identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FF1A0622FB4A.text	03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FF1A0622FB4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Kongmingius H. Z. Li & Z. Liu	<div><p>Kongmingius H.Z. Li &amp; Z. Liu subgen. nov. (ĭ"ĸ亚n)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8F0A5443-83D3-4636-9178-CBD41BCA2586</p><p>Type species: Castalius ananda de Nicéville, [1884]</p><p>Diagnosis. This new subgenus can be separated from Tarucus (Tarucus) by:</p><p>(1) Black discocellular spot on the male forewing upperside is absent but present in T. ( Tarucus).</p><p>(2) Underside markings are more prominent than T. ( Tarucus).</p><p>(3) Cilia are black, sometimes mixed with white, whereas they are clearly divided into black inside and white outside in T. ( Tarucus).</p><p>Etymology. The subgeneric name honors Kongming, the courtesy name of Zhuge Liang, a statesman, strategist, and inventor during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The name is formed by latinizing the pinyin transcription of Kongming with masculine suffix - ius (Article 37 of Appendix D of ICZN 3 rd Edition). It is a noun in the nominative singular (Article 11.8 of ICZN 4 th Edition).</p><p>Species included. T. (K.) ananda and T. (K.) waterstradti .</p><p>Remarks. (1) The Ethiopian thespis -group are excluded from the diagnosis due to their strikingly different wing patterns as noted by many previous taxonomists, and likely belong to a new subgenus or even a new genus (Bethune-Baker 1918; Evans 1955; Stempffer 1942; 1967). (2) This new subgenus, namely the Oriental ananda - group, is similar to the Australian fasciatus -group but can be distinguished from the latter by the discontinuous pattern of spots on the wing undersides (Bethune-Baker 1918). Recently, the fasciatus -group has also been confirmed to belong to the genus Tarucus by Zhang et al. (2023b) but weather the two groups represent the same subgenus needs future study. (3) In the new subgenus, both larval (instar uncertain) and pupal stages exhibit distinct dark-colored patches on their dorsal and subdorsal areas. In contrast, species belonging to subgenus Tarucus display only a simple dorsal midline, which is yellowish in larvae and dark in pupae, accompanied by minute scattered spots (Maschwitz et al. 1985; Basu et al. 2019; Inayoshi 2025; Kunte et al. 2025).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FF1A0622FB4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Hua-Zhao;Liu, Zhe;Yin, Wen-Xi;Li, Jia-Ling	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FB2B01EDF806.text	03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FB2B01EDF806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tarucus (Kongmingius) ananda (de Niceville 1884)	<div><p>Tarucus (Kongmingius) ananda (de Nicéville, [1884]) (Îa"ĸ)</p><p>(Figs. 1 for adults, 2 for genitalia, 3 for distribution, 4 for phylogeny)</p><p>Castalius ananda de Nicéville, [1884]: 75 for original description + pl. 1, 11 for ♂; de Nicéville (1890): 198; Fruhstorfer (1923): 885 + pl. 153 for ♂.</p><p>Tarucus ananda: Bethune-Baker (1918): pl. 14, fig. 13 for ♂ + pl. 17, fig. 13 for ♂ genitalia + pl. 20, fig. 30 for androconia; Evans (1932): pl. 27, fig. 12.1; Evans (1955): 181, fig. 13 for ♂ genitalia; D’Abrera (1986): 649 for ♀; Hirowatari (1992): 102 for ♀ genitalia; Singh &amp; Chib (2015): 37; Shihan (2016): 114 for ♂; Sheela et al., (2019): 169 for ♀ lectotype [sic, actually ♂]; Basu et al. (2019): fig. 1c for ♂ and ♀ + fig. 2 for ♂ genitalia + fig. 3b for ♂ genitalia + fig. 10 for early stages; Kunte et al. (2025): ♂♂ and ♀♀.</p><p>Tarucus waterstradti Druce, 1895 [misid.]: Lewis (1974): 181, fig. 5.</p><p>Materials. 