identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
034C87EDFFFEFF9FD8B5B5FC88CCFDFE.text	034C87EDFFFEFF9FD8B5B5FC88CCFDFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thalerosphyrus bengalensis Vasanth, Kubendran & Subramanian 2025	<div><p>Thalerosphyrus bengalensis Vasanth, Kubendran &amp; Subramanian sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–50)</p><p>Material examined.   Holotype. Mature larva, INDIA, West Bengal, Purulia district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=86.19734&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=23.41131" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 86.19734/lat 23.41131)">Jalika village</a> stream, 23.41131°N, 86.19734°E, 311 m. 14.X.2022, coll. T. Kubendran (Reg. no. I/E/864)  .  Paratypes: 15 larvae, same place and data as holotype (Reg. no. I/E/865)</p><p>Description. Mature larva. (Fig.1). Length (mm): body 13–14; cerci 9.5–10.5; head length 1.5–2; head width 3.3–3.5; prothorax width 3.5–4 (Fig. 25).</p><p>Colour. Generally brownish with pale white (Fig. 1). Antennae are pale brown and very short (Fig. 5). Head sub quadrangular, brown with pale dots, and flattened; anterior margin of head with numerous small setae; dorsal surface with four pale dots; ocelli with three black dots mixed with pale colour in the middle (Figs 1–5).</p><p>Head. Mouthparts: Labrum expanded laterally, 4.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight, medially bulged with a concave shape and small blunt crenations on either side (Figs 12–14), dorsal surface with a curved row composed of 10–11 long stout setae (Fig. 14); dorsal surface and anterior margin covered with long, hair-like and stout setae; ventral surface of anterior margin with numerous long setae. Mandibles slightly bent in distal part; anterolateral margins with two rows of dense long hair-like setae; anterolateral margins with median bulge. Right mandible with two outer incisors broad with serrations on the inner margin, composed of 7 blunt teeth; inner incisor with two blunt teeth; prostheca with 6–7 thick setae surrounded with small setae; mola joined, posterior margin with 5–6 hair-like setae (Figs 16–17). Left mandible with single outer incisor serrated with 6 blunt teeth; inner incisor with two blunt teeth, anterior teeth smaller than posterior; prostheca with 8 thick fimbriate submarginal setae; mola with 7–8 setae and posterior median margin with 5 hair-like setae (Figs 18–19). Maxilla with long, simple setae on inner margin on the lateral margin and dorsal surface with stout setae. Segment I of maxillary palp on dorsal surface proximally with numerous long thread-like setae and rows of thin and simple setae on outer margin; segment II long and apically broad with rows of numerous long hair-like setae on outer margin; apical segment small, pointed, with rows of simple setae on outer margin. Crown of the galea-lacinia of maxillae with 15–16 comb-shaped bristles (Figs 20–22). Hypopharynx of lingua with tuft of small robust setae on anterior margin, superlinguae expanded laterally, densely covered with long and thin setae replaced before the apex by very small setae down to the lower part of the superlinguae (Fig. 15). Labium well developed, glossae dorsally with two distinct long setae (Fig. 23); glossae inner margin concave, outer margin serrated, and dorsal surface with numerous long hair-like setae (Fig. 24).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, deeply concave medially, wider than the head, and basally not fused to the mesonotum (Figs 1, 4, 25), anterior margin of pronotum with a small projection at apex.Anteromedially with black or brown marking and posterior margin medially with black line (Figs 4, 25). Mesonotum with a mix of pale and brown color, anterolaterally with deep concavity (Fig. 25), and black posteriorly at lateroparapsidal suture. Legs yellowish brown with black markings (Figs 31–37). Foreleg: femur with marginal row of long strong bristles, anterior and dorsal surface with numerous blunt stout setae, medially with small black maculae and distally with a small black spot (Figs 31–33). Tibia inner margin with few sharp stout setae (Fig. 38). Tarsi without any setation. Midleg: femur dorsal surface with numerous long stout setae along with dorsal margin, medially with small black maculae, and distally with small black maculae (Figs 34–35); tibia outer margin with rows of numerous hair-like setae and dorsal surface with U-shaped patella-tibial suture (Fig. 39). Hindleg: similar to fore and midleg but the dorsal surface with arrow-shaped, blunt and strong setae (Figs 36–37). Tibia with dorsally 15–16 pointed bristles on marginal or submarginal position and U-shaped patella-tibial suture and tarsi outer margin with few hair-like setae (Figs 40–41). Claws of all legs with 3 blunt denticles (Figs 42–43).