identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
120587EBFFC9FFE08176E7E2FD6BE70E.text	120587EBFFC9FFE08176E7E2FD6BE70E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halisarca hansghanssoni Pereira & Larsson & Cárdenas & Thollesson 2025	<div><p>Halisarca hansghanssoni sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E7E4A2DA-CA9E-4583-A7E9-49B667220BA6</p><p>Fig. 4–5</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is named in memory of Hans G. Hansson (1945–2011), a marine invertebrate specialist at the University of Gothenburg’s field station at Tjärnö. He shared his knowledge and fascination for marine fauna with cohorts of students and was instrumental in the Skagerrak inventory undertaken by the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; 58.1345° N, 10.8012° E; 248– 206 m depth; 25 Aug. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK58 (SK37 återbesök)]; dredge; P089-111026-1; GenBank no.: OM436239 (coxI); GNM Porifera 594.</p><p>Paratype</p><p>NORWAY • 1 spec.; BIOSKAG 2006, STN6 (off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.3447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.2129" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.3447/lat 58.2129)">Grimstad</a>); 58.2129° N, 9.3447° E; 664– 663 m depth; muddy bottom; 25 Jun. 2006; Paco Cárdenas leg.; Sneli sledge; PC1387; GenBank nos: OR269461 (coxI), PP763168 (28S D1-D2); UPSZTY 190226.</p><p>Confer status specimen</p><p>NORWAY • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.1691&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.1608" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.1691/lat 60.1608)">Skorpeodden-Korsfjord</a>; 60.1608° N, 5.1691° E; 10 Mar. 2006; Paco Cardenas leg.; GenBank no.: PP415521 (coxI); UPSZMC 191711  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The holotype is a small encrusting specimen, growing on a dead bivalve shell, with a maximum diameter of 1.70 cm and a maximum thickness of 3 mm. Surface is smooth but with the canals of the aquiferous system visible as depressions.(Fig. 4A). Consistency firm but compressible and non-friable. Preserved in ethanol, and unknown color when alive. The other two specimens examined, including the paratype, presented a natural colour of creamy pale brown when alive (Fig. 4B).</p><p>For the holotype only one osculum is visible, in the thicker area of the specimen. Its shape was slightly oval and without a visible rim, measuring 1 mm maximum diameter.The ostia were visible and uniformly scattered on the surface, measuring 554.2– 763.2 –991.4± 139 µm (N=17) in diameter (Fig. 4A). The paratype was growing on a piece of plastic while the west Norwegian specimen (UPSZMC 191711) was growing on the sponge  Stelletta normani Sollas, 1880 .</p><p>Micro-anatomy</p><p>The choanocyte chambers are elongated (Fig. 4C), measuring 107–133×23–32 µm (N =3). Embryos were not found in the sections of the holotype.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The specimens were all preserved in ethanol upon collection, which prevented rigorous histological work. However, when comparing its choanocyte chamber sizes with the species described for  Halisarca (Ereskovsky et al. 2011; Alvizu et al. 2013; Willenz et al. 2016), only five species are compatible with the present specimens, of which none have been reported from the northeast Atlantic (NEA) or the Mediterranean. Furthermore, all of those species have a distribution restricted to shallow waters.</p><p>The species with a similar size range of choanocyte chambers are: a)  Halisarca cerebrum (Bergquist &amp; Kelly 2010) described from Palau (West-central Pacific ocean) characterised by a convoluted surface, b)  Halisarca melana de Laubenfels, 1954, also from Palau, presenting a jet-black colour alive or purple-brown when preserved in ethanol, c)  Halisarca magellanica (Topsent 1901) described from southern Chilean fjords, exhibits high polymorphism, including pink or ivory colouration, encrusting morphology with ‘dripping’ outgrowths or massive encrusting, and surfaces that are smooth, slimy, or velvety, d)  Halisarca sacra de Laubenfels, 1930 from Northeast Pacific (California) with a very soft consistency and elongated choanocyte chambers (140–200 µm×40 µm), and e)  Halisarca laxus (Lendenfeld 1885) from Southwest Indian ocean, with a soft consistency, lobate or digitate habitus. Our specimens deviate from the abovementioned species in terms of colour ( H. melana and one morphotype of  H. magellanica), surface and consistency ( H. magellanica - ivory white,  H. sacra), and habitus ( H. laxus), by presenting yellowish-grey or brown-beige coloration, a firm but compressible and non-friable consistency, and an encrusting morphology, respectively.</p><p>In the NEA and Mediterranean there are three other species, which have been reported at a similar depth range as our specimens (Arndt 1935; Lévi 1956): a)  Halisarca dujardinii (Johnston 1842) is the closest in morphology but is usually found in shallow waters and has larger choanocyte chambers (120–600 × 24–90 µm for  H. dujardinii) (Ereskovsky et al. 2011), b)  Halisarca metschnikovi (Lévi 1953) from Brittany, France, which is described with the same choanocyte chambers than what is reported for  H. dujardinii, thus possessing larger choanocyte chambers than our specimen, c)  Halisarca harmelini (Willenz et al. 2016), from the Mediterranean, has choanocyte chambers that are very narrow and the specimens are thin encrusting, with natural colour either translucent or slightly opaque and with very small chimney-like osculum measuring 100–500 height× 500 diameter µm (Ereskovsky et al. 2011), a description not fitting with our specimen.</p><p>Apart from the morphology indicating the specimen examined is an undescribed species, the phylogenetic analysis of coxI (Folmer fragment) (Fig. 2) shows that our specimens are more closely related to  Halisarca desqueyrouxae (Willenz et al. 2016) presenting 1.42% of sequence divergence between them (KY564211) while the dissimilarity with  Halisarca dujardinii sequences is of 2.63% (five specimens from Sweden were sequenced in this study). Furthermore, the overall sequence dissimilarity within  H. dujardinii is 0.70%.Given this, we conclude that the specimen P089- 111026-1 is not  H. dujardinii, but rather more closely related to  Halisarca desqueyrouxae (Willenz et al. 2016), described from Patagonia. The ASAP (Puillandre et al. 2021) results (Fig. 5) show that these specimens belong to the same partition apart from  H. desqueyrouxae with a p-value of 0.5 (see Supp. file. 3), suggesting it to be a sister species to  H. desqueyrouxae . The molecular evidence is further supported by morphology. While our specimens has an incrusting habitus,  H. desqueyrouxae has a wrinkled surface, up to 2 cm thick with digitation and ridges or tubular overgrowths. Furthermore, both morphotypes