County, NC), but its occurrence as truly spontaneous is questionable elsewhere (New York County, New York; Hamilton County, OH; Orange County, NC; Orange County, NC; Wake County, NC). It is also obviously cultivated at arboreta and private or public botanical gardens; remaining iNaturalist observations appear to be strictly cultivated. The southeastern US is home to a number of non-native Euphorbia taxa, most of which thrive in disturbed areas. These disturbances will surely increase in abundance, especially as projections for southeastern urbanization continue to look potentially drastic (Terando et al. 2014). A brief note on Euphorbia spathulata and E. obtusata It is not a primary objective of this paper to discuss the taxonomic history of E. spathulata Lam. and E. obtusata Pursh; however, these two species have been distinguished (Yatskievych 2006) or discussed (Riina et al. 2016) based upon a variety of characters listed in the key below. Other authors have segregated this group further, such as Galarhoeus arkansanus (Engelm. & A. Gray) Small ex Rydb., which allegedly occurs even further westward to Alaska and has slightly shorter capsules than E. obtusata (Small 1933). There appears to be ample morphological evidence to support E. obtusata at species rank (see key below). Additionally, while E. spathulata appears to prefer glades, prairies, bluffs, and dry or similar disturbed areas, E. obtusata appears to prefer sites with more soil moisture such as streambanks, rivers and bottomland forests (although it apparently also can similarly sometimes occur in disturbed areas, see Yatskievych 2006). More research is certainly still needed to clarify the distributions of both taxa (E. spathulata is apparently more westerly in its distribution) and to solidify the morphological characters most reliable in deciphering the two, as well as apparent intergrades discussed in Riina et al. (2016). Partial key to members of Euphorbia subgenus Esula with serrulate leaf margins in the southeastern United States. Key primarily based upon Yatskievych 2006, Riina et al. 2016, & Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a. 1. PrinCipal stem leaves finely serrulate or Crenulate (espeCially toward the apex); [subgenus ESUla, seCt. HelioSCopia]. 2. Ovary and Capsule smooth. 3. Leaf margins Crenulate, the teeth rounded; terminal pleioChasial branChes (rays) usually 3 and not or less radiant from above; Capsules 1.6 – 2 mm long; seeds 1.4 – 1.5 mm long; [endemiC to southeastern TX and adjaCent LA] ________________________________________________________________________________________________ E. texana 3. Leaf margins serrulate, the teeth pointed; terminal pleioChasial branChes (rays) usually 5 and ConspiCuously radi- ating from above; Capsules 2.5 – 4 mm long; seeds 1.6 – 2.2 mm long; [unCommon non-native of disturbed areas in e. US] _______________________________________________________________________________________ E. helioscopia 2. Ovary and Capsule verruCose-roughened. 4. Plants perennial, with thiCkened woody taproots; stems villous (often densely so, espeCially on infloresCenCe branChes); leaves to 25 mm wide; [non-native waif] __________________________________________________ E. oblongata 4. Plants annual, rarely biennial, with thin herbaCeous to only partially woody taproots; stems glabrous (or oCCasion- ally pilose in E. platyphylloS); leaves to 11 mm wide; [natives and waifs]. 5. Leaves sparsely pilose, usually with aCute apiCes; plants usually with 5 terminal pleioChasial branChes; [non-native waif, disturbed areas] _____________________________________________________________ E. platyphyllos 5. Leaves glabrous, usually with obtuse or rounded apiCes; plants usually with 3 terminal pleioChasial branChes; [natives of intaCt and disturbed areas]. 6. Seeds smooth or very obsCurely retiCulate, 1.7 – 2.5 mm long; Cyathia with the involuCre 1.2 – 1.5 mm long; involuCral braCts typiCally red; diChasial braCts Cordate-Clasping _____________________________________ E. obtusata 6. Seeds distinCtly alveolate, 1.3 – 1.8 mm long; Cyathia with the involuCre 0.6 – 0.9 mm long; involuCral braCts typiCally yellow; diChasial braCts rounded to subCordate ___________________________________________ E. spathulata 1. PrinCipal stem leaves entire ______________________________________________________________ (Numerous other species)	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495A650EFDBFFC8955EA657C.taxon	description	In preparing a species account of Sisyrinchium rosulatum Bicknell for the Vascular Plants of North Carolina website (LeGrand et al. 2023), I felt uncomfortable assigning it a native status, even though it is considered to be native and endemic to the southern United States (Cholewa & Henderson 2002). The vast majority of specimens at the SERNEC data portal (SERNEC, sernecportal. org) from North Carolina and also from South Carolina were collected from roadsides, lawns, and other open disturbed sites. Very few were collected from apparently natural habitats, such as longleaf pine (Pinus palustris P. Miller) savannas and slopes near streams. However, the fact that nearly all North and South Carolina records of S. rosulatum are from disturbed habitats does not automatically render it an alien; there are a number of plant species native and endemic to the Southeastern United States that occur primarily in roadsides and powerlines, e. g., Crocanthemum rosmarinifolium (Pursh) Janchen. Additional searches through SERNEC in 2022 revealed that throughout its distribution in the United States, S. rosulatum occurs in roadsides and other disturbed sites. The Atlas of North American Plants (Kartesz 2015) maps it primarily on the coastal plain from southeastern Virginia to southern Florida, west to central Arkansas, south-central Texas (Bastrop and Travis counties), and southeastern Texas (Jackson and Matagorda counties). There are records extending inland to western North Carolina, northwestern South Carolina, northern Georgia, northern Alabama, and northern Mississippi. Neither Kartesz (2015, Cholewa and Henderson (2002), nor Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022 a) suggest that it extends southward into Mexico or the West Indies. From the original description by Bicknell (1899) to the present, authors of floras and floristic works have treated S. rosulatum as native and endemic to the United States. Bicknell (1899) stated that it was “ Very distinct from any of our eastern species, having its affinity with certain South American forms and a Mexican and Central American species which is perhaps unnamed. ” The earliest collection date of S. rosulatum is 1852 [Sullivan’s Island, SC, Gibbes s. n. (NY)]. This relatively early date is suggestive of native status, but by no means proof, as there are many native species in the Southeast that were not discovered until later in the 19 th and 20 th centuries, and many alien species documented as early as the late 17 th and 18 th centuries. Examples of early discoveries that were originally thought to be native to the United States, but later determined to be native elsewhere include Commelina caroliniana Walter (India) and Modiola caroliniana (L.) G. Don (South America). Modiola, and perhaps also Sisyrinchium rosulatum, may have arrived in the U. S. via early maritime trade from old South American ports such as Buenas Aires, Argentina and Salvador, Brazil, many decades prior to the first specimen collections.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495B650CFFD0FADB576F607D.taxon	description	The native range of Sisyrinchium micranthum is primarily South American: southern Brazil, Uruguay, northern Argentina, and eastern Paraguay (Zuloaga et al. 2008). In addition, plants originally determined as S. iridifolium Kunth in northern South America have been included within S. micranthum by recent authors. Sisyrinchium micranthum has also been documented from Central America north to Chiapas, Mexico (Henrich & Goldblatt 1994) and the West Indies (Henrich & Goldblatt 1987). There are specimens at SERNEC (SERNEC 2022, herbarium TEX) that extend the Mexican range to Coahuila and Nuevo Leon states, both of which border on Texas. All of the above are treated as natural occurrences by the authors. As an alien or adventive plant, Sisyrinchium micranthum (including synonyms S. iridifolium, S. laxum) has been documented from Australia, California, China, Fiji, Korea, Madagascar, Malaysia, New Guinea, New Zealand, South Africa, and Sri Lanka (GBIF 2022). Yamaguchi and Hirai (1987) studied hybridization among color morphs of non-native S. rosulatum in Japan, “ introduced from North America, ” identification made by K. Hornberger. Of note, one of these variants was previously identified as S. iridifolium var. laxum (Otto) Maekewa, which is native to South America and now treated as a synonym of S. micranthum. Thus, Japanese alien plants apparently involved two “ species. ” In the United States, Oliver and Lewis (1962) determined chromosome numbers for plants of “ S. laxum ” collected in Angelina and Nocogdoches counties, Texas; and plants of “ S. micranthum ” collected in Angelina, Hardin, and Trinity counties, Texas. Both represent the first reports of those two South American taxa in North America. To comply with North American nomenclatural concepts of the time, Shinners added an Editor’s Note (p. 43), stating that S. laxum = S. rosulatum and S. micranthum = S. exile, based on flower color. Here again, Shinners treats the North and South American entities as conspecific and non-native in the United States. Clearly, there has been much confusion regarding the specific boundaries of the members of the S. rosulatum / micranthum complex. Keys and descriptions do not provide any real help, as mensural characters overlap greatly if not completely, flower color is duplicated in both North and South America, and fruit size and color overlap completely. Johnston (1938) stated: “ In my key I have given the characters which usually serve to distinguish S. laxum from S. micranthumz … There are plants which present embarrassing combinations of characters … from the region of overlap … where hybridization may be expected. ” Chauveau et al. (2011, p. 1299) stated: “ The range recorded in the World Checklist of Iridaceae for S. micranthum was applied similarly to all morphotypes of the complex, because their respective ranges were impossible to determine accurately from the existing data. ” Shin et al. (2016) stated: “ Because of the morphological plasticity observed within S. micranthum and the lack of careful studies on S. rosulatum, the identification of the two species is often unclear and recent molecular studies suggested that both are a single species, i. e., S. micranthum. ” Examples of the variation are shown in Fig. 16.