taxonID	type	description	language	source
03385970FFFA3126F94D5F85FE8CFAD3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Epeira graeffei Keyserling, 1865, by original designation.	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFFA3127F9735E20FCDDFA80.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Epeira melania L. Koch, 1871, by original designation. Synonymized by Dondale, 1966. Diagnosis: Phonognatha can be distinguished from other araneids based on the following combination of characters: their typical abdominal colour pattern (dark brown spots or rings dorsally on paler area of whitish guanocytes) in both sexes; a rugose area on the posterior margin of the ALS (Fig. 11 A, arrow); one flagelliform spigot of triad closer to a cylindrical gland spigot than aggregate gland spigots (Fig. 11 C). Males differ from other araneids by the elongated conductor in which the embolus lies in a groove, recalling a tetragnathid or nephiline palp rather than a typical araneid, conductor with a process pointing apically near centre of palp and absence of a median apophysis, similar to Deliochus and Artifex gen. nov. (Fig. 10). Females can be identified by the presence of two ventral epigynal copulatory openings without a scape, lobed spermathecae and a capsule containing a helically curved copulatory duct (Figs 11 D, 12 E – G). Phonognatha males can be distinguished from those of Deliochus and Artifex gen. nov. based on their longer cheliceral fangs (Figs 12 B, 25 B vs. Figs 29 B, 41 B). Females are diagnosed by the absence of epigynal flaps (present in Deliochus) and by the presence of an epigynal capsule bearing its coiled copulatory ducts (Deliochus and Artifex gen. nov.; Fig. 16 F – G). Description Female: Total length 7.48 – 11.63. Carapace 3.25 – 4.28 long, 1.99 – 3.03 wide, 0.92 – 1.44 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown, sometimes with pars cephalica and carapace margins slightly darker than pars thoracica. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.14 – 0.29; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 AME diameter. Paturon coloured as pars cephalica, with 3 prolateral and 2 – 3 retrolateral teeth. Leg formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax, or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 4.67 – 8.19 long, 3.16 – 5.54 wide, 3.03 – 5.54 high; light brown with pale guanocytes; 1 – 5 round dark brown markings, often with dark brown posterior; ventral side two longitudinal stripes from epigastric furrow to spinning field. Spinning field typical of araneoids, with the following exceptions common to zygielline (and some nephiline) araneids: a rugose area on posterior rim of ALS making a notch in the piriform spigot field and one flagelliform spigot of triad closer to a cylindrical gland spigot than aggregate gland spigots. Epigynum with small ventral-facing copulatory openings; each copulatory duct coiled within a capsule, forming a helix running anterior then twisting back on itself, before reaching a lobed spermatheca; fertilization ducts emerge dorsal and posterior from spermathecae. Copulatory ducts may be plugged with secretions or parts of pedipalp. Male: Total length 2.85 – 8.21. Carapace 1.75 – 4.83 long, 1.15 – 3.17 wide, 0.59 – 1.52 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown in colour, sometimes with pars cephalica and carapace margins darker than pars thoracica. Eye arrangement as in female; AME diameter 0.12 – 0.22; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 / 2 AME diameter. Paturon coloured as pars cephalica, with 3 prolateral and 2 – 3 retrolateral teeth. Legs formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 1.62 – 4.71 long, 1.24 – 2.91 wide, 0.80 – 3.03 high; light brown with pale guanocytes; 1 – 5 dark brown markings, often with dark brown posterior; ventral side two longitudinal stripes from epigastric furrow to spinning field. Spinning field with rugose patch and triad positioning as in females. Pedipalp tibia 1 / 2 – 3 times length of cymbium; cymbium slightly elongated, with broad, integral paracymbium; tegulum and subtegulum rotated dorsally; conductor with lightly rugose texture, spiralling and emerging ventrally, twisting slightly, with a groove where the embolus rests, terminating in an oblique point; centre of conductor with process somewhat parallel to elongated, twisted part of conductor. One or both pedipalps sometimes missing. Composition: Phonognatha is composed of four species: P. graeffei (Keyserling, 1865), P. melania (Koch, 1871), P. neocaledonica Berland, 1924 comb. nov., and P. tanyodon sp. nov. Natural history: The natural history of Phonognatha is primarily based on studies of the most commonly observed and collected species, P. graeffei. All Phonognatha species share the leaf-curling behaviour, placing a leaf near the hub of an incomplete orb-web to use as retreat. The temporary, non-sticky spiral remains in the finished web. It is expected that all Phonognatha also cohabit in the leaf retreat, especially while the female is subadult, and possible subsequent cannibalism (Fahey & Elgar, 1997), though this has primarily been observed in P. graeffei and P. tanyodon sp. nov. Phylogenetics: Putative synapomorphies of Phonognatha include the spot-like abdominal dorsal markings, coiled copulatory ducts within a capsule, cheliceral dimorphism (males’ are larger), curved tip of conductor and presence of a barrier web. Distribution: Known from all states in Australia except the Northern Territory and from New Caledonia.	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFFB311AF8855E22FDD2FA3D.taxon	description	FIGS 10 A, 11 – 14	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFFB311AF8855E22FDD2FA3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Syntypes: Australia, New South Wales, Wollongong, E. H. Graeffe (NHMUK, not examined). NOTE: I have examined Levi’s unpublished illustration of the syntype. Diagnosis: Males of P. graeffei can be distinguished from closely related species based on their palp, which has a pointed mid-conductor process approximately 1 / 3 the length of the conductor and cymbium approximately as long (or slightly longer) than palpal tibia. Other species in these genera have notably shorter (e. g. P. neocaledonica comb. nov., Artifex gen. nov., Deliochus) or longer (e. g. P. melania, P. tanyodon sp. nov.) tibiae. Females of P. graeffei have a sclerotized epigynal ridge anterior to copulatory openings, which other Phonognatha lack. Description Female (Figs 11 A – D, 12) (from Queensland, Lamington National Park, GH 2536): Total length 8.61. Carapace 3.50 long, 2.32 wide, 1.15 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown; sternum 1.71 long, 1.19 wide, of similar colour, with dark margins and pale longitudinal band. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.25; AMEs interdistance c. 2 / 3 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 2 / 3 AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 / 2 AME diameter. Paturon yellowish brown to reddish brown, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from the paturon. Legs coloured as cephalothorax or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 3.80, patella I 1.61, tibia I 3.65, metatarsus I 4.25, tarsus I 1.25; femur II 2.95, patella II 1.14, tibia II 2.56, metatarsus II, 2.98, tarsus II 1.07; femur III 2.05, patella III 0.82, tibia III 1.16, metatarsus III 1.47, tarsus III 0.72; femur IV 2.60; patella IV 1.01; tibia IV 2.13; metatarsus IV 2.34; tarsus IV 0.76. Abdomen 4.75 long, 3.62 wide, 3.96 high; light brown with pale guanine crystals; four to five pairs of brown markings on dorsum and longitudinal caudal stripe; two longitudinal stripes of guanocytes between epigastric furrow and spinning field. Epigynum with broad sclerotized area, extending anteriorly; copulatory openings facing caudally, with sclerotized ridges; copulatory duct continues anteriorly, then curves posteriorly to spermathecae; fertilization ducts emerge from posterior region of spermathecae and extend dorsally. Male (Figs 10 A, 11 E – I, 13) (from New South Wales, Brisbane Forest Park, AM KS 69633): Total length 7.86. Carapace 3.88 long, 2.96 wide, 1.28 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown; sternum 1.91 long, 1.71 wide, coloured of similar colour as carapace, with darker edges. Eye arrangement as in female. AME diameter 0.17; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 AME diameter. Paturon yellowish brown to reddish brown, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang bends mesally by almost 90 °, then curving slightly again at approximately midpoint. Legs coloured as cephalothorax, or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 5.15, patella I 1.99, tibia I 5.18, metatarsus I 6.14, tarsus I 1.34; femur II 3.97, patella II 1.71, tibia II 3.89, metatarsus II 4.21, tarsus II 1.21; femur III 2.40, patella III 1.13, tibia III 1.54, metatarsus III 2.11, tarsus III 0.77; femur IV 3.20 patella IV 1.41, tibia IV 2.74, metatarsus IV 3.25, tarsus IV 0.90. Abdomen 4.49 long, 2.63 wide, 2.52 high; light brown with pale guanine crystals; 4 – 5 pairs of discrete dark brown markings on the dorsum, with a central stripe caudally; two longitudinal stripes of guanocytes between epigastric furrow and spinning field. Spinning field similar to female. Cymbium approximately as long as (or slightly longer than) palpal tibia; mid-conductor process pointed, broader at base, 1 / 3 to 1 / 2 the length of the elongate part of the conductor. Variation: Females’ (N = 6) total length 7.98 – 10.23; carapace length 3.45 – 4.28, width 2.42 – 3.03, height 1.08 – 1.35; abdomen length 4.75 – 6.39, width 3.51 – 4.53, height 3.69 – 4.94; sternum length 1.65 – 2.01, width 1.19 – 1.52. Males’ (N = 5) total length 2.86 – 8.21; carapace length 1.75 – 4.83, width 1.15 – 3.17, height 0.59 – 1.52; abdomen length 1.62 – 4.49, width 1.24 – 2.63, height 0.80 – 3.03; sternum length 0.87 – 2.10, width 0.70 – 1.79. Distribution: Known from the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, and Victoria (Fig. 14). Natural history: Phonognatha graeffei is one of the most common leaf-curling spiders in eastern Australia. This spider is apparently one of about three-dozen spider species that is capable of reversible colour change (Roberts, 1936; Umbers et al., 2014), likely based on manipulating guanine crystals near the surface of its abdomen. This ability has been observed (Fig. 3) but it is unclear if this ability extends to congeners. Males vary greatly in size, with adults collected from the same locality being scarcely half the size of other adults. The webs of P. graeffei are sometimes parasitized by Argyrodes, with multiple species having been collected (Grostal, 1999). Cohabitation has been observed in P. graeffei, with males sharing a leaf curl with an immature female until she undergoes her final ecdysis into adulthood (Fahey & Elgar, 1997). Phonognatha graeffei has been observed to gather and consume pollen (Framenau et al. 2014: 42), but the extent and frequency of this behaviour is unknown. Additional material examined: Australia: New South Wales, Sydney, − 33.866, 151.156 *, W. J. Rainbow, 2 FF (AM KS 6642); Yuraygir National Park, Iliaroo Campground, − 29.759, 153.293, 31. i. 2016, 35 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 3 FF, 1 M, 2 Juv; Yuraygir National Park, nr. water catchment, − 29.783, 153.262, 31. i. 2016, 35 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 1 M, 1 F; Hornsby, − 33.714, 151.089 *, 7. v. 1933, A. Musgrave, 2 FF (AM KS 34245); Southwest Rocks, − 30.929, 153.089 *, 20. iv. 1993, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 45254); Barren Grounds Nature Reserve, − 34.679, 150.704 *, 16. i. 1966, leaf curlers (AM KS 77087); Sydney, Hyde Park, − 33.866, 151.156 *, 22. iii. 1992, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2805); Sydney, Taronga Zoo, − 33.843, 151.242 *, 30. iii. 1979, H. Levi, on slope in shrubs (MCZ); Sydney, Taronga Zoo, − 33.843, 151.242 *, 30. iii. 1979, H. Levi, some epigyna plugged, 3 FF, 1 Juv (USNM); Poverty Point, 20 miles E. of Tenterfield, − 29.069, 152.399 *, 13. iv. 1963, R. Boswell, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Grafton, − 29.683, 152.933 *, 31. iii. 1963, R. Boswell, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Terrey Hills, − 35.300, 149.133, 27. xii. 2007, M. L. Moir, K. E. C. Brennan, beating foliage, 1 M (WAM T 99102); Wagga Wagga, Gregadoo Rd, − 35.117, 147.367, 10. iv. 1993, C. A. Carr, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2810); Wagga Wagga, Kooringal, − 35.117, 147.367, 29. iii. 1993, C. A. Car, webs in grass, 3 FF, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2806); 11 km E of Albury, − 36.074, 146.914 *, M. S. Harvey, under bark of Eucalyptus sp., 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2804); Armidale, − 30.500, 151.650 *, H. Heathwole, 1 F (QM); Moruya, nr. Bateman’s Bay, − 35.911, 150.081 *, i. 1982, D. Wallace, 1 M (QM); Richmond Range State Forest, − 28.690, 152.744 *, 17 – 18. iv. 1976, R. J. Raven, 1 F (QM); Richmond Range State Forest, − 28.690, 152.744 *, 17 – 18. iv. 1976, R. J. Raven, 6 FF (QM); Crows Nest, − 33.827, 151.201 *, 27. i. 1973, G. May, 1 M (QM S 45609); Linden, Blue Mountains, − 27.809, 146.360 *, 28. ii. 1971, M. Gray, leaf curlers, 2 FF (AM KS 77088); Newcastle, Blackbutt Reserve, site 1, − 32.934, 151.697 *, 2. viii. 1988, M. Gray, C. Horseman, M. Zabka, in curled leaf in orb web, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 18408); Bristol Point, Jervis Bay, − 35.085, 150.677 *, 31. i. 1931, W. A. Rainbow, 1 M, 1 Juv (AM KS 77097); Gosford, − 33.428, 151.343 *, 14. i. 1930, K. Thompson, 2 FF (AM KS 33831); Ermington, − 33.815, 151.059 *, 4. i. 1959, R. Goodwin, R. Ford, 1 F, 1 M (AM KS 34252); Northbridge, nr. Sydney, − 33.810, 151.218 *, 20. iii. 1928, A. Thompson, 4 FF (AM KS 33828); Wahroonga, − 33.716, 151.115 *, 2. iv. 1928, N. Davidson, 1 F (AM KS 33835); Kempsey Banks of Murray River, − 31.050, 152.500, 27. i. 1981, M. R. Gray, 2 FF (AM KS 57558); 12 km S. of Bowral Lemann Property, ii. 1997, J. Lemann, C. Lemann, 1 F (AM KS 52101); Seven Mile Beach, − 34.852, 150.743 *, 26. ii. 1980, M. I. Nikitin, by sweeping M. communis, 1 M (AM KS 4639); Botany, − 33.949, 151.199 *, 22. v. 1965, R. E. Mascord, 2 FF (AM KS 77091); Gordon, − 33.756, 151.152 *, 17. ii. 1989, C. Horseman, M. McEvoy, on foliage, 1 M (AM KS 20223); Pennant Hills, − 33.733, 151.067, 25. ix. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 59082); Windsor’s Ranch, nr. Freeman’s Ranch, 1 F (AM KS 9069); Urunga, − 30.532, 152.997 *, 7. iii. 1981, M. R. Gray, 1 F (AM KS 48850); 6 km S. of Forster, 1 M (AM KS 10203); Lord Howe Island, − 31.530, 159.071 *, 900 – 1300 m, leaf curler (AM KS 33872); Shoalhaven Heads, − 34.852, 150.743 *, 12. i. 1953, N. J. Camps, 1 F (AM KS 33830); Beecroft Reserve, − 33.750, 151.067, 12. iii. 1999, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59077); Epping Station Strip, − 33.767, 151.038, 15. ii. 1995, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59074); Narraweena, − 33.750, 151.267, v. 1996, M. Robinson, 1 F (AM KS 48707); Lord Howe Island, − 31.530, 159.017 *, leaf curler, orb web on shrubs, 1 F (AM KS 33866); Washpool State Forest, junction of Moogen and Coombadjan, 1 M, 1 Juv (AM KS 9319); Wollongongm − 34.437, 150.834 *, 3. iii. 1966, R. Mascord, 1 M (AM KS 77092); North Ryde, − 33.800, 151.117, 10. ii. 1994, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59087); North Bondi, − 33.884, 151.279 *, 29. v. 1962, 1 F (AM KS 34336); 6 m W. of Kempsey on Sherwood Road, − 31.072, 152.711 *, 24. iv. 1974, M. Gray, webs on bank vegetation, leaf retreat, 2 FF, Juv (AM KS 77089); nr. Sydney, − 33.866, 151.156 *, iv. 1928, R. Cranfield, on Banksia, 2 FF (AM KS 33825); Beecroft Reserve, − 33.750, 151.067, 17. ii. 1997, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59079); Crommelin Research Station, Pearl Beach, − 33.547, 151.292 *, 26. ii. 1984, J. Clarke, 2 FF (AM KS 50342); Crommelin Research Station, Pearl Beach, − 33.547, 151.292 *, 26. ii. 1984, J. Clarke, 1 F (AM KS 50339); Frazer Reserve, Wahroonga, − 33.717, 151.133, 28. i. 1994, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 59088); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067 *, 15. iii. 1997, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 52099); South West Rocks, − 30.922, 153.056 *, 8. i. 1993, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 52455); Sydney District, − 33.866, 151.156 *, v. 1928, C. R. Barlee, 2 FF (AM KS 33824); Lord Howe Island, 39, − 31.530, 159.071 *, 1 M (AM KS 33870); Lord Howe Island, 38, − 31.530, 159.071 *, 1 M, 1 F, 1 Juv (AM KS 33865); Lord Howe Island, − 31.530, 159.071 *, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 33872); South West Rocks, − 30.922, 153.056 *, 30. iv. 1993, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 54253); Bobbin Hill, 10. iii. 1982, M. Gray, on shrub, 1 F (AM KS 8958); La Kemba, − 33.921, 151.077 *, E. A. Brack, 3 FF (AM KS 34251); Sydney, Gladesville, − 33.831, 151.126 *, 12. iv. 1928, J. Hoise, 1 F (AM KS 33829); Lord Howe Island, − 31.530, 159.071 *, 1 F (AM KS 33871); Lord Howe Island, − 31.530, 159.071 *, 247 m, 1 F (AM KS 33867); Carrow Brook, − 32.283, 151.300, 21. iv. 1999, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 59086); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 10. ii. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 57561); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 10. ii. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 59080); Lord Howe Island, − 31.530, 159.071 *, ii. 1971, 381 m, M. Gray, 1 Juv (AM KS 33864); St. George’s Basin, − 35.085, 150.599 *, i. 1984, I. Biddle, 1 M, 1 F, 1 Juv (AM KS 22636); Myall Lakes, − 32.408, 152.402, D. Stevenson, 1 F (AM KS 2102); Turramurra, − 33.750, 151.117, i. 1967, J. Child, living together in leaf, 1 M (AM KS 70853); Mount Katapur, − 30.274, 150.148 *, 12. ii. 1996, M. Moulds, 1 F (AM KS 52103); Crommelin Research Station, Pearl Beach, − 33.547, 151.292 *, ii. 1994, R. Bradley, FF (AM KS 50340); Crommelin Research Station, Pearl Beach, − 33.547, 151.292 *, 26. ii. 1984, J. Clarke, in rolled leaf, 1 F (AM KS 50341); Carrow Brook, − 32.283, 151.300, 10. ii. 1999, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59085); Narrabeen Lake, − 33.717, 151.282 *, 17. i. 1969, M. Gray, 1 M, 1 Juv (AM KS 77096); Moruya, − 35.905, 150.086 *, 27. i. 1965, 1 F (AM KS 77086); Razorback, Camden, − 34.146, 150.656 *, 1. v. 1969, 1 F (AM KS 33839); Newcastle, Blackbutt Reserve, site 1, − 32.934, 151.967, 2. viii. 1988, M. Gray, C. Horseman, M. Zabka, in curled leaf, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 18409); Mount Gog, − 31.836, 151.483 *, 30. iii. 1982, W. Bell, 1 F (AM KS 8852); Sydney Museum, − 33.866, 151.156 *, 26. ii. 1969, K. Kota, 1 F (AM KS 33836); Lane Cove National Park, − 33.749, 151.091 *, vi. 1988, M. Elgar, 1 M, 1 Juv (AM KS 19927); Sydney, Collaroy, − 33.741, 151.307 *, i. 1930, A. Musgrave, 4 MM, 3 Juv (AM KS 34523); St. George’s Basin, − 35.085, 150.599 *, i. 1984, I. Buddle, 1 F (AM KS 22665); Crommelin Research Station, Pearl Beach, − 33.547, 151.292 *, 4. iii. 1984, R. A. Bradley, FF, Juv (AM KS 50338); Forster, − 32.212, 152.540 *, 14. ii. 1997, M. Moulds, leaf and eggsac, 1 F (AM KS 52096); Camden, − 34.057, 150.701 *, 15. vii. 1968, M. Gray, in low gum with leaf, 1 F (AM KS 33838); Forster, − 32.212, 152.540 *, 12. ii. 1997, M. Moulds, with leaf, 1 F (AM KS 52095); Minmi, − 32.877, 151.617 *, 2 MM, 2 FF (AM KS 33827); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067 *, 5. iii. 1994, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 53728); Upper Middle Harbor, nr. Sydney, − 33.768, 151.210 *, 18. iii. 1928, A. Musgrave, 1 F (AM KS 33826); Killara, − 33.764, 151.164 *, 12. iv. 1978, L. Bushell, 1 F (AM KS 1333); Narrabeen Lake, − 33.717, 151.282 *, 17. i. 1969, M. Gray, leaf curlers, 1 M, 1 Juv (AM KS 77095); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 25. i. 1999, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59078); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 10. ii. 1994, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 59076); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 10. ii. 1994, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59075); ‘ Springerlee’ gates S. of Neville on Kentucky Road, − 33.737, 149.191 *, 10. ii. 1991, C. Horseman, J. Thompson, 1 M (AM KS 33868); Wahroonga Frazer Reserve, − 33.722, 151.113 *, 10. ix. 1993, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 54240); Lord Howe Island, SG 50, − 31.530, 159.071 *, M. Gray, clubionid in dead leaf in web above Phonognatha leaf, 1 F (AM KS 33868); Lord Howe Island, start of Transit Hill Track, off Bowker Avenue, − 31.530, 159.071, 20. ii. 2001, G. Milledge, 1 F (AM KS 70760); Bawley Point, c. 20 miles N. of Bateman’s Bay, − 35.516, 150.394 *, 15. ii. 1997, 5 m, E. S. Ross, 3 FF (CASENT); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 2. iii. 2004, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 88881); Banyabba State Forest, − 29.382, 153.007, ii. 1998, A. York, sweep, 1 F (AM KS 88597); Hornsby, Waitara Creek, − 33.714, 151.089, 27. i. 2008, g. Milledge, H. Smigh, beat, sweep, and hand collecting, 1 M (AM KS 105045); Newnes State Forest, Birds Rock Flora Reserve, 0.6 km from Sunnyside Ridge Road, − 33.324, 150.193, 23. ii. 2006, 1105 m, G. Milledge, J. Tarnawski, M. Beatson, dry sclerophyll, beating and hand collecting, 5 FF, 2 MM (AM KS 94508); Newnes State Forest, track of Snow Gum Flora Reserve, 1.3 km from Blackfellows Hand Road, − 33.324, 150.193, 21. ii. 2006, 1144 m, G. Milledge, J. Tarnawski, M. Beatson, dry sclerophyll, beating and hand collecting, 3 FF (AM KS 94561); Newnes State Forest, track of Snow Gum Flora Reserve, 2.5 km from Blackfellows Hand Road, − 33.324, 150.193, 20. i. 2006, 1172 m, G. Milledge, J. Tarnawski, M. Beatson, dry sclerophyll, beating and hand collecting, 5 FF, 2 MM (AM KS 94571); Newnes State Forest, Deep Pass Road South, − 33.324, 150.193, 22. ii. 2006, 1100 m, G. Milledge, J. Tarnawski, M. Beatson, dry sclerophyll, beating and hand collecting, 1 M (AM KS 94615); Arneliffe, − 33.938, 151.146 *, 6. i. 1957, R. J. Weston, 1 M (AM KS 34344); Devils Pulpit State Forest, − 29.266, 153.204, ii. 1997, A. York, sweep, eucalypt forest, 1 M (AM KS 88619); St. Ives, Ku-Ring-Gai Wildflower Garden, − 33.705, 151.172, 17. i. 2014, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night collecting, 1 M (AM KS 122197); Lord Howe Island, − 31.530, 159.071 *, xii. 19150 i. 1916, A. M. Lea, 1 F (AM KS 6523); Turamurra, − 33.750, 151.117, i. 1967, J. Child, 2 FF (AM KS 115365); Bundjalung National Park, Saltwater Track, − 29.376, 153.349, 20. ii. 2011, G. Milledge, H. Smith, beat, sweep and hand collecting, 1 F (AM KS 76434); Jamberoo Mountain, − 34.667, 150.717 *, 12. iv. 1993, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 046007); 7 Mile Beach, 26. ii. 1980, M. I. Nikitin, sweeping, 1 F (AM KS 4637); Hornsby, Waitara Creek, − 33.714, 151.089, 15. iii. 2004, H. Smith, on line at night, 1 M (AM KS 90093); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 16. ix. 2002, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 79719); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 16. ix. 2002, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 88873); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 3. ii. 2004, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 87317); Spirabo State Forest, − 29.300, 152.183, 4. ii- 9. iv. 1993, 920 m, M. Gray, G. Cassis, saddle along ride with steep drop to the south and a shallow basin to the north, 1 F (AM KS 038200); 3 km N. of Landsdowne, − 31.683, 152.483, 19. ii. 1997, wet sclerophyll, 1 M (AM KS 97248); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, i. ii. 1992, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 046014); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 15. iv. 1993, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 7105); Barrington Tops Reserve, Gummi Road, Manning River Crossing, − 31.862, 151.552, 19. iii. 2008, G. Milledge, A. Hegedus, beat / sweep, under bark, sclerophyll, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 103277); Smiths Lake, − 32.367, 152.500, 3. v. 1997, spider exhibition, 1 F (AM KS 97214); Mount Annan Botanical Gardens, − 34.050, 150.767, 25. iii. 2008, L. von Richter, in web, 1 M (AM KS 109240); Mount Annan Botanical Gardens, − 34.050, 150.767, 25. iii. 2008, L. von Richter, in web, 1 F (AM KS 109257); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 4. iv. 2004, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 88845); Hornsby, Waitara Creek, − 33.714, 151.089 *, 22. i. 2005, H. Smith, 1 M (AM KS 91356); Wolgan State Forest, Newnes Road, − 33.282, 150.118, 21. ii. 2006, 707 m, G. Milledge, J. Tarnawski, M. Beatson, dry sclerophyll, beating and hand collecting, 1 F (AM KS 94547); Doubleduke State Forest, − 29.142, 153.194, ii. 1997, A. York, sweep, eucalypt forest, 1 F (AM KS 88061); Yerringbool, − 34.367, 150.533, 1. iv. 1990, S. J. Fellenberg, 1 F (AM KS 86712); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 1. iv. 2002, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 76894); Devils Pulpit State Forest, − 29.263, 153.203, ii. 1997, A. York, sweep, eucalypt forest, 1 F (AM KS 88060); Hornsby, Waitara Creek, − 33.714, 151.089, 11. iv. 2004, G. Milledge, in web, 1 F (AM KS 88826); Epping, − 33.800, 151.117, 18. v. 2011, R. Sadler, 1 F (AM KS 115313); Royal Camp State Forest, − 29.352, 152.873, ii. 1998, A. York, sweep eucalypt forest, 1 F (AM KS 88596); Mount Belmore State Forest, − 29.062, 152.776, ii. 1997, A. York, sweep, eucalypt forest, 1 M (AM KS 88057); Hornsby, Clovelly Road, − 34.714, 151.089, 3. iii. 2004, H. Smith, in house, 1 M (AM KS 88818); Newnes State Forest, Waratah Ridge Road, 3.2 km from Glowworm Tunnel Road, − 33.324, 150.193, 1090 m, G. Milledge, J. Tarnawski, M. Beatson, dry sclerophyll, beating and hand collecting, 3 FF (AM KS 94598); Mount Annan Botanical Gardens, − 34.050, 150.767, 25. iii. 2008, L. von Richter, in eucalypt leaf, 1 F (AM KS 109241); Hornsby, Waitara Creek, − 33.714, 151.089, 12. ii. 2004, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night, 1 M (AM KS 87293); Spirabo State Forest, very end of Wattle Creek Road, on ridge overlooking Wattle Creek Gorge to NE, − 28.300, 152.183, 4. ii- 9. iv. 1993, 880 m, M. Gray, G. Cassis, 1 F (AM KS 038285); 0.5 km W. of Harrington, − 31.850, 153.683, 24. ii. 1997, G. Williams, melaleuca swamp, for spiders exhibition, 1 F (AM KS 97221); Nerong State Forest, 0.3 km S. along Cox’s Fence, trail from Boundary Road, − 31.633, 152.150, 4. ii- 9. iv. 1993, M. Gray, G. Cassis, 1 F (AM KS 040834); Eurobdalla National Park, 1.5 km along track to Honeysuckle, − 36.279, 150.129, 20. v. 2009, 30 m, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night collecting, 1 F (AM KS 108179); Wangi Ridge Reserve, − 33.076, 151.608, 19. iii. 2012, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night collecting, 1 M (AM KS 11848); Ku-Ring-Gai Chase National Park, Bobbin Head, Mangrove Walk, − 33.668, 151.156, 13. ii. 2011, G. Milledge, hand collecting, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 115003); Beecroft, − 33.750, 151.067, 10. vi. 2004, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 90881); Mount Colah, − 33.667, 151.117, 14. iv. 2004, M. R. Gray, 5 FF, 1 M (AM KS 8872); Mount Colah, Pacific Highway, − 33.667, 151.117, 8. iv. 2014, M. R. Gray, 1 F (AM KS 123089); Naremburn, − 33.812, 151.200 *, 29. i. 1930, Johnson, 1 F (AM KS 33406); Barrington Tops, Gloucester River Campground, − 32.067, 151.663 *, 24. iii. 2008, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night collecting (AM KS 122544); Queensland, Cainbable Cabin, nr. Lamington National Park, − 28.135, 153.109, 1 – 3. ii. 2016, 641 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 1 M, 2 FF, 2 Juv; Brisbane, − 27.510, 153.030 *, 1950, J. Filmer, J. Wild, 3 FF, 1 M (QM S 45623); Brisbane, Burbank Park, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.550, 153.183, 27. ii. 2005, M. Rix, 2 FF (QM); Peregian Beach, − 26.478, 153.086, 9. i. 2005, M. Rix, 1 F, 1 M, 1 Juv (QM); Peregian Beach, − 26.478, 153.086, 9. i. 2005, M. Rix, 1 F (QM); Kroombit Tops National Park, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 17. xii. 1983, K. M. Bennie (QM S 45433); Canungra, − 28.017, 153.165 *, vii. 1992, W. Eberhard, 1 F (MCZ); Moreton Island, − 27.102, 153.412 *, R. J. Raven, with immature female in curled leaf, 2 MM (QM S 45619); Mt. Tambourine, − 27.924, 153.171 *, 18. vii. 1992, G. Hormiga, J. Coddington, 3 FF (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 F (USNM); Brisbane, Tingalpa dry forest, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.556, 153.177, 6 – 11. iv. 2002, 40 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 1 F (USNM); Brisbane, Tingalpa dry forest, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.556, 153.177, 6 – 11. iv. 2002, 40 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 1 M (USNM); Brisbane, Tingalpa dry forest, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.556, 153.177, 6 – 11. iv. 2002, 40 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 1 M, 1 Juv (USNM); Brisbane, Tingalpa dry forest, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.556, 153.177, 6 – 11. iv. 2002, 40 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, some epigyna plugged, 4 FF, 1 Juv (USNM); Brisbane, Tingalpa dry forest, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.556, 153.177, 6 – 11. iv. 2002, 40 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, some epigyna plugged, 1 M, 1 F (USNM); Brisbane, Tingalpa dry forest, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.556, 153.177, 6 – 11. iv. 2002, 40 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, with 2 Arygrodes rainbowi, 1 F (USNM); Brisbane, Tingalpa dry forest, J. C. Trotter Memorial Park, − 27.556, 153.177, 6 – 11. iv. 2002, 40 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, with 1 Arygrodes, 7 FF (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 5. iv. 2002, 50 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 M (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 5. iv. 2002, 50 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 M, 1 F (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 5. iv. 2002, 50 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 1 M (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 5. iv. 2002, 50 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 1 Juv (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 5. iv. 2002, 50 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 2 FF (USNM); Noosa National Park, Peregian Section, − 26.508, 153.093, 11. i. 2003, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 3 FF, 1 Juv (USNM); Whites Hill Reserve, − 26.385, 153.100, 6. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 1 M, 1 F, 3 Juv (USNM); Whites Hill Reserve, − 26.385, 153.100, 6. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, epigynum plugged, 1 F (USNM); Whites Hill Reserve, − 26.385, 153.100, 6. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, dry forest, 1 M, 1 F (USNM); Tambourine National Park, Witches Falls, − 27.941, 153.180, 17. iv. 2002, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, rainforest, epigynum plugged, 1 F (USNM); Tambourine National Park, Witches Falls, − 27.941, 153.180, 17. iv. 2002, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, rainforest, 2 FF (USNM); Lamington National Park, road to Canungra-O’Reilly’s, − 28.140, 153.115, 5. iv. 2002, 50 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, 1 M (USNM); Lamington National Park, road to Canungra-O’Reilly’s, − 28.140, 153.115, 15 – 17. iv. 2002, 50 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, 1 M (USNM); Lamington National Park, road to Canungra-O’Reilly’s, − 28.140, 153.115, 15 – 17. iv. 2002, 50 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, 1 M (USNM); Coolum, − 26.531, 153.090 *, ii – iii. 1964, N. Lambert, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Silver Valley via Herberton, − 17.482, 145.312 *, 24. ix. 1950, J. S. Brooks, 1 M, 1 Juv (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Yeronga, 23. vii. 1992, J. M. Waldock, in curled leaf in orb web in garden, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2339); Blackdown Tableland via Dingo, − 23.773. 