identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
095B5C3AD068755EC8B2FA283724F8D3.text	095B5C3AD068755EC8B2FA283724F8D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himerometridae A. H. Clark 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  HIMEROMETRIDAE A.H. CLARK, 1908a</p>
            <p> Remarks: Within  Himerometroidea , as currently construed on morphological grounds,  Himerometridae includes  Himerometra ,  Amphimetra ,  Heterometra ,  Homalometra ,  Craspedometra and the fossil  Discometra , and is characterized by primibrachials united by synarthry with the following brachitaxes of chiefly four ossicles; brachials of undivided arms short and disc-like, and the adoral surface of the centrodorsal bearing Y-shaped or radiating coelomic furrows (Hess &amp; Messing, 2011). Extant members are restricted to the tropical Indo-western Pacific region at depths almost entirely &lt;100 m. Species of  Amphimetra normally have ten arms, but rare additional arms arise from brachitaxes of two ossicles. Hemery (2011) placed  Amphimetra within a clade of mariametrids (as sister to two  Lamprometra terminals), which also have brachitaxes of two ossicles. Her larger mariametrid clade, consisting of  Lamprometra and  Mariametra terminals, also included one of the two  Heterometra terminals, although these sequence data are yet to be published. Summers &amp; Rouse (2014) also showed  Amphimetra nested among mariametrid terminals rather than with  Himerometra . Currently, no morphological synapomorphies have been identified that diagnose  Himerometridae to the exclusion of those taxa that molecular evidence suggests fall outside the family. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/095B5C3AD068755EC8B2FA283724F8D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, Kristian H.;Rouse, Greg W.;Messing, Charles G.	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD06F7558C918F9E13615F926.text	095B5C3AD06F7558C918F9E13615F926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himerometra A. H. Clark 1907	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HIMEROMETRA A.H. CLARK, 1907</p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Himerometridae with proximal pinnules much larger and thicker than those following; proximalmost pinnule [P II on IIBr2 of IIBr4(3 + 4)] largest and the following decreasing in size; cirrals with or without aboral spines; centrodorsal low hemispherical to discoidal with concave to deeply depressed aboral apex; brachitaxes aborally rounded and well separated (A.H. Clark, 1909b, 1941; Hess &amp; Messing, 2011). </p>
            <p> Type species:  Antedon crassipinna Hartlaub, 1890 (a junior synonym of  Actinometra robustipinna ). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Often abundant on shallow coral reefs from southern Japan southward through mainland southeast Asia, Philippines, island Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea to tropical Australia, and westward to the Persian Gulf (A.H. Clark, 1941; Bradbury et al., 1987; Messing, 1998).</p>
            <p> Remarks: Feather stars now attributable to  Himerometra have a confused taxonomic history. A.H. Clark’s (1907) initial description of the genus included 52 species formerly in  Antedon Fréminville, 1811 , the majority of which he subsequently distributed among three families (  Colobometridae ,  Himerometridae and  Mariametridae ) and numerous genera (e.g.  Amphimetra ,  Cenometra ,  Heterometra ,  Dichrometra ,  Lamprometra ,  Liparometra and  Stephanometra ). He did not include what has proved to be the senior name,  Actinometra robustipinna Carpenter (1881) , based on a mutilated specimen placed among what are now treated as  Comatulidae (formerly  Comasteridae ). A.H. Clark (1912b) finally recognized its true affinities but considered its identity uncertain within  Himerometra , only treating it as distinct (and senior) in the paper that first recognized the six extant species accepted until the current study (A.H. Clark, 1913). </p>
            <p> Himerometra as construed herein includes two extant taxa:  H. robustipinna and  H. sol . Four fossil species have been attributed to the genus:  Himerometra bassleri Gislén, 1934 ,  H. grippae Anderson, 1967 ,  H. caldwellensis Strimple &amp; Mapes, 1984 and  H. louisianensis Strimple &amp; Mapes, 1984 . Of these, only  H. bassleri is known from a centrodorsal, radial circlet and disassociated plates. All four are unlikely candidates for inclusion in the genus, chiefly because their radial articular facets differ strongly from those of  H. robustipinna , as illustrated by Clark (1921: 26, as  H. martensi , treated here as a junior synonym of  H. robustipinna – see the following). In particular, the portion of the facet adoral to the transverse ridge in  H. robustipinna is parallel to the oral-aboral axis of the radial circlet and includes a pair of large, squarish interarticular ligament