identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B087E97A3E7662BCE0B07C48897F15.text	03B087E97A3E7662BCE0B07C48897F15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Junonia orithya (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Junonia orithya (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Common name: Blue Pansy (Fig. 1) (Table 2)</p><p>Biology. On 19 th July 2020, the first author spotted a couple of spherical pale green eggs (Fig. 1B) beneath the young leaves of a Centranthera tranquebarica plant (Fig. 1A) at S1 (in a dry grassland on the edge of deciduous forest near Madhaiganj village). The 12 cm high herb was hardly distinguishable amongst the grasses, had it not been for the yellowish flowers, which bloom in the dusk and fall at daytime. Stems of the plant along with leaves were collected. Eggs hatched on 22 nd July 2020 and the egg shell was eaten by the pale yellowish green larva (Fig. 1C), whose body was covered with many small-dark tubercles. Long dark setae emanated from the tubercles. The caterpillars turn into darker brown (Fig. 1D) in the successive instars, gradually turning blackish in the 6 th (final) instar. The frons of the head capsule gradually turned into orange in the 4 th instar, from initial black in the first and second instars. The larvae were found to feed exclusively on young leaves, with the younger instars feeding superficially on laminae of young leaves. The younger instars stayed on the underside of the leaves (Fig. 1C), while the later instars were found on shoots and leaf litter, and often fed at night. Dark brown pupa (Fig. 1G), pale brown ventrally and in the wing pads, formed on 12 th August 2020. Whitish dorsal bands were present in the pupae near the cremaster and mid-abdomen. An adult male butterfly (Fig. 1H) eclosed from the pupa on 19 th August 2020. A female adult emerged on the same day from the other collected egg. Both the eggs thus eclosed on 32 nd day, after 7 days of pupation. All the eggs and larvae were observed on flowering individuals of the herb. Once the larva matures and stops feeding, it moves to sides of rocks or larger plants nearby in search of space to pupate. The reared larvae were also found to move away from the host shoot and to pupate on the wall of the plastic container. Pupa, which hangs free by cremaster, is formed always close to the ground. They are known to fly throughout the year in particularly dry and arid regions, such as uncultivated stony fields and roads (Wynter-Blyth, 1957) and are hence more common towards the western region of the Rarh, compared to the more humid fertile Gangetic plains in the east. Adult females are known to lay eggs in concealed positions on young shoots (van Son, 1979)</p><p>Behaviour. When alarmed, the initial instars of the larvae have been found to fall down from the small plant into the dense grasses to conceal themselves. Another interesting defensive mechanism of rolling itself into a tight spiral, similar to various millipedes (Dettner, 2010) and pangolins has been noted. The host plant, a delicate small common medicinal parasitic herb (Mahendru et al., 2022) measuring within 15cm in height, is normally miscible among the grasses in semiaquatic sandy grasslands (Singh, 1997) and wastelands on wet laterite soil (Rao &amp; Kumari, 2002), known to flower between August and October (Paria &amp; Chattopadhyay, 2005), provides an ideal safety cover for the eggs and larvae. The adult butterfly flies mostly close to the grounds, and is known to camouflage itself by closing the wings. Apart from their larval host plants, the adult females often lay eggs on other plants close to their hosts and on rocks or stony paths nearby.</p><p>Distribution. Junonia orithya is distributed through Australia (Butler, 1875), the Oriental region (south and south-east Asia), Middle-east (west Asia) and Africa (van Son, 1979). Widely distributed throughout India, it is absent only in high altitudinal territories such as Ladakh, and Sikkim (Kunte et al., 2022). In West Bengal, it is quite common in the western districts of Jhargram, Paschim Medinipur, Purba Medinipur, Purulia, Bankura, Paschim Bardhaman, Birbhum, while it is rarely sighted in the Gangetic plains of Hooghly, Nadia, Kolkata, North and South 24 Parganas (Kunte et al., 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087E97A3E7662BCE0B07C48897F15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Banerjee, Debdulal;Singhamahapatra, Aniruddha;Roy, Subhajit	Banerjee, Debdulal, Singhamahapatra, Aniruddha, Roy, Subhajit (2023): New larval host plants for three butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) species from Rahr region of West Bengal, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 9 (1): 67-79, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.9.1.67, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.9.1.67
03B087E97A3F7664BC13B4FC4D497F2D.text	03B087E97A3F7664BC13B4FC4D497F2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coladenia indrani (Moore 1865)	<div><p>Coladenia indrani (Moore, 1865)</p><p>Common name: Tricolor Pied Flat (Fig. 2) (Table 3)</p><p>Biology. Groups of around 10– 15 larvae were eventually spotted in seven Schleichera oleosa (Ceylon Oak) trees (heights of the trees ranging between 3 and about 20 metres) in various locations in and around the village. More larvae were further collected from Ceylon Oak trees of varying heights and one of them went into the pre-pupation stage on 16 th July 2020. The pupa was formed on 17 th July, and on 25 th July 2020, an adult butterfly eclosed from the pupa (Fig. 2H). Unlike most butterfly larvae, this species feeds exclusively on mature green leaves (young leaves of the plant is being typically red – Fig. 2A).