taxonID	type	description	language	source
095B5C3AD068755EC8B2FA283724F8D3.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Within Himerometroidea, as currently construed on morphological grounds, Himerometridae includes Himerometra, Amphimetra, Heterometra, Homalometra, Craspedometra and the fossil Discometra, and is characterized by primibrachials united by synarthry with the following brachitaxes of chiefly four ossicles; brachials of undivided arms short and disc-like, and the adoral surface of the centrodorsal bearing Y-shaped or radiating coelomic furrows (Hess & Messing, 2011). Extant members are restricted to the tropical Indo-western Pacific region at depths almost entirely <100 m. Species of Amphimetra normally have ten arms, but rare additional arms arise from brachitaxes of two ossicles. Hemery (2011) placed Amphimetra within a clade of mariametrids (as sister to two Lamprometra terminals), which also have brachitaxes of two ossicles. Her larger mariametrid clade, consisting of Lamprometra and Mariametra terminals, also included one of the two Heterometra terminals, although these sequence data are yet to be published. Summers & Rouse (2014) also showed Amphimetra nested among mariametrid terminals rather than with Himerometra. Currently, no morphological synapomorphies have been identified that diagnose Himerometridae to the exclusion of those taxa that molecular evidence suggests fall outside the family.	en	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD06F7558C918F9E13615F926.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Himerometridae with proximal pinnules much larger and thicker than those following; proximalmost pinnule [P II on IIBr 2 of IIBr 4 (3 + 4)] largest and the following decreasing in size; cirrals with or without aboral spines; centrodorsal low hemispherical to discoidal with concave to deeply depressed aboral apex; brachitaxes aborally rounded and well separated (A. H. Clark, 1909 b, 1941; Hess & Messing, 2011). Type species: Antedon crassipinna Hartlaub, 1890 (a junior synonym of Actinometra robustipinna). Distribution: Often abundant on shallow coral reefs from southern Japan southward through mainland southeast Asia, Philippines, island Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea to tropical Australia, and westward to the Persian Gulf (A. H. Clark, 1941; Bradbury et al., 1987; Messing, 1998). Remarks: Feather stars now attributable to Himerometra have a confused taxonomic history. A. H. Clark’s (1907) initial description of the genus included 52 species formerly in Antedon Fréminville, 1811, the majority of which he subsequently distributed among three families (Colobometridae, Himerometridae and Mariametridae) and numerous genera (e. g. Amphimetra, Cenometra, Heterometra, Dichrometra, Lamprometra, Liparometra and Stephanometra). He did not include what has proved to be the senior name, Actinometra robustipinna Carpenter (1881), based on a mutilated specimen placed among what are now treated as Comatulidae (formerly Comasteridae). A. H. Clark (1912 b) finally recognized its true affinities but considered its identity uncertain within Himerometra, only treating it as distinct (and senior) in the paper that first recognized the six extant species accepted until the current study (A. H. Clark, 1913).	en	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD06E755AC8A9F93E3789FA23.taxon	description	(FIGS 3 – 6, 8)	en	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD06E755AC8A9F93E3789FA23.