taxonID	type	description	language	source
03BB2262FF83FF80FF15EBB5FEE6FBD7.taxon	description	The amplification condition for ITS and TEF 1 - α consisted of initial denaturation at 94 ° C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 30 s denaturation at 95 ° C, 50 s annealing at 55 ° C, and 1.5 min extension at 72 ° C, and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 ° C. The amplification condition for RPB 2 consisted of initial denaturation at 94 ° C for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 45 s denaturation at 95 ° C, 50 s annealing at 58 ° C, and 1.5 min extension at 72 ° C, and a final extension period of 10 min at 72 ° C. The PCR products were detected by 1 % agarose gel electrophoresis stained with TS-GelRed (TSJ 002, Beijing Kinco Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Kunming Branch, P. R. China). Purification and sequencing of PCR products were performed at the Tsingke Biological Engineering Technology and Services Co., Ltd (Yunnan, P. R. China).	en	Liu, Xiangfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gautam, Ajay K., Suwannarach, Nakarin, Elgorban, Abdallah M., Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Thilini Chethana, K. W., Karunarathna, Samantha C. (2025): A novel species and a new host record of Trichoderma from caves in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 694 (2): 119-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2
03BB2262FF8EFF92FF15E845FE4FFEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: GMB-W 1117	en	Liu, Xiangfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gautam, Ajay K., Suwannarach, Nakarin, Elgorban, Abdallah M., Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Thilini Chethana, K. W., Karunarathna, Samantha C. (2025): A novel species and a new host record of Trichoderma from caves in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 694 (2): 119-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2
03BB2262FF8EFF92FF15E845FE4FFEFF.taxon	etymology	Etymology: “ Caverna ” means cave, and “ cola ” means dweller or inhabitant in Latin; thus, “ cavernicola ” refers to the cave habitat of the holotype. Fungus associated with bat guano in caves. Asexual morph on PDA: Vegetative hyphae 2 – 8 μm wide, septate, branched, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidiophores pyramidal with verticillate, comprising a recognizable main axis, branches pairs or solitary, paired lateral branches, longer branches near the base, and short branches or solitary phialides arising near the tip. Phialides 5 – 16 × 2 – 9 µm (x ̄ = 10.88 × 5.46 μm, n = 80), ampulliform to lageniform, generally formed on terminal branches in divergent whorls of 2 – 4 (– 5). Supporting cells 4 – 22 × 2 – 8 µm (x ̄ = 11.09 × 4.94 μm, n = 90). Conidia 4 – 7 × 2 – 5 µm (x ̄ = 5.12 × 4.34 μm, n = 100), ellipsoidal to ovoid, straight to slightly curved, light grey to green, smooth-walled. Chlamydospores 4 – 12 × 3 – 10 µm (x ̄ = 8.36 × 6.43 μm, n = 70), single or in clusters, terminal and intercalary, variable in shape, mostly subglobose to globous, thick-walled, hyaline, granulate. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Culture characteristics: Colonies on PDA attaining 60 mm after 10 days at room temperature (20 – 25 ℃), white, pale yellow to green, sparse aerial mycelium on the surface; reverse white to pale yellow. The white reproductive mycelium covers the stromatic colonies after 25 days. Odor absent.	en	Liu, Xiangfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gautam, Ajay K., Suwannarach, Nakarin, Elgorban, Abdallah M., Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Thilini Chethana, K. W., Karunarathna, Samantha C. (2025): A novel species and a new host record of Trichoderma from caves in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 694 (2): 119-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2