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495E650AFDB9FF59568A65FC.taxon	description	Primary authors: R. Kevan Schoonover McClelland and Alan S. Weakley A detailed review of the published names in the genus Trichostema (Lamiaceae) uncovered inconsistencies with applications of species names. Linnaeus (1753) named two species of Trichostema, T. dichotomum L. and T. brachiatum L. These two species have been assumed to represent the two most widely distributed species of the genus in eastern North America for the past 220 years, although Trichostema brachiatum has sometimes been placed in the genus Isanthus Michaux (1803), based on its different flower morphology (as I. brachiatus (L.) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb.; Poggenburg et al. 1888). The lectotype of Trichostema brachiatum was designated in 2001 (Jarvis et al. 2001) and has since been determined to be an illustration of Trichostema dichotomum (McClelland 2022). Based on the lectotype, it is clear that Trichostema brachiatum / Isanthus brachiatus is conspecific with Trichostema dichotomum. Given that T. dichotomum and T. brachiatum were published simultaneously and their synonymy has not been established before, we choose to place T. brachiatum in synonymy under T. dichotomum given that T. dichotomum is the generitype species. Furthermore, because of the new synonymy, a new combination is needed for the plant originally published as Isanthus coeruleus Michaux (1803) in the genus Trichostema. Appropriate synonymy for T. dichotomum, T. brachiatum, and I. coeruleus Michaux (1803) is provided in addition to a new combination for I. coeruleus in the genus Trichostema. Furthermore, a monotypic section is erected to hold this species, based on our current understanding of the phylogeny of Trichostema. Background	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495E650AFDB9FF59568A65FC.taxon	description	Despite the extensive treatment of these two species, typification of the names was not effected until the late 20 th and early 21 st centuries (Epling 1929 and Lewis 1945 both use the term “ standard ” for T. brachiatum, which is not considered valid typification by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants [ICN]; Turland et al. 2018). Isanthus coeruleus had a lectotype designated by Uttal (1984) based on Michaux’s specimens in the Paris Herbarium (P). Trichostema brachiatum was determined to have no specimens present that could be considered original material, so Reveal designated the illustration from Dillenius (1732) cited by Linnaeus (1753) as the lectotype of that species (Jarvis et al. 2001). It is clear looking at the lectotype of T. brachiatum that this species name does not apply to the plant later named I. coeruleus by Michaux. For a more in-depth discussion of the application of species names and synonymy, see McClelland (2022).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495D6535FFD0F9E956AA67FD.taxon	description	Sectional Taxonomy in Trichostema The affinities of T. coeruleum within the genus Trichostema have been uncertain. Sometimes treated in a separate genus Isanthus, the species has more recently been included in Trichostema, and in sect. Orthopodium (Lewis 1945). Current morphologic and phylogenetic evidence (see below in Discussion) suggests that the species is discordant in sect. Orthopodium and is best placed in its own monotypic section. Given that this species was originally named in a separate genus, we retain that name at the new rank of section, creating the new combination: Trichostema Gronov. sect. Isanthus (Michx.) K. S. McClell, comb. et stat. nov. BASIONYM: Isanthus Michx., Fl. Bor. - Amer. (Michaux) 2: 3. 1803. TYPE: Trichostema coeruleum (Michx.) K. S. McClell., specimen 74: 18 (Uttal 1984) at P, here designated.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495D6535FFD0F9E956AA67FD.taxon	discussion	Discussion. — Lewis (1945) placed T. coeruleum (as T. brachiatum) in sect. Orthopodium based largely on its annual life history, strongly nerved leaves, and base chromosome number of n = 7. While these three characters do align T. coeruleum with members of sect. Orthopodium, recent morphological and genetic analyses (Huang et al. 2008; McClelland 2022; McClelland & Weakley in review; Fig. 20) show that this species does not form a clade with the rest of sect. Orthopodium. There are several morphological, cytological, and genetic differences (apart from the statistical analyses) that distinguish sect. Isanthus from the other sections. The combination of being an herbaceous annual, having actinomorphic calyces, and having a base chromosome number of n = 7 sets sect. Isanthus apart from sects. Chromocephalum, Paniculatum, Rhodanthum, and Trichostema. Morphological characteristics that separate sect. Isanthus from sect. Orthopodium are the two lateral nerves arising near the base of the leaf (vs. multiple lateral nerves arising in a pinnate fashion), greatly reduced inflorescence having a maximum of 3 to 5 flowers per axil (vs. regularly having more than five flowers per inflorescence axil), nearly straight stamens emerging directly from the throat of the corolla (vs. arching stamens emerging along the notch in the two most posterior lobes), and nearly actinomorphic corollas with little differentiation between the four posterior and one anterior lobe (vs. zygomorphic corollas with clear differentiation between the four posterior and one anterior lobe). There is also a genetic characteristic that separates sect. Isanthus from sect. Orthopodium, which is the presence of an eleven base-pair insertion in the ITS- 1 gene that is absent in sect. Orthopodium but shared among sects. Isanthus, Trichostema, Rhodanthum, and Paniculatum. In addition to the genetic and morphological evidence presented, the geographic range of this section does not correspond with that of sect. Orthopodium but rather sects. Paniculatum and Trichostema (Lewis 1945; McClelland 2022). All other sections are genetically and geographically cohesive in addition to being morphologically and cytologically cohesive (Lewis 1945, 1960; Huang et al. 2008; McClelland 2022), supporting the recognition of Trichostema sect. Isanthus as a distinct taxon.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495D6535FFD0F9E956AA67FD.taxon	description	Description. — Herbaceous annuals to 40 cm tall; Stems hirtellous with short, downwardly curled hairs, pilose with long, spreading eglandular hairs to 1 mm, occasionally with capitate glands. Leaves elliptic to nearly linear, 2 – 5 × 0.4 – 1.6 cm, base subcuneate, margins entire, apex acute. Inflorescences loose, 1 – 3 (– 5) - flowered. Calyx actinomorphic, to 4 – 7.7 mm in fruit, hirtellous with short, downwardly curled hairs, pilose with long, spreading hairs to 1 mm, with capitate glands, lobes distinct, subequal, narrowly deltate to lanceolate, acute, 1.5 – 2 times longer than tube; corolla ± actinomorphic, blue-lavender to pale pink-lavender, tube straight, 1.6 – 3.5 mm, shorter than calyx lobes, anterior lobe 1.3 – 2.1 mm; stamens 2.3 – 4.2 mm, ± straight. Nutlets 1.9 – 2.9 mm, alveolate, hirtellous, with capitate glands, ridges prominent. 2 n = 14.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF495D6535FFD0F9E956AA67FD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — The epithet Isanthus is derived from the genus name Isanthus. The roots of the word are derived from isos, Greek for equal, and anthos, Greek for flower, referring to the nearly actinomorphic flowers.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49606533FDB8FBCC57C3657D.taxon	description	Primary author: Alan S. Weakley Rohwer (1993) stated that many of the genera in the Lauraceae were “ in need of revision ” or “ badly in need of revision, ” and many were noted as likely needing splitting or changes in circumscription. In the three decades since, molecular phylogenetic results have clarified the circumscription of some of the component genera in ways that affect species present as native or naturalized in the southeastern North United States. Trofimov et al. (2016) removed Damburneya Raf. from Nectandra Rottb., resulting in the recognition of Damburneya coriacea (Swartz) Trofimov & Rohwer (formerly often placed in Nectandra or Ocotea Aubl.) in the Flora of the Southeastern United States (Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). Work by Huang et al. (2016) and Yank et al. (2022) have resulted in the resegregation of Camphora Fabr. from Cinnamomum Schaeff., resulting in treatment of the non-native and invasive camphor tree as Camphora officinarum Nees, often in the past called Cinnamomum camphorum (L.) J. Presl. Future changes in circumscription are likely in Lindera Thunb. — “ almost certainly polyphyletic ” and “ badly in need of revision ” (Rohwer 1993) — and Litsea — “ comprising both anatomically and morphologically different groups, suggesting that the complex can be split into smaller entities ” (Rohwer 1993) – and reworking of the circumscription of these genera may result in our few southeastern United States species being placed