149.329 *, 1 – 6. ii. 1981, R. J. Raven, 5 MM, 5 FF (QM); Boronto, G. Monteith, 1 F (QM S 39732); Bushlands Reserve, Chelsea Rd, − 27.483, 153.188, 10. xi. 2003, QM Party, 1 Juv (QM S 65410); Camira, − 27.635, 152.916 *, 3. iii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 1 F (QM); Camira, − 27.635, 152.916 *, 3. iii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 1 M, 6 FF (QM); Cooloola, − 26.052, 152.974 *, 6. iv. 1987, K. Sadler, 1 F (QM); Fraser Island, Orchid Beach, − 24.915, 153.282 *, 5 – 7. iii. 1996, 200 m, R. J. Raven, heath, 3 FF (QM S 31059); Fraser Island, Orchid Beach, − 24.915, 153.282 *, 5 – 7. iii. 1996, 200 m, R. J. Raven, heath, 3 FF (QM S 31071); Freshwater NP, 34 km N of Brisbane, W. of Redcliff, nr. Deception Bay, − 27.174, 152.982, 14. iii. 2009, Entomological Society of remnant open sclerophyll forest, eucalpyt and Angophora trees, 1 M (QM S 90344); Kroombit Tops National Park, (northern escarpment), 45 km SSW Calliope, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 9 – 19. xii. 1983, V. E. Davies, J. Gallon, (QM); McLeod, nr. Windsor Tableland, − 17.083, 145.267 *, I. Fanning, 1 F (QM); Monday Creek / Severn River Camp, 4. iv. 1988, R. Leggett, 1 F (QM S 13060); Mount Tambourine garden, − 27.928, 153.194 *, V. E. Davies, FF, 1 M (QM S 17275); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Mallee # 1, − 26.567, 153.433, 7. i. 2002, 120 m, QM Party, 8 FF, 1 M (QM S 56282); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Mallee # 3, − 27.600, 153.450, 7. i. 2002, 80 m, QM Party, 3 FF, 1 M (QM S 56265); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Scribbly Gum # 3, 10. i. 2002, 70 m, QM Party, 1 F (QM); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Scribbly Gum # 3, 10. i. 2002, 70 m, QM Party, 1 F (QM S 56283); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Scribbly Gum # 3, 10. i. 2002, 70 m, QM Party, 1 M (QM S 56166); nr. Eurimbula, − 24.183, 151.833 *, xi. 1978, J. Coraceirch, 1 F (QM); South Percy Island, lagoon area, − 38.425, 142.000 *, Monteith, Thompson, Cooke, Janetzki, 1 M (QM S 27561); Camira, − 27.635, 152.916 *, R. J. Raven, 1 M, 1 F (QM S 29650); Deepwater National Park, 65 km NW of Bundaberg, − 24. 334, 151.923 *, 20 – 26. ix. 1992, G. B. Monteith, S. R. Monteith, 5 FF (QM S 25939); Kroombit Tops National Park, northern escarpment, 45 km SSW of Calliope, 3 – 4. ii. 1984, G. Monteith, Hagan, Yeates, 1 F (QM S 45643); Kroombit Tops, upper dry creek, 45 km SSW of Calliope, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 9 – 19. xii. 1983, V. E. Davies, J. Gallon, JJ (QM S 45469); Kroombit Tops, upper dry creek, 45 km SSW of Calliope, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 9 – 19. xii. 1983, V. E. Davies, J. Gallon, open forest (QM S 45469); South Gatton, north junction view, − 27.596, 152.274 *, 30. xii. 1984, A. Rodefelds, 2 FF (QM S 45636); Isla Gorge, − 25.180, 149.943 *, v. 1973, G. May, 1 F (QM S 45608); 2 km W. of Sanford, 3. iv. 1982, D. Sinclair, 3 FF (QM S 45605); Tambourine Mountain, − 27.924, 153.171 *, 25. iii. 2000, V. E. Davies, 1 F (QM S 52801); Moreton, − 27.127, 153.339 *, 10. xi. 1973, R. Raven, 1 F (QM S 45664); Bald Mountain Area via Emu Vale, − 28.196, 152.373 *, 22 – 24. iv. 1984, G. B. Monteith, 1 F (QM S 45596); Chinchilla, − 26.742, 150.628 *, ii. 1979, T. Adams, 4 FF, 1 M (QM S 45659); Moreton Island nr. Blue Lagoon, − 27.127, 153.339 *, 16. iv. 1981, G. Anderson, 1 F (QM S 45660); Moreton Island, − 27.127, 153.339 *, 11. ii. 1982, G. Anderson, FF (QM S 45606); Moreton Island, − 27.127, 153.339 *, 11. ii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 4 FF, 1 M (QM S 45605); Condamine Gorge, − 28.339, 152.293 *, 28. iii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 2 FF (QM S 45601); Noosa, − 26.389, 153.105 *, iii. 1938, H. A. Longman, 1 F (QM S 45621); Brisbane, − 27.418, 152.830 *, in curled leaf in orb web, 1 M, 1 F (QM S 45656); Mount Flinders, − 22.544, 150.769 *, 14. iii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 7 FF, 1 M (QM S 45603); Lower Wanga, Widgee Creek crossing, − 26.124, 152.467 *, 17. iv. 1982, D. Sinclair, 10 FF (QM S 45615); Eagle Heights nr. Tambourine, − 27.912, 153.199 *, 15 – 23. iii. 1955, S. J. Gunn, M. B. Wilson, 4 FF, 1 M (QM S 45620); Cooloola, Camp Milo, − 26.502, 152.974 *, 3 – 7. ii. 1976, R. Raven, V. E. Davies, MM FF (QM S 45662); Boonah, Kooroomba, − 27.996, 152.685 *, 24. iii. 1974, V. E. Davies, 12 FF (QM S 45613); Double Island Point, Little Freshwater Creek, − 25.933, 153.189 *, 14 – 15. vii. 1985, J. Gallon, 1 F (QM S 45637); 10 km N. of Leyburn, − 27.938, 151.586 *, 28. iii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 1 F (QM S 45602); Brisbane, Griffith University study site, − 27.418, 152.830 *, 18. iii. 1976, V. E. Davies, 2 FF (QM S 45610); Coombabah Creek, 200 m upstream from Lakeside Caravan Park, − 27.904, 153.366 *, 10. iv. 1982, D. Sinclair, 7 FF (QM S 45600); Kroombit Tops National Park, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 25. ii. 1982, R. Raven (QM S 45634); Kroombit Tops National Park, 45 km SSW of Calliope, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 13 – 19. xii. 1983, Monteith, Davies, Gallon, Thompson, 1 F (QM S 45639); West Burleigh, − 28.106, 153.445 *, 12. ii. 1953, museum staff, 1 F (QM S 45630); Brisbane, Weller’s Hill, − 27.520, 153.050 *, 8. iv. 1996, D. Wolfgram, 1 F (QM S 30694); Mount Barney National Park, 6 km from entrance, − 28.273, 152.662 *, 26. iv. 1982, D. Sinclair, 1 F (QM S 45614); Kroombit Tops National Park, Ubobo Road, site 5 escarpment, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 15. xii. 1984, M. Bennie, 6 Juv (QM S 45635); Ravenshoe, − 17.579, 145.493 *, 13. xi. 1971, N. C. Coleman, 1 M (QM S 45597); Cooloola, − 26.052, 152.974 *, 31. xii. 1973, R. Raven, 1 M (QM S 45618); Kroombit Tops National Park, Lower Kroombit Creek, 45 km SSW of Calliope, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 9 – 19. xii. 1983, V. E. Davies, J. Gallon, open forest, 4 FF (QM S 45646); Crows Nest, − 33.827, 151.041 *, 15. v. 1974, B. Jahnke, curled leaf in orb web in open sclerophyll, 1 F (QM S 45627); South Ipswich, Flinder’s Peak, − 27.632, 152.761 *, 30. vi. 1979, A. Rozefelds, 2 FF, 1 Juv (QM S 45658); nr. Mareeba, − 17.025, 145.501 *, 27. xii. 1976, 1 F (QM S 58362); Blackduck Creek, − 27.901, 152.205 *, 24. i. 1973, V. E. Davies, 1 F (QM S 45612); Mount Glorious, − 27.333, 152.767 *, iii. 1973, R. Raven, 1 F (QM S 45661); Mulgowie, Laidley, − 27.719, 152.767 *, 10. iii. 1981, M. Grant, sclerophyll, 1 M (QM S 45998); Mount Gravatt, − 27.542, 153.076 *, 17. v. 1982, J. Gallon, 1 F (QM S 45595); Kroombit Tops National Park, Gladstone, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 23. ii. 1989, D. Yeates, 30 + FF, MM (QM S 45633); Stanthorpe, − 28.656, 151.935 *, 6. iii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 30 + FF, MM (QM S 45632); 3 km W. of Mount Flinders, in lantana patch, − 35.946, 148.966 *, 14. iii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 20 FF (QM S 45593); Mount Colliery, Southern Slopes Farm, valley, − 28.248, 152.360 *, 27. ii. 1971, R. Monroe, in orb + tangled web, sunny day, field no. 5, 1 F (QM S 45591); Black Fellows Creek, each branch, 14. iii. 1973, R. Hobson, in curled leaves, 12 FF (QM S 45631); Kroombit Tops, Lower Kroombit Creek, 45 km SSW of Calliope, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 9 – 19. xii. 1983, G. Monteith, G. Thompson, open forest, Juv (QM S 45642); Herberton, Petford Road, − 17.384, 145.327, 3. xii. 2008, 912 m, G. Milledge, H. Smith, general collecting, 1 F (AM KS 106570); Kroombit Tops, 65 km SSW of Gladstone, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 22 – 26. ii. 1982, G. Monteith, G. Thompson, Yeates, open forest, sweeping heath, 1 F (QM S 45640); Caloundra, Dickey’s Beach, − 26.798, 153.125 *, 10. ii. 1974, V. E. Davies, in curled leaf in orb web, 1 F (QM S 45611); Ravensbourne, − 27.338, 152.157 *, 10. ii. 1974, R. Raven, 1 F (QM S 45616); Glastonbury State Forest, − 26.282, 152.525 *, 17. iv. 1982, D. Sinclair, 2 FF (QM S 45663); N of Sydney, 1 F (AM KS 33834); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 11 – 16. i. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 2, MM (AM KS 69633); Moffat Beach, − 26.792, 153.140 *, 29. xii. 1966, 1 F (AM KS 77094); Moffat Beach, − 26.792, 153.140 *, 29. xii. 1966, 1 F (AM KS 77093); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 1 – 6. iii. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 3, 3 MM (AM KS 69505); Condamine, − 26.904, 150.135 *, 1 F (AM KS 33832); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 18 – 23. i. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 5, MM (AM KS 69424); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 29. xii. 1997 - 2. i. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 3, 3 MM (AM KS 69454); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 25. ii – 2. iii. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 2, 1 M (AM KS 69511); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 11 – 16. i. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap, 5 M (AM KS 69417); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 8 – 13. ii. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 3, 3 MM (AM KS 69683); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 15 – 20. iii. 998, N. Power, malaise trap 2, 5 MM (AM KS 69500); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 22 – 27. iii. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 3, 4 FF, 3 MM (AM KS 69491); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 18. iv. 1997, F. MacKillop, for spiders exhibition, 1 F, eggsac (AM KS 95952); Eurimbolla, − 24.183, 151.833 *, 3 FF (AM KS 12786); Bribie Island, − 27.058, 153.192, 23 – 28. ix. 1997, N. Power, malaise trap, heathland / acacia regrowth, 1 M (AM KS 69590); Fungella, road to Fungella Dam at junction of Freegarden Road, 21. iv. 1998, G. Milledge, 1 F (AM KS 52415); Brisbane, Mount Coot-Tha, along summit track, − 27.480, 152.962, 24. iii. 2010, 164 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff; Mudgerabah, west on road to Springbrook, − 28.090, 153.360 *, 21. i. 1986, R. Raven (QM S 45460); West Burleigh, − 28.111, 153.441 *, 12. ii. 1953, Museum Staff, 1 F, 1 M (QM S 45617); Lota Creek, Manley West, − 27.479, 153.186, 19. iii. 2006, 5 m, C. Griswold, D. Silva, R. Raven, B. Baehr, eucalypt casuarina woodland, general collecting, 3 FF (CASENT 9022943); Burnett Highway, rest stop 20 km NW of Monto, − 24.800, 150.984, 7. iii. 2008, G. Milledge, H. Smith, beat / sweep, under bark, sclerophyll forest, 1 M (AM KS 103175); Daisy Hill, − 27.633, 153.150, 1. iv. 1997, S. Cowan, for spider exhibition, 1 F (AM KS 95949); Lane Cove, − 33.814, 151.167, 18. vii. 1998, W. Wain, 1 F (AM KS 97279); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 23. i. 1998, trap 2, 3 MM (AM KS 118949); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 23. i. 1998, trap 2, 4 MM (AM KS 118932); Victoria, Crib Point, − 38.358, 145.219 *, 14. v. 1978, R. Easton, 2 FF (WAM T 99 / 2834 – 5); nr. Albury, − 36.074, 146.914 *, i. 1974, A. R. Haller, with leaf (MCZ); South Gippsland, Stoney Creek, − 38.268, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); South Gippsland, Stoney Creek, − 38.268, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 M (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); South Gippsland, Stoney Creek, − 38.268, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 M (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); South Gippsland, Stoney Creek, − 38.268, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 Juv (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); South Gippsland, Stoney Creek, − 38.268, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 Juv (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); South Gippsland, Stoney Creek, − 38.268, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 Juv (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Nunawading, − 37.817, 145.185 *, 18. ii. 1995, Neboiss, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Nunawading, − 37.817, 145.185 *, 18. ii. 1995, Neboiss, 1 M (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Mitta Mitta Reserve, − 36.642, 147.406 *, 9. ii. 1973, Dartmouth Survey, 2 FF (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Mitta Mitta Reserve, − 36.642, 147.406 *, 9. ii. 1973, Dartmouth Survey, 1 Juv (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Melbourne, − 37.738, 144.956 *, 23. iv. 1992, E. Stafford, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Melbourne, − 37.738, 144.956 *, v. 1956, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Melbourne, Eltham, − 37.715, 145.158 *, iii. 1996, D. Hope, ex mud wasp nest, 7 FF (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Melbourne, Shire of Diamond Valley, − 37.650, 145.117 *, iii. 1989, L. Raywood, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Carnegie, − 37.895, 145.045 *, 23. ii. 1955, R. A. Dunn, 1 M, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Brunswick, − 37.767, 144.963 *, 18. ii. 1991, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); 5 km S. of Swifts Creek, − 37.250, 147.712 *, 2. iii. 1993, G. Milledge, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Sunday Island, − 38.711, 146.628 *, 4 FF, 1 M (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Bruthen, − 37.707, 147.832 *, 12. iii. 1917, D. Leach, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Balwyn, − 37.809, 145.079 *, 4. iii. 1991, 2 FF (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Kallista, − 37.897, 145.387 *, 10. iv. 1954, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Avon River State Forest, Dermodys Camp, − 37.805, 146.917, 15. i. 2006, V. W. Framenau, M L. Thomas, night collection, dry sclerophyll forest, 1 M, 1 F (WAM T 68046); Clayton, Monash University, − 37.933, 149.217, 2. iv. 1991, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, 10 + FF (WAM T 99 / 21814 – 30); Healesville, Coranderrk Reserve, − 37.684, 145.524, 24. ii. 1981, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2833); Healesville, Coranderrk Reserve, − 37.684, 145.524, 24. ii. 1981, M. S. Harvey, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2832); Healesville, Coranderrk Reserve, − 37.684, 145.524, 4. iii. 1980, M. S. Harvey, inside curled leaf in orb web, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2833); Airey’s Inlet, − 38.467, 114.083, 13 – 14. v. 1992, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 23811); Balwyn, Yandilla St, − 37.809, 145.081 *, 16. ii. 1982, M. S. Harvey, inside house at night, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2183); Balwyn, Yandilla St, − 37.809, 145.081 *, 31. i. 1982, M. S. Harvey, ex web inside house, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2812); 5 km S. of East-West Rd on Wong Rd, 7 km SW of Kawarren, − 38.500, 143.517, 7. iii. 1986, M. S Harvey, B. J. Scott, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2837); P. French, 1 F (QM); P. French, 2 FF (QM); P. French, 1 F (QM); 2. iv. 1896, P. French, 1 F (QM); 5 km N. of Cape Schanck, − 38.461, 144.905 *, 14. v. 1972, P. Christy, 8 FF (QM); Bacchus Marsh, − 37.675, 144.439 *, 22. iv. 1974, V. Salanitri, 2 FF (QM); Bundoora, LTU Campus, − 37.695, 145.064 *, 19. ix. 1981, 2 F (QM); Latrobe University, − 37.721, 145.048 *, T. R. New, N. Hives, old eucalypt leaves, suspended on Grevilla, 5 MM, 1 F (QM); Monash University, Snake Gully, − 37.933, 145.117 *, 10. iv. 1975, 1 F (QM); Warby Range State Park, 10 km W. of Wangaratta, − 38.300, 146.110, 2000, M. Scholes, 1 F (QM S 54170); Lind National Park, 19 km W of Cann River, − 37.576, 148.961, 24. iii. 1978, M. R. Gray, 1 F (AM KS 045205); Taggerty, − 37.340, 145.716 *, 21. iii. 1970, M. Gray, eucalypt forest, 3 FF (AM KS 109372); South Gippsland, Stanley Creek, − 38.269, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 F (QMV); South Gippsland, Stanley Creek, − 38.269, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 M (QMV); South Gippsland, Stanley Creek, − 38.269, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 M (QMV); South Gippsland, Stanley Creek, − 38.269, 146.742 *, i. 1978, K. N. Bell, 1 Juv (QMV); Nunawading, − 37.817, 