</p><p>It was observed that it often goes to an indefinite period of pupation on being disturbed or intimidated (S. Kalesh pers. comm.) and care was taken to minimise disturbance of the leaf cell (where the larva, and subsequently the pupa nests) during pupal stage. The host plant is a common medium-sized deciduous tree in low hill forests and in the plains of India and South-East Asia. Known to flower between February and March and to bear fruits between April and August, in West Bengal, it is known to be commonly distributed in the districts of Bankura, Bardhaman and Purulia (Chandra, 1997). All the observations of the larvae are during the post-fruiting stage of the plant, when neither flowers nor fruits could be found. An individual was first spotted in the Kadma village (S3) on 28 July 2019 and subsequently again on 24 September 2019. Larva from amature Schleichera oleosa tree was first observed and collected by the second author on 12 June 2020 at 18:00 hrs in the evening in his village. The pupa was found to be infected by some unidentified fungi.</p><p>Behaviour. Larvae of most skippers live in a cell formed from a curled-over leaf (Wynter-Blyth, 1957), and Coladenia indrani is no exception. The early instar of the larva cuts out a circular piece from the middle of a mature leaf and turns it over onto the top of the leaf, forming a concave cell with a wide base, where it rests, coming out only to feed. In the first two instars, it keeps on feeding the leaves and shields itself by covering within the leaf (Fig. 2F). Larvae become intermittently dormant during their feeding period. The pre-pupation and pupal stages of development take place in the safe haven of that cell.</p><p>Distribution. Coladenia indrani is distributed across most of South and Southeast Asia including India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar (van Gasse, 2021), Thailand, Laos, Vietnam and south China (Inayoshi, 2022). In India, it is a common species in the foothills of Himalaya, found from Jammu &amp; Kashmir in the west to Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Mizoram in the east. In peninsular India, it is occasionally encountered in West Bengal (western part), Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra (eastern part) and Tamil Nadu. It is also frequently sighted in the Western Ghats (Kunte et al., 2022). In the state of West Bengal, it is common in the northern region of Dooars covering the districts of Alipurduar, Jalpaiguri, Kalimpong and Darjeeling. It is however, occasionally sighted in the western districts of Bankura, Purulia, Jhargram, and Paschim Medinipur. It is very rare in the Gangetic plains (Kunte et al., 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087E97A3F7664BC13B4FC4D497F2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Banerjee, Debdulal;Singhamahapatra, Aniruddha;Roy, Subhajit	Banerjee, Debdulal, Singhamahapatra, Aniruddha, Roy, Subhajit (2023): New larval host plants for three butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) species from Rahr region of West Bengal, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 9 (1): 67-79, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.9.1.67, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.9.1.67
03B087E97A3A7667BCE0B34349AD71B4.text	03B087E97A3A7667BCE0B34349AD71B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rapala manea (Hewitson 1863)	<div><p>Rapala manea (Hewitson, 1863)</p><p>Common name: Slate Flash (Fig. 3) (Table 4)</p><p>Biology. A larva was observed and collected by the first author on 17 th December 2020 on Mallotus repandus from a bush beside a pond near the crematorium in Laudoha village (S2). Ovate-triangular leaves of the woody climber was an important key to its identification (Hooker, 1887; Balakrishnan &amp; Chakrabarty, 2007). The around 4m long climbing shrub, having characteristic thorns on its trunk, was blooming with racemose inflorescence. The larva was provided with young shoots from the host plant until it went into pre-pupation on 25 th December 2020. Early instars of the larva bore into flowers or buds (Fig. 3C) and fed on the softer parts from inside. The colour and cryptic markings of the larvae are variable and depends on the background colour (van der Poorten &amp; van der Poorten, 2016). They were regularly attended by Crematogaster ants. The pupa was eventually formed on 28 th December 2020. The adult finally eclosed after around 25 days of pupal period on 21 st January 2021. A couple of spherical, pale greenish white eggs (Fig. 3B) were also later collected by the author by moving the buds apart, within which the eggs were concealed. Though the larvae later emerged from those eggs, however, they could not be traced later, indicating escape or predation. All the larvae were found during winter (November to January), which is the flowering season of the shrub in the region.</p><p>Behaviour. The early instars of the larva camouflage themselves by resting on the buds and axils of the inflorescence (Fig. 3C), coming to the leaves only to change instar (Fig. 3E). Like most Lycaenid larvae, they too have strong mutualistic association with ants. This host plant is also known as a larval food plant of Mahathala ameria (Robinson et al., 2010; Kunte et al. 2022), which is also found in this region. However, the first author noticed, the larvae of Mahathala ameria rolls them within the leaves of the plant, and are found in plant individuals, not during the flowering periods. Thus, though Rapala manea and Mahathala ameria share the same host plant, they live in different niches. Larvae were found to rest on axils of the flowers well camouflaged (Fig. 3E) and comes to leaves only to change instar.</p><p>Distribution. Rapala manea is distributed throughout most of the Oriental region (south and south-east Asia), except Taiwan. Within Indian subcontinent, it is distributed throughout excepting the arid regions. In Gangetic plains and western plateau region (and in the Himalayan foothills) of West Bengal too, the adult butterfly is a common visitor often encountered singly perching or nectaring on flowers of bushes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B087E97A3A7667BCE0B34349AD71B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Banerjee, Debdulal;Singhamahapatra, Aniruddha;Roy, Subhajit	Banerjee, Debdulal, Singhamahapatra, Aniruddha, Roy, Subhajit (2023): New larval host plants for three butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) species from Rahr region of West Bengal, India. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 9 (1): 67-79, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.9.1.67, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.9.1.67