in other genera (both Lindera and Litsea are typified on Chinese species which may or may not clade with ours). Persea Mill. (as broadly interpreted) is represented in the southeastern United States by three native species and the non-native and widely cultivated avocado, Persea americana P. Mill. Molecular phylogenetic results of Xiao et al. (2022) show five clades in tribe Perseeae. Clade I consists of P. borbonia in a clade with Dehaasia Blume 1836, Nothaphoebe Blume 1851 (including its type species), and species of Alseodaphne Nees 1831 (including its type species). Clade II consists of Persea americana (the type species of Persea). Clade III consists of Alseodaphnopsis H. W. Li & J. Li 2017. Clade IV includes Phoebe Nees 1836 and a single sampled species of Nothaphoebe (not its type). Clade V includes species of Alseodaphne and Alsodaphnopsis, not including the types of either genus. Clade VI consists of Machilus Nees 1831. For the Flora of the Southeastern United States, continuing to treat our native species of “ Persea ” in Persea is clearly wrong; they are not congeneric with Persea americana (the type of the genus) under any conceivable circumscription of the genus (lumping the currently-recognized genera in all 6 clades into a single genus would not be credible). While it is conceivable that the components of Clade I could be treated as a single genus, our native Persea species (as represented in the analysis by P. borbonia) are “ basal ” to the rest of Clade I (Dehaasia, Nothaphoebe, and Alseodaphne), and estimated to diverge from that set of east Asian and southeast Asian genera ca. 39 million years ago. Morphologically distinctive and phylogenetically and geographically isolated, our native “ Persea ” are best treated as a small genus endemic to the southeastern United States and the Bahamas. Fortunately, a genus name is already available: Tamala Raf., named by C. S. Rafinesque (1838), and apparently based on Laurus borbonia L, judging from his reference to L. borbonia in his description of Tamala. Regarding the etymology of the generic name, Rafinesque merely mentioned “ (n. ind). ” Although one might interpret that abbreviation as indicating that Rafinesque derived the genus name from a native American language (tamala = thunderbolt), it appears that he instead derived it from Sanskrit of India (tamala = dark blue, alluding to Laurus tamala Buch. - Ham.). It is additionally helpful that Tamala has a half century of familiarity in the southeastern United States, because of its use in Small’s influential floras (Small 1903, 1913, 1933). We therefore recognize Tamala borbonia (L.) Raf., T. humilis (Nash) Small, and T. palustris Raf. for the Flora of the Southeastern United States.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49666531FD82FE4C54B96214.taxon	description	The taxonomy of bayberries of the southeastern United States (and beyond) has been unsettled and controversial at all ranks below family. In the last several decades, a consensus as to genera has developed, with four genera recognized in the family: Comptonia L’Hér. 1789, Myrica L. 1753, Morella Lour. 1790, and the New Caledonian endemic Canacomyrica Guillaumin 1940. Within Morella, and in eastern North America, though, there has been controversy about the number of taxa to be recognized and their rank, with some taxa not having correct and available names in Morella at the appropriate rank (because of the prevailing use until 1995 of Myrica or Cerothamnus for these taxa). Based on our field experience across the region, we support the recognition of five taxa, each at species rank: Morella inodora (Bartram) Small, Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small, M. pensylvanica (Mirbel) Kartesz, M. cerifera (L.) Small, and a fifth species which until now has lacked an appropriate name at species rank in Morella (provided below). Each species is morphologically distinctive, and in general (see discussion below) does not show introgression, hybridization, or ambiguity when co-occuring in close proximity to congeneric taxa. Morella inodora is uncontroversially recognized at species rank. The other four taxa form two pairs, each of which has sometimes been treated at species rank, sometimes at variety rank, and sometimes lumped. Morella pensylvanica has a largely northeastern distribution, rather common and widespread from Newfoundland west to Quebec and Ontario, south to s. Michigan, n. Ohio, w. NY, and MD, and along the coast to Dare County, North Carolina, where it reaches its southermost occurrence about 100 meters south of the southern town limit of Avon (formerly Kinnakeet). Morella caroliniensis has a more southern distribution, largely restricted to the southeastern Coastal Plain, but less commonly inland, from e. Texas (Pineywoods) and s. Arkansas east to the Florida peninsula (south to Highlands County), and north along the Atlantic Coastal Plain to s. New Jersey. The two are thus sympatric in the mid-Atlantic area from New Jersey to northeastern North Carolina. In that area, they differ in morphology, primary habitats, and primary geography. M. pensylvanica is largely a species of dry to moist, upland, sandy sites, especially maritime dunes, has narrower and more revolute leaves that are more deciduous, larger fruits, and whitish bark, while M. caroliniansis is a species of saturated wetlands, with broader and less revolute leaves that are more evergreen, smaller fruits, and dark bark; see Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022 a) for details. When they occur in proximity to one another in northeastern North Carolina and eastern Virginia, they generally retain these differences; but previous workers have been troubled with ambiguities, especially in southern New Jersey, and especially when dealing with herbarium specimens rather than the plants in the field. Wilbur’s (2002) dismissal of the taxonomic difference of these two species seems based in part on “ herbarium botany ” and his lack of familiarity with (especially) M. pensylvanica in the field. He opines that “ in my experience, species are separable by more and stronger characters than those differentiating these alleged species, ” but the relative convenience of the morphological characters used in the herbarium does not change the fact that these two species are morphologically distinctive across more than 95 % of their collective distribution, and even in some parts of their shared (overlapped) distribution. I believe they therefore warrant recognition as separate entities and at species rank, that there are two entities on separate evolutionary trajectories, with the acknowledgment that some introgression or intermediacy is present in (especially) southern New Jersey. A deeper understanding of the situation there will require genetic analysis and perhaps local population studies. Morella cerifera is the most abundant and widespread species of the genus in our region, with a similar though more extensive distribution than M. caroliniensis in the continental United States, but also extending extensively into the West Indies, Mexico, and Central America. In the United States, it is also now spreading in inland areas because of its horticultural use. This small tree or large, clump-forming shrub (to 15 m tall) is especially common in near-coastal wetlands, variously salt-influenced or fresh, but sometimes occurs in mesic or even sub-xeric upland sites, including longleaf pine flatwoods and dunes. A second entity, the “ Dwarf Bayberry, ” has been recognized (or not) at species or variety rank, and in various genera): Morella pumila (Michx.) Small, Cerothamnus pumilus (Michx.) Small, Myrica cerifera L. var. pumila Michx., and Myrica pusilla Raf. Dwarf Bayberry is a low-growing, clonal shrub, usually 0.2 – 0.6 meters tall, and found in upland longleaf pine flatwoods and sandhills from southeastern Virginia to Florida, and west to southeastern Texas, strictly on the Coastal Plain and completely included within the distribution of Morella cerifera, usually in either deep sandy soils or in sandy spodosol soils (seasonally very dry, but with a spodic hardpan sometimes elevating the water table). Dwarf Bayberry was first given a scientific name by André Michaux (1803), as Myrica cerifera L. var. pumila Michx., which he described as “ fruticulosa, foliis minoribus, magis cuneatis ” [short-shrubby, with smaller leaves that are more narrowly cuneate at the base] and with habitat “ in aridis, a Carolina ad Floridam ” [in dry places, from Carolina to Florida ”]. A few decades later C. S. Rafinesque (1838) also named Dwarf Bayberry, as a species, with the description: “ Myrica pusilla Raf. cerif. pumila Bartr? caule pumilo piloso angulato, fol. sessilib. obov. and cuneatis, apice ineq. serratis acutis, supra rugosis, subtus ferrugineis glabris, margine et nervo ciliatis — minute shrub, only 3 – 6 inches high, in Alabama and Florida, leaves very unequal and less than one inch long, Bartram calls them sinuate and yellow pulverulent. ” Rafinesque’s references to Bartram and “ cerif. pumila Bartr ” might suggest that Bartram named a taxon, but his “ Travels ” (Harper 1958) do not show a nomenclatural act; clearly, though, Rafinesque’s mention of Bartram in regards to this species are derived from the following passages. On p. 187 (near Alachua, Florida) Bartram describes “ we soon entered a level, grassy plain, interspersed with low, spreading, three leaved pine trees, large patches of low shrubs, consisting of Prinos glaber, low Myrica, Kalmia glauca, Andromedas of several species, and many other shrubs. … ” On page 242 (near the Suwanee River, Florida), Bartram describes “ some remarkable barren plains ” and that “ I was struck with astonishment at their dreary appearance; the view Southerly seemed endless wastes, presenting rocky, gravelly, and sandy barren plains, producing scarcely any vegetable substances, except a few scrubby, crooked Pine trees, growing