147.406 *, 18. ii. 1955, Neiboss, 1 F (QVM); Nunawading, − 37.817, 147.406 *, 18. ii. 1955, Neiboss, 1 M (QVM); Mitta Mitta, − 36.642, 147.406 *, 9. ii. 1973, Dartmouth Survey, with Cheirecanthium, 2 FF (QVM); Mitta Mitta, − 36.642, 147.406 *, 9. ii. 1973, Dartmouth Survey, with Cheirecanthium, 1 Juv (QVM); Melbourne, − 37.738, 144.956 *, 23. iv. 1992, E. Stafford, 1 F (QVM); Melbourne, Shire of Diamond Valley, − 37.738, 144.956 *, iii. 1989, L. Raywood, 1 F (QVM); Melbourne, − 37.738, 144.956 *, v. 1956, 1 F (QVM); Melbourne, Etham, − 37.713, 145.149 *, iii. 1996, D. Hope, ex mud wasp nest, 7 FF (QVM); Arenal, 1988 – 89, H. Manson, 1 F (QVM); Carnegie, 28. ii. 1955, R. A. Dunn, 1 F (QVM); Southern Australia, Port Lincoln, − 34.717, 135.850, 12. v. 1980, B. Y. Main, 1 F (WAM T 87415); Mallee Scrub, − 34.173, 139.084 *, 1984, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Kangaroo Island, − 35.833, 137.250 *, v. 1951, J. Bechervaise, 2 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Bridgewater, Towers Rd, − 35.000, 138.767, 12. ii. 1990, B. Y. Main, 1 F (WAM T 87423); Mount Bold Reservoir Reserve, − 35.113, 138.703 *, 5. ii. 1976, P. Walker, with leaf, 1 F (AM KS 32101); Onkaparinga Gorge, − 35.164, 138.665 *, 21. v. 1976, P. Walker, with leaf, 1 F (AM KS 32116); Cleland Conservation Park, − 34.978, 138.700, 18. iii. 2002, G. Milledge, H. Smith, 1 M (AM KS 76381); Coffin Bay National Park, nr. turnoff to Point Avoid, − 34.650, 135.357, 23. iii. 2002, G. Milledge, H. Smith, 1 F (AM KS 76449); Belair National Park, Saddle Hill Road, − 35.012, 138.675, 19. iii. 2002, G. Milledge, H. Smith, 1 F (AM KS 76388); Mallee Scrub, 1984, 1 F (QVM); Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, − 33.283, 149.217, 1963, Kerr (CSIRO) by B. Y. Main, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2792); Canberra, Gianinderra, − 35.329, 149.072 *, 9. iv. 1963, C. R. MacLellan, on Acacia, 1 M, 1 F (MCZ); Canberra, Najor Orchard, − 35.281, 149.129 *, 15. v. 1963, C. R. MacLellan, in Pyracantha, 1 M, 1 F (USNM); Canberra, − 35.281, 149.129 *, 24. v. 1992, G. Milledge, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Black Mountain, − 35.300, 149.133, 14. ii. 1962, M. A. Shearer, 1 F (WAM T 101112); Canberra, − 35.300, 149.133, 1963, Kerr, with eggsac, 1 F (WAM T 101113); Canberra, − 35.300, 149.133, 1963, Kerr, 4 FF (WAM T 101114); Canberra, − 35.238, 149.217, Kerr (CSIRO) by B. Y. Main, 10 + FF (WAM T 99 / 2772 – 91); Red Hill, 14 Pera Pera Place, − 38.366, 145.524 *, 15. vi. 1982, M. S. Harvey, ex curled leaves in partial or complete orb webs, 8 FF (WAM T 99 / 2793 – 800); Red Hill, 14 Pera Pera Place, − 38.366, 145.524 *, 16. iv. 1993, M. S. Harvey, sitting on ceiling inside house, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2801); Red Hill, 14 Pera Pera Place, − 38.366, 145.524 *, 24. v. 1981, M. S. Harvey, ex curled leaves, 2 FF (WAM T 99 / 2802 – 3); Canberra, − 35.281, 149.129 *, E. McCallan, prey of Pison spinolae, 3 MM, 2 FF (QM); Canberra, − 35.281, 149.129 *, 12. v. 1982, D. C. F. Rentz, 10 + FF (QM); Canberra, − 35.281, 149.129 *, 28. ii. 1982, E. McCallan, prey of Pison spinolae, 1 F (QM); Canberra, − 35.281, 149.129 *, i. 1980, E. McCallan, prey of Pison spinolae, 10 + FF (QM); Canberra, Red Hill, − 38.366, 145.524 *, 9. v. 1982, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (QM); − 35.281, 149.129 *, 10. i. 1981, E. McCallan, spiders in leaf roll, 1 F (QM S 45654); Queensland, Dalby, Mt. Pleasant, − 27.191, 151.261 *, N. Geary, 1 F (QM S 45626); Canberra, Gianinderra, − 35.329, 149.072 *, 9. iv. 1963, C. R. MacLellan, in Acacia, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 77090); Tasmania, George Town, − 41.100, 146.817, vi. 1978, R. Easton, 1 F (WAM T 85278); Trevallyn, − 41.443, 147.101 *, 1. ii. 1928, V. V. Hickman, orb web in irregular network, 1 F, 1 M (AM KS 28575); Eaglehawk Neck, Penzance, − 43.009, 147.921 *, 6. iii. 1996, M. Moulds, 1 F (AM KS 28675); East Risdon, − 42.822, 147.325 *, iv. 1965, 1 F (AM KS 28673); St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 33 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, disturbed eucalypt woodland, 5 FF; St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 33 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, disturbed eucalypt woodland, 5 FF; St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 33 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, disturbed eucalypt woodland, 1 F, 1 M; St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 33 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, disturbed eucalypt woodland, 1 M, 1 F; East Coast, Bicheno lookouts, − 41.867, 148.300, 24 – 26. v. 1996, 60 m, L. J. Boutin, dry eucalypt forest on granite, ex rolled eucalypt leaf in orb web, 5 FF (TMAG J 4748); East Coast, Bicheno lookouts, − 41.867, 148.300, 31. i. 1998, L. J. Boutin, dry eucalypt forest on granite, ex sweeping # 25 grass / shrubs, 1 M, 1 F (TMAG J 3579); Freycinet National Park, − 42.150, 148.300, 27. v. 1996, L. J. Boutin, eucalypt forest on granite, ex under rocks and bark, 1 F (TMAG J 4751); St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 30 m, disturbed eucalypt woodland, general collecting, 3 FF (CASENT 9022674); St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 30 m, disturbed eucalypt woodland, general collecting, 3 FF (CASENT 9022674); St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 30 m, disturbed eucalypt woodland, general collecting, 3 FF (CASENT 9022674); St. Helens, nr. caravan park, − 41.333, 148.253, 8. iii. 2006, 30 m, disturbed eucalypt woodland, general collecting, 3 FF (CASENT 9022674); Brooks Creek, West Coast, 7. iii. 1981, Earthwatch, 2 FF (NMV 13: 44514); Launceston, 17 Wentworth Street, − 41.446, 147.161 *, 24. ii. 1971, R. Upson, 1 M, 1 F (NMV 13: 43173); Launceston, 17 Wentworth Street, − 41.446, 147.161 *, 24. ii. 1971, R. Upson, 1 M, 1 F (NMV 13: 43163); Launceston, 17 Wentworth Street, − 41.446, 147.161 *, 24. ii. 1971, R. Upson, 1 M, 1 F (NMV 13: 43171); Launceston, − 41.446, 147.161 *, R. T. Green, 2 FF (NMV 13: 44513); Exeter, − 41.299, 146.952, 6. ii. 1963, R. H. Green, 4 FF, 1 M (NMV 13: 11187).	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFC6311AF8935E81FDD7F98A.taxon	description	FIGS 15 – 18	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFC63115F8DB5D70FD27FDBE.taxon	description	(female, male); Hickman, 1967: 56, figs 99 – 102 (female, male). Singotypa pallida Dalmas, 1917: 435 (female; type depository unknown, not examined) syn. nov. Type material: Syntypes: Australia, Queensland, between Port Denison and Bowen (ZMUH, examined). NOTE: Phonognatha pallida is described as similar to P. melania except for being smaller and paler. Given the variation within P. melania (including reversible colour change in other Phonognatha), it is not clear to us why this taxon is unique from P. melania. Furthermore, the type status and depository are unknown. Diagnosis: Males of P. melania can be distinguished from congeners based on their palpal tibiae, which are slightly longer than (up to 1.5 times, Fig. 17 B) the length of the palpal cymbium, and broader mid-conductor process (Fig. 17 E). Other Phonognatha have palpal tibiae shorter than the cymbium except for P. tanyodon sp. nov., which has a tibiae many times longer than the cymbium (Fig. 25 B). The females have an elongated abdomen of relatively equal width for the length of it, with two dark markings on the dorsal area and spinnerets positioned centrally on the venter. The abdomen of Artifex gen. nov. species are somewhat elongated but with a crescent- or ring-shaped dorsal pattern and wide, solidly dark posterior. Description Female (Figs 15 A – D, 16) (from Western Australia, Walpole-Nornalup National Park, GH 0113): Total length 9.62. Carapace 3.71 long, 2.73 wide, 1.05 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown; sternum 1.879 long, 1.39 wide, of similar colour, with dark margins and pale longitudinal band. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.18; AMEs interdistance c. 1 ½ AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 AME diameter. Paturon yellowish brown to reddish brown, with 3 prolateral and 2 – 3 retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from the chelicera. Legs coloured as cephalothorax; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 3.44, patella I 1.22, tibia I 3.47, metatarsus I 3.69, tarsus I 1.18; femur II 2.74, patella II 1.03, tibia II 2.53, metatarsus II 2.66, tarsus II 0.94; femur III 1.70, patella III 0.65, tibia III 1.04, metatarsus III 1.28, tarsus III 0.63; femur IV 2.54, patella IV 1.05, tibia IV 1.90, metatarsus IV 1.72, tarsus IV 0.62. Abdomen 6.54 long, 3.78 wide, 3.89 high; very elongate, light brown with pale guanine crystals; anterior dorsum with pair of ovate brown markings; posterior dorsum brown; two longitudinal stripes of guanocytes between epigastric furrow and spinning field, which is centrally positioned; one stripe of guanocytes extends caudally from spinning field. Epigynum with ventral-facing, sclerotized copulatory openings, with sclerotized point caudal to opening; setae on outer side of copulatory openings crossing over openings; copulatory ducts include multiple spiral convolutions extending anteriorly then turning back to spermathecae; fertilization ducts emerge from posterior region of spermathecae and extend dorsally. Male (Figs 15 E – I, 17) (from Western Australia, Lane Poole Reserve, WAM T 99 / 2892 – 4): Total length 4.51. Carapace 2.51 long, 1.69 wide, 0.91 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown; sternum 1.26 long, 0.92 wide, yellowish brown. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, on small prominences. AME diameter 0.17; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Chelicerae yellowish brown to reddish brown, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang bends mesally by almost 90 °, then curving slightly again at approximately the midpoint. Legs coloured as cephalothorax; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 3.54, patella I 1.26, tibia I 3.71, metatarsus I 3.76, tarsus I 1.06; femur II 2.52, patella II 1.03, tibia II 2.72, metatarsus II 2.45, tarsus II 0.89; femur III 1.36, patella III 0.61, tibia III 0.91, metatarsus III 1.05, tarsus III 0.58; femur IV 1.89, patella IV 0.82, tibia IV 1.62, metatarsus IV 1.52, tarsus IV 0.61. Abdomen 2.35 long, 1.67 wide, 1.07 high; dorsal face light brown with pale guanine crystals; 4 – 5 pairs of discrete dark brown markings on dorsum, with a central longitudinal stripe; ventral face with two longitudinal stripes of guanocytes between epigastric furrow and spinning field. Pedipalpal tibia approximately 1.5 times length of cymbium; mid-conductor process broad, with flattened rather than pointed tip, approximately half length of conductor’s elongate part. Variation: Females’ (N = 5) total length 8.78 – 11.63; carapace length 3.25 – 3.65, width 1.99 – 2.73, height 0.93 – 1.44; abdomen length 6.04 – 8.19, width 3.21 – 4.56, height 3.48 – 4.41; sternum length 1.51 – 1.88, width 1.07 – 1.39. Males’ (N = 5) total length 4.51 – 6.96; carapace length 2.51 – 3.26, width 1.50 – 2.23, height 0.78 – 0.91; abdomen length 2.35 – 4.01, width 1.67 – 2.43 height 1.07 – 2.30; sternum length 1.17 – 1.49, width 0.92 – 1.31. Distribution: Phonognahtha melania is perhaps the most widespread species of Phonognatha. Described from Queensland, but is most common in Western Australia. This species has been collected in all states except the Northern Territory (Fig. 18). Natural history: This species exhibits sexual size dimorphism, with males sometimes as little as half the size of the female. Collecting records suggest cohabitation of adult males and immature females as described in P. graeffei (Fahey & Elgar, 1997). Additional material examined: Australia: Western Australia, Langford, − 32.044, 115.942 *, 17. x. 1992, Scheer, Keen, 1 F (QM S 51219); Spearwood, − 32.100, 115.738 *, 10. ii. 1952, B. Y. Main, in dead bush wattle, 1 F (WAM); Yanchap National Park, nr. ranger’s office, − 31.517, 115.767, 20. iv. 1993, J. M. Waldock, A. Sampey, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2983); Booanya, − 32.654, 123.508 *, ii. 1982, A. E. Baesjou, 4 FF, 1 M (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Canning Well, − 22.366, 121.308 *, vi. 1988, B. Harvey, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Mason Bay, − 33.955, 120.480, 14. iii. 2007, G. Byrne, inside curled leaf, low heathland, 3 FF (WAM T 85348); Jarrahdale, Alcoa mine area, − 32.267, 116.100, 12. i. 1997, K. E. C. Brennan, suction sample, 1 M (WAM T 54848); Jarrahdale, Alcoa mine area, − 43.640, 116.240, ii. 2001, M. L. Moir, suction sample, from Lomandra sonderi (WAM T 133381); Jarrahdale, Alcoa mine area, − 43.640, 116.240, ii. 2001, M. L. Moir, suction sample, from Bossiaea aquifolium (WAM T 133381); Jarrahdale, Alcoa mine area, − 43.640, 116.240, ii. 2001, M. L. Moir, suction sample, from Bossiaea aquifolium (WAM T 133381); Jarrahdale, Alcoa mine area, − 43.640, 116.240, v. 2001, M. L. Moir, suction sample, from Microzamia riedlei (WAM T 133381); Alcoa mine site, N. and NW of Jarrahdale, − 32.267, 116.100, iii. 1993, S. J. Simmonds, 1 F (WAM T 33875); Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Anderson Rd, − 34.995, 116.871, 5. iii. 2008, M. G. Rix, M. S. Harvey, sifting / beating, 1 F (WAM 94787); Goongarrie Station, site GG 2, − 29.976, 121.056, 1. v. 1996, P. L. J. West et al., by hand, 1 F (WAM T 41767); Goongarrie Station, site GG 12, − 30.019, 121.028, 1. v. 1996, P. L. J. West et al., dry pitfall trap, 1 F (WAM T 41768); Stirling Range Retreat, caravan park, − 34.315, 118.187, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, K. Edward, C. Poustie, 1 F (WAM T 85271); Stirling Range National Park, Wedge Hill, − 34.421, 118.183, 2. v. 1996, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, B. Y. Main, 1 F (WAM T 85273); Stirling Range National Park, S. of Bluff Knoll, on flat south of track, − 34.383, 118.250, 1. v. 1996, 1 F (WAM T 85274); Stirling Range National Park, south side of Mt. Magog, sand flat, − 34.417, 117.917, 24. iv. 1996, J. M. Waldock, orb web with curled leaf, 1 F (WAM T 85276); Stirling Range caravan park, − 34.317, 118.200, 30. iii. 1993, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, at night, 2 FF (WAM T 99 / 2971 – 2); Wyalkatchem Nature Reserve, − 31.171, 117.408, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, at night, 1 F (WAM T 40682); Mount Cooke, − 32.417, 116.300, 16. vi. 1991, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 1 F (WAM T 85275); Mount Cooke, − 32.417, 116.300, 18. vi. 1991, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 6 FF (WAM T 99 / 2896 – 901); Tutanning Nature Reserve, western end, site WK 8, − 32.541, 117.281, 15. x. 1997, P. van Heurck, et al., wet pitfall trap, 1 M (WAM T 85279); Pedro’s Farm, Dingo Flat Rd, northern boundary of Walpole-Nornalup National Park, − 34.950, 116.850, 13. v. 1989, B. Y. Main et al., foliage at night, 1 F (WAM T 111808); Jarrahdale, Alcoa mine area, − 32.267, 116.100, iv. 1998, K. E. C. Brennan, suction sample, 1 F (WAM TT 54859); Cape Range area, outside Cave C- 64, # 3576, − 22.050, 114.017, 27. vi. 1989, B. Vine, 2 FF (WAM T 88566); Charles Darwin Reserve, near dam, − 29.468, 117.060, 7. v. 2009, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (WAM T 97770); Charles Darwin Reserve, near dam, − 29.468, 117.060, 7. v. 2009, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (WAM T 97771); Fraser Range Station, New Bore Paddock, − 32.067, 122.800, 23. iv. 1995, A. F. Longbottom, curled leaf retreat orb web on fence, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2886); Hoffman’s Mill, − 33.067, 122.800, 29. iii. 1959, B. Y. Main, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2891); Shannon Range at Nelson, − 34.717, 116.350, 16 – 18. ii. 1990, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, 20 + FF, 10 + MM (WAM T 99 / 2910 – 65); Shannon National Park, − 34.250, 116.400, 24. iii. 1993, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, in orb web, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2909); Shannon National Park, Dog Pool, − 34.767, 116.367, 22. iii. 1993, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, at night, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2872); Nugadog Forest Reserve, south border, − 30.183, 116.917, 22. v. 1996, M. S. Harvey et al., 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2867); Mount Barker, 16 Osborne Rd, − 34.633, 117.667, xii. 1992, P. J. Mann, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2866); Mount Barker, 16 Osborne Rd, − 34.633, 117.667, 28. iii. 1990, A. F. Longbottom, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2895); Banganup Lake, − 32.167, 115.817, 30. iii. 1990, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 5 FF (WAM T 99 / 2875 – 9); Denmark, − 34.950, 117.350, 12. iv. 1992, R. P. McMillan, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2862); Darlington, − 31.920, 116.079 *, v. 1975 – iii. 1975, G. H. Lowe, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2882); Cranbrook, − 34.247, 117.518, 13. iv. 1952, B. Y. Main, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2861); Torndirrup National Park, North Frenchman’s Bay Rd, − 35.100, 117.900, 25. iv. 1990, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 2 FF (99 / 2973 – 4); Wilson Inlet, − 34.983, 117.350, 21. ii. 1990, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, 7 FF, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2975 – 82); between Chittering and Pearce, − 31.500, 116.000, G. H. Lowe, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2881); between Chittering and Pearce, − 31.500, 116.000, G. H. Lowe, 1 M (WAM T 99 / 2860); John Forrest National Park, − 31.885, 116.094 *, 4. vi. 1989, V. E. Davies, 2 FF (WAM T 99 / 2863 – 4); 40 miles W. of Ravensthorpe, Camp Creek, nr. Sussetta River, − 33.600, 119.368 *, 13. i. 1952, B. Y. Main, 2 FF (WAM T 99 / 2869 – 70); Porongurups, north end, − 34.700, 117.850, 16. ii. 1993, A. F. Longbottom, stunted jarrah area, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2868); 5 km SW of Gidgeegannup, − 31.333, 116.150, 6. v. 1969, 6. v. 1969, WA Arachnology Group, 4 FF (WAM T 99 / 2887 – 90); Blackboy Picnic Site, 2.5 km along Honeymoon Rd, jut N. of Harvey, − 33.067, 115.900, 18. iv. 1995, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, in rolled leaf, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2859); Blackboy Picnic Site, 2.5 km along Honeymoon Rd, jut N. of Harvey, − 33.067, 115.900, 18. iv. 1995, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, in rolled leaf, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2880); Fitzgerald River National Park, − 33.888, 199.885 *, 11. ii. 1985, R. P. McMillan, 3 FF (WAM T 99 / 2883 – 5); Pemberton Youth Hostel, − 34.400, 115.967, 1 – 2. v. 1990, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2905); Lane Poole Reserve, 15 km S of Dwellingup, − 32.723, 116.076 *, 2. iii. 1987, O. Mueller, in open jarrah, mostly in Macrogamia, 2 MM, 1 Juv (WAM T 99 / 2892 – 4); Melaleuca Park, NE of Wanneroo, 7. iv. 1990, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 905); Mundaring Weir, wall, − 31.967, 116.167, 7. ii. 1990, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, 2 FF (WAM T 99 / 2903 – 4); Jog Pool on Shannon River, − 34. 767, 116.367, 1990, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2908); gorge bisecting lateritic ridge, c. 5 – 6 km of Mt. Dale, 24. iv. 1994, J. M. Waldock, K. Brimmell, inside curled leaf in orb web, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2902); Geraldton, Spalding Park, − 28.750, 114.617, 13. iv. 1992, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2970); 7 km N of South Coast Highway, − 34.933, 117.367, 26. iv. 1990, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, 4 FF (WAM T 99 / 2966 – 9); Ballidu, − 30.600, 116.767, 24. v. 1996, J. M. Waldock, in curled leaf in orb web, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2858); Stirling Range National Park, Toolbrunup Track, − 34.400, 118.067, 31. iii. 1993, M. S. Harvey, J. M. Waldock, night, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2873); Jarrah, 35 km NW of Kojonup, − 33.611, 116.873, 9. v. 1982, B. Y. Main, V. E. Davies, 9 FF (QM); North Kojunup, − 33.833, 117.159 *, 4. iv. 1982, B. Y. Main, V. E. Davies, 2 FF (QM); Torbay, Dingo Beach track, − 35.017, 117.633 *, 10. v. 1982, B. Y. Main, V. E. Davies, 1 F (QM); Wilga, gravel ridge, − 33.669, 116.272 *, 23. ii. 1986, L. Broadwater, V. E. Davies, G. B. May, night collecting, 1 F (QM S 45435); Stirling Range National Park, Gold Holes, − 34.400, 118.067 *, in leaf (AM KS 14508); Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 W Walpole, − 34.965, 16.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, many FF; Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 W Walpole, − 34.965, 116.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, many FF; Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 W Walpole, − 34.965, 116.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, many FF; Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 W Walpole, − 34.965, 116.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, 12 FF; Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 WWalpole, − 34.965, 116.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, 10 FF; Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 WWalpole, − 34.965, 116.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, 1 M, 1 F; Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 W Walpole, − 34.965, 116.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, 1 F; Walpole-Nornalup National Park, Two Road, 11.1 km 282 W Walpole, − 34.965, 116.607, 26. ii. 2006, 30 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, eucalypt forest and open heathland, 3 FF; Tinglewood, nr. cabins, 6.98 km N of Walpole, − 34.914, 116.731, 24. ii. 2006, 185 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, 1 M, 1 F; Tinglewood, nr. cabins, 6.98 km N. of Walpole, − 34.914, 116.731, 24. ii. 2006, 185 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, 1 F, 1 M; D’Entrecasteux National Park, Mandalay Beach, 13.8 km W. Walpole, − 34.986, 116.589, 25. ii. 2006, 70 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, heathland on white sand, with Proeaceae and Xanthakeaceae, 13 FF; Jarrahdale, − 32.267, 116.100 *, asummetrical web, curled leaf, 1 F (AM KS 109401); Witchcliffe, nr. Golgotha Cave, − 34.013, 115.106, 23. i. 1974, M. Gray, sweeping understory in karri forest, 1 M (AM KS 32886); Hovea, 545 Hedges Road, − 31.892, 116.116, 10. iv. 2016, K. Framenau, T. Melissa, mixed Jarrah / Marri forest, 2 MM, 5 FF (PES 28866); Queensland, Broadwater Lake Conservation Area, 20 km SE of Dalby, SW Track, − 27.378, 151.277 *, 28. iv. 2002, 3 FF (USNM); Birdsville to Mt. Isa, vii. 1987, B. Harvey, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); 15 miles S. of Greymare, − 36.428, 148.297 *, 29. xii. 1973, sweeping long grass under dry sclerophyll, 4 MM (QM S 45657); Crater Rewan, iv. 1984, A. Rozefelds, 3 FF (QM S 39776); Braemar State Forest, via Kogan, − 29.054, 152.997 *, GBM, ex Callitrus, 1 F (QM S 39743); Kroombit Park, nr. Biloela, − 24.377, 151.041 *, 15. viii. 1997, H. Beare, 1 F (AM KS 50787); Eurimbola, SE of Gladstone, rainforest site 4, − 24.183, 151.833, iii. 1975, 0 m, C. Horseman, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 0252); Taunton National Park, NE corner just off road, − 23.493, 149.278, 9. v. 2000, G. Milledge, H. Smith, 1 F (AM KS 66499); Conway National Park, site 34, − 20.412, 148.795 *, 8. xi. 1991, R. Raven, swamp at start of Mount Rooper walk, 1 M (QM S 33973); Tasmania, Risdon, − 42.822, 147.327 *, 27. ii. 1964, V. V. Hickman, 2 MM, 1 F, 1 Juv (MCZ); East Risdon, − 42.822, 147.325 *, V. V. Hickman, 10 + FF (USNM); 2. i. 1928, V. V. Hickman, 2 MM, 1 F (WAM); Risdon, − 42.822, 147.327 *, 27. iii. 1952, V. V. Hickman, FF (AM KS 28661); East Risdon, − 42.822, 147.325 *, 10. vi. 1957, V. V. Hickman, in curled leaf web, 6 FF (AM KS 28674); Punchbowl, − 41.457, 147.167 *, 2. ii. 1928, V. V. Hickman, 2 FF (AM KS 28582); Domain, − 42.865, 147329 *, 19. iii. 1964, V. V. Hickman, among grass, 1 M (AM KS 28676); Risdon, − 42.822, 147.327 *, 20. vii. 1960, J. L. Hickman, V. V. Hickman, in curled leaf suspended in orb web, FF (AM KS 28660); Domain, − 42.865, 147329 *, 27. iv. 1973, V. V. Hickman, in curled leaf, 1 F (AM KS 28677); Victoria, Dimboola, − 36.387, 142.054 *, 1988 – 89, H. Manson, 2 FF (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Victoria, 18 km N. of Healesville, − 37.583, 145.517, 5. iv. 1991, M. S. Harvey, M. E. Blosfelds, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2836); New South Wales, Wagga Wagga, nr. Collorboralli, − 35.250, 147.333, 18. iv. 1993, C. A. Car, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2986); nr. Dubbo, − 32.250, 148.616 *, 28 – 29. i. 1983, V. C. Levitt, 1 F (AM KS 34250); Warderry State Forest, − 33.699, 148.203, 15. iii. 2002, G. Milledge, H. Smith, in curled leaf, 1 F (AM KS 76354); Euabalong, Round Hill, − 33.036, 146.386 *, 15. v. 1969, M. Gray, 1 F (AM KS 109274); Cocoparra National Park, Woolshed Flat campsite, − 34.079, 146.223, 15. iii. 2002, G. Milledge, H. Smith, head torch, 1 F (AM KS 76357); Broken Hill, The Pinnacles, − 31.994, 141.470 * (AM KS 32881); Kosciuszko National Park, Waste Point, 8.3 km N Jindabyne, − 36.350, 148.606, 1. iii. 2008, 930 m, A. Hegedus, nigh collection 1 F (AM KS 104530); Southern Australia, Kangaroo Island, − 35.833, 137.250 *, v. 1951, J. Bechervaise, 2 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Mambray Creek National Park, Flinders Range, − 32.808, 137.983 *, 8. iv. 1973, M. Gray, rolled leaf in orb web, 1 F (AM KS 10245); 23 km N of Warrow, − 34.172, 135.387, 22. iii. 2002, G. Milledge, H. Smith, 1 F (AM KS 76434); Pinkawillinie Conservation Park, track SW of Paney High School, 2 km from N. border of par, − 32.789, 135.509, 22. iii. 2002, G. Milledge, H. Smith, curled leaf, 2 MM (AM KS 86117); Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, − 35.282, 149.129 *, 15. v. 1963, C. R. MacLellan, on Pyracantha, 1 F (WAM); Canberra, − 35.281, 149.129 *, 4. iii. 1972, E. McCallan, prey of Pison spinolae, 3 FF (QM); Canberra, − 35.281, 149.129 *, i. 1980, E. McCallan, prey of Pison spinolae (QM); Canberra, Najor Orchard, − 35.281, 149.129 *, 15. v. 1963, C. R. MacLellan, on Pyracantha, 1 F (MKS 33817).	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFCD310DF9485A0FFB28FE80.taxon	description	FIGS 23 – 26 Type material: Holotype (male): Australia: New South Wales, Budderoo National Park, Minnamurra Rainforest, − 34.634, 150.724, 25 – 26. i. 2016, 510 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla. Paratype (female): Budderoo National Park, Minnamurra Rainforest, board walk, − 34.635, 150.728, 15. iii. 2010, 134 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, day and night, 1 F (AM). Diagnosis: Males of Phonognatha tanyodon sp. nov. have a very long palpal tibia, approximately three times the length of the cymbium, and long, robust chelicerae with a long apical tooth on the anterior margin (Fig. 25 B); both features are unique within the genus. Females have an epigynum with a pair of ventrally facing copulatory openings similar to P. neocaledonica, but can be separated by the lack of sclerotization found around the copulatory openings of P. neocaledonica and fewer twists of the copulatory duct within the capsule (Fig. 24 E – G). Description Female (Figs 23 A – D, 24) (from New South Wales, Budderoo National Park, GH 2533): Total length 8.52. Carapace 3.30 long, 2.28 wide, 1.16 high, yellowish with relatively simple, ventral-facing, sclerotized copulatory openings; setae on outer side of copulatory openings crossing over openings; copulatory ducts relatively short with few twists before reaching spermathecae; fertilization ducts emerge from posterior region of spermathecae and extend dorsally. brown; sternum 1.42 long, 1.24 wide, of similar colour, with darker margins; green in colour as immatures. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.20; AMEs interdistance c. ¾ AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Paturon reddish brown, with three prolateral and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from paturon. Legs coloured as cephalothorax; femur I weakly sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 3.83, patella I 1.19, tibia I 4.05, metatarsus I 4.75, tarsus I 1.18; femur II 2.98, patella II 0.80, tibia II 2.68, metatarsus II 3.23, tarsus II 1.01; femur III 1.91, patella III 0.46, tibia III 1.32, metatarsus III 1.46, tarsus III 0.67; femur VI 2.92, patella VI 0.80, tibia VI 2.34, metatarsus VI 2.76, tarsus VI 0.75. Abdomen 6.16 long, 4.35 wide, 4.51 high, light brown with pale guanine crystals; dorsum with triangular dorsolateral brown markings with lighter areas with guanoctye crystals between them; ventral face with area with guanocytes posterior to epigastric furrow, and three lines of guanocyes extending toward spinning field, two laterally and one centrally. Epigynum Male (Figs 23 E – I, 25) (from Queensland, Bulburin, KS 0081): Total length 5.03. Carapace 2.89 long, 1.87 wide, 0.99 high, reddish brown, slightly darker on pars cephalica than pars thoracica, but green in colour as immatures; sternum 1.24 long, 1.16 wide, yellowish brown, with darker brown at edges. Eyes arranged as in female. AME diameter 0.18; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Chelicerae particularly long (often at least half the length of the carapace), yellowish brown to reddish brown, with three prolateral (including very long aprical tooth) and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang bends mesally by almost 90 °, then curving slightly again at approximately midpoint. Legs coloured as cephalothorax; femur I weakly sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 4.43, patella I 1.32, tibia I 5.08, metatarsus I 5.60, tarsus I 1.24; femur II 3.03, patella II 1.04, tibia II 3.10, metatarsus II 3.15, tarsus II 0.81; femur III 1.91, patella III 0.65, tibia III 1.29, metatarsus III 1.59, tarsus III 0.60; femur IV 2.60, patella IV 0.91, tibia IV 2.26, metatarsus IV 2.74, tarsus IV 0.54. Abdomen 2.77 long, 1.91 wide, 1.80 high, with relatively numerous setae; light brown with few pale guanine crystals; 4 – 5 indistinct tan-brown markings on the dorsum, with stripes of guanine crystals on sides and rear; venter of abdomen relatively free of guanocytes. Pedipalp with tibia 2 – 3 times the length of the cymbium; mid-conductor process pointed, approximately half the length of the elongate part of cymbium. Variation: Females’ (N = 4) total length 7.48 – 9.56; carapace length 3.30 – 3.84, width 2.26 – 2.46, height 1.08 – 1.21; abdomen length 4.67 – 6.48, width 3.16 – 4.47, height 3.10 – 4.61; sternum length 1.42 – 1.61, width 1.24 – 1.31. Males’ (N = 4) total length 4.16 – 6.10; carapace length 2.13 – 3.32, width 1.46 – 2.11, height 0.70 – 1.12; abdomen length 2.20 – 3.23, width 1.62 – 1.98, height 1.64 – 1.87; sternum length 1.00 – 1.44, width 0.96 – 1.38. Natural history: This species exhibits several behaviours found in other Phonognatha. It builds a leaf retreat at the hub of the web. Juveniles build a leaf retreat from a leaf still attached to the twig at its hub. Cheiracanthium sp. were observed preying on juveniles. Adult males were found cohabiting with immature females in January and February, suggesting a similar behaviour as found in P. graeffei (Fahey & Elgar, 1997). Distribution: Known from the eastern regions of Queensland and New South Wales (Fig. 26). Etymology: The species’ epithet, from Greek tany - (long) and - odon (tooth), refers to this species’ extremely long paturon, cheliceral fangs and apical cheliceral teeth. Additional material examined: Australia: New South Wales, Budderoo National Park, Minnamurra Rainforest, − 34.634, 150.724, 25 – 26. i. 2016, 510 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 5 MM, 17 Juv; Barrington Tops National Park, Jerusalem Creek Track, − 32.246, 151.729, 29. i. 2016, 388 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 1 M, 1 Juv; Tooloom Scrub, − 28.557, 152.469 *, 4. ii. 1983, J. Gallon, 1 M (QM S 56820); Port Macquarie, Sea Acres, − 31.462, 152.912 *, 14 – 26. ii. 1999, 10 m, G. Williams, malaise trap, subtropical rainforest, 1 M (AM KS 59072); Scalloway, Willowvale, nr. Gerringong, − 34.746, 150.811 *, 3. v. 1988, M. Gray, low remnant forest, fine orb web with central hole, no leaf retreat, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 18476); Budderoo National Park, Minnamurra Rainforest, board walk, − 34.635, 150.728, 15. iii. 2010, 134 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, day and night, FF; Budderoo National Park, Minnamurra Rainforest, board walk, − 34.635, 150.728, 15. iii. 2010, 134 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, day and night, FF; Jamberoo Mountain, − 34.650, 150.767, 20. iv. 2002, J. Noble, 1 F, eggsac (AM KS 79776); Bundjalung National Park, Woody Head, NPWS accommodation area, − 29.368, 153.37, 17. ii. 2011, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night collecting, 2 FF, 1 M (AM KS 114645); Queensland, Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 7. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 M (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 7. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 M (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 7. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 M (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 7. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 M, 1 F (USNM); Noosa National Park, − 27.392, 153.111, 7. iv. 2002, 30 m, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, M. Rix, 1 M (USNM); Cooloola National Park, − 25.045, 153.210 *, 1. v. 1982, D. Sinclair, in rainforest, 4 FF (QM S 51232); Cooloola, − 26.052, 152.974 *, 7. iv. 1987, K. Sadler, 2 FF (QM S 33443); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 1 – 6. iii. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 1, 1 M (AM KS 69485); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 8 – 13. ii. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 1, 1 M (AM KS 69693); Bulburin, NW of Bundaberg, − 24.517, 151.350 *, iii. 1975, M. Gray, C. Horseman, 1 M (AM KS 12766); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 15 – 20. iii. 1998, N. Power, malaise trap 3, 1 M (AM KS 69458); Bulburin forestry nursery, NW of Bundaberg, − 24.517, 151.350, iii. 1975, 580 m, M. Gray, C. Horseman, rainforest site 3 A, 3 FF, 3 MM (AM KS 0081); Mount Glorious, − 27.333, 152.767, 12. iii. 1998, trap 3, 1 M (AM KS 119461).	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFD1310AFB715A20FEA4FA14.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Meta zelivira Keyserling, 1887. Diagnosis: Females of Deliochus can be diagnosed from other araneids based on the combination of the presence of epigynal flaps near the copulatory openings (Figs 27 D, 28 E – G) and the rugose area on the posterior margin of the ALS (Fig. 27 A). Males lack the median apophysis, and have the embolus with a sclerotized shaft separated from the sperm duct by pars pendula, which meet distally; the sperm duct sclerotizes distally. Both the sperm duct and sclerotized shaft frequently have recurved barbs (Fig. 10 B). Deliochus can be diagnosed from Phonognatha and Artifex gen. nov. based on its stouter, complex conductor in males and epigynal flaps in females. Description Female: Total length 5.67 – 10.83. Carapace 2.56 – 4.63 long, 1.82 – 3.40 wide, 0.64 – 1.46 high, dark brown to greenish yellow in colour, sometimes with dark marking where pars cephalica and pars thoracica meet. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.18 – 0.29; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 AME diameter. Paturon coloured as pars cephalica, with 3 prolateral and 3 – 4 retrolateral teeth. Leg formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax, or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 2.92 – 7.83 long, 2.64 – 5.84 wide, 2.32 – 6.67 high; green to white in colour, sometimes with longitudinal stripes on the dorsum and mottled to striped lateral pattern; venter dark. Spinning field typical of araneoids, but with rugose area on posterior rim of ALS and one flagelliform spigot of triad closer to a cylindrical gland spigot than aggregate gland spigots. Epigynum with ventral-facing copulatory openings separated by a septum and flanked by flaps; copulatory duct sclerotized, twisting ventrally before meeting weakly lobed spermathecae; copulatory duct may be plugged with part of pedipalp. Male: Total length 1.29 – 5.32. Carapace 1.19 – 2.98 long, 0.99 – 1.88 wide, 0.44 – 1.44 high, dark brown to greenish yellow in colour, sometimes with dark marking where pars cephalica and pars thoracica meet. Eye arrangement as in female; AME diameter 0.13 – 0.19; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 / 2 AME diameter. Chelicerae coloured as pars cephalica, with 3 prolateral and 3 retrolateral teeth. Legs formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax, or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 1.30 – 3.15 long, 0.99 – 2.27 wide, 0.92 – 2.54 high; dorsal and ventral colouration variable, with brown, white, green, yellow and / or red stripes of variable widths; venter dark. Spinning field similar to females. Pedipalp tibia 1 / 4 to equal the length of the cymbium; cymbium somewhat short, not more than twice as long as it is wide; paracymbium absent; subtegulum much larger than tegulum, rotated dorsally; embolic division associated with tegulum at membrane near embolic base; embolus with sclerotized embolic shaft and sperm duct connected by a membranous pars pendula, with the two ends meeting at the tip; ends of embolus and sperm duct often with hooks; conductor large and complex, with inner, terminally translucent sclerite associated with the outer, ring-like sclerite inside the dorsal end of the latter. Composition: Deliochus includes three species: D. zelivira (Keyserling, 1887), D. humilis (Koch, 1867) and D. idoneus (Keyserling, 1887). Natural history: Little is known of the natural history of Deliochus as observations are often attributed to Araneus or Phonognatha. Unlike Phonognatha, their retreat is adjacent to the web, and the web itself is complete. Females and males cohabit in the leaf retreat. Deliochus is sexually size dimorphic, with males being a fraction of the size of female. Males often use their pedipalp to plug the copulatory opening, and observing males without one (or both) pedipalps as well as females with emboli lodged in their copulatory ducts is frequent. Phylogenetics: Deliochus monophyly is supported by the putative synapomorphies of paired epigynal flaps near copulatory openings and a thicker, moderately long embolus. Distribution: Known from all states of Australia and Papua New Guinea.	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFD63106F89F5E8DFD3FF9B6.taxon	description	FIGS 27 – 30	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFD63106F89F5E8DFD3FF9B6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Syntypes (1 M, 1 F, 3 Juv): Australia, Queensland, Peak Downs, (ZMUH, examined). Diagnosis: Males of D. zelivira can be distinguished by their slightly longer palpal tibia and longer hooks on embolus; the latter can be compared to D. humilis, which has shorter, serrated hooks and D. idoneus, which apparently lacks them. Females of D. zelivira have epigynal flaps posterior and lateral to the copulatory openings; D. humilis has flaps that are more directly posterior to the copulatory openings and D. idoneus has flaps that are lateral to the copulatory openings. Both sexes of D. zelivira have dark markings where the pars cephalica meets the pars thoracica (Figs 28 A, 29 A), which is absent in other Deliochus. Description Female (Figs 27 A – D, 28) (from Queensland, Mount Flinders, QM S 45266): Total length 7.57. Carapace 3.41 long, 2.45 wide, 3.41 high, yellowish brown, with fovea separating cephalic and thoracic areas darker; sternum 1.64 long, 1.28 wide, coloured as carapace with darker margins. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.20; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 2 / 3. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Paturon yellowish brown, with three prolateral and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from paturon. Legs coloured as carapace; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 3.84, patella I 1.09, tarsus I 3.64, metatarsus I 4.33, tarsus I 1.12; femur II 3.20, patella II 1.00, tarsus II 2.77, metatarsus II 3.03, tarsus II 0.93; femur III 2.13, patella III 0.77, tarsus III 1.34, metatarsus III 1.60, tarsus III 0.62; femur IV 3.01, patella IV 0.97, tarsus IV 2.16, metatarsus IV 2.91, tarsus IV 0.74. Abdomen 4.52 long, 3.70 wide, 3.17 high, with two dorsal longitudinal light stripes of guanocytes with dark brown between and on either side; abdomen laterally with 4 – 5 pairs of brown and white stripes, the anteriormost of which continues around the front of the abdomen; ventral side of abdomen brownish yelwith a brown marking between the epigastric furrow and spinnerets. Epigynum with sclerotized copulatory openings anterior and inset to epigynal flaps, flanked by tufts of setae. Copulatory ducts run anteriorly, turning three times before running posteriorly, ventral to region of copulatory duct proximal to copulatory openings, widening until it meets the two-lobed spermathecae in area where lobes join; fertilization ducts emerge posteriorly on dorsal area of spermathecae. Male (Figs 27 E – I, 29) (from Queensland, nr. Lamington National Park, GH 2516): Total length 3.30. Carapace 1.84 long, 1.23 wide, 0.60 high, yellowish brown to greenish brown in colour (becoming more yellow in preservative), with fovea separating cephalic and thoracic areas darker; sternum 0.85 long, 0.72 wide, coloured as carapace, with darker margin. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, on small prominences. AME diameter 0.15; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Chelicerae yellowish brown, with three prolateral and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from paturon. Legs coloured as carapace; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 2.19, patella I 0.75, tarsus I 2.03, metatarsus I 2.42, tarsus I 0.77; femur II 1.57, patella II 0.54, tarsus II 1.50, metatarsus II 1.67, tarsus II 0.61; femur III 0.98, patella III 0.36, tarsus III 0.67, metatarsus III 0.80, tarsus III 0.38; femur IV 1.40, patella IV 0.49, tarsus IV 1.06, metatarsus IV 1.41, tarsus IV 0.43. Abdomen 1.94 long, 1.27 wide, 1.17 high, light brown with two dorsal longitudinal light stripes of guanocytes with red on either side (becoming dark brown in preservative); sides of abdomen with 4 – 5 pairs of brown and white stripes, the anteriormost of which continues around the front of the abdomen; abdomen light brown ventrally, with darker marking on posterior half. Palp (Figs 27 E – I, 29 E – I) typical for Deliochus, with short tibiae (half the cymbium length), slightly narrow cymbium, and longer embolic barbs separated by nearly the barbs’ length from each other. Variation: Females’ (N = 3) total length 5.67 – 9.28; carapace length 2.65 – 3.80, width 2.05 – 2.55, height 0.94 – 1.76; abdomen length 2.92 – 5.35, width 2.64 – 4.35, height 2.31 – 4.70; sternum length 1.45 – 1.69, width 1.08 – 1.28. Males’ (N = 3) total length 3.30 – 4.41; carapace length 1.84 – 2.43, width 1.23 – 1.65, height 0.59 – 0.76; abdomen length 1.91 – 2.42, width 1.27 – 1.75, height 1.17 – 1.56; sternum length 0.85 – 1.02, width 0.72 – 0.92.	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFDB3101FB105B96FD27FA06.taxon	description	FIGS 10 B, 31 – 34	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFDB3101FB105B96FD27FA06.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Deliochus humilis: Syntypes (1 F, 1 Juv): Australia, Queensland, Brisbane (MG 22569) (ZMUH, examined). Araneus favorabilis: Holotype (1 F): Australia, Queensland, Gordonvale, - 17.081, 145.791 *, 9. ix. 1912, W. J. Rainbow, holotype (AM KS 6518, examined). Diagnosis: Males can be distinguished from congeners by their shorter embolic serrations; D. zelivira has longer, more separated hooks and D. idoneus seems to lack them. Females have epigynal flaps directly posterior to the copulatory opening rather than lateral or posterior-lateral (Figs 31 D, 32 E – G). Both males and females lack the dark marking where the pars cephalica and pars thoracica meet. Description Female (Figs 31 A – D, 32) (from New South Wales, Budderoo National Park, GH 2534): Total length 5.74. Carapace 2.58 long, 1.81 wide, 0.64 high, yellowish brown; sternum 1.23 long, 1.01 wide, of similar colour. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.17; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 2 / 3 AME diameter. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Chelicerae yellowish brown to reddish brown, with three prolateral and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from paturon. Legs coloured as carapace; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 3.04, patella I 0.83, tibia I 2.87, metatarsus I 2.12, tarsus I 0.67; femur II 2.46, patella II 0.71, tibia II 2.12, metatarsus II 2.64, tarsus II 0.69; femur III 1.70, patella III 0.58, tibia III 1.14, metatarsus III 1.37, tarsus III 0.50; femur IV 2.32, patella IV 0.68, tibia IV 1.72, metatarsus IV 2.35, tarsus IV 0.59. Abdomen 3.42 long, 2.64 wide, 2.78 high, with two dorsal longitudinal light stripes of guanocytes; ventral side of abdomen brownish yellow. Epigynum with sclerotized copulatory openings anterior to epigynal flaps. Copulatory ducts run anteriorly, turning three times before running posteriorly, ventral to the region of copulatory duct proximal to the copulatory opening, meeting weakly lobed spermathecae in area where lobes join; fertilization ducts emerge posteriorly on dorsal area of spermathecae. Male (Figs 31 E – I, 33) (from New South Wales, Barrington Tops National Park, GH 2535): Total length 3.16. Carapace 1.57 long, 1.04 wide, 0.44 high, greenish brown, yellowing with preservation; sternum 0.71 long, 0.66 wide, coloured as carapace. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, on small prominences. AME diameter 0.11; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Paturon yellowish brown, with three prolateral and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from paturon. Legs coloured as carapace; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 2.48, patella I 0.70, tibia I 2.43, metatarsus I 2.20, tarsus I 0.70; femur II 1.49, patella II 0.34, tibia II 1.33, metatarsus II 1.45, tarsus II 0.63; femur III 0.93, patella III 0.36, tibia III 0.59, metatarsus III 0.71, tarsus III 0.37; femur IV 1.19, patella IV 0.37, tibia IV 0.94, metatarsus IV 1.28, tarsus IV 0.46. Abdomen 1.80 long, 1.34 wide, 1.30 high, light brown with two longitudinal yellowish white stripes of guanocytes; venter light brown. Palp (Figs 31 E – I, 33 E – I) typical for Deliochus, with short tibiae (<1 / 2 length of cymbium) and numerous short embolic barbs-like serration on both sclerotized embolic shaft and sperm duct distally. Variation: Females’ (N = 4) total length 6.96 – 7.59; carapace length 2.56 – 3.62, width 1.81 – 2.41, height 0.64 – 1.26; abdomen length 3.42 – 4.49, width 2.64 – 3.81, height 2.78 – 3.91; sternum length 1.23 – 1.69, width 1.01 – 1.32. Males’ (N = 3) total length 1.29 – 3.05; carapace length 1.19 – 1.61, width 0.99 – 1.09, height 0.44 – 0.58; abdomen length 1.30 – 1.80, width 0.99 – 1.34, height 0.92 – 1.30; sternum length 0.71 – 1.16, width 0.66 – 0.95. Natural history: Half and full eunuchs and copulatory plugs formed from broken emboli are common. Cohabitation of males and females in web-adjacent leaf retreat observed. D i s t r i b u t i o n: T h i s s p e c i e s o c c u r s m a i n l y i n Q u e e n s l a n d, N e w S o u t h Wa l e s a n d Ta s m a n i a (Fig. 34). Additional material examined: Australia: New South Wales, Budderoo National Park, Minnamurra Rainforest, − 34.634, 150.724, 25 – 26. i. 2016, 510 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 1 F; Barrington Tops National Park, Jerusalem Creek Track, − 32.246, 151.729, 29. i. 2016, 388 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 1 M, 2 FF, 1 Juv; Chichester State Forest, nr. logging museum, − 32.325, 151.730, 27. i. 2016, 502 m, G. Hormiga, R. J. Kallal, F. Álvarez-Padilla, 1 F; Mystery Bay, − 36.3, 150.117, 26. xii. 2004, G. Milledge, beating foliage, 1 M (AM KS 90893); Jamberoo Mountain, − 34.647, 150.776 *, 1 – 4. i. 1999, J. Noble, 1 M (AM KS 59062); Jamberoo Mountain, − 34.647, 150.776 *, 27. xii. 1981, C. Bark, 1 M (AM KS 51616); Sydney, Royal National Park, − 34.079, 151.047 *, 8. xii. 1981, C. Bark (AM KS 8645); Cheltenham, Byles Creek, − 33.750, 151.083, 16. i. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 57564); Cheltenham, Byles Creek, − 33.750, 151.083, 16. i. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 57565); Cheltenham, Byles Creek, − 33.750, 151.083, 16. i. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 57566); Scalloway, Willowvale, nr. Gerringong, − 34.746, 150.811 *, 3. v. 1988, M. Gray, low remnant forest, fine orb web with central hole, no leaf retreat, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 18476); Queensland, Gordonvale, − 17.081, 145.791 *, 9. ix. 1912, W. J. Rainbow 1 F (AM KS 6518); Mount Garnet, − 17.676, 145.114 *, 23. ii. 1972, N. C. Coleman, 1 M (AM KS 87645); Edmonton, − 17.017, 145.746 *, 29. ix. 1969, N. C. Coleman, 3 FF (AM KS 5888); Jamberoo Mountain, − 34.650, 150.783, 24. xii. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 59063); Cairns, Trinity Park, − 16.811, 145.704 *, 9. x. 1995, J. Thompson, J. Olive, in park, 1 F (AM KS 044795); Cairns, Trinity Park, − 16.811, 145.704 *, 9. x. 1995, J. Thompson, J. Olive, in park, 1 F (AM KS 044796); Cairns, Trinity Park, track to Earl Hill via Reed Rd, − 16.800, 145.709, 21. v. 2000, G. Milledge, H. Smith, 1 F (AM KS 66404); Cairns, Trinity Park, − 16.803, 145.701, 14. v. 2000, G. Milledge, H. Smith, J. Thompson, night collecting in Melaleuca swamp, 1 F (AM KS 66712); Bulburin Forest Nursery, NW of Bundaberg, rainforest site 3 A 580, − 24.517, 151.483, iii. 1975, M. Gray, C. Horseman, 1 F (AM KS 0800); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Blackbutt # 2, − 27.567, 153.450, 8. i. 2002, 60 m, QM Party, night hand collection 50918, 1 M (QM S 56277); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Blackbutt # 2, − 27.567, 153.450, 8. i. 2002, 60 m, QM Party, night hand collection 50918, 1 F (QM S 56196); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Mallee # 2, − 27.567, 153.450, 7. i. 2002, 80 m, QM Party, night hand collecting, 2 FF (QM S 56202); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Mallee # 2, − 27.567, 153.450, 7. i. 2002, 100 m, QM Party, hand collecting, 1 F (QM S 56344); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Scribbly Gum # 1, − 27.617, 153.433 *, 10. i. 2002, 70 m, QM Party, night hand collection, 2 FF; Quensland, North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise, Scribbly Gum # 2, − 27.600, 153.450 *, 10. i. 2002, 120 m, QM Party, night hand collecting, 1 F (QM S 56278); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Scribbly Gum # 3, − 27.600, 153.450, 10. i. 2002, 70 m, QM Party, night hand collection, 1 M, 1 F (QM S 56345); Daintree National Park, − 16.170, 145.418 *, 3. iii. 1972, N. C. Coleman, 1 M (QM S 45250); Cooktown, − 15.436, 145.216 *, 12. vi. 1973, V. E. Davies, C. Tanner, 2 FF (QM S 45249); Coothraba, Teewah, − 26.286, 152.938 *, 14. ix. 1973, R. Raven, large orb web with very close spiral and large number of radii, 1 F (QM S 45259); Brisbane, Gold Creek Reservoir, − 27.457, 152.877 *, 2. vi. 1981, V. E. Davies, R. J. Raven, beating, 1 F (QM S 45284); Trinity Beach, − 16.798, 145.699 *, xii. 1971, N. C. Coleman, 2 FF (QM S 45255); Mt. Nebo, − 27.380, 152.781 *, 22. ii. 1979, QM PTO, water catchment reserve, orb web with very close spiral and nested centre, 2 FF (QM S 45363); Furch Hatton campsite, 7 – 14. iv. 1975 R. J. Raven, V. E. Davies, 1 M (QM S 45454); Upper Brookfield, − 27.458, 152.857 *, 22. xii. 1980, R. Raven, V. E. Davies, 1 F (QM S 45270); Upper Brookfield, − 27.458, 152.857 *, D. Sinclair, 1 F (QM S 45261); Upper Brookfield, − 27.458, 152.857 *, 22. xii. 1980, V. E. Davies, R. Raven, complex notophyll vine forest with Araucaria (QM S 45270); Eureka, − 25.272, 152.162 *, 11. ii. 1972, N. C. Coleman, 1 M (QM S 45253); Yule Point, − 16.530, 145.479 *, 15. i. 1972, N. C. Coleman, 1 M (QM S 45256); Cairns, Botanical Gardens, − 16.900, 145.748 *, xii. 1982, R. R. Jackson, cohabiting in rolled-up leaf, 1 F, 1 M eunuch (QM S 56196); Cairns, Botanical Gardens, − 16.900, 145.748 *, xii. 1982, R. R. Jackson, cohabiting in rolled-up leaf, 1 M, 1 F (QM S 45453); Oakley, − 27.439, 115.714 *, 13. iii. 1973, G. May, between two sealed gum leaves, 1 F (QM S 45262); Townsville, − 19.260, 146.812 *, 30. iii. 1985, 2 FF, 2 MM eunuchs (QM S 58364); Moreton Island, − 27.127, 153.399 *, 2. ii. 1982, D. Sinclair, 1 F (QM S 45261); nr. Herberton, − 17.386, 145.382, 13. xi. 1971, N. C. Coleman, 1 F (QM S 45254); Cooloolah, Teewah Creek, − 26.052, 152.974 *, 31. xii. 1973, R. J. Raven, 1 F (QM S 45257); Gordonvale, − 17.081, 145.791 *, N. C. Coleman, 1 F (QM S 45252); SW Mount Garnet, 40 Mile Scrub, − 17.658, 145.090 *, 10 – 14. ix. 1978, R. J. Raven, V. E. Davies, 3 FF (QM S 45248); Stott’s Island, Tweed Rd, − 28.270, 153.498 *, 17 – 19. ix. 1978, JC GC RR, 1 F (QM S 45448); Bulburin State Forest, roadway, − 24.598, 151.530 *, 18. iii. 1975, TC VED RK, 1 F (QM S 45431); Beecroft Reserve, − 33.750, 151.067, 30. i. 1998, J. Noble, 1 F (AM KS 57562); Brisbane Forest Park, − 27.418, 152.830, 11 – 15. i. 1997, N. Power, malaise trap 3, 1 m (AM KS 69423); Bribie Island, − 27.058, 153.192, 25 – 30. xii. 1997, N. Power, malaise trap 2, heathland / acacia regrowth, 1 M (AM KS 69398); Sarina Beach, 30 km SSE of Mackay, − 21.387, 149.309 *, 20. iv. 1991, G. Milledge, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Cape Tribulation, − 16,072, 145.444 *, vii. 1992, 10 m, W. Eberhard, 1 M (MCZ); Atherton Tablelands, Rose Gums, − 17.312, 145.714, 20. iv. 2002, 750 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, rainforest, 1 F (USNM); Atherton Tablelands, Rose Gums, − 17.312, 145.714, 20. iv. 2002, 750 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, rainforest, 1 F (USNM); Atherton Tablelands, Rose Gums, − 17.312, 145.714, 20. iv. 2002, 750 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, rainforest, 1 F, 1 M (USNM); Atherton Tablelands, Rose Gums, − 17.312, 145.714, 20. iv. 2002, 750 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, rainforest, 1 Juv (USNM); Buhot Creek, Burbank, − 27.584, 153.170, 26. xi. 2003, 50 m, QM Party, night hand collecting in riparian forest, 1 M (QM S 67555); Buhot Creek, Burbank, − 27.584, 153.170, 26. xi. 2003, 50 m, QM Party, night hand collecting in riparian forest, 1 F, 3 Juv (QM S 67546); Bunya Mountains National Park, Marlaybrook, − 26.799, 151.537 *, 6. iii. 1976, R. J. Raven, V. E. Davies, sweeping, 1 F (QM S 39722); North Stradbroke Island, Enterprise Blackbutt 3, − 27.578, 153.467, 8. i. 2002, 80 m, QM Party, 2 FF (QM); Townsville, − 19.260, 146.812 *, 30. iii. 1985, 1 F, 1 M (QM S 58363); SW of Malanda, Lot 2 of Merragallan Road, − 17.419, 145.544, 22. ix. 2003, G. Milledge, H. Smith, headtorch, 1 M, 1 F (AM KS 86083); 40 Mile Scrub, − 18.109, 144.569, 5. iii. 2008, G. Milledge, H. Smith, beat / sweep, under bark, vine scrub, 1 M (AM); nr. Malanda, Merragallan Road, − 17.417, 145.543, 2. xii. 2008, 847 m, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night collecting, 1 F (AM KS 106581); nr. Malanda, Merragallan Road, − 17.417, 145.543, 2. xii. 2008, 847 m, G. Milledge, H. Smith, night collecting, 1 M (AM KS 106612); Northern Territory, East Port Darwin, − 12.470, 130.918 *, 18. xii. 1980, R. R. Jackson, cohabiting with subadault, 1 M (AM KS 45246); Darwin, East PE, − 12.561, 131.019 *, 9. xi. 1979, R. Raven, night, 4 FF (QM S 45245); Tasmania, Domain, − 42.865, 147329 *, 13. ii. 1976, V. V. Hickman, 1 F (AM KS 28649); Victoria, Hawthorn, Riversdale Rd, − 37.822, 145.034 *, 13. iv. 1918, L. Turner, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Papua New Guinea: Milne Bay Province, Louisiade Archipelago, Misima Island, north slopes of Mount Misima, camp 7, − 10.674, 152.719 *, 16 – 30. vii. 1956, 350 m, Fifth Archbold Expedition to New Guinea, L. I. Brass, 1 F (AMNH); Morobe Province, Wau Ecology Institute, − 7.277, 146.598 *, 15. xi. 1980, W. A. Shear, ground collecting in coffee, 1 F (AMNH); Morobe Province, Wau Ecology Institute, − 7.277, 146.598 *, 15. xi. 1980, W. A. Shear, ground collecting in coffee, 2 FF (AMNH); Central Province, Port Moresby, − 9.480, 147.149 *, 12. x. 1949, G. F. Wilson, 1 M (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L).	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFA7317BF92E5B96FBAAF8C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Epeira melanopyga Koch, 1871. Diagnosis: Artifex gen. nov. can be distinguished from other zygielline araneids based on the following combination of characters: a brown ring and crescent shapes on the dorsum of the abdomen (Fig. 40 A), wider posterior abdment (Figs 40 A, 44 A) usually surrounding apodemes, on a pale guanocyte field in both sexes and a rugose area on the posterior margin of the ALS. Phonognatha has ovate or circular markings and Deliochus has stripes, and both genera have abdomens that are globose or with parallel sides. Males have a somewhat elongated conductor with a process pointing apically near centre of palp, a translucent membrane wrapping the conductor mesally (Fig. 41 B, E – I) absent in other zygiellines, embolus with sclerotized shaft and sperm duct separated by pars pendula (Fig. 41 B) not present in Phonognatha, convering about midway, with minute hooks on both, and the absence of median apophysis (Fig. 10 C). Females can be identified based on the epigynum with two wide ventral copulatory openings without a scape separated by a sclerotized carina or septum and broad, somewhat sclerotized copulatory duct. Females can be distinguished from Phonognatha and Deliochus by the wider posterior abdomen and broad copulatory openings (Figs 39 D, 43 D). Males have a membranous layer of the conductor (Fig. 40 E) absent in related genera. Description Female: Total length 9.45 – 14.11. Carapace 4.87 – 6.01 long, 3.12 – 4.30 wide, 1.41 – 2.16 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown in colour, with pars cephalica and carapace margins darker than pars thoracica. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.25 – 0.44; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 / 2 – 3 / 4 AME diameter. Paturon coloured as pars cephalica, with 3 prolateral and 3 retrolateral teeth. Leg formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax, or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 5.94 – 9.62 long, 4.18 – 7.15 wide, 3.03 – 7.02 high; light brown with pale guanocytes; 1 – 5 dark brown markings, often with dark brown posterior; ventral side two longitudinal stripes from epigastric furrow to spinning field. Spinning field typical of araneoids, with the following exceptions common to zygielline (and some nephiline) araneids: a rugose area on posterior rim of ALS making a notch in the piriform spigot field and one flagelliform spigot of triad closer to a cylindrical gland spigot than aggregate gland spigots. Epigynum with large, ventral-facing copulatory openings separated by a sclerotized septum; copulatory duct broad and somewhat sclerotized, curling ventrally to reach spermathecae; fertilization ducts emerging dorsal and posterior from spermathecae. Copulatory duct frequently plugged with minutely serrated emboli. Male: Total length 4.46 – 6.91. Carapace 2.28 – 3.90 long, 1.45 – 2.39 wide, 0.77 – 1.12 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown in colour, with pars cephalica and lateral edges of carapace darker than pars thoracica. AMEs on small prominence; eye arrangement as in female; AME diameter 0.16 – 0.26; AME interdistance slightly wider than AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 / 2 AME diameter. Chelicerae coloured as pars cephalica, with 3 prolateral and 2 retrolateral teeth. Legs formula 1243, coloured as cephalothorax, or slightly lighter; femur I sigmoid. Abdomen 2.72 – 3.50 long, 1.68 – 2.40 wide, 1.71 – 2.41 high; 1 – 5 dark brown markings, often with dark brown posterior; ventral side two longitudinal stripes from epigastric furrow to spinning field. Spinning field similar to female. Pedipalp tibia approximately half the length of cymbium; cymbium slightly elongated, with broad, integral paracymbium; tegulum and subtegulum rotated dorsally; membrane connecting embolic division with tegulum near embolic base; embolus with sclerotized shaft and sperm duct separated by pars pendula, then converging at about midway, with small barbs near point of convergence; conductor coiled with an embolic groove, covered ectally with translucent membrane covering mid-conductor process. Composition: Artifex gen. nov. is composed of two species, A. melanopyga (Koch, 1871) comb. nov. and A. joannae (Berland, 1924) comb. nov. Natural history: Artifex gen. nov. is confined to tropical regions of Australia and New Caledonia. Like Deliochus, it is characterized by female-biased sexual size dimorphism. Pedipalps with missing bulbs and plugged copulatory ducts are common. Phylogenetics: The monophyly of Artifex gen. nov. is supported by the putative synapomorphies of a wide posterior abdomen extending past spinnerets, wide spermathecae separation, and ring-like zygielline dorsal markings. Distribution: Known from Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, and New Caledonia (Fig. 42). Etymology: The genus name is derived from the Latin word ars (craft or art) and the suffix - fex (maker), meaning a skilled crafter. The name refers to the use of a leaf as a retreat by the members of this genus. The genus is feminine in gender.	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFA43175F8EC5B96FDC8FA5C.taxon	description	FIGS 10 C, 39 – 42	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFA43175F8EC5B96FDC8FA5C.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Artifex melanopyga: Holotype (1 F): Australia, Queensland, Port Mackay, 1 F holotype (ZMUH, examined). Araneus mastersii: Syntypes (3 MM, 2 FF, 9 Juv): Australia, Queensland, Sue Island and Coconut Island (MMUS 0196, images from V. Framenau examined). Diagnosis: Males of A. melanopyga comb. nov. are distinguishable from those of Phonognatha and Deliochus by the membranous area on its conductor (Fig. 41 E). Females can be distinguished from A. joannae comb. nov. by its more or less straight median septum (Fig. 39 D vs. Fig. 42 D) and crescent (Fig. 40 A) rather than ring-shaped (Fig. 44 A) dorsal abdominal markings. Artifex melanopyga comb. nov. is found on mainland Australia, and the only congeneric species is found in New Caledonia. Description Female (Figs. 39, 40 A – D) (from Queensland, Yam Island, QM S 12466): Total length 12.29. Carapace 5.36 long, 3.63 wide, 1.96 high, yellowish brown to reddish brown, with cephalic area and fovea darker; sternum 2.48 long, 1.76 wide, reddish brown, with dark margins and pale central area. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.19; AMEs interdistance c. 1 ½ AME diameter; AME – PME distance c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. 