</p><p>Abdomen. Posterolateral expansions on terga II–VIII and directed parallel to abdomen, slightly developed on terga II–III and well developed on terga IV–VIII (Figs 4–7). Dorsal surface of terga I–II pale with brown; tergum III with black with white spot; terga IV–VI with distinct four pale spots (Fig. 4); terga VII–VIII medially pale band and laterally brown; tergum IX with anteriorly pale and posterior brown band; tergum X 1/3 brown and pale bands (Figs 1–2); middle instar and mature larvae in slightly variable coloration (Fig. 4). Dorsal surface of sternum commonly pale, medially brown, and laterally light brown spots (Fig. 2); abdominal sterna III–VII with laterally pale brown streaks; sterna VII–IX medially very dark brown maculae (Figs 6–7). Sternum I, joining to the metanotum, has brown streaked maculae (Figs 9–10). Posterior margins of each tergum with irregular pointed teeth and a row of two microdenticles (Figs 28–29) and each tergum laterally with small simple setae. Gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongated, apically blunt, 2.5× longer than wide; ventral lamella, long fimbriate (Figs 44, 113); Gill II–VI strongly asymmetrical, length longer than width or subequal, tracheae well developed (Figs 45–49). Gill VII broad and apically blunt (Fig. 50). Cerci dark brownish with band pale increasing in size towards the apex. Paracercus dark brownish with yellow, with a dark brown band every 5–6 segments and each segment surrounded with pointed small yellowish spine-like bristles (Fig. 30).</p><p>Genitals. Protopenis: male genitalia yellowish, apically blunt, and laterally expanded, segment X triangular and apically with numerous small setae (Fig. 27). Forceps proximally broad and distally narrow, simple.</p><p>Adult. Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. The species name  “ bengalensis ” refers to the state of West Bengal, India, from where the holotype and paratype specimens were collected.</p><p>Distribution. Purulia district, West Bengal (India) (Fig. 111).</p><p>Diagnosis.  Thalerosphyrus bengalensis Vasanth, Kubendran &amp; Subramanian sp. nov. is similar to  T. meghalayensis but can be distinguished from all known species of  Thalerosphyrus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterolateral expansions on terga II–III slightly developed and terga VI–VIII well-developed (Figs 2, 6–7); (ii) tergum III bears a broad black with white spot (Figs 1, 4–5); (iii) terga VII–VIII medially with a pale white band and laterally brown; tergum IX with anteriorly pale and posteriorly brown band (Figs 4–5); (iv) abdominal sterna III–VII with laterally brown streaks; sterna VII–IX medially very dark brown maculae (Figs 2, 6–7); (v) posterior margins of abdominal terga with irregular pointed teeth and a row of few micro denticles (Figs 28–29); (vi) pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, with ornamentation of anteromedian black marking (Fig. 25); (vii) all femora with various stout setae, medially black maculae (Figs 31–37); (viii) hind femur dorsal surface with triangle-shaped blunt setae tibia 15–16 pointed bristles on marginal or submarginal position (Fig. 40); (xi) claw with 3 blunt denticles (Figs 42–43); (x) gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongated, apically blunt, 2.5× longer than wide (Fig. 44); (xi) labrum expanded laterally, 4.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight, medially bulged with a concave shape and small blunt crenations on either side, medio-ventrally with a curved row composed of 10–11 long stout setae (Figs 12–14); (xii) hypopharynx broad, lingua apically with small setae and superlinguae expanded laterally (Fig. 15); (xiii) maxillae broad, galea-lacinia with 15–16 comb-shaped bristles (Fig. 20); (xvi) glossae broad, inner margin concave and outer margin serrated (Fig. 24).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/034C87EDFFFEFF9FD8B5B5FC88CCFDFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Kubendran, T.;Subramanian, K. A.;Babu, R.	Vasanth, M., Kubendran, T., Subramanian, K. A., Babu, R. (2025): Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India. Zootaxa 5583 (2): 247-270, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2