out of heaps of white rocks …; with clumps of mean shrubs, which served only to perpetuate the persecuting power and rage of fire, and to testify the aridity of the soil; the shrubs I observed were chiefly the following, Myrica cerifera, two or three varieties, one of which is very dwarfish; the leaves small, yet toothed or sinuated, of a yellowish green colour, owing to a farinaceous pubescence or vesicula which covers their surfaces; Prinos, varieties, Andromeda ferruginae, Andr. nitida, varieties, Rhamnus frangula, Sideroxilon sericium, Ilex aquifolium, Ilex myrtifolium, Empetrum, Kalmia ciliata, Cassine, and a great variety of shrub oaks, evergreen and deciduous, some of them singularly beautiful; Corypha repens, with a great variety of herbage … ” (Harper 1958). The descriptions by Michaux, Rafinesque, and Bartram each capture essential features of this species: its short, clonal habit, its growth in dry pinelands or “ barrens ” with other short heath and holly shrubs, the shorter and proportionately narrower leaves, very narrowly cuneate at the base, noticeably smaller towards the tips of the branches, and densely punctate glandular, giving a yellowish-green to ferruginous cast to the leaves, especially when young (see Fig. 21 for a representative modern specimen). In our experience, these two plants clearly behave as two distinct species. Particularly in outer Coastal Plain dryish pine flatwoods and sandhills, one can see the two growing interspersed (and also sometimes with Morella caroliniensis), and maintaining their morphological distinctions. Even when these pinelands are fire-suppressed, the Dwarf Bayberry remains short and clonal, while Morella cerifera grows taller. Through the 1800 s and early 1900 s, flora authors universally recognized this taxon, according it species rank (Mohr 1901; Small 1903, 1913, 1933; Harper 1906) or variety rank (Chapman 1860, 1883, 1897; Radford et al. 1968; Clewell 1985), and described its habitat as “ sandy pine barrens ” (Chapman 1860, 1883, 1897), “ open pine woods, dry sandy soil ” (Mohr 1901), “ sandy barrens ” (Small 1913), “ usually in dry or intermediate pine-barrens (Harper 1906), “ sandy acid pinelands ” (Small 1933), “ sandy pinelands and low woods ” (Radford et al. 1968), or “ a diminutive colonial plant of flatwoods ” (Clewell 1985). Mohr (1901) went out of his way to comment that the taxon is “ strictly distinct. ” The features that distinguish Dwarf Bayberry from Morella cerifera are often difficult to distinguish definitively in herbarium specimens, though, and this has contributed to the non-recognition of the Dwarf Bayberry as taxonomically separate from Morella cerifera. Beginning in the 1980 s, this taxon was largely lumped into Morella cerifera (Godfrey & Wooten 1981; Godfrey 1988; Wilbur 1994, 2002; Bornstein 1997; Wunderlin & Hansen 2003, 2011, 2015). Was this because of new studies or observations which cast doubt on the taxonomic recognition of the Dwarf Bayberry? No! — at least not as can be determined from any published work. Probably not coincidentally, this was a time when lumping became fashionable in eastern North American floras, as documented and discussed by Weakley (2005) — the Era of the Big Lump. Poorly prepared herbarium specimens, also lacking good information about the habit, height, and habitat of the plant collected, likely contributed to an uneasiness about the taxonomic status of Dwarf Bayberry. Field observation across the region reveal that the two entities have distinctive distributions, distinctive habitats (with limited overlap), and distinctive morphology; when they do grow in mixed populations they remain clearly distinct. There is some evidence that they are phenologically separated in flowering when growing in proximity, with the Dwarf Bayberry flowering about 3 weeks later (Mohr 1901; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). This is the hallmark of two species — acting as independent evolutionary entities. That the two species can be difficult to sort from herbarium specimens (though easier from field observations and images recorded on iNaturalist) should not be a basis for non-recognition or recognition at only varietal rank — species do not evolve for the convenience of human observers. Two similar epithets have been formally applied to Dwarf Bayberry, one at the rank of variety and one at the rank of species: Myrica cerifera L. var. pumila Michx. 1803 and Myrica pusilla Raf. 1838. Small accepted species rank for the taxon, and made new combinations for it at species rank in three genera: Myrica pumila (Michx.) Small 1896, Morella pumila (Michx.) Small 1903, and Cerothamnus pumilus (Michx.) Small 1913. He erred, at least under the modern ICNafp, however, in making new combinations using Michaux’s epithet ‘ pumila’ at species rank, as Rafinesque’s epithet ‘ pusilla ’ has priority at that rank. If one accepts that the Dwarf Wax-myrtle should be placed in the genus Morella and at species rank (which we do), a new combination is needed. Morella pusilla (Raf.) Weakley & D. B. Poind., comb. nov. BASIONYM: Myrica pusilla Raf., Alsogr. Amer. 10.1838. We have been unsuccessful in locating any type or other original material of Rafinesque’s or Bartram’s. Importantly, Rafinesque (1838) seemingly distinguished between two taxa: 18. Myrica sessilifolia Raf. … “ probably the M. cerifera pumila of Mx. not Bartr. ” and 20. Myrica pusilla Raf. “ cerif. pumila Bartr. ” Therefore, while we believe that Myrica pusilla Raf. and Myrica cerifera var. pumila Michx. are conspecific (and we disagree with Rafinesque’s tentative identification of his M. sessilifolia, “ on the Sea Shores of New Jersey to Florida, shrub 4 to 8 feet high, ” which seems to us like salt-spray-dwarfed Morella cerifera, with Michaux’s Myrica cerifera var. pumila), it seems best and most conservative to treat Myrica pusilla Raf. and Myrica cerifera var. pumila Michx. as heterotypic. In the apparent absence of any original material for the Rafinesquian name, we therefore here designate a neotype for it using a specimen that matches Bartram’s and Rafinesque’s descriptions and is geographically very close to where Bartram found in the plants in present-day Alachua County. TYPE: U. S. A. FLORIDA: Alachua Co.: Longleaf Flatwoods Reserve, SE of Rochelle on W side of Hwy 325, sandy pine savanna, low shrub, mostly ∼ 0.75 m tall, 12 Mar 2022, M. Brock 4294 w / T. Murphy (NEOTYPE, designated here: APSC 0136923). Fig. 21. Note. — Michaux’s name does have original material, but no designated type.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF496B653DFE79FD4F578D653C.taxon	description	Primary authors: Geoffrey A. Levin and Alan S. Weakley It has been recognized for almost two decades that Phyllanthus L., as generally circumscribed, is paraphyletic because Breynia J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (including Sauropus Blume), Glochidion J. R. Forst. & G. Forst., and Synostemon F. Muell. were derived from within it (Wurdack et al. 2004; Kathriarachchi et al. 2005; Hoffmann et al. 2006; Kathriarachchi et al. 2006; Falcón et al. 2020). However, it was not until recently that a phylogeny with sufficient taxon sampling and support to allow resolution not only of relationships among the genera, but also within the very large genera Glochidion and Phyllanthus, became available (Bouman et al. 2021). Although one could argue for recognizing Phyllanthus as comprising all four genera (Hoffmann et al. 2006; Kathriarachchi et al. 2006), doing so would result in a huge (1200 species) and morphologically heterogeneous genus (van Welzen et al. 2014); it would also require significant redefinition of infrageneric taxa within Phyllanthus because very few previously recognized subgenera and sections are monophyletic (Kathriarachchi et al. 2006; Pruesapan et al. 2008, 2012; Bouman et al. 2018; Falcón et al. 2020). An alternative approach is to recognize multiple monophyletic and morphologically diagnosable genera. This has been done by Bouman et al. (2022), who recognized 13 genera in this clade, including 10 from within former Phyllanthus. That approach is accepted here, resulting in three genera being represented by native (and sometimes naturalized) species in the southeastern United States (Moeroris Raf., Nellica Raf., and Phyllanthus s. s.) and four others only by naturalized species (Breynia, Cicca L., Emblica L., and Glochidion). It is noted here that for his new genus Nellica, Rafinesque merely mentioned “ (n. ind) ” and the locality of its type species as “ maderaspatana ” (aka Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India). Nellica is a Tamil name for gooseberry fruit. Regarding Moeroris, Rafinesque did not provide an etymology. In Latin, moeror (in nominative) means “ lamentation, ” and moeroris is its genitive form. Although Bouman et al. (2022) made many new combinations needed for their new classification, they did not make any combinations below the species rank. In order to allow taxonomy to reflect morphological variation within Phyllanthus s. l. species found in the southeastern United States, some new infraspecific combinations are needed. Preparing these new combinations also prompted us to review previous treatments of Phyllanthus abnormis, resulting in a proposed new infraspecific taxon within it. When recognizing infraspecific taxa, one must decide on rank, i. e., subspecies vs. variety. A common approach is to follow tradition within the specific taxonomic group. However, in Phyllanthus, both ranks have been used. Unfortunately, other than the rule that variety is a lower rank than subspecies (Turland et al. 2018), there are no accepted definitions of these ranks. Here, we adopt the philosophy that taxa that are show minor or inconsistent morphological differences but are geographically disjunct are recognized as subspecies, whereas those that intergrade morphologically and geographically are treated as varieties. Our choice of rank is also influenced by the degree of morphological difference, with subspecies being more different from each other than are varieties. Clearly, applying these general, community guidelines is often subjective and different rank choices are defensible.