identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BF879DCD5FFFFA0B4BF915FA00AAE4.text	03BF879DCD5FFFFA0B4BF915FA00AAE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall 1865	<div><p>Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865 (Figs 1 A–B, 2 M–O, 5)</p><p>Material examined. IRAN: 3 ♀♀ (ZMFUM), Hormozgan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.359997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.189999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.359997/lat 27.189999)">Bastak</a> (27°11'24"N, 54°21'36"E), 403 m a.s.l, 16.ix.2021, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 1♀ (ZMFUM), Hormozgan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=56.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 56.29/lat 27.2)">Bandar Abbas</a> (27°12'0"N, 56°17'24" E), 23 m a.s.l, 18.viii.2022, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF879DCD5FFFFA0B4BF915FA00AAE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souri, Amir Mohammad;Shafaie, Sepideh;Moradmand, Majid;Mirshamsi, Omid	Souri, Amir Mohammad, Shafaie, Sepideh, Moradmand, Majid, Mirshamsi, Omid (2024): The spider genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae) in Iran with the first record of Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (1): 99-109, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.1.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.1.99
03BF879DCD5FFFF90B4BF80CFE62AC84.text	03BF879DCD5FFFF90B4BF80CFE62AC84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrodectus dahli Levi 1959	<div><p>Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959 (Figs 1 C–D, 2 D–F, 4C, 5)</p><p>Material examined. IRAN: 1 ♀ (ZMFUM), Khorasan Razavi Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=59.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 59.48/lat 36.29)">Mashhad</a> (36°17'24"N, 59°28'48"E) ,</p><p>1200 m a.s.l, 31.x.2020, semi-desert area, leg.: A.M. Souri; 2 ♀♀ (ZMFUM), Hormozgan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=55.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 55.9/lat 28.31)">Haji</a> abad (28°18'36"N, 55°54'0"E) , 931 m a.s.l, 15.ix.2021, semi-desert area, leg.: A.M. Souri; 1 ♀ (ZMFUM), Hormozgan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.359997&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.189999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.359997/lat 27.189999)">Bastak</a> (27°11'24"N, 54°21'36"E) , 403 m a.s.l, 16.ix.2021, semi-desert area, leg.: A.M. Souri; 1 ♀ (ZMFUM), Ilam Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.640003" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.8/lat 32.640003)">Dehloran</a> (32°38'24"N, 47°48'0"E) , 434 m a.s.l, 06.viii.2022, semi-desert area, leg.: A.M. Souri.</p><p>Geographic distribution. North Africa, Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Middle East, Iran, and Central Asia (WSC, 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF879DCD5FFFF90B4BF80CFE62AC84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souri, Amir Mohammad;Shafaie, Sepideh;Moradmand, Majid;Mirshamsi, Omid	Souri, Amir Mohammad, Shafaie, Sepideh, Moradmand, Majid, Mirshamsi, Omid (2024): The spider genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae) in Iran with the first record of Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (1): 99-109, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.1.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.1.99
03BF879DCD5CFFF90BBAFDF9FB14AFB8.text	03BF879DCD5CFFF90BBAFDF9FB14AFB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch 1841	<div><p>Latrodectus geometricus C.L. Koch, 1841 (Fig. 5)</p><p>Material examined. IRAN: 1 ♀ (ZMFUM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=59.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 59.6/lat 36.3)">Khorasan-e-Razavi Province</a>, Mashhad (36°18'0"N, 59°36'0"E), 10.xi.1995, leg.: O. Mirshamsi (damaged specimen) .</p><p>Geographic distribution. Africa. Introduced to both Americas, Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, and Hawaii (WSC, 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF879DCD5CFFF90BBAFDF9FB14AFB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souri, Amir Mohammad;Shafaie, Sepideh;Moradmand, Majid;Mirshamsi, Omid	Souri, Amir Mohammad, Shafaie, Sepideh, Moradmand, Majid, Mirshamsi, Omid (2024): The spider genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae) in Iran with the first record of Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (1): 99-109, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.1.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.1.99