034C87EDFFF6FF85D8B5B056889CFE82.text	034C87EDFFF6FF85D8B5B056889CFE82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thalerosphyrus sartorii Vasanth, Kubendran & Subramanian 2025	<div><p>Thalerosphyrus sartorii Vasanth, Kubendran &amp; Subramanian sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 51–95)</p><p>Material examined.   Holotype. Mature larva, INDIA, Tamil Nadu, Erode district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.37006&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.5728" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.37006/lat 11.5728)">Gunderipallam</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.37006&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.5728" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.37006/lat 11.5728)">Vanchimedu river</a>, 11.57280°N, 77.37006°E, 314 m. 02.II.2023, coll. R. Babu &amp; Party (Reg. No. I /E/866)  .  Paratypes: 4 larvae, same place and data as holotype (Reg. No. I /E/867);   3 larvae, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.13364&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.65037" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.13364/lat 11.65037)">Erode district</a>, Matheshwaram kuttai, Kottadai, 11.65037°N, 77.13364°E, 948 m  . 04.II.2023, coll. R. Babu &amp; Party (Reg. No. I /E/868) .</p><p>Description. Mature larva (Fig. 51). Length (mm): body 11–11.5; cerci 13–13.5. ♀ body 12.5–13.5; cerci 14.5–15.5; prothorax width 4.2–4.5 (Fig. 78).</p><p>Colour. Generally pale brownish. Antennae brown and much shorter than the width of head (Fig. 95). Head circular, brown, and flattened; anterior margin of the head with numerous small setae; a pair of pale maculae on the front of head, and dorsal surface has four pale dots; ocelli with three black dots mixed with pale color in the middle.</p><p>Head. Mouthparts: Labrum moderately broad, 3.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight, medio-ventrally with a curved row composed of 7–8 long stout setae (Figs 57–58); dorsal surface and anterior margin covered with long, hair-like and stout setae; ventral surface of anterior margin with numerous long hair-like setae lateral margin slightly concave. Mandibles strongly bent in distal part; anterolateral margins with several rows of dense long hair-like setae; anterolateral margins medially bulged (Figs 60–63). Right mandible with outer incisor serrated on inner margin, composed of 8 blunt teeth; inner incisor with two teeth, apically sharp; prostheca with 10–11 thick fimbriate submarginal setae; mola joined, posterior margin with 5–6 hair-like setae (Figs 60–61). Left mandible with outer incisor serrated with 13 blunt teeth; inner incisor apically bulged with trifid teeth, anterior tooth with small stout setae at the tip; prostheca with 11 thick fimbriate setae; mola with 6–7 setae and posterior median margin with 5 hair-like setae (Figs 62–63). Maxilla with long, simple setae on inner margin of galea-lacinia and with fimbriate setae scattered on ventral surface. Segment I of maxillary palp with rows of thin and simple setae on outer margins, dorsal surface with 4 small simple setae; segment II large with rows of numerous hair-like setae on outer margin; apical segment small, pointed, with rows of simple setae on outer margin. Crown of the galea-lacinia of maxillae with 14–15 comb-shaped setae (Fig. 64). Hypopharynx narrow, lingua with tuft of small robust setae (lingua slightly damaged), superlinguae slightly expanded laterally, densely covered with long and thin setae replaced apex with small setae up to lower part of the superlinguae (Fig. 59). Labium well developed, glossae dorsally with two distinct long setae and median patch of feathered setae; inner margin slightly concave, outer margin straight or serrated (Figs 65–67).</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, medially concave, wider than the head, and basally not fused to the mesonotum (Figs 51–52, 78), anterior margin of pronotum with a small projection at apex, anteromedially dark black indentation marking, and posterior part of medially with a pair of black spots (Fig. 78). Mesonotum pale and brown color mixed, anterolaterally with deep concavity (Fig. 78). Legs brown with pale markings (Figs 68, 71, 75). Foreleg: femur with a row of long strong setae on dorsal margin, anterior surface with numerous blunt stout setae, medially with small indentation of middle, and distally with a black spot (Figs 68–70). Midleg: femur anterior surface with numerous stout setae, median and distally with black spot; tibia dorsal surface with small stout feathered setae, inner side with small thick setae, and outer margin with a row of hair-like setae (Figs 71–74). Hindleg: femur with dorsal surface triangle-shaped setae, clearly pointed median, and distally with black spot; tibia with dorsally two rows of stout setae, inner side without setae and marginal and submarginal 17–18 pointed setae (Figs 75–77). Claw with 3–4 blunt denticles (Fig. 77).</p><p>Abdomen. Posterolateral expansions on terga III–VIII parallel to abdomen, poorly developed on tergum III, weakly developed on terga IV–V, moderately developed on terga VI–VIII (Figs 53–54). Dorsal surface of terga I–III pale brown, medially a brown spot; tergum III with laterally black spot; terga IV–V medially with a distinct pale-yellow spot (Fig. 51); terga IV–X brown mixed with pale yellow (Fig. 53); sternum pale yellowish or pale brownish (mature larva), sterna III–VII laterally with brown spot (Fig 53–54). Posterior margins of terga with irregular pointed teeth and a row of 2–3 microdenticles (Figs 84–86) and each tergite laterally with small simple setae (Fig. 85). Gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongated, apically moderately sharp, 2.5× longer than wide and ventral lamella long, fimbriate (Figs 88, 114); Gill II–VI strongly asymmetrical, length and width subequal (Figs 89–93). Gill VII long, 2.5× longer than wide (Fig. 94). Cerci pale brownish with medium brown bands increasing in size towards apex. Paracercus pale whitish with yellow, with a dark brown band on 3–4 segments and each segment surrounded with pointed small yellowish spine-like setae (Fig. 55).</p><p>Genitals. Protopenis (Figs 80–82): male genitalia yellowish, penis fused, V-shaped medially, apically blunt, and laterally with tapered square, tergum X triangular and apically with numerous stout setae (Fig. 81). Forceps proximally broad and towards narrow apically.</p><p>Adult. Unknown.</p><p>Etymology. This species is named in honour of Dr. Michel Sartori in recognition of his significant contributions to the genus  Thalerosphyrus .</p><p>Distribution. Erode district, Tamil Nadu (India) (Fig. 112).</p><p>Diagnosis.  Thalerosphyrus sartorii Vasanth, Kubendran &amp; Subramanian sp. nov. is similar to  T. flowersi and  T. meghalayensis, but it can be distinguished from all known species of  Thalerosphyrus by the following combination of characters: (i) posterolateral expansions on terga III–VIII, terga VI–VIII moderately developed, tergum III poorly developed, weakly developed on terga IV–V (Figs 51–54); (ii) gill I convex, asymmetrical, elongate, 2.5× longer than wide (Fig. 88); (iii) abdominal tergum III dorsolaterally with black markings (Fig. 53); (iv) abdominal sterna III–VII with laterally black streaks (Fig 54); (v) posterior margins of terga with irregular pointed teeth and a row of 2–3 micro denticles (Figs 84–86); (vi) pronotum moderately enlarged laterally, with anteromedian black marking and submedian pair of black spots (Figs 51, 78); (vii) all femora medially with black maculae and blunt stout setae (Figs 68, 71, 75); (viii) hind femur triangular-shaped setae, clearly pointed (Fig. 75); (xi) claw with 3–4 blunt denticles (Fig. 77); (x) labrum moderately expanded laterally, anterior margin straight, medio-ventrally with a curved row composed of 7–8 long stout setae each; lateral margin slightly concave (Figs 57–58); (xi) hypopharynx narrow and superlinguae slightly expanded laterally with apically with small setae (Fig. 59); (xii) mandibles with lateral margin medially bulged, of mandibles and left mandible inner incisor with three teeth with small stout setae joined with first teeth (Figs 60–63); (xiii) maxillae broad, galea-lacinia with 14–15 comb-shaped setae (Fig. 64); (xiv) glossae with slightly concave (Fig. 66).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/034C87EDFFF6FF85D8B5B056889CFE82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Kubendran, T.;Subramanian, K. A.;Babu, R.	Vasanth, M., Kubendran, T., Subramanian, K. A., Babu, R. (2025): Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India. Zootaxa 5583 (2): 247-270, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2