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF4968653DFFF8FE895703628A.taxon	description	In the protologue for Phyllanthus abnormis, Baillon explicitly cited the specimen as being in “ herb. Less., ” meaning the Delessert herbarium, which is now at G. The sheet P 04854498 bears a packet containing a few fragments and labeled “ ex herb. Lessertian., ” confirming the source. Therefore, the holotype is the specimen at G, and the other specimens cited above are isotypes. Small, in the protologue for Phyllanthus drummondii, cited the specimen of Drummond 336 then at Columbia University, now at NY. At NY there are two sheets, explicitly labeled sheets 1 and 2. One is undated, but the other is labeled “ v. Charp. 1839. ” Because Drummond died in 1835, “ 1839 ” cannot be the collection date; presumably is the date it was received from elsewhere. If that is correct, the other specimens of Drummond 336 cited above are isotypes of P. drummondii and the specimen at NY is an isotype of P. abnormis. Two varieties have previously been accepted within this species. The nominate variety has been treated as disjunct between peninsular Florida (now also known from Camden County, Georgia) and Texas, southwestern Oklahoma, southeastern New Mexico, and northern Tamaulipas, Mexico. The other variety, Phyllanthus abnormis Baill. var. riograndensis G. L. Webster, is restricted to the Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas (Webster 1967, 1970; Levin 2016); although its geographic range of this falls within that of var. abnormis, they occupy different habitats and do not appear to co-occur (Levin, pers. obs.). They consistently differ in shape of the glands in the staminate flowers and the maximum number of staminate flowers in the bisexual cymules. Where they approach each other geographically, they also differ in that var. abnormis has smooth stems and var. riograndensis has scabridulous stems; elsewhere in the northwestern part of its range (not Florida, Georgia, or Tamaulipas), var. abnormis often has scabridulous stems (Levin 2016). Webster (1970) stated that var. abnormis and var. riograndensis differ in seed length, but examination of more specimens shows this is not the case (Levin, pers. obs.). Although both Webster (1967, 1970) and (Levin 2016) noted that the Florida populations of var. abnormis (sometimes treated as Phyllanthus garberi Small) have three stamens in one of the two staminate flowers in the proximal cymules, whereas both flowers have only two stamens in the western part of its range, and that the Florida plants have consistently smooth stems, unlike the often scabridulous stems found farther west, they chose not to recognize the Florida populations as a distinct taxon. Upon further reflection, we consider that these differences warrant taxonomic recognition. We also note that whereas the western plants are found on sandy prairies, barrens, and usually interior, often stabilized, dunes, the Florida and Georgia plants are found only on unstable, coastal dunes (Webster 1970). The differences in morphology and habitat combined with their disjunct distribution prompt us to recognize the Florida and Georgia plants at the subspecific rank. Although the lack of geographic disjunction between western var. abnormis and var. riograndensis might argue for retaining varietal status, the morphological differences between them are greater than those between the western and eastern forms previously included in var. abnormis; treating them at a lower rank than the Florida / Georgia taxon would not reflect morphological patterns. To reflect this fact and their parapatric distribution, we elevate var. riograndensis to subspecific rank.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF4969653BFE7AFAE456C664BC.taxon	description	Primary author: Alan S. Weakley In making new combinations in Selaginellaceae (Weakley 2022), I made an error in not recognizing that Lycopodioides Boehm. 1760 has priority over Stachygynandrum P. Beauv. ex Mirb. 1803, if the clade treated as subgenus Stachygynandrum by Weststrand & Korall (2016 a, 2016 b) is accorded genus rank. While Lycopodioides Boehm. is a nom. rejic. against Selaginella P. Beauv. 1805 (nom. cons.), it is available if circumscribed as a genus separate from Selaginella, as we here do. Lycopodioides is typified by Lycopodium denticulata Linnaeus, definitely a member of the “ Stachygynandrum clade ” (of Weststrand & Korall 2016 a) and Selaginella subgenus Stachygynandrum (of Weststrand & Korall 2016 b), and is the oldest genus name available for that clade / subgenus.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF496E653AFFF8FD39558E64DD.taxon	description	MISCELLANEOUS FAMILIES Contributions to the weedy and non-native flora of New Jersey Primary author: Ryan J. Schmidt For the past several centuries, New Jersey has been a center for industry and trade within the Mid-Atlantic region of the eastern United States (Meredith & Hood 1921; Lurie & Viet 2012) contributing to a high diversity of weedy and non-native plants (Schmidt et al. submitted). During the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries in particular, New Jersey botanists collected thousands of specimens of these weedy and non-native plants providing a solid foundation for understanding the non-native flora of New Jersey (Smith 1867; Martindale 1876, 1877; Burk 1877; Brown, 1878 a, 1878 b, 1879, 1880; Britton 1881; Schmidt et al. submitted). Over the past century, however, the extent of these collection efforts has declined resulting in a more-limited understanding of the current state of New Jersey’s weedy and non-native flora. Recent herbarium specimen collection efforts have provided new information on several weedy plant species for the Flora of New Jersey (Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 b). Based on these collections, we recommend the addition of 14 species and hybrids to the state’s flora and range extensions within New Jersey for four additional species. Additions to the flora include plants that likely escaped from horticultural plantings as well as those which have likely gone unnoticed in the region including one species native to the eastern United States. We also assert that two species that are currently listed as historical waifs are actually established species based on digitized herbarium records. We also briefly discuss several rare or waif species which we recently collected in the state. Unless otherwise noted, all localities mentioned are in New Jersey. Additions to the Flora of New Jersey Picea orientalis (L.) Peterm. (Pinaceae) was found as several young trees growing beneath an allée of planted Picea orientalis along an old road in the former nursery in the Fair Haven Fields Natural Area (U. S. A. New Jersey. Monmouth Co.: Fair Haven, Fair Haven Fields Natural Area, 4 Jun 2022, Schmidt 1305, CHRB). Since the species has presently only been found naturalized in one location and these individuals were not found far beyond the original plantings, we assert that this species is present as a waif in the state.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF496F6539FFD0FA3A54F5612B.taxon	description	Verbascum maurum Maire & Murb. (Scrophulariaceae) was also found growing on Petty’s Island, representing the first known collection of this plant in North America (U. S. A. New Jersey. Camden Co.: Pennsauken, Petty’s Island, 29 Jun 2021, Schmidt 651, CHRB). Similar to V. densiflorum this species was likely introduced via historical ballast deposition on Petty’s Island. While this species was also never before collected on Petty’s Island, there are reports of V. virgatum (which previously included V. maurum) having been observed by Addison Brown at another ballast site in Jersey City (Brown 1878 a); the location of Brown's specimen is currently unknown and an additional contemporary population was identified at a former ballast site in Baltimore, Maryland (U. S. A. Maryland. Baltimore Co.: Baltimore, Masonville Cove, 14 Jul 2022, Schmidt et al. 1723, CHRB). Given the association of both V. maurum and Petty’s Island with ballast deposition, we assert that this species is also established and rare in New Jersey. Verbascum × kerneri Fritsch [V. phlomoides × V. thapsus] (Scrophulariaceae) was collected near railroad lines in Glassboro (U. S. A. New Jersey. Gloucester Co.: Glassboro Township, Glassboro Historic Train Station, 27 Jul 2021, Schmidt 835, CHRB) and West Deptford (U. S. A. New Jersey. Gloucester Co.: West Deptford, Wheelabrator Wildlife Refuge and Butterfly Garden, 13 Jul 2022, Schmidt & Knapik 1709, CHRB) in Gloucester County as well as along an abandoned railroad line in Andover (U. S. A. New Jersey. Sussex Co.: Andover Township, Kittatinny Valley State Park — bed of Lehigh and Hudson River Railway, 4 Aug 2022, Schmidt 1853, CHRB). While this sterile hybrid is reportedly common where the two parents are present in Europe (Tutin et al. 1972), it has not before been reported in New Jersey. Since this is a sterile hybrid, it does not have established populations, however, it is occasionally present as a waif where the two parents are present. Nepeta × faassenii Bergmans ex Stearn (Lamiaceae) is an ornamental species that was found growing along the side of the road in the interior of Liberty State Park (U. S. A. New Jersey. Hudson Co.: Jersey City, Liberty State Park-Interior [Communipaw], 21 Jun 2021, Schmidt & Semmling 545, CHRB).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF496C6538FFF8F9FA52566550.taxon	description	Range Extensions Dichanthelium villosissimum (Nash) Freckmann (Poaceae) is native to the eastern United States and was recorded in the interior of Liberty State Park (U. S. A. New Jersey. Hudson Co.: Jersey City, Liberty State Park-Interior [Communipaw], 9 Aug 2021, Schmidt et al. 980, CHRB), extending its range northward in New Jersey.