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: Actinometra robustipinna Carpenter, 1881, Maluku Islands (= Moluccas), Indonesia, H. C. Macklot, coll., NBC cat. no. 1772. Other type material examined: Himerometra magnipinna, holotype, USNM 25440, Albatross sta. 5139; near Jolo, Philippines; Jolo light bearing S. 51 W., 3.6 mi distant, 6 ° 06 ′ 00 ″ N., 121 ° 02 ′ 30 ″ E., 36 m, coral sand, 14 February 1908. Himerometra pulcher, holotype, USNM 25439, Albatross sta. 5165; Tawi Tawi group, Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago, Observation I. bearing N. 70 W., 6.4 mi distant, 04 ° 58 ′ 20 ″ N., 119 ° 50 ′ 30 ″ E., 16 m, coral, 24 February 1908. Himerometra bartschi, holotype, USNM 25438, Albatross sta. 5146; Sulu (Jolo) Archipelago, near Siasi; Sulade I. (E) bearing N, 18 W, 3.4 mi distant, 05 ° 46 ′ 40 ″ N, 120 ° 48 ′ 50 ″ E, 44 m, coral sand and shells, 16 February 1908. Other material examined: JAPAN: NMNS-E 5171 (3 specimens as H. bartschi), S of Nagannujima I. Okinawa, 51 – 53 m, 25 May 2003, H. Saito, coll. VIETNAM: USNM E 34794 (1, as H. magnipinna), Hon Chi Is., 5 m, 1908, V. J. Ryabushko, coll.; PHILIPPINES: NSUOC-CRI 396 (1, H. magn.), Palawan Is., 9 m, 1995, C. Messing, coll.; USNM 35198 (1, H. magn.), Albatross sta. 5147; Sulu Archipelago, near Siasi; Sulade I., (E.) bearing N. 3 ° E, 8.4 mi distant, 05 ° 41 ′ 40 ″ N, 120 ° 47 ′ 10 ″ E, 38 m, coral sand and shells, 16 February 1908; USNM 35200 (1, H. magn.), Albatross (no. sta.), Ulugan Bay, Palawan I., no depth, 28 December 1908; USNM 1102744 (1, H. robustipinna), Honda Bay, Palawan I., 11 m, 18 April 1995, P. Colin, coll.; SINGAPORE: USNM 35968, USNM 36136, USNM 36176, USM- 1080 (4 specimens as H. martensi), no locality, no depth, S. Gad, coll.; USNM E 3133 (1, H. magn.), no depth, 1899; ZRC. ECH. 0377, ZRC. ECH. 0383, (2, H. r.), sta. SD 25, SW of St. John’s I., 01 ° 13 ′ 02 ″ N, 103 ° 50 ′ 48 ″ E, 6.8 m, 22 May 2013, C. Messing, coll.; ZRC. ECH. 0420, sta. DR 70 (dredge), near Pulau Sudong and Pulau Semakau, 01 ° 13.134 ′ N, 103 ° 44.283 ′ E, 20.6 – 22.6 m, 25 May 2013 (1 H. r.); USNM E 35362 (1, H. r.), Singapore Harbor, no depth, D. L. Meyer, coll.; INDONESIA: USNM E 3178 (1, H. magn.), USNM E 3220 (1, H. magn.) Kai Is., 2 m, 23 March 1922, T. Mortensen, coll.; INDONESIA: SIO-E 5849, SIO-E 5840 (2, H. r.), Ransiwor, 11 m, 17 October 2013, K. Taylor, coll.; USNM E 34782 (1, H. r.), Ceram Is., 6 – 18 m, 27 March 1975, D. L. Meyer, coll.; USNM E 34808 (1, H. cf. r.), Saparua Is., 6 – 18 m, 29 March 1975, D. L. Meyer, coll.; USNM E 48116 (1, H. r.), Rumphius II sta. SEL- 3, NW end of Seleman Bay, Ceram I., no depth, 21 January 1976; MALAYSIA: USNM E 34547 (1, H. r.), no depth, D. L. Meyer coll.; PAPUA NEW GUINEA: SIO-E 6040 (1, H. r.), Tab Is., 5 m, 6 December 2012, G. Rouse, coll.; NSUOC-CRI 392, NSUOC-CRI 237, NSUOC-CRI 234, NSUOC-CRI 233 (4, H. r.), Madang, 8 m, 1991, C. Messing, coll.; NSUOC-CRI 232 (1, H. bartschi), Madang, 22.7 m, 10 June 1992, C. Messing, coll.; MNHN-IE- 2013 – 8874 (1, H. r.), Wongat, 5 – 16 m, 2012, G. Rouse, coll.; HERON I., AUSTRALIA: USNM E 50016 (1, H. magn.), no data, D. L. Meyer, coll.; FMNH- 10015 (1, H. r.), no data, 2009; USNM E 34831 (1, H. r.), USNM 34744 (1, H. r.), no data, D. L. Meyer, coll.; LIZARD I., AUSTRALIA: SAM-K 1950 (1, H. magn.), 14 ° 38.78 S, 145 ° 27.21 E, no depth; SAM-K 1965, SAM-K 2011, SAM-K 2093 (3, H. magn.), 14 ° 39.07 S, 145 ° 26.91 E, no depth; SAM-K 2089 (1, H. magn.), 14 ° 38.78 S, 145 ° 27.21 E, no depth; SAM-K 2045 (1, H. magn.), 14 ° 40.14 S, 145 ° 34.64 E, no depth; SAM-K 1960 (1, H. magn.), 14 ° 41.32 S, 145 ° 28.06 E, no depth; SAMK 2021 (1, H. magn.), 14 ° 39.07 S, 145 ° 26.91 E, no depth; NSUOC-CRI 394 (1, H. magn.), SAM-K 1951 (1 as H. r.), 14 ° 38.78 S, 145 ° 27.21 E, no depth; SAMK 1961 (1, H. r.), 14 ° 41.32 S, 145 ° 28.06 E, no depth; SAM-K 1985 (1, H. r.), 14 ° 38.78 S, 145 ° 27.21 E; SAMK 1962 (1, H. r.), 14 ° 41.32 S, 145 ° 28.06 E; FMNH- 8122 (1, H. r.), 8 m, 2009; NEW CALEDONIA: FMNH- 8626 (1, H. r.), Îlot Maître, 7 m, 3 May 2009, F. Michonneau, coll.; FIJI: USNM E 34756 (1, H. r.), no depth, D. L. Meyer coll. Diagnosis: Himerometra with pinnules on brachitaxes and P 1 ranging from thick and stout and tapering rapidly distally to proportionally more slender and gradually tapering, slender and flagellate distally; proximal pinnulars broader than long, with W / L ratio ~ 1.4 – 2.0; distal pinnulars becoming as broad as long or longer than broad; distal ends of pinnulars of enlarged proximal pinnules everted or thickened, usually strongest on middle pinnulars but sometimes restricted to more distal pinnulars; following pinnules without ornamentation, or P 2 – P 4 with weak aboral keel on second and third segments; P II of rarely more than 34 pinnulars, 28 mm long (chiefly 18 – 24, to 22 mm, but sometimes> 40 pinnulars, 32 mm long); distalmost few cirrals ranging from smooth, through weakly carinate or with small median aboral tubercle to strong, distally directed triangular aboral spine. Geographic distribution: From Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, southward and eastward through Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Admiralty Islands, to the Great Barrier Reef, Australia and New Caledonia, and westward to Sri Lanka (A. H. Clark, 1941; Chen, Chang & Chen, 1988; Kogo, 1998; Pilcher & Messing, 2001; Mekhova & Britayev, 2012).	en	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD0617556CB9DF9C035F0FA60.taxon	description	(FIG. 9)	en	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
095B5C3AD0617556CB9DF9C035F0FA60.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Himerometra sol A. H. Clark, 1912 b, known from two specimens (NHM- 1902.3.13.47) from the Maldive Islands, has proximal pinnules similar to those described for H. magnipinna but supposedly differs in having larger, stouter cirri with middle cirrals longest and at most as long as wide (Fig. 6). Re-examination of the two known specimens indicates that the proportionately longest middle cirrals are all wider than long (W / L 1.1 – 1.2). However, morphological features of the holotype do not differ significantly from those attributed to H. magnipinna (Fig. 5) and, with the inclusion of H. magnipinna within H. robustipinna, no feature separates H. sol as distinct. A. H. Clark (1941) referred to more than one H. robustipinna as having longest cirrals wider than long. We maintain H. sol as a valid taxon because the specimens were collected outside the known range of H. robustipinna and because we have no molecular data.	en	Taylor, Kristian H., Rouse, Greg W., Messing, Charles G. (2017): Systematics of Himerometra (Echinodermata: Crinoidea: Himerometridae) based on morphology and molecular data. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 342-356, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx009