2 ♂♂, XII.2024, Zhanxi Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, local collector leg. (TAA1; CZL); 08.VII.2023, Mt. Wuzhi, Hainan, China, 850 m, Z. Liu leg. (TAD1; CZL) .</p><p>Distribution. India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China (Xizang, Yunnan, Hainan).</p><p>Remarks. (1) This species is recognized as endemic to regions surrounding the Indian subcontinent, with no subspecific divisions (Basu et al. 2019). However, the individual collected from Hainan lies far outside its known range (Fig. 3). This finding represents another scarce biogeographical connection that link the butterfly fauna of Hainan directly to the Indian subcontinent, rather than to the adjacent Indochina (Okano 1994; Okubo 2007; Huyen et al. 2024; Ali et al. 2025; Inayoshi 2025). (2) The external appearances of two examined specimens show no significant differences with only minor variations in genitalia (Figs. 1, 2). Given the rarity of materials from China, whether these genital differences are related to geographical variations requires further study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FB2B01EDF806	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Hua-Zhao;Liu, Zhe;Yin, Wen-Xi;Li, Jia-Ling	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA3FFC2F3B6FF520412FC75.text	03B99E2AFFA3FFC2F3B6FF520412FC75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tarucus (Kongmingius) waterstradti Druce 1895	<div><p>Tarucus (Kongmingius) waterstradti Druce, 1895 (īa"ĸ)</p><p>Tarucus waterstradti waterstradti Druce, 1895: 585 for original description + pl. 32, fig. 21 for ♀; Evans (1955): 181 for ♂ genitalia; Seki et al. (1991): pl. 14, L67 for ♂ and ♀ lectotype; Takanami (1992): 42, fig. 13 for ♀ lectotype.</p><p>Castalius ananda waterstradti: Fruhstorfer (1918): 26; Fruhstorfer (1923): 885 + pl. 153 for ♀.</p><p>Castalius ananda vileja Fruhstorfer, 1918: 25 for original description + pl. 4, fig. 3 for ♂ genitalia; Fruhstorfer (1923): 885.</p><p>Tarucus waterstradti vileja: Evans (1955): 186; Maschwitz et al. (1985): 187 for early stages + 189 for underside + 190 for host; D’Abrera (1986): 649 for ♀; Saito &amp; Inayoshi (2018): figs. 58, 59 for ♂ and ♀; van der Poorten &amp; van der Poorten (2020): pl. 77, fig. 15 for ♂ and ♀; Inayoshi (2025): ♀♀.</p><p>Tarucus dharta Bethune-Baker, 1918: 291 for original description + pl. 14, fig. 15 for ♂ + pl. 17, fig. 14 for ♂ genitalia; Evans (1932): 215; Bailey (1951): 283.</p><p>Tarucus waterstradti dharta: Evans (1955): 186; Basu et al. (2019): fig. 1a for ♂ lectotype and ♀ paralectotype + fig. 1c for ♂ + fig. 2 for ♂ and genitalia + fig. 3b for ♂ genitalia; Sajan &amp; Sapkota (2024): fig. 18; Inayoshi (2025) and Kunte et al. (2025): ♂♂ and ♀♀ + early stages.</p><p>Tarucus waterstradti simillimus Schröder &amp; Treadaway, 1985: for original description.</p><p>Castalius ananda [misid.]: de Nicéville (1884): pl. 1, 11a for ♀.</p><p>Materials. Ssp. dharta: ♂, 29.I.2023, Thailand, Chiang Mai, Y. Inayoshi leg. (CYI). Ssp. vileja: ♂, 28.XI.2020, Thailand, Yala, Betong, S. Atdhabhan leg.; ♀: 28.VIII.2022, Thailand, Yala, Betong, S. Atdhabhan leg. (CYI) .</p><p>Distribution. India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.</p><p>Remarks. In addition to the differences listed by Evans (1955), this species can be also distinguished from the preceding species by the following characteristics: (i) the marginal spots on the hindwing underside, especially in space 2, are less conspicuous and adorned with blue scales; (ii) the postdiscal spots on the hindwing underside are more developed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B99E2AFFA3FFC2F3B6FF520412FC75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Li, Hua-Zhao;Liu, Zhe;Yin, Wen-Xi;Li, Jia-Ling	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