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF496D6527FFD0FB5954EB64BD.taxon	description	Dysphania pumilio (R. Br.) Mosyakin & Clemants (Amaranthaceae) was found growing in many places throughout the northern half of the state including locations in Bergen, Hudson, Middlesex, Union, and Middlesex counties (U. S. A. New Jersey. Bergen Co.: Alpine, Palisades Interstate Park, Alpine Marina, 27 Jul 2022, Schmidt 1781, CHRB; U. S. A. New Jersey. Hudson Co.: Jersey City, Liberty State Park-Interior [Communipaw], 5 Jul 2021, Schmidt et al. 693, CHRB; U. S. A. New Jersey. Morris Co.: Rockaway Township, parking lot along in Rockaway Townsquare, 13 Aug 2021, Schmidt 1009, CHRB; U. S. A. New Jersey. Union Co.: Summit, Maple St. and Springfield Ave, 7 Jul 2021, Schmidt 713, CHRB; U. S. A. New Jersey. Middlesex Co.: New Brunswick, Rutgers University Cook / Douglass Campus, 6 Sep 2021, Schmidt 1034, CHRB). It is likely overlooked due to its propensity for growing in sidewalk cracks and along building foundations, however, we assert that this species is at least uncommon in northern New Jersey.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF496D6538FFD0FD1956806070.taxon	description	Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. (Brassicaceae) was noted by Addison Brown as “ common in all our ballast grounds ” in 1879, including the area that would become Liberty State Park (Brown 1879; U. S. A. New Jersey. Hudson Co.: Hoboken, Hoboken, 3 Jul 1880, Brown s. n., NY). We subsequently re-collected this species in the same locality, Liberty State Park, almost 150 years later (U. S. A. New Jersey. Hudson Co.: Jersey City, Liberty State Park-Sullivan Natural Area [Communipaw], 25 May 2021, Schmidt et al. 335, CHRB). We assert that this subsequent collection is not the result of a secondary introduction but rather indicates that there is an established population at Liberty State Park. No established populations have been identified in southern New Jersey.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49726526FFF8FD9956B7668A.taxon	description	Noteworthy collections from Mississippi and Alabama Primary author: John C. Kees Ten notable records are discussed as part of continuing efforts to document the flora of the inner East Gulf Coastal Plain of south Mississippi and Alabama. Seven taxa are reported new to the flora of Mississippi, most located during surveys of prairie openings, barrens, glades, woodlands, and rich forests associated with calcareous substrates of the Jackson Prairie and related Oligocene limestones; three significantly rare taxa are reported for new counties, ecoregions, or physiographic provinces. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science (MMNS), Austin Peay State University (APSC), and University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (NCU) herbaria. Detailed locality information is excluded, as all of the native taxa are significantly rare in the state and on unprotected land (many unlikely to persist without changes in management). The habitat, rarity, and distribution within the state of each taxon are discussed. Baptisia aberrans (Larisey) Weakley (Fabaceae). ALABAMA: Choctaw Co.: J. C. Kees 1286 (NCU). This is the first report of B. aberrans for the Coastal Plain. Plants occur in Choctaw County on roadsides over calcareous clay soils which formerly supported open Jackson Prairie and woodlands, now converted to improved pasture. Surveys did not locate any plants in nearby remnant prairie openings — it is possible that this species, along with a number of other relatively mesophytic “ prairie ” indicators, preferred relatively mesic soils which supported open oak woodlands, savannahs, or “ black prairies ” (now more-or-less collapsed; see Hilgard 1860 and soil surveys), presumably maintained by fire, and not the extreme edaphic conditions of remaining prairie patches. Plants were collected within a few miles of the state line, and more extensive examples of these communities existed, at least historically, in adjacent Mississippi — thorough searches for roadside remnants may yield additional occurrences. Clematis pitcheri Torr. & A. Gray var. pitcheri (Ranunculaceae). MISSISSIPPI: Newton Co.: J. C. Kees 483 (APSC, NCU), Rankin Co.: J. C. Kees 1200 (NCU). Previous reports of C. pitcheri from Mississippi likely represent recently described species in the C. reticulata-flaccida complex (D. Estes pers. comm.); these appear to be the first two verified reports of C. pitcheri from the state, and possibly the only known populations east of the Mississippi River and south of the Interior Low Plateau. At both sites C. pitcheri is associated with calcareous woodlands over outcrops of the Jackson formation. In Rankin County, it occurs in oak-hickory-cedar woodlands transitional between alluvial bottomland forest and an isolated group of open calcareous prairies, probably formerly more open, associated with Carex cherokeensis, Echinacea purpurea, Carya myristiciformis, Quercus shumardii, and Camassia scilloides; the Newton County population is in a state highway right-of-way bisecting calcareous brownwater terrace forest. Most of the Rankin County mosaic, except the prairie opening where C. pitcheri occurs, has been converted to agricultural uses; the Newton County population is subject to frequent mowing and may not survive continued herbicide application. Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet var. inclinata J. R. Allison (Asteraceae). MISSISSIPPI: Wayne Co.: J. C. Kees 1334 (NCU), J. C. Kees 1412 (NCU). Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet var. inclinata is known only from dolomite glades in Bibb County, Alabama. The dominant Coreopsis in the Oligocene limestone glades and barrens of Wayne County, Mississippi, seems to most closely fit var. inclinata morphologically and is placed there provisionally, but may actually represent an undescribed species. Wayne County limestone barren Coreopsis plants bloom in early May; var. inclinata in the Bibb glades blooms in late summer. Like Rhynchospora thornei, its future is uncertain as remaining glades are unprotected and continue to be cleared for log landing grounds and wildlife food plots and degraded by Off Road Vehicle (ORV) activity and cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49736525FFD0FD4C55E864FC.taxon	description	Mirabilis albida (Walter) Heimerl (Nyctaginaceae). MISSISSIPPI: Lowndes Co.: J. C. Kees 1436 (NCU). Vouchers of this species from chalk prairies in the Black Belt of Mississippi appear to represent Mirabilis linearis. Mirabilis albida has been previously reported from “ sandy fields ” in Noxubee County (A. G. Marler s. n., MISS) and the “ Chitlin Corners ” area of Lowndes County (Holmes & Amor 2010), but apparently not observed in the state since 1976. A few plants were located during a brief survey of sand barrens of Chitlin Corners, restricted to a single relatively undisturbed xeric opening on Corps of Engineers property along the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. Development along the waterway and growth of a dense, fire-suppressed midstory has eliminated most of the former open woodland and barrens in the area. Natural open sand barrens over alluvial deposits, apparently maintained by deep, xeric, sandy soils even in the absence of fire, occur along the Tombigbee River from Monroe County southeast into Alabama, and continue to yield new reports of rare and disjunct species. While sand barren-like vegetation has developed over some Corps of Engineers dredge deposits (some of which have replaced natural sand barrens) and sandy old fields in the area, many of the rarer species associated with this undescribed community, such as Mirabilis albida, Astragalus distortus, Sida elliottii, and Callirhoe triangulata are known only from natural and relatively undisturbed xeric openings or roadsides through nearby woodlands. Soil disturbance from past grazing and clearing for wildlife food plots has degraded most remaining sand barrens, and the construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee waterway has eliminated natural flooding events which were likely involved in the formation of these barrens.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49706524FFF8FEC75748667A.taxon	description	Silphium radula Nutt. (Asteraceae). MISSISSIPPI: Yazoo Co.: J. C. Kees 1240 (NCU), Hinds Co.: J. C. Kees 1437 (NCU). The name S. radula was formerly misapplied to S. asperrimum Hook; previous reports from MS are based on S. asperrimum and alternate-leaved S. integrifolium plants (not uncommon where plants have been mowed or otherwise damaged early in the growing season). True S. radula appears to be restricted to isolated western groups of calcareous prairies over outcrops of the Jackson formation on the Yazoo bluff and in southeast Hinds County, not ranging east of the Pearl River or into the Jackson Prairie ecoregion proper. At both sites it is sympatric with S. integrifolium, but more restricted to treeless calcareous prairie openings. S. integrifolium is mostly restricted to calcareous prairies eastward, occurring in virtually every known Jackson Prairie remnant from Rankin County to western Jasper County (though abundant in disturbed sites, perhaps preferring relatively deep or mesic calcareous clay soils, and largely replaced farther east by S. confertifolium), but becomes widespread in a variety of open habitats in the Loess Plains. Apparent hybrids were also collected on roadsides near the Hinds co. site. Nearly all examples of this western Jackson Prairie variant have been cleared for lawn or housing developments in the past few decades; all are on private land and unprotected, although some associated calcareous woodland and bluff forest communities occur