03BF879DCD5CFFF90BBAFCEDFEC5A95F.text	03BF879DCD5CFFF90BBAFCEDFEC5A95F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrodectus pallidus O. P. Cambridge 1872	<div><p>Latrodectus pallidus O. P. Cambridge, 1872 (Figs 1 E–F, 2 G–I, 4D, 5)</p><p>Material examined. IRAN: 1 ♀ 2 ♂♂ (ZMFUM), Markazi Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.84&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.129997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.84/lat 35.129997)">Ghargh Abad</a> (35°7'48"N, 49°50'24"E), 1599 m a.s.l, 6.ix.2021, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 22 ♀♀ 3 ♂♂ (ZMFUM), Alborz Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.940002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.59/lat 35.940002)">Nazar Abad</a> (35°56'24"N, 50°35'24"E), 1190 m a.s.l, 6.ix.2021, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 1 ♀ (ZMFUM), Khorasan Razavi Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=58.47&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 58.47/lat 36.1)">Neyshabur</a> (36°06'0"N, 58°28'12"E), 1100 m a.s.l, 07.xi.2022, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Cape Verde Is. to Libya, South Africa, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Iran, and Central Asia (WSC, 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF879DCD5CFFF90BBAFCEDFEC5A95F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souri, Amir Mohammad;Shafaie, Sepideh;Moradmand, Majid;Mirshamsi, Omid	Souri, Amir Mohammad, Shafaie, Sepideh, Moradmand, Majid, Mirshamsi, Omid (2024): The spider genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae) in Iran with the first record of Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (1): 99-109, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.1.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.1.99
03BF879DCD5CFFFE0BBAFBB4FB2CAB3D.text	03BF879DCD5CFFFE0BBAFBB4FB2CAB3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrodectus revivensis Shulov 1948	<div><p>Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948 (Figs 2 A–C, 3 A–D, 4A, 5; Table 1)</p><p>Type locality and repository. Palestine: 37 km. southwest of Beer Sheba near the new settlement of Revivim (types lost); Syntype: ♂♂ ♀♀ (lost) (Levy &amp; Amitai, 1983) (HUJ) .</p><p>Material examined. IRAN: 5 ♀♀ (ZMFUM), Markazi Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.129997" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.85/lat 35.129997)">Ghargh Abad</a> (35°07'48"N, 49°51'0"E), 1599 m a.s.l, 6.ix.2021, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 7 ♀♀ (ZMFUM), Qom Province, 40 km south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.55/lat 34.23)">Salafchegan</a> (34°13'48"N, 50°33'0"E), 1369 m a.s.l, 22.x.2022, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 5 ♀♀ (ZMFUM), Qom Province, 12 km north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=50.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 50.44/lat 34.56)">Salafchegan</a> (34.56°N, 50.44°E), 1423 m a.s.l, 22.x.2022, semi-desert, steppe area, leg.: A.M. Souri.</p><p>Diagnosis. Latrodectus revivensis can be easily distinguished from other congeners with a combination of somatic (Fig. 2 A–C) and genitalic characters (Fig. 3 A–D). Latrodectus revivensis differs from L. pallidus, L. tredecimguttatus, L. cinctus and L. dahli by having general black colouration, distinct abdominal pattern and finely curved abdominal setae. Latrodectus revivensis differs from L. pallidus, L. dahli, and L. cinctus by having four spermathecal loops (Figs 1 A–H, 3 A–D). Latrodectus revivensis differs from all other congeners by having a curved carina parallel to the anterior lip of the opening of the epigynum (Fig. 3A; see Levi, 1966:430, figs 26–27).</p><p>Short description. Female. Medium-sized spiders (TL: 9.14±1.43, AbL: 5.57±0.90) (Table 1). AME and PME equal in size. Chelicerae subequal in length to the clypeus. Maxillae and labium brown. The sternum slightly longer than wide. Legs (I, II, III, IV) brownish black. Tarsi and metatarsi lighter than the proximal end. Coloration: Females typically dark brown with indistinct dark markings, covered with very short, slightly curved black hairs. The dorsal surface of abdomen with minute black setae with no pubescence (Fig. 1 A–C). Epigynum: L. revivensis epigynum is transverse and suboval. The anterior margin is slightly curved forward, its median part extending backwards and forming two distinct oval subdivisions. With a distinct curved carina parallel to the anterior lip of the opening of the epigynum. The posterior margin is slightly curved. With four spermathecal ducts (Figs 3B, 3D).</p><p>Male. No male has been examined.</p><p>Structure of the nest. Members of L. revivensis build large webs in bushes and other brush in large open land areas. They prefer taller individual plants and also build a conspicuous, cone-shaped nest in bushes up to 1m high. Latrodectus tredecimguttatus constructs its nest at the ground level, concealing its major part within crevices in the soil or beneath large stones, at the base of shrubs The web of L. tredecimguttatus contains no regularly outlined retreat, its function being formed by an invagination of the funnel. Latrodectus pallidus builds its nest at some 40–60 cm height, invariably affixed to the leaves and branches of low shrubs or other vegetation. Regarding the retreat, the structure is a clearly outlined thimble shape that spins it from a white, thin, opaque material. In contrast, the retreat of L. revivensis is conical to cylindrical, is shallower than that of L. pallidus, and is located upon the upper side of the funnel. Latrodectus dahli builds their nests under stones or on the ground (Fig. 4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF879DCD5CFFFE0BBAFBB4FB2CAB3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souri, Amir Mohammad;Shafaie, Sepideh;Moradmand, Majid;Mirshamsi, Omid	Souri, Amir Mohammad, Shafaie, Sepideh, Moradmand, Majid, Mirshamsi, Omid (2024): The spider genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae) in Iran with the first record of Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (1): 99-109, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.1.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.1.99
03BF879DCD5BFFFE0B4BF939FC40A547.text	03BF879DCD5BFFFE0B4BF939FC40A547.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi 1790)	<div><p>Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) (Figs 1 G–H, 2 J–L, 4B, 5)</p><p>Material examined. IRAN: 12 ♀♀ 1 ♂, Khorasan Razavi Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=59.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.440002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 59.2/lat 36.440002)">Kahoo</a> vill. (36°26'24"N, 59°12'0"E, 1421 m a.s.l, 01.vii.2021, cultivated area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 2 ♀♀, East Azerbaijan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.309998&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.04" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.309998/lat 39.04)">Zarbil</a> vill. (39°02'24"N, 47°18'36"E), 830 m a.s.l, 02.ix.2021, cultivated area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 1 ♀, Kurdistan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.6/lat 35.87)">Bijar</a> (35°52'12"N, 47°36'0"E), 1929 m a.s.l, 06.viii.2021, cultivated area, leg.: A.M. Souri ; 2 ♀♀, Isfahan Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.8/lat 32.27)">Mahyar</a> vill. (32°16'12"N, 51°48'0"E), 1876 m a.s.l, 06.viii.2021, cultivated area, leg.: A.M. Souri.</p><p>Geographic distribution. Mediterranean, Ukraine, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Middle East, Iran, Central Asia, and China (WSC, 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BF879DCD5BFFFE0B4BF939FC40A547	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Souri, Amir Mohammad;Shafaie, Sepideh;Moradmand, Majid;Mirshamsi, Omid	Souri, Amir Mohammad, Shafaie, Sepideh, Moradmand, Majid, Mirshamsi, Omid (2024): The spider genus Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae, Theridiidae) in Iran with the first record of Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 10 (1): 99-109, DOI: 10.61186/jibs.10.1.99, URL: https://doi.org/10.61186/jibs.10.1.99