fossae, and an extremely thin adoral muscle fossa. In contrast, the entire radial facet in the fossil species slopes inward, especially strongly in  H. caldwellensis ,  H. louisianensis and  H. grippae ; the interarticular ligament fossae are triangular or aborally rounded, and wider than tall, and, in  H. grippae , the muscle fossae are triangular. All four appear to have a much larger central cavity within the radial circlet than  H. robustipinna . In addition, the adoral surface of the centrodorsal of  H. bassleri (the only fossil species in which this feature is visible) lacks the radiating coelomic grooves characteristic of extant  Himerometra (Clark, 1915: 253) and other himerometroids (Hess &amp; Messing, 2011). Finally, Gislén (1934) considered  H. bassleri as most closely related to  Himerometra persica , which we remove from this genus herein. We consider the fossil taxa as  Himerometroidea incertae sedis. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/095B5C3AD06F7558C918F9E13615F926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, Kristian H.;Rouse, Greg W.;Messing, Charles G.	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD06E755AC8A9F93E3789FA23.text	095B5C3AD06E755AC8A9F93E3789FA23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himerometra robustipinna (CARPENTER 1881)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HIMEROMETRA ROBUSTIPINNA (CARPENTER, 1881)</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3–6, 8)</p>
            <p> Actinometra robustipinna Carpenter, 1881: 201 .  Antedon martensi Hartlaub, 1890: 182 . </p>
            <p> Antedon kraepelini Hartlaub, 1890: 183 . </p>
            <p> Antedon crassipinna Hartlaub, 1890: 185 . </p>
            <p> Antedon inopinata Bell, 1894: 398 . </p>
            <p> Antedon crassispina Koehler, 1895: 420 . </p>
            <p> Himerometra martensi A.H. Clark, 1907: 356 ; 1918: 74; 1941: 187–188, 194, 198–199, 201, 203–209, pl. 17 (figs 64, 65), pl. 18 (figs 66, 67), pl. 19 (figs 72–75). </p>
            <p> Himerometra crassipinna A.H. Clark, 1907: 356 . </p>
            <p> Himerometra kraepelini A.H. Clark, 1907: 356 . </p>
            <p> Himerometra magnipinna A.H. Clark, 1908b: 214 ; 1921: 205 (fig. 260), 207 (fig. 271), 346 (fig. 715); 1941: 189–193, pl. 15 (figs 54, 55), pl. 16 (fig. 56), pl. 17 (figs 61, 62). </p>
            <p> Himerometra bartschi A.H. Clark, 1908b: 212–213 ; 1912a: 114; 1941: 188, 209–212. </p>
            <p> Himerometra persica A.H. Clark, 1907: 214 ; 1908b: 214. </p>
            <p> Comaster robustipinna A.H. Clark, 1908c: 686 . </p>
            <p> Phanogenia robustipinna A.H. Clark, 1908d: 124 . </p>
            <p> Himerometra robustipinna A.H. Clark, 1908b: 213 (non Carpenter, 1881). </p>
            <p> Himerometra robustipinna A.H. Clark, 1913: 286–287 ; 1921: 207 (fig. 270), 346 (fig. 714); 1941: 193–203, pl. 16 (fig. 60), pl. 17 (fig. 63), pl. 18 (figs 68, 69). </p>
            <p> Heterometra martensi A.H. Clark, 1912a: 36 , 127. </p>
            <p> Himerometra pulcher A.H. Clark, 1912a: 114 . </p>
            <p> Himerometra inopinata A.H. Clark, 1912a: 114 . </p>
            <p> Craspedometra martensi Gislén, 1934: 22 . </p>
            <p>  Holotype:  Actinometra robustipinna Carpenter, 1881 , Maluku Islands (= Moluccas), Indonesia, H. C. Macklot, coll., NBC cat. no. 1772. </p>
            <p>
                 Other type material examined:  Himerometra magnipinna ,   holotype, USNM 25440, Albatross sta. 5139; near Jolo, Philippines;  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.041664/lat 6.1)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.041664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.1">Jolo</a>
                 light bearing S. 51 W., 3.6 mi distant, 6°06′00″N., 121°02′30″E., 36 m, coral sand, 14 February 1908  .  Himerometra pulcher ,   holotype, USNM 25439, Albatross sta. 5165; Tawi Tawi group, Sulu (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.84167/lat 4.9722223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.84167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9722223">Jolo</a>
                 )  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.84167/lat 4.9722223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.84167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9722223">Archipelago</a>
                 , Observation I. bearing N. 70 W., 6.4 mi distant, 04°58′20″N., 119°50′30″E., 16 m, coral, 24 February 1908  .  Himerometra bartschi ,   holotype, USNM 25438, Albatross sta. 5146; Sulu (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.81389/lat 5.7777777)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.81389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.7777777">Jolo</a>
                 ) Archipelago, near Siasi; Sulade I. (E) bearing N, 18 W, 3.4 mi distant, 05°46′40″N, 120°48′50″E, 44 m, coral sand and shells, 16 February 1908  . 
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            <p> Other material examined: JAPAN: NMNS-E 5171 (3 specimens as  H. bartschi ), S of Nagannujima I. Okinawa, 51–53 m, 25 May 2003, H. Saito, coll. VIETNAM: USNM E34794 (1, as  H. magnipinna ), Hon Chi Is., 5 m, 1908, V.J. Ryabushko, coll.; PHILIPPINES: NSUOC-CRI 396 (1,  H. magn .), Palawan Is., 9 m, 1995, C. Messing, coll.; USNM 35198 (1,  H. magn .), Albatross sta. 5147; Sulu Archipelago, near Siasi; Sulade I., (E.) bearing N. 3°E, 8.4 mi distant, 05°41′40″N, 120°47′10″E, 38 m, coral sand and shells, 16 February 1908; USNM 35200 (1,  H. magn .), Albatross (no. sta.), Ulugan Bay, Palawan I., no depth, 28 December 1908; USNM 1102744 (1,  H. robustipinna ), Honda Bay, Palawan I., 11 m, 18 April 1995, P. Colin, coll.; SINGAPORE: USNM 35968, USNM 36136, USNM 36176, USM-1080 (4 specimens as  H. martensi ), no locality, no depth, S. Gad, coll.; USNM E3133 (1,  H. magn .), no depth, 1899; ZRC. ECH.0377, ZRC.ECH.0383, (2, H. r.), sta. SD25, SW of St. John’s I., 01°13′02″N, 103°50′48″E, 6.8 m, 22 May 2013, C. Messing, coll.; ZRC.ECH.0420, sta. DR70 (dredge), near Pulau Sudong and Pulau Semakau, 01°13.134′N, 103°44.283′E, 20.6–22.6 m, 25 May 2013 (1 H. r.); USNM E35362 (1, H. r.), Singapore Harbor, no depth, D.L. Meyer, coll.; INDONESIA: USNM E3178 (1,  H. magn .), USNM E3220 (1,  H. magn .) Kai Is., 2 m, 23 March 1922, T. Mortensen, coll.; INDONESIA: SIO-E5849, SIO-E5840 (2, H. r.), Ransiwor, 11 m, 17 October 2013, K. Taylor, coll.; USNM E34782 (1, H. r.), Ceram Is., 6–18 m, 27 March 1975, D.L. Meyer, coll.; USNM E34808 (1, H. cf. r.), Saparua Is., 6–18 m, 29 March 1975, D.L. Meyer, coll.; USNM E48116 (1, H. r.), Rumphius II sta. SEL-3, NW end of Seleman Bay, Ceram I., no depth, 21 January 1976; MALAYSIA: USNM E34547 (1, H. r.), no depth, D.L. Meyer coll.; PAPUA NEW GUINEA: SIO-E6040 (1, H. r.), Tab Is., 5 m, 6 December 2012, G. Rouse, coll.; NSUOC-CRI 392, NSUOC-CRI 237, NSUOC-CRI 234, NSUOC-CRI 233 (4, H. r.), Madang, 8 m, 1991, C. Messing, coll.; NSUOC-CRI 232 (1,  H. bartschi ), Madang, 22.7 m, 10 June 1992, C. Messing, coll.; MNHN-IE-2013–8874 (1, H. r.), Wongat, 5–16 m, 2012, G. Rouse, coll.; HERON I., AUSTRALIA: USNM E50016 (1,  H. magn .), no data, D.L. Meyer, coll.; FMNH-10015 (1, H. r.), no data, 2009; USNM E34831 (1, H. r.), USNM 34744 (1, H. r.), no data, D.L. Meyer, coll.; LIZARD I., AUSTRALIA: SAM-K1950 (1,  H. magn .), 14°38.78S, 145°27.21E, no depth; SAM-K1965, SAM-K2011, SAM-K2093 (3,  H. magn .), 14°39.07S, 145°26.91E, no depth; SAM-K2089 (1,  H. magn .), 14°38.78S, 145°27.21E, no depth; SAM-K2045 (1,  H. magn .), 14°40.14S, 145°34.64E, no depth; SAM-K1960 (1,  H. magn .), 14°41.32S, 145°28.06E, no depth; SAMK 2021 (1,  H. magn .), 14°39.07S, 145°26.91E, no depth; NSUOC-CRI 394 (1,  H. magn .), SAM-K1951 (1 as H. r.), 14°38.78S, 145°27.21E, no depth; SAMK 1961 (1, H. r.), 14°41.32S, 145°28.06E, no depth; SAM-K1985 (1, H. r.), 14°38.78S, 145°27.21E; SAMK 1962 (1, H. r.), 14°41.32S, 145°28.06E; FMNH-8122 (1, H. r.), 8 m, 2009; NEW CALEDONIA: FMNH-8626 (1, H. r.), Îlot Maître, 7 m, 3 May 2009, F. Michonneau, coll.; FIJI: USNM E34756 (1, H. r.), no depth, D.L. Meyer coll. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Himerometra with pinnules on brachitaxes and P 1 ranging from thick and stout and tapering rapidly distally to proportionally more slender and gradually tapering, slender and flagellate distally; proximal pinnulars broader than long, with W/L ratio ~1.4–2.0; distal pinnulars becoming as broad as long or longer than broad; distal ends of pinnulars of enlarged proximal pinnules everted or thickened, usually strongest on middle pinnulars but sometimes restricted to more distal pinnulars; following pinnules without ornamentation, or P 2 –P 4 with weak aboral keel on second and third segments; P II of rarely more than 34 pinnulars, 28 mm long (chiefly 18–24, to 22 mm, but sometimes&gt;40 pinnulars, 32 mm long); distalmost few cirrals ranging from smooth, through weakly carinate or with small median aboral tubercle to strong, distally directed triangular aboral spine. </p>
            <p>Geographic distribution: From Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, southward and eastward through Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Admiralty Islands, to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and New Caledonia, and westward to Sri Lanka (A.H. Clark, 1941; Chen, Chang &amp; Chen, 1988; Kogo, 1998; Pilcher &amp; Messing, 2001; Mekhova &amp; Britayev, 2012).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/095B5C3AD06E755AC8A9F93E3789FA23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, Kristian H.;Rouse, Greg W.;Messing, Charles G.	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD0617556CB9DF9C035F0FA60.text	095B5C3AD0617556CB9DF9C035F0FA60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himerometra sol A. H. CLARK 1912	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> HIMEROMETRA SOL A.H. CLARK, 1912a</p>
            <p>(FIG. 9)</p>
            <p> Antedon palmata Bell, 1902: 224 (non  Antedon palmata (Müller, 1841: 185) in Carpenter, 1879: 23, 29, 45). </p>
            <p> Himerometra sol A.H. Clark, 1912b: 40 , 115; 1918: 73; 1941: 188–189. </p>
            <p> Remarks:  Himerometra sol A.H. Clark, 1912b , known from two specimens (NHM-1902.3.13.47) from the Maldive Islands, has proximal pinnules similar to those described for  H. magnipinna but supposedly differs in having larger, stouter cirri with middle cirrals longest and at most as long as wide (Fig. 6). Re-examination of the two known specimens indicates that the proportionately longest middle cirrals are all wider than long (W/L 1.1–1.2). However, morphological features of the holotype do not differ significantly from those attributed to  H. magnipinna (Fig. 5) and, with the inclusion of  H. magnipinna within  H. robustipinna , no feature separates  H. sol as distinct. A.H. Clark (1941) referred to more than one  H. robustipinna as having longest cirrals wider than long. We maintain  H. sol as a valid taxon because the specimens were collected outside the known range of  H. robustipinna and because we have no molecular data. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/095B5C3AD0617556CB9DF9C035F0FA60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Taylor, Kristian H.;Rouse, Greg W.;Messing, Charles G.	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