at Lefleur’s Bluff State Park (MDWFP), Butts Park (City of Jackson), and Parham Bridges Park (City of Jackson). Symphyotrichum pratense (Raf.) G. L. Nesom (Asteraceae). MISSISSIPPI: Clarke Co.: J. C. Kees 1373 (NCU), Wayne Co.: J. C. Kees 1411 (NCU). These collections represent the first two reports of S. pratense from the Jackson Prairie and Oligocene limestone, respectively. In Mississippi and Alabama, this species was formerly known only from a handful of remnant chalk prairies in the Black Belt and from limestone glades in north Alabama. It is also known from limestone glades in the Florida panhandle. In Clarke co. it occurs in a small stretch of road median with other species associated with post oak flatwoods and calcareous prairie (much reduced by frequent mowing and herbicide use) close to several degraded mesic Jackson Prairie openings; plants in Wayne co. were collected around dry limestone outcrops within open limestone barrens. It should be sought in other remnant limestone glades, barrens, and xeric Jackson Prairies, particularly in south Alabama. MISCELLANEOUS FAMILIES Species newly documented for southern Indiana Primary author: Scott A. Namestnik The following nine species are reported as occurring in southern Indiana. Documentation of these species adds to the knowledge of the flora of this region of the state and of the southeastern United States. Andropogon glomeratus (Walter) Britton, Sterns, & Poggenb, Brunnichia ovata (Walter) Shinners, Echinacea simulata R. L. McGregor, Landoltia punctata (G. Mey.) Les & D. J. Crawford and Persicaria densiflora (Meisn.) Moldenke are reported as new to Indiana. Montia linearis (Doug. ex Hook.) Greene was previously known to occur in northern Indiana, but this report documents the first occurrence of this species in southern Indiana. Persicaria robustior (Small) E. P. Bicknell, Persicaria setacea (Baldwin) Small and Solidago rupestris Raf. are reported as extant in southern Indiana.	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49716524FFD0FD5C54F46160.taxon	description	This species is common along portions of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico coastal plains of the southeastern United States, with more scattered occurrences in the interior of the southeastern United States (Kartesz 2015; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). It is considered globally secure (G 5 T 5 [as A. glomeratus var. glomeratus]) and secure in the United States (N 5); it has not been given a subnational conservation status rank in most of the states in which it occurs, but where ranked it ranges from vulnerable (S 3) towards the northern portion of its range to apparently secure (S 4) to secure (S 5, S 5?) further south (NatureServe 2023). In Indiana, the conservation status of A. glomeratus has not yet been determined (SNR), but it is being treated as a native species that has naturally moved into the state. It is not currently on the list of Endangered, Threatened, and Extirpated Plants of Indiana (Indiana Department of Natural Resources 2022). Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Ripley Co.: Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge, along eroded roadsides, very barren like, 18 Sep 2013, D. Boone, B. Walker & A. Wardwell 1434 - 013 (JEF); Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge, in coastal marsh, 39.0102, – 85.4163, 27 Aug 2020, S. Namestnik, R. Hedge, J. Larson, K. Flickinger & M. Swenson 4552 (IND); Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge, along roadside between road and flatwoods, associated species: Acer rubrum, Agrostis gigantea, Apios americana, Coleataenia anceps, Coleataenia rigidula, Daucus carota, Desmodium paniculatum, Dichanthelium microcarpon, Doellingeria umbellata, Eupatorium hyssopifolium, Helenium flexuosum, Juncus anthelatus, Juncus biflorus, Liquidambar styraciflua, Ludwigia alternifolia, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus palustris, Rhynchospora capitellata, Scirpus georgianus, Solidago juncea, Solidago nemoralis, Solidago rugosa, Spiraea tomentosa, Symphyotrichum racemosum, Toxicodendron radicans, 39.03864, – 85.42616, 5 Aug 2021, S. Namestnik, J. Robb, D. Boone & J. Bens 5104 (BUT, IND).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49716523FFD0FA575773661D.taxon	description	This semi-woody vine with tendrils and distinctive alternate, simple, lanceolate to ovate leaves with wavy margins and truncate to subcordate bases is common through the Mississippi Embayment, with scattered occurrences outside of this region of the southeastern United States (Kartesz 2015; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). It is treated as introduced in Virginia (Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a) but is native elsewhere in its North American range. Subnational conservation status ranks have not been assigned throughout most of its native range, but at its northernmost extent in Illinois it is considered vulnerable (S 3?), and in Kentucky it is considered secure (S 5); globally it is apparently secure (G 4 G 5), and in the United States it is apparently secure (N 4 N 5) (NatureServe 2023). In Indiana B. ovata is being treated as an unnatural but unintentional introduction, expected to have been brought into the state on fishing equipment or through Ohio River floodwaters, and thus it does not have a conservation status rank (SNA). It can grow in disturbance communities and ruderal areas and has been considered a problem weed in crop fields in some parts of its range (Yatskievych 2013), so there is potential for spread at this site and beyond in southern Indiana. Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Floyd Co.: River Front Park, New Albany, on muddy slope along Ohio River, 38.2917, – 85.6774, 17 Aug 2022, S. Namestnik 5557 (BUT, IND).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49766523FFF8FDEC547060E0.taxon	description	This coneflower with bright yellow pollen and white to rose ray flowers over 4 mm wide is naturally occurring in the Interior Low Plateau and Ozarks, is considered a waif in Virginia and North Carolina, and is also reported in southern Florida (Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a); it also may be introduced further north in Illinois (Kartesz 2015; Urbatsch et al. 2006). Echinacea simulata is considered globally apparently secure (G 4) and apparently secure in the United States (N 4); its subnational conservation status ranks range from critically imperiled (S 1) in Arkansas to imperiled (S 2) in Georgia and Tennessee to vulnerable (S 3 S 4) in Kentucky; the subnational conservation status rank is unknown (SU) in Indiana, in Illinois it is not a conservation priority (SNA), and the status has not been determined in the other states in which it is known to occur (NatureServe 2023). In Indiana, this species is currently tracked as state endangered on the list of Endangered, Threatened, and Extirpated Plants of Indiana (IDNR 2022). The collection documented here is thought to represent the only currently extant population of E. simulata in the state. Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Harrison Co.: Teeple Glade, in limestone barrens, pollen bright yellow, associated species: Allium cernuum, Andropogon gerardii, Asclepias verticillata, Asclepias viridiflora, Carex pensylvanica, Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus quadrangulata, Helianthus hirsutus, Hypericum dolabriforme, Isanthus brachiatus, Lithospermum canescens, Manfreda virginica, Quercus muehlenbergii, Quercus stellata, Ratibida pinnata, Rhus aromatica, Rosa carolina, Ruellia humilis, Schizachyrium scoparium, Sorghastrum nutans, Symphyotrichum patens, 38.02554, – 85.95626, 22 Jun 2020, S. Namestnik & R. Hedge 4392 (IND).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49766521FFF8FAD756F9661D.taxon	description	This free-floating aquatic duckmeat with fronds> 1.5 times as long as wide and usually with 2 – 7 roots per frond and 5 – 7 nerves per frond is considered by most to be native to the southern hemisphere and introduced in the northern hemisphere (Kartesz 2015; Landolt 2000 [as Spirodela punctata]; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a), but Illinois and Kentucky apparently consider it native (NatureServe 2023). In the United	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49746521FFF8FDEC578D6030.taxon	description	This branching ephemeral herbaceous plant with alternate, succulent leaves and flowers with five white petals subtended by sepals over 3 mm long is found as a native plant throughout much of the western fifth of North America; it has a scattered distribution as an introduction in the eastern part of the United States, being most common in the southeast (Kartesz 2015; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). It is globally secure (G 5) and secure in Canada (N 5), but its status in the United States has not been determined (NNR). In Indiana M. linearis is being treated as introduced and thus it does not have a conservation status rank (SNA). Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Dearborn Co.: Dearborn County Farm, in agricultural field, 39.15234, – 85.04072, 26 May 2022, S. Namestnik & J. Larson 5391 (BUT, IND).