034C87EDFFEDFF84D8B5B5FC8E27FC14.text	034C87EDFFEDFF84D8B5B5FC8E27FC14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thalerosphyrus flowersi Venkataraman & Sivaramakrishnan 1987	<div><p>Thalerosphyrus flowersi Venkataraman &amp; Sivaramakrishnan, 1987</p><p>(Figs 96–110)</p><p>Material examined.   Paratype: India, Tamil Nadu, Theni district, Palni hills, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=77.53047&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.18025" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 77.53047/lat 10.18025)">Kumbakkarai falls</a>, 10.18025° N, 77.53047° E, 397 m. (Type specimen label (Fig. 110))  .</p><p>Distribution. Southern India.</p><p>Diagnosis.  Thalerosphyrus flowersi by the following combination of characters: (i) labrum greatly expanded laterally and shallow medially (Fig. 99); (ii) gill I asymmetrical and ovoid, 1.5× as long as wide (Fig. 107); (iii) femora of legs yellowish brown with zig-zag pale yellow band; (iv) glossae clearly concave with surface three long setae (Fig. 101); (v) maxillae of galea-lacinia with 17–18 comb-shaped setae (Figs 104–105) (vi) pronotum greatly enlarged laterally and posteriorly (Fig. 96); (vii) ornamentation of hind tibia with 13–14 pointed bristles in marginal or submarginal position; (viii) posterolateral expansion not developed on tergum I, weakly developed on tergum II, strongly developed on tergum III and increasing in size up to VIII (Figs 97–98).</p><p>Genitals. Protopenis (Fig.108): male genitalia yellowish, penis fused, apically blunt, and laterally with tapered square, tergum X rounded and apically with small stout setae. Forceps rectangular.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/034C87EDFFEDFF84D8B5B5FC8E27FC14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Kubendran, T.;Subramanian, K. A.;Babu, R.	Vasanth, M., Kubendran, T., Subramanian, K. A., Babu, R. (2025): Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India. Zootaxa 5583 (2): 247-270, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2
034C87EDFFE9FF80D8B5B2238F8EFEC5.text	034C87EDFFE9FF80D8B5B2238F8EFEC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thalerosphyrus Eaton 1881	<div><p>Larval key to the genus  Thalerosphyrus from India</p><p>1. Posterolateral expansions of abdominal segments well developed on III–VIII and directed outwards (Figs 97–98); pronotum greatly enlarged laterally and posteriorly (Fig. 96); anterior margin of the labrum with a smooth, shallow depression in the middle area (Fig. 99)...........................................................................  T. flowersi</p><p>- Posterolateral expansions of abdominal segment III–VIII moderately developed (Figs 4–5, 53–54); pronotum is moderately enlarged laterally and posteriorly (Figs 4–5, 51); labrum a different shape......................................... 2</p><p>2. Posterior margins of terga with irregular pointed teeth and a row of microdenticles (Figs 84–86); hind tibia with two rows of thin setae on the dorsal face of hind femora arrow-shaped......................................................3</p><p>- Posterior margin of tergites with regular pointed teeth, and numerous microdenticles (Selvakumar et al. 2017: Fig. 21); hind tibia with one row of thin setae; setae on the dorsal surface of hind femora truncate or rounded at apex (Selvakumar et al. 2017: Fig. 15)...............................................................................  T. meghalayensis</p><p>3. Hind femur dorsal surface with arrow-shaped, blunt and strong setae (Fig. 40); labrum expanded laterally, 4.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight, medially bulged with a concave shape and small blunt crenations on either side, (Fig. 12)...........................................................................................  T. bengalensis sp. nov.</p><p>- Hind femur dorsal surface with arrow-shaped setae, clearly point (Fig. 75); Labrum moderately broad, 3.5× wider than long, anterior margin straight (Figs 57–58).......................................................  T. sartorii sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/034C87EDFFE9FF80D8B5B2238F8EFEC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Vasanth, M.;Kubendran, T.;Subramanian, K. A.;Babu, R.	Vasanth, M., Kubendran, T., Subramanian, K. A., Babu, R. (2025): Two new species of the genus Thalerosphyrus Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) from India. Zootaxa 5583 (2): 247-270, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5583.2.2
