identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BED946D556FFF9FF77FAC2FC89A21E.text	03BED946D556FFF9FF77FAC2FC89A21E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Philcoxia rhizomatosa Scatigna & V. C. Souza 2015	<div><p>Philcoxia rhizomatosa Scatigna &amp; V.C.Souza,  sp. nov.</p><p>Type: —   BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Botumirim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.888615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.900555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.888615/lat -16.900555)">Fazenda Sobrado</a>, 16°54’02”S, 42°53’19”W, 820m, 08 December 2012, fl., Scatigna, A. V. &amp; Sartori, M. A. 319 (Holotype: UEC! ;  Isotypes ESA!,  K!). Figures 1A–I &amp; 2B–E.</p><p>Philcoxia rhizomatosa is similar to  P. bahiensis in the lenght of the inflorescence but differs by being entirely glabrous (vs. glandular-pubescent). It is also similar to  P. minensis in the presence of a rhizome but differs by being thicker and branched (vs. delicate and unbranched). It differs from all other species by its larger leaf blades, reaching up to 7 mm diam. (vs. 1.5–3 mm); thicker wellbranched rhizome with evident nodes; and entirely glabrous inflorescence, pedicel and calyx.</p><p>Perennial herb, rhizomatous, inflorescence ascending to erect, ca. 25 cm tall. Rhizome conspicuous, branched, 1.4–2.5 mm thick. Leaves alternate, subterranean when immature and at the soil surface when mature; stipules absent; petiole 0.4–3.7 cm long, glabrous, subterranean; underground blade immature, conduplicate; aerial blade mature, orbicular to reniform, peltate, 0.2–0.7 cm diam.; adaxial surface glandular-pubescent; abaxial surface glabrous, except for some rare trichomes at the margins. Inflorescence a helicoid cyme, 15–30 cm long, glabrous; pedicel 0.5–2.5 cm long at anthesis, glabrous; bracts 1–1.45 mm long, persistent. Calyx with 5 sepals, free, oval, subequal, 0.95–1.1 mm × 0.65–0.69 mm, apex lilac at anthesis, glabrous. Corolla bilabiate, 5-lobed; tube ca. 6 mm long, wider at base, externally sparsely pubescent at dorsal portion, internally glandular-pubescent, yellowish; lobes obovate to orbicular, apex round to slightly emarginate, lateral lobes 4.3–4.5 mm × 3.6–3.7 mm, upper lobe 3.3–3.5 mm × 3.5–3.6 mm, lower lobes 3.9–4.1 mm × 2.9–3.0 mm, lilac. Stamens 2, adaxial, inserted on corolla tube, included; filaments slightly sigmoid, flattened, ca. 0.5 mm long, puberulent on proximal portion; anthers located just below stigma, transversely oriented to the filament, dorsifixed, monothecous. Carpels 2; ovary superior, syncarpous, 2-locular, globose or ovoid, ca. 1 mm long, surrounded by an annular nectary disk; placentation axile, ovules numerous; style terminal, solitary, caduceus, base filiform, 1.25 mm long, apex obdeltoid, curved, 0.75 mm long; stigma bilabiate. Fruits and seeds not seen.</p><p>Distribution and habitat:—  Philcoxia rhizomatosa is only known from a sand patch in an area of native vegetation, composed of Cerrado and Caatinga, surrounded by an  Eucalyptus farm, in the municipality of Botumirim, Minas Gerais. Individuals are distributed at the border of a deep white quartzite sand patch within an area of approximately 2000 m ². Although it is difficult to isolate a single individual from a population, since they are plants with branched rhizomes and propagate vegetatively, at least ten individuals were found in the area. (Fig. 2A).</p><p>Phenology:—Plants were collected with flowers in December and March. The population was vegetative in October.</p><p>Conservation status:—According to the Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria v.11 (IUCN 2014), this species should be characterized as critically endangered (CR), under sub-criteria D1 and D2, due to few individuals known from only one place. The only population is found at a constantly disturbed sand patch where local people extract sand for housing constructions. Also, the increasing area of  Eucalyptus cultivation is a threat to this population.</p><p>Etymology:—The specific epithet refers to the conspicuous and thick rhizome with evident nodes, a feature not found in any other species of the genus.</p><p>Additional specimen examined (paratype):— BRAZIL. Minas Gerais: Botumirim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.888615&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.900555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.888615/lat -16.900555)">Fazenda Sobrado</a>, 16°54’02S, 42°53’19W, 820m, 30 March 2013, fl., Scatigna, A. V. &amp; Cândido, H.G. 374 (UEC!)  .</p><p>Taxonomic notes:—  Philcoxia rhizomatosa is easily recognized by the conspicuous and thick rhizome and the larger leaf blades reaching up to 7 mm diam. vs. 1.5–3 mm in other species of the genus. Also,  P. rhizomatosa is the only species with entirely glabrous inflorescence, pedicel and calyx (Table 1).</p><p>Notes on morphology:—All species of  Philcoxia have a particular morphology, with underground stems, branches and what are considered to be petioles. However, the petioles of  P. minensis,  P. tuberosa and  P. rhizomatosa present vegetative buds and, sometimes, branches, which is consistent with the morphology of a stem (Figure 1B, 2E). It is actually unclear what the root system, stems and petioles really are, since no anatomical studies have been done so far. Therefore, it is important that new studies address these questions to help understand the underground system of  Philcoxia species. Reproduction of  Philcoxia is unclear, although we have observed that  P. minensis,  P. tuberosa and  P. rhizomatosa propagate vegetatively by rhizomes (Fig. 2D).</p><p>Test for carnivory:—The presence of several glands similar to those of  P. minensis (Guilherme Pereira et al. 2012) and the abundance of nematodes over the leaf blades of  P. rhizomatosa suggest that this species is carnivorous (Fig. 2G). The detected activity of phosphatase on the leaves of  P. rhizomatosa (Fig. 2F) is consistent with a digestive function and indicates that prey is most likely digested by the plant itself and not due to some mutualistic relationship, as in the case of several pitcher plants (Adams &amp; Smith 1977).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BED946D556FFF9FF77FAC2FC89A21E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Scatigna, André Vito;Souza, Vinicius Castro;Pereira, Caio Guilherme;Sartori, Marcos Aurélio;Simões, André Olmos	Scatigna, André Vito, Souza, Vinicius Castro, Pereira, Caio Guilherme, Sartori, Marcos Aurélio, Simões, André Olmos (2015): Philcoxia rhizomatosa (Gratioleae, Plantaginaceae): a new carnivorous species from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Phytotaxa 226 (3): 275-280, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.226.3.8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.226.3.8