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49746520FFF8FB87542D65B0.taxon	description	This conspicuous, decumbent smartweed has a scattered distribution within the Mississippi Embayment and along the coastal plain of the southeastern United States, with outlier populations sparsely distributed elsewhere in the southeastern United States (Kartesz 2015 [as P. glabra]; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). There is some disagreement in the native range of the species, as Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022 a) and Kartesz (2015) consider it introduced in Kentucky and native in Maryland, whereas NatureServe (2023 [as Polygonum densiflorum]) considers it native in Kentucky and introduced in Maryland; all of these sources treat it as native elsewhere in North America. Subnational conservation status ranks have not been assigned throughout most of its native range, but at its northernmost extent within the Mississippi Embayment in Missouri and Kentucky it is considered critically imperiled (S 1 S 2 and S 1?, respectively), at its northernmost extent along the coastal plain in New Jersey it is considered imperiled (S 2), in North Carolina and Georgia it is considered vulnerable (S 3 and S 3?, respectively), in Delaware it is considered apparently secure (S 4), and in Virginia it is considered secure (S 5); globally P. densiflora is secure (G 5), and in the United States it is apparently secure (N 4?) (NatureServe 2023). In Indiana, because it is growing in created wetland conditions, it is being treated as an unnatural introduction and thus will not have a conservation status rank (SNA). It is expected that additional populations of P. densiflora will be found in other southern Indiana counties, as it likely can be spread via waterfowl, as well as on fishing and boating equipment. Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Jefferson Co.: Krueger Lake County Park, abundant, rhizomatous colony along margin of Krueger Lake, 38.827683, – 85.388828, 23 Sep 2020, S. Namestnik & R. Hedge 4674 (IND, NY). Jackson Co.: Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge, in impounded marsh in shallow water, associated species: Cephalanthus occidentalis, Persicaria robustior, Taxodium distichum, Typha sp., 38.94063, - 85.80513, 7 Oct 2021, S. Namestnik 5297 (BUT, IND).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF49756520FFD0FE07575C619D.taxon	description	Often taxonomically lumped into P. punctata, the true distribution of this rhizomatous and stoloniferous species is probably not well understood. It differs from P. punctata in having wider leaves (often over 2.5 cm wide, especially earlier in the year), less interrupted spike-like racemes, and at least the lower ocreolae in the raceme entire (or nearly so) at their summits (versus being ciliate) (Wilhelm & Rericha 2017; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). Persicaria robustior generally has a more northern distribution, most frequent in the New England states but extending north into Nova Scotia, Quebec and Ontario, and its distribution extends south along the northern portion of the Atlantic coastal plain, with several counties of occurrence scattered through the eastern United States generally south to Missouri, Kentucky and North Carolina; there are outlier populations in Texas and Florida, the latter of which is treated as a waif (Kartesz 2015; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). Persicaria robustior is considered globally apparently secure (G 4 G 5) and apparently secure in the United States (N 4 N 5); within the United States, its subnational conservation status ranks range from historical (SH) in Maine and Missouri to critically imperiled (S 1) in New Hampshire to imperiled (S 2) in New Jersey and Ohio to apparently secure (S 4) and secure (S 5) in Pennsylvania and New York, respectively (NatureServe 2023). Several states have not assessed the subnational conservation status rank for this species (NatureServe 2023). In Indiana, the conservation status of P. robustior is unknown (SU). Prior to 2021, it was considered extirpated from Indiana, with historical records from Porter and Greene counties (Consortium of Midwest Herbaria 2023). In 2021, Scott Namestnik, Nathanael Pilla and Dominick Pilla rediscovered it in Porter County (Consortium of Midwest Herbaria 2023), and, as a result, it was moved to state endangered on the list of Endangered, Threatened, and Extirpated Plants of Indiana (IDNR 2022). The occurrence of the species in Jackson County, Indiana represents the only currently known extant population of the species in southern Indiana. Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Jackson Co.: Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge, on edge of impounded marsh, soil saturated to several inches of inundation, associated species: Carex hyalinolepis, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Juncus effusus, Lemna turionifera, Ludwigia palustris, Ludwigia peploides, Persicaria coccinea, Spirodela polyrhiza, Typha sp., Wolffia brasiliensis, Wolffia columbiana, 38.94040, – 85.81058, 7 Oct 2021, S. Namestnik 5298 (BUT, IND).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF4975652FFFD0FA6C576B66FA.taxon	description	This smartweed with spreading-hirsute pubescence on the ocreae is found throughout the eastern United States, with the greatest concentration within its distribution along the Atlantic coastal plain in the southeastern United States and in peninsular Florida; it extends west into Texas, Oklahoma and Missouri and north to New York and Massachusetts (Kartesz 2015; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). Persicaria setacea is considered globally secure (G 5) and secure in the United States (N 5); its subnational conservation status ranks have not been calculated in most of the states in which it occurs, but where calculated it is secure (S 5) in North Carolina, apparently secure (S 4) in Virginia, vulnerable (S 3 S 4) in Kentucky, imperiled (S 2) in Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, and critically imperiled in Indiana (S 1), New York (S 1 S 2), and Ohio (S 1) (NatureServe 2023 [as Polygonum setaceum]). In Indiana, there are historical collections from two northern counties (Consortium of Midwest Herbaria 2023), and the species is currently tracked as state endangered on the list of Endangered, Threatened, and Extirpated Plants of Indiana (IDNR 2022), but the collections documented here may represent the only currently extant populations of P. setacea in the state. Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Jefferson Co.: Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge, along edge of drainage between beaver ponds, associated species: Agalinis tenuifolia, Agrimonia parviflora, Bidens polylepis, Carex lurida, Coleataenia rigidula, Echinochloa muricata, Eupatorium serotinum, Juncus acuminatus, Juncus effusus, Juncus tenuis, Leersia oryzoides, Ludwigia palustris, Mimulus ringens, Persicaria punctata, Platanus occidentalis, Sagittaria australis, Scirpus atrovirens, Scirpus cyperinus, Solidago rugosa, 38.85238, – 85.40543, 26 Aug 2020, S. Namestnik, R. Hedge & J. Robb 4542 (NY). Ripley Co.: Big Oaks National Wildlife Refuge, dense colony and scattered individuals in older mudflat created by beaver dam, associated species: Boehmeria cylindrica var. drummondiana, Carex lupulina, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Coleataenia rigidula, Eleocharis obtusa, Galium tinctorium, Leersia oryzoides, Ludwigia palustris, Mimulus ringens, Onoclea sensibilis, Persicaria punctata, Persicaria sagittata, Salix nigra, Scirpus cyperinus, Vitis labrusca, 38.93076, – 85.38869, 5 Aug 2021, S. Namestnik, J. Robb, D. Boone & J. Bens 5102 (BUT, IND).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
03B387CF497A652FFFF8FCC954DA6260.taxon	description	This smooth-stemmed (below the inflorescence), narrow-leaved, small flowerhead subsection Canadensae goldenrod of riverscour habitats has a restricted distribution in the eastern United States, with extant occurrences in Maryland (recently rediscovered after having been considered extirpated for over 100 years), Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and now Indiana; it is considered extirpated from Pennsylvania, and the Ohio and Illinois reports in Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team (2022 a) seem to be in error (Kartesz 2015; Weakley & Southeastern Flora Team 2022 a). Solidago rupestris is considered globally apparently secure (G 4?) and apparently secure in the United States (N 4?); it is apparently secure (S 4) in Kentucky but is a species of conservation concern and critically imperiled (S 1) in every other state in which it is extant (NatureServe 2023). Given the limited distribution and county distribution in Kentucky (per Kartesz 2015), the national and global conservation ranks may warrant reevaluation. In Indiana, there are historical collections of S. rupestris from Clark and Floyd counties (Consortium of Midwest Herbaria 2023, Deam 1940). There are collections currently stored as S. rupestris from Lake and Montgomery counties in Indiana (Consortium of Midwest Herbaria 2023), but these specimen identifications are clearly in error. The species is currently tracked as state extirpated on the list of Endangered, Threatened, and Extirpated Plants of Indiana (Indiana Department of Natural Resources 2022), but will be moved to state endangered on the next iteration of this list. The occurrence of the species in Harrison County represents the only currently known extant population of S. rupestris in Indiana. Voucher Specimens: INDIANA. Harrison Co.: Greenbrier Knob Nature Preserve, on limestone ledge along the Blue River, associated species: Allium cernuum, Andropogon gerardii, Baptisia australis, Campsis radicans, Cornus drummondii, Cornus obliqua, Hypericum sphaerocarpum, Lespedeza cuneata, Panicum flexile, Platanus occidentalis, Sorghastrum nutans, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Symphyotrichum urophyllum, Toxicodendron radicans, 38.22591, – 85.26249, 16 Sep 2021, S. Namestnik 5253 (NCU).	en	Weakley, Alan S., Kees, John C., Sorrie, Bruce A., Ward, Scott G., Poindexter, Derick B., Brock, Mason, Estes, L. Dwayne, Bridges, Edwin L., Orzell, Steve L., Levin, Geoffrey A., McClelland, R. Kevan Schoonover, Schmidt, Ryan J., Namestnik, Scott A. (2023): Studies In The Vascular Flora Of The Southeastern United States. Ix. Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 17 (1): 191-257, DOI: 10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293, URL: https://doi.org/10.17348/jbrit.v17.i1.1293