03BB2262FF8EFF92FF15E845FE4FFEFF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: China, Yunnan Province, Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture, Lushui City, Daxingdi Town, Walaya cave, bat guano, N 26.080743, E 98.848391, elev. 850.46 m, 23 April 2024, Xiangfu Liu and Xuemei Chen, NJ- 12 A (Holotype, GMB-W 1117), ex-type GMBCC 1103, other living culture GMBCC 1105. Notes: In our phylogenetic analyses of ITS, RPB 2, and TEF 1 - α, Trichoderma cavernicola formed a distinct lineage with 99 % ML and 1.00 PP support, clustering sister to T. neoguizhouense C. L. Zhang, T. densissimum C. L. Zhang, T. paradensissimum C. L. Zhang, and T. afroharzianum P. Chaverri, F. B. Rocha, Degenkolb & Druzhin. in the Harzianum clade (Fig. 1). However, the nucleotide comparisons between Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. neoguizhouense (GDMCC 3.1012, type) showed that there are 4.89 % (44 / 900 bp, without gap) base pair differences in RPB 2 and 2.03 % (16 / 790 bp, 6 gaps) differences in TEF 1 - α, and T. neoguizhouense lacks the ITS sequence. Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. densissimum (CGMCC 3.24126, type) showed that there are 3.43 % (26 / 757 bp, without gap) differences in RPB 2 and 1.52 % (12 / 790 bp, 3 gaps) differences in TEF 1 - α, and the ITS sequence is lacking for T. densissimum. Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. paradensissimum (CGMCC 3.24125, type) showed that there are 3.43 % (26 / 757 bp, without gap) differences in RPB 2 and 1.52 % (12 / 790 bp, 4 gaps) differences in TEF 1 - α, and T. paradensissimum lacks ITS sequence. Trichoderma cavernicola (GMBCC 1103, type) and T. afroharzianum (CBS 124620, type) showed that there are 2.55 % (15 / 589 bp, 3 gaps) differences in ITS, 4.07 % (34 / 836 bp, without gap) differences in RPB 2, and 7.02 % (25 / 484 bp, 9 gaps) differences in TEF 1 - α. Morphologically, Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. neoguizhouense by having more phialides (2 – 4 whorls vs 1 – 3 whorls) on terminal branches, bigger conidia (4 – 7 × 2 – 5 µm vs 2.5 – 3.2 × 2.4 – 3.0 µm), and bigger, variable shaped chlamydospores (4 – 12 × 3 – 10 µm vs 4.4 – 6.3 × 4.2 – 6.1 µm) (Zhao et al. 2024). Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. densissimum by the latter having shorter phialides (5 – 16 × 2 – 9 µm vs 5.7 – 8.0 × 2.5 – 2.9 µm), smaller conidia (4 – 7 × 2 – 5 µm vs 2.8 – 3.1 × 2.4 – 2.9 µm), and large chlamydospores (4 – 12 × 3 – 10 µm vs 13.3 – 16.4 × 12.8 – 14.6 µm) (Zhao et al. 2023). Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. paradensissimum by the latter having green to yellow and white pustules formed inconspicuously zonate, can produce yellowish pigment, solitary or 3 phialides on terminal branches, and smaller conidia (4 – 7 × 2 – 5 µm vs 2.7 – 3.0 × 2.5 – 2.9 µm) (Zhao et al. 2023). Trichoderma cavernicola differs from T. afroharzianum by the latter having 1 – 5 whorls with phialides, narrower and smaller supporting cells (4 – 22 × 2 – 8 µm vs 2.2 – 3.2 µm wide), smaller conidia (4 – 7 × 2 – 5 µm vs 2.7 – 3.5 × 2.5 – 3.2 µm), and rare chlamydospores (Chaverri et al. 2015). Based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics, Trichoderma cavernicola is described as a new species.	en	Liu, Xiangfu, Tibpromma, Saowaluck, Gautam, Ajay K., Suwannarach, Nakarin, Elgorban, Abdallah M., Chukeatirote, Ekachai, Thilini Chethana, K. W., Karunarathna, Samantha C. (2025): A novel species and a new host record of Trichoderma from caves in Yunnan Province, China. Phytotaxa 694 (2): 119-143, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.694.2.2
