identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BB2262FF83FF80FF15EBB5FEE6FBD7.text	03BB2262FF83FF80FF15EBB5FEE6FBD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dna extraction PCR	<div><p>DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing</p><p>Fresh mycelia were scraped from living cultures, which grew and incubated at room temperature for 15 days. Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA Extraction Kit-BSC14S1 (BioFlux, P.R. China) was used to extract DNA, following the manufacturer’s protocol. The extracted DNA was maintained at –20 °C for long-term storage. The polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed for three genes: internal transcribed spacer (ITS), RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha ( TEF 1-α) gene, using the primers ITS5 and ITS4 (White et al. 1990), fRPB2-5F and fPB2-7R (Liu et al. 1999), and EF1 and EF2 (O’Donnell et al. 1998), respectively. The PCR amplifications were carried out in a 25 µL reaction volume, containing 12.5 µL of 2 × Power Taq PCR Master Mix (Beijing Bomaide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Haidian District, Beijing, China), 8.5 µL distilled-deionized water (ddH 2 O), 2 µL of DNA template, and 1 µL of each forward and reverse primer (Tibpromma et al. 2018).</p><p>The amplification condition for ITS and TEF 1-α consisted of initial denaturation at 94 °C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 30 s denaturation at 95 °C, 50 s annealing at 55 °C, and 1.5 min extension at 72 °C, and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 °C. The amplification condition for RPB2 consisted of initial denaturation at 94 °C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 45 s denaturation at 95 °C, 50 s annealing at 58 °C, and 1.5 min extension at 72 °C, and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 °C. The PCR products were detected by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis stained with TS-GelRed (TSJ002, Beijing Kinco Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Kunming Branch, P.R. China). Purification and sequencing of PCR products were performed at the Tsingke Biological Engineering Technology and Services Co., Ltd (Yunnan, P.R. China).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB2262FF83FF80FF15EBB5FEE6FBD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Xiangfu;Tibpromma, Saowaluck;Gautam, Ajay K.;Suwannarach, Nakarin;Elgorban, Abdallah M.;Chukeatirote, Ekachai;Thilini Chethana, K. W.;Karunarathna, Samantha C.	Liu, Xiangfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gautam, Ajay K., Suwannarach, Nakarin, Elgorban, Abdallah M., Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Thilini Chethana, K. W., Karunarathna, Samantha C. (2025): A novel species and a new host record of Trichoderma from caves in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 694 (2): 119-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2
03BB2262FF8EFF92FF15E845FE4FFEFF.text	03BB2262FF8EFF92FF15E845FE4FFEFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichoderma cavernicola X. F. Liu, Karun. & Tibpromma 2025	<div><p>Trichoderma cavernicola X.F. Liu, Karun. &amp; Tibpromma, sp. nov. Fig. 3</p><p>Index Fungorum Number: IF 903158; Facesoffungi Number: FOF 17066.</p><p>Holotype: GMB-W1117</p><p>Etymology: “Caverna” means cave, and “cola” means dweller or inhabitant in Latin; thus, “cavernicola ” refers to the cave habitat of the holotype.</p><p>Fungus associated with bat guano in caves. Asexual morph on PDA: Vegetative hyphae 2–8 μm wide, septate, branched, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiophores pyramidal with verticillate, comprising a recognizable main axis, branches pairs or solitary, paired lateral branches, longer branches near the base, and short branches or solitary phialides arising near the tip. Phialides 5–16 × 2–9 µm (x̄ = 10.88 × 5.46 μm, n = 80), ampulliform to lageniform, generally formed on terminal branches in divergent whorls of 2–4(–5). Supporting cells 4–22 × 2–8 µm (x̄ = 11.09 × 4.94 μm, n = 90). Conidia 4–7 × 2–5 µm (x̄ = 5.12 × 4.34 μm, n = 100), ellipsoidal to ovoid, straight to slightly curved, light grey to green, smooth-walled. Chlamydospores 4–12 × 3–10 µm (x̄ = 8.36 × 6.43 μm, n = 70), single or in clusters, terminal and intercalary, variable in shape, mostly subglobose to globous, thick-walled, hyaline, granulate. Sexual morph: Undetermined.