1 AME diameter. Paturon reddish brown, with three prolateral and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third to half of the way from the chelicera. Legs coloured as cephalothorax; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 4.29, patella I 1.92, tibia I 4.06, metatarsus I 4.72, tarsus I 1.50; femur II 3.48, patella II 1.60, tibia II 3.31, metatarsus II 3.70, tarsus II 1.40; femur III 2.61, patella III 1.21, tibia III 1.67, metatarsus III 2.24, tarsus III 1.06; femur IV 3.48, patella IV 1.49, tibia IV 2.72, metatarsus IV 2.55, tarsus IV 0.97. Abdomen 8.03 long, 5.39 wide, 5.04 high, elongate, slightly wider posteriorly; dorsal face light brown with pale guanine crystals; dorsum with 3 – 4 pairs of curved brown markings, with brown posterior area; venter with two indistinct longitudinal stripes of guanocytes between epigastric furrow and spinning field, which is relatively centrally positioned. Epigynum with two large ventral-facing, sclerotized copulatory openings, separate by a median septum of a relatively uniform width; copulatory ducts turn with multiple looping convolutions in an anterior lobe before turning on itself before reaching spermathecae; fertilization ducts emerge from posterior region of spermathecae and extend dorsally. Male (Figs 39 E – I, 41) (from Queensland, Fitzroy Island, AM KS 33822): Total length 6.20. Carapace 3.43 long, 2.09 wide, 1.08 high, yellowish brown, with cephalic region slightly darker, and division between cephalic and thoracic regions and fovea darker still; sternum 1.26 long, 0.94 wide, coloured as cephalothorax. Eye arrangement as in female. AME diameter 0.21; AMEs interdistance c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance slightly less than c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. ½ AME diameter. Paturon yellowish brown to reddish brown, with three prolateral and two retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang bends mesally at approximately the midway point. Legs coloured as cephalothorax; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 3.02, patella I 1.29, tibia I 2.89, metatarsus I 3.07, tarsus I 0.98; femur II 2.42, patella II 1.19, tibia II 2.49, metatarsus II 2.50, tarsus II 0.95; femur III 1.47, patella III 0.72, tibia III 1.00, metatarsus III 1.10, tarsus III 0.60; femur IV 2.05, patella IV 0.92, tibia IV 1.73, metatarsus IV 1.65, tarsus IV 0.70. Abdomen 3.35 long, 2.04 wide, 2.00 high, dorsal face light brown with pale guanine crystals; 4 – 5 pairs of indistinct dark brown markings on the dorsum, with brown posterior area; ventral face lacking guanocytes. Pedipalp typical of Artifex gen. nov., with tibia approximately 1.5 times the length of the cymbium. Variation: Females’ (N = 5) total length 9.45 – 13.59, carapace length 4.88 – 5.36, width 3.11 – 3.63, height 1.41 – 1.60, abdomen length 5.94 – 9.66, abdomen width 4.18 – 6.08, abdomen height 3.03 – 6.05, sternum length 2.21 – 2.50, and sternum width 1.59 – 1.96. Males’ (N = 5) total length 4.46 – 6.91, carapace length 2.28 – 3.90, width 1.45 – 2.36, height 0.77 – 1.12, abdomen length 2.72 – 3.45, abdomen width 1.68 – 2.40, abdomen height 1.71 – 2.41, sternum length 1.13 – 1.82, and sternum width 0.83 – 1.30. Natural history: This species exhibits sexual size dimorphism, with females reaching approximately three times the length of males. Multiple male specimens are missing their palps and females often have epigynal plugs formed from those palps. This has been described as genital emasculation and is discussed further in Kuntner, Agnarsson & Li (2015). Distribution: Known from the eastern region of Queensland, including islands of the Torres Strait (Fig. 42). Additional material examined: Australia: Queensland, Mossman, − 16.45, 145.37 *, 22. ix. 1969, R. Mascord, 1 F (AM KS 33823); Cape Kimberley, Neal, Noah Creek Area, − 16.283, 145.467, 26. x. 1994, R. Elick, B. Y. Main, rainforest, from a Crinum, nest in cone-shaped dry leaf, 1 F, 1 M eunuch (WAM T 99 / 2984); Cooktown, − 15.436, 145.216 *, 3 – 10. iv. 1991, G. Milledge, 1 F (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Sarina Beach, 30 km SSE of Mackay, 21.387, 149.309 *, 20. iv. 1991, G. Milledge, 1 Juv (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Gordonvale, − 17.097, 145.779 *, 18. iv. 1916, W. J. Rainbow, 1 M, 3 Juv (MV ENTO 2014 - 19 L); Townsville, − 19.260, 146.812 *, 5. ii. 1945, B. Malkin, 7 FF (WAM); Paluma, − 19.000, 146.200, 22. i. 1981, M. S. Harvey, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2985); Gordonvale, − 17.018, 145.791 *, vi. 1916, A. A. Girault, 3 FF (WAM T 1916 / 421); Townsville, − 19.260, 146.812 *, 2. v. 1945, B. Malkin, 1 F (WAM); South Malle Island, Lamond Hill, − 20.270, 148.837 *, 30. xi. 1981, M. S. Harvey, ex curled leaves in web, 1 F (WAM T 99 / 2838); Cooloola, Camp Milo, − 25.045, 153.210 *, 3 – 7. ii. 1976, R. J. Raven, V. E. Davies, curled leaf in web, 10 + FF (QM); Enfield site, nr Westmar, − 27.951, 149.712 *, 9. i. 1979, R. J. Raven, V. E. Davies, 3 FF (QM); Enfield site, nr. Westmar, − 27.951, 149.712 *, 10. i. 1979, R. J. Raven, V. E. Davies, 10 + FF (QM); Lake Broadwater, − 27.363, 151.099 *, 12. ii. 1984, M. Bennie, 1 F (QM); Mt. Colliery, Warwick, − 28.217, 152.017 *, 1. iii. 1971, R. Monrow, swept in roadside vegetation, 1 F (QM); Yandaburra, 125 km SW of Springsure, − 24.339, 147.623 *, 7 – 16. v. 1976, C. Fearnley, 3 FF (QM); Mabuiag Island, − 9.952, 142.180 *, 3. viii. 1975, H. Heatwole, 1 F (QM S 39738); Normanby Station, 30 km NW of Cooktown, − 15.334, 145.019 *, 13 – 17. ix. 1984, C. Fearnley, 1 M, 1 F (QM S 39741); Torres Strait, Yam Island, 28. xi – 2. xii. 1986, J. Gallon, 1 M (QM S 12465); Queenland, Torres Strait, Sabba Island, 31. vii. 1975, H. Heatwole, 1 F (QM S 39739); Torres Strait, Friday Island, − 10.598, 142.166 *, 7. xii. 1986, J. Gallon, 1 F (QM S 12302); Cape Hillsborough National Park, McBrides Point Eucalyptus Forest, − 20.912, 152.373 *, 12. ii. 1975, D. A. Schulz, 1 F (QM S 45594); Airlie Beach, − 20.268, 148.719 *, 16. ii. 1986, R. J. Raven, J. Gallon, 1 F (QM S 8050); Airlie Beach, − 20.268, 148.719 *, 15 – 17. ii. 1986, J. Gallon, R. J. Raven, general and night collecting, 3 FF, 1 M (QM S 8020); Shute Harbor, − 20.288, 148.786 *, 16. ii. 1986, R. J. Raven, J. Gallon, night collecting, 10 FF (QM S 9959); Shute Harbor, − 20.288, 148.786 *, 15. ii. 1986, R. J. Raven, J. Gallon, night collecting, 7 FF (QM S 9956); Shute Harbor, − 20.288, 148.786 *, 16. ii. 1986, R. J. Raven, J. Gallon, vine shrub on rock, beating, 2 FF (QM S 9962); Yeppon, Congalee Beach, − 23.135, 150.744, 1. xii. 1992 - iii. 1993, 20 m, A. Walford, intercept and pitfall, 1 F (QM S 27487); Carlisle Island, camp area, − 20.786, 149.286 *, 12 – 19. xii. 1986, M. Bennie, FF, 2 MM eunuchs (QM S 39744); Torres Strait, Yam Island, SW of Yorke Island, − 9.901, 142.775 *, 28. xi – 2. xii. 1986, J. Gallon, under bark, 4 FF (QM S 12466); South Percy Island, lagoon area, − 21.767, 150.300, 25 – 26. xi. 1992, Monteith, Thompson, Cook, Janetzki, 8 FF (QM S 40785); Girraween National Park, − 28.775, 151.912 *, 7. iii. 1974, 5 FF (QM S 45629); 5 km upriver Mooloolaba, − 26.651, 153.101 *, 2. iv. 1982, D. Sinclair, found at edge of river in paperbark area at fringe, 1 F (QM S 45599); Rockhampton, nr. Mount Archer, − 23.363, 150.529 *, 5 – 6. x. 1982, A. Rozefelds, rainforest, 1 M, 1 Juv (QM S 56819); Torres Strait, Horn Island, − 10.607, 142.282 *, 23. vii. 1975, H. Heatwole, E. C., 2 FF (QM S 39736); Torres Strait, Moa Island, Kubin Village, − 10.177, 142.258 *, 14. viii. 1975, H. Heatwole, 1 F (QM S 39737); Undara, − 18.225, 144.577, 2. x. 1989, M. Godwin, in rolled leaf, 1 F (QM S 35306); 40 Mile Scrub, SW of Mount Garnet, − 18089, 144862 *, 3 – 10. iv. 1978, V. E. Davies, R. Raven, 1 F, Juv (QM S 39777); Salvator Rosa National Park, Spyglass, − 24.817, 146.424 *, 16. ix. 1984, M. Bennie, 10 + Juv (QM S 45459); Gordonvale, − 17.081, 145.791 *, A. A. Girault, 1 M, 2 Juv (QM); Torres Strait, Yorke Island, − 9.752, 143.407 *, 13. viii. 1974, S. Ingram, 3 FF, 1 M (QM S 39734); Proserpine, Lethe Brook Creek Crossing, site XY 20, − 20.414, 148.527, 6. xi. 2007, 13 m, R. Raven, rainforest, 1 F (QM S 86719); Proserpine, Thompson Creek, site XY 14, − 20.511, 148.565, 12. xi. 2007, 44 m, R. Raven, closed forest, 1 F (QM S 86802); Proserpine, Deadman Creek, site XY 17, − 20.505, 148.556, 10. xi. 2007, 21 m, R. Raven, open forest, 1 F (QM S 86827); Proserpine, nr. Kelsey Substation, site XY 19, − 20.390, 148.541, 6. xi. 2007, 21 m, R. Raven, closed forest, 1 F (QM S 86701); Proserpine, Thompson Creek, site XY 16, − 20.554, 148.505, 9. xi. 2007, 48 m, R. Raven, rainforest, 1 F (QM S 86593); Proserpine, nr. Kelsey Substation, site XY 19, − 20.390, 148.541, 6. xi. 2007, 21 m, R. Raven, closed forest, 2 FF (QM S 86612); Proserpine, Thompson Creek, site XY 16, − 20.554, 148.505, 9. xi. 2007, 48 m, C. J. Burwell, rainforest, night hand collection, 15123, 1 F (QM S 86593); Proserpine, Thompson Creek, site XY 15, − 20.519, 148.557, 11. xi. 2007, 30 m, R. Raven, closed forest, 1 F (QM S 86784); Fitzroy Island, − 16.935, 145.993 *, 22. ix. 1971, R. E. Mascord, 2 FF, 1 M (AM KS 33822); Fitzroy Island, − 16.935, 145.993 *, 1951, J. G. Brooks, 1 F (AM KS 33821); Prince of Wales Island, Terry Beach, − 10.687, 142.175 *, E. Cameron, 1 M (AM KS 51624); Whitsunday Island, − 20.267, 148.979 *, i. 1934, F. Amenhill, spider in leaf nest, 1 F, 1 M eunuch (AM KS 34320); 40 miles SW of Mount Garnet, 5. xi. 1962, 750 m, E. S. Ross, D. Q. Cavagnaro, 2 FF (CASENT); Herveys Range, − 19.367, 146.433, 21. vii. 2009, 380 m, G. Cocks, under leaf, 1 M (AM KS 109949); Townsville, − 19.260, 146.812 *, 1 F (AM KS 036939); Davies Creek Falls, − 17.010, 145.582, 28. ii. 2008, G. Milledge, H. Smith, beat and sweep, under bark, sclerophyll, 1 F (AM KS 103105); Tumoulin Road, SE of Herberton, − 17.468, 145.372, 4. xii. 2008, G. Milledge, H. Smith, general collecting, 1 F (AM KS 106625); Cape Kimberley, track to lookout W of caravan park, − 16.274, 145.468, 21. ix. 2003, G. Milledge, H. Smith, headtorch, 1 M (AM KS 86169); Cape York Peninsula, − 15.433, 144.450, 9. viii. 2002, G. Wishart, 1 F (AM KS 79682); Herveys Range, − 19.367, 146.333, 21. vii. 2009, 380 m, G. Cocks, under leaf, 1 Juv (AM KS 109944); Cape York Peninsula, Elliot Falls, − 11.350, 142.400, 7. viii. 2002, G. Wishart, 2 FF, 1 M (AM KS 79680); Edmonton, rainforest block at end of Barr Street, − 17.025, 145.747, 18 – 19. ix. 2003, G. Milledge, H. Smith, curled leaf, 1 F (AM KS 86149); Herberton, Petford Road, 0.9 km W. of Herberton, − 17.386, 145.378, 23. ix. 2003, G. Milledge, H. Smith, curled leaf, 2 MM (AM KS 86117).	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFA93172F8F15D59FB08F987.taxon	description	FIGS 42 – 44	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFA93172F8F15D59FB08F987.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype (1 M, 10 FF): New Caledonia, Loyalty Islands, Maré, 18. xi. 1911 (MNHN, not examined). Diagnosis: This species is known exclusively from New Caledonia. Epigynum is similar to that of A. melanopyga comb. nov., but the median septum is thinner in the middle while in A. melanopyga is uniformly wide across its entire length (Fig. 42 D vs. Fig. 39 D), and has ring-like markings on the dorsum of the abdomen (Fig. 44 A). The epigynum of P. neocaledonica comb. nov. (the other New Caledonian zygielline) lacks large copulatory openings separated by a septum. Male is known only from original description (see male description below). Description Female (Figs 43 – 44) (from Mandjélia, WAM 85308): Total length 12.43. Carapace 6.01 long, 4.30 wide, 1.91 high. Carapace with reddish brown cephalic area and yellowish brown thoracic area; sternum 2.41 long, 1.98 wide, reddish brown with pale median region. Eye rows slightly recurved, anterior row more so than the posterior. AMEs on small prominence; lateral eyes juxtaposed, paired on a small prominences; AME diameter 0.31; AMEs interdistance slightly more than c. 1 AME diameter; AME – PME distance slightly more than c. 1 AME diameter. Clypeus c. 3 / 4 AME diameter. Paturon reddish brown, with three prolateral and three retrolateral teeth; cheliceral fang curves mesally about a third of the way from the chelicera. Legs coloured as cephalothorax; femur I sigmoid; formula 1243: femur I 4.98, patella I 1.72, tibia I 4.36, metatarsus I 5.66, tarsus I 1.60; femur II 4.22, patella II 1.59, tibia II 3.72, metatarsus II 4.37, tarsus II 1.42; femur III 2.94, patella III 1.25, tibia III 2.14, metatarsus III 2.71, tarsus III 1.14; femur IV 3.97, patella IV 1.32, tibia IV 2.95, metatarsus IV 3.50, tarsus IV 1.12. Abdomen 9.63 long, 6.98 wide, 6.12 high, light brown with pale guanine crystals; pair of dark brown markings located anteriorly, with two to three ring-shaped brown markings, and dark brown caudally; two longitudinal stripes of guanocytes between epigastric furrow and spinning field. Epigynum with two large ventral-facing, sclerotized copulatory openings, separate by a median septum more constricted in the centre; copulatory ducts turn ventrally before reaching spermathecae; fertilization ducts emerge from the posterior region of the spermathecae and extend dorsally. Male: The male is illustrated in Berland (1924), but we were not able to obtain the specimens. Based on the illustration, the pedipalps of A. melanopyga comb. nov. and A. joannae comb. nov. are similar but we cannot elaborate on details based on Berland’s original description. Variation: Females’ (N = 6) total length 11.35 – 14.11; carapace length 4.87 – 6.01, width 3.32 – 4.30, height 1.53 – 2.16; abdomen length 7.34 – 9.63, width 4.94 – 6.98, AUSTRALASIAN LEAF-CURLING SPIDER SYSTEMATICS 1131 height 4.83 – 6.40; sternum length 2.01 – 2.49, width 1.90 – 2.01. Natural history: Multiple specimens have embolus plugging the epigynum, similar to A. melanopyga. This is paired with a trait that seems to be codistributed with epigynal plugs in this lineage: a distally serrated embolus. Furthermore, the male size reported by Berland (1924) suggests sexual size dimorphism, which it would also share with its congeneric and Deliochus. Distribution: Known exclusively from New Caledonia (Fig. 42). Additional material examined: New Caledonia: Rivière Bleue, − 22.083, 166.650, 9. ii. 1993, 240 m, M. S. Harvey, N. I. Platnick, R. J. Raven, rainforest, 1 F (WAM T 87838); Mount Mandjélia, − 22.583, 164.533, 17. ii. 1993, 600 m, M. S. Harvey, N. I. Platnick, R. J. Raven, rainforest, 1 F (WAM T 85308); Col de Rousselles, − 21.450, 165.467, M. S. Harvey, N. I. Platnick, R. J. Raven, rainforest, 1 F (WAM T 85309); Ile des Pins, near Grotte de la 3 eme, − 22.617, 167.433, M. S. Harvey, N. I. Platnick, R. J. Raven, rainforest, 1 F (WAM T 85310); 7 miles E of La Foa, − 21.774, 165.917 *, 1. ii. 1945, C. L. Remington, 1 F (WAM); Loyalty Islands, Lifu Island, − 20.966, 167.258 *, 5. ix. 1938, L. MacMillan, 1 F (WAM); Forêt Thy Reserve, − 22.167, 166.917 *, 21. v. 1984, 150 m, G. Monteith, D. Cook, 1 F (QM S 45465); Mount Koghis, − 22.168, 166.534 *, 26. v. 1984, 400 m, G. Monteith, D. Cook, 1 F (QM S 45467). MISPLACED TAXA	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFAE3171FB935D66FD5AFF45.taxon	description	This spider is described from far beyond the known distribution of Phonognatha and its close relatives (known only from Australia, New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea), and seems to have been allocated to that genus based on its colour pattern and leaf curl. However, examination of similar specimens (S. Kulkarni) and photos (M. Siliwal) suggest this species is an Acusilas based on its raised pars cephalica, more irregular dorsal markings and similarity of the epigyna. Both are araneids that make leaf-curl retreats, and confusing the two is not difficult (see Fig. 3 B).	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
03385970FFAD3171F8E95A0AFBB6FEAF.taxon	description	Village, 14. iii. 1979, T. J. Perfect, subadult female paratype (IRRI, not examined). This species from the Philippines was originally described as a member of Phonognatha without providing an explicit justification of why the Philippine species should be classified in the genus. Unlike Phonognatha or closely related taxa, this species has a high clypeus, abdomen without dark-on-white markings, truncate abdomen with a posterior tubercle, V-shaped epigynum, lack of copulatory ducts inside a capsule and non-lobed spermathecae. Furthermore, there is no note about an orb web with leaf retreat; this specimen was collected under leaves. This species is a member of Linyphiidae as pointed out by Hormiga (1998). The illustrations of the epigynum of the holotype (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: fig. 321 F, G) clearly suggest that guanga is a member of the genus Neriene, as delimited and diagnosed in van Helsdingen’s (1969) monograph, based on the presence of spirally coiled grooves in the atrium [e. g. see van Helsdingen’s (1969) figs 347 and 386 for two examples of the epigyna of Oriental species]. Barrion & Litsinger (1995) also describe two species of Neriene under the tetragnathid genus Meta, as pointed out by Hormiga (1998). Wunderlich (2008: 94) had also suggested that these two species are linyphiids.	en	Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2018): Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian leaf-curling orb-weaving spiders (Araneae: Araneidae: Zygiellinae), with a comparative analysis of retreat evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1055-1141
