taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FF1A0622FB4A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 F 0 A 5443 - 83 D 3 - 4636 - 9178 - CBD 41 BCA 2586 Type species: Castalius ananda de Nicéville, [1884]	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FF1A0622FB4A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This new subgenus can be separated from Tarucus (Tarucus) by: (1) Black discocellular spot on the male forewing upperside is absent but present in T. (Tarucus). (2) Underside markings are more prominent than T. (Tarucus). (3) Cilia are black, sometimes mixed with white, whereas they are clearly divided into black inside and white outside in T. (Tarucus).	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FF1A0622FB4A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The subgeneric name honors Kongming, the courtesy name of Zhuge Liang, a statesman, strategist, and inventor during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The name is formed by latinizing the pinyin transcription of Kongming with masculine suffix - ius (Article 37 of Appendix D of ICZN 3 rd Edition). It is a noun in the nominative singular (Article 11.8 of ICZN 4 th Edition). Species included. T. (K.) ananda and T. (K.) waterstradti.	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FF1A0622FB4A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. (1) The Ethiopian thespis - group are excluded from the diagnosis due to their strikingly different wing patterns as noted by many previous taxonomists, and likely belong to a new subgenus or even a new genus (Bethune-Baker 1918; Evans 1955; Stempffer 1942; 1967). (2) This new subgenus, namely the Oriental ananda - group, is similar to the Australian fasciatus - group but can be distinguished from the latter by the discontinuous pattern of spots on the wing undersides (Bethune-Baker 1918). Recently, the fasciatus - group has also been confirmed to belong to the genus Tarucus by Zhang et al. (2023 b) but weather the two groups represent the same subgenus needs future study. (3) In the new subgenus, both larval (instar uncertain) and pupal stages exhibit distinct dark-colored patches on their dorsal and subdorsal areas. In contrast, species belonging to subgenus Tarucus display only a simple dorsal midline, which is yellowish in larvae and dark in pupae, accompanied by minute scattered spots (Maschwitz et al. 1985; Basu et al. 2019; Inayoshi 2025; Kunte et al. 2025).	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FB2B01EDF806.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 for adults, 2 for genitalia, 3 for distribution, 4 for phylogeny)	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FB2B01EDF806.taxon	materials_examined	Materials. 2 ♂♂, XII. 2024, Zhanxi Town, Yingjiang County, Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China, local collector leg. (TAA 1; CZL); 08. VII. 2023, Mt. Wuzhi, Hainan, China, 850 m, Z. Liu leg. (TAD 1; CZL).	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FB2B01EDF806.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, China (Xizang, Yunnan, Hainan).	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA4FFC5F3B6FB2B01EDF806.taxon	discussion	Remarks. (1) This species is recognized as endemic to regions surrounding the Indian subcontinent, with no subspecific divisions (Basu et al. 2019). However, the individual collected from Hainan lies far outside its known range (Fig. 3). This finding represents another scarce biogeographical connection that link the butterfly fauna of Hainan directly to the Indian subcontinent, rather than to the adjacent Indochina (Okano 1994; Okubo 2007; Huyen et al. 2024; Ali et al. 2025; Inayoshi 2025). (2) The external appearances of two examined specimens show no significant differences with only minor variations in genitalia (Figs. 1, 2). Given the rarity of materials from China, whether these genital differences are related to geographical variations requires further study.	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA3FFC2F3B6FF520412FC75.taxon	description	Castalius ananda [misid.]: de Nicéville (1884): pl. 1, 11 a for ♀.	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA3FFC2F3B6FF520412FC75.taxon	materials_examined	Materials. Ssp. dharta: ♂, 29. I. 2023, Thailand, Chiang Mai, Y. Inayoshi leg. (CYI). Ssp. vileja: ♂, 28. XI. 2020, Thailand, Yala, Betong, S. Atdhabhan leg.; ♀: 28. VIII. 2022, Thailand, Yala, Betong, S. Atdhabhan leg. (CYI).	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA3FFC2F3B6FF520412FC75.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines.	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
03B99E2AFFA3FFC2F3B6FF520412FC75.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In addition to the differences listed by Evans (1955), this species can be also distinguished from the preceding species by the following characteristics: (i) the marginal spots on the hindwing underside, especially in space 2, are less conspicuous and adorned with blue scales; (ii) the postdiscal spots on the hindwing underside are more developed.	en	Li, Hua-Zhao, Liu, Zhe, Yin, Wen-Xi, Li, Jia-Ling (2025): Morphological and genetic evidence reveals a new subgenus of Tarucus Moore, [1881] (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Zootaxa 5646 (3): 400-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5646.3.4