</p><p>Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 60 mm after 10 days at room temperature (20–25 ℃), white, pale yellow to green, sparse aerial mycelium on the surface; reverse white to pale yellow. The white reproductive mycelium covers the stromatic colonies after 25 days. Odor absent.</p><p>Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Lushui City, Daxingdi Town, Walaya cave, bat guano, N 26.080743, E 98.848391, elev. 850.46 m, 23 April 2024, Xiangfu Liu and Xuemei Chen, NJ-12 A (Holotype, GMB-W 1117), ex-type GMBCC 1103, other living culture GMBCC 1105.</p><p>Notes: In our phylogenetic analyses of ITS, RPB 2, and TEF 1-α, Trichoderma cavernicola formed a distinct lineage with 99% ML and 1.00 PP support, clustering sister to T. neoguizhouense C.L. Zhang, T. densissimum C.L. Zhang, T. paradensissimum C.L. Zhang, and T. afroharzianum P. Chaverri, F.B. Rocha, Degenkolb &amp; Druzhin. in the Harzianum clade (Fig. 1). However, the nucleotide comparisons between Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. neoguizhouense (GDMCC 3.1012, type) showed that there are 4.89% (44/900 bp, without gap) base pair differences in RPB 2 and 2.03% (16/790 bp, 6 gaps) differences in TEF 1-α, and T. neoguizhouense lacks the ITS sequence. Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. densissimum (CGMCC 3.24126, type) showed that there are 3.43% (26/757 bp, without gap) differences in RPB 2 and 1.52% (12/790 bp, 3 gaps) differences in TEF 1-α, and the ITS sequence is lacking for T. densissimum . Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. paradensissimum (CGMCC 3.24125, type) showed that there are 3.43% (26/757 bp, without gap) differences in RPB 2 and 1.52% (12/790 bp, 4 gaps) differences in TEF 1-α, and T. paradensissimum lacks ITS sequence. Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. afroharzianum (CBS 124620, type) showed that there are 2.55% (15/589 bp, 3 gaps) differences in ITS, 4.07% (34/836 bp, without gap) differences in RPB 2, and 7.02% (25/484 bp, 9 gaps) differences in TEF 1-α.</p><p>Morphologically, Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. neoguizhouense by having more phialides (2–4 whorls vs 1–3 whorls) on terminal branches, bigger conidia (4–7 × 2–5 µm vs 2.5–3.2 × 2.4–3.0 µm), and bigger, variable shaped chlamydospores (4–12 × 3–10 µm vs 4.4–6.3 × 4.2–6.1 µm) (Zhao et al. 2024). Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. densissimum by the latter having shorter phialides (5–16 × 2–9 µm vs 5.7–8.0 × 2.5–2.9 µm), smaller conidia (4–7 × 2–5 µm vs 2.8–3.1× 2.4–2.9 µm), and large chlamydospores (4–12 × 3–10 µm vs 13.3–16.4 × 12.8–14.6 µm) (Zhao et al. 2023). Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. paradensissimum by the latter having green to yellow and white pustules formed inconspicuously zonate, can produce yellowish pigment, solitary or 3 phialides on terminal branches, and smaller conidia (4–7 × 2–5 µm vs 2.7–3.0 × 2.5–2.9 µm) (Zhao et al. 2023). Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. afroharzianum by the latter having 1–5 whorls with phialides, narrower and smaller supporting cells (4– 22 × 2–8 µm vs 2.2–3.2 µm wide), smaller conidia (4–7 × 2–5 µm vs 2.7–3.5× 2.5–3.2µm), and rare chlamydospores (Chaverri et al. 2015). Based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics, Trichoderma cavernicola is described as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB2262FF8EFF92FF15E845FE4FFEFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Liu, Xiangfu;Tibpromma, Saowaluck;Gautam, Ajay K.;Suwannarach, Nakarin;Elgorban, Abdallah M.;Chukeatirote, Ekachai;Thilini Chethana, K. W.;Karunarathna, Samantha C.	Liu, Xiangfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gautam, Ajay K., Suwannarach, Nakarin, Elgorban, Abdallah M., Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Thilini Chethana, K. W., Karunarathna, Samantha C. (2025): A novel species and a new host record of Trichoderma from caves in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 694 (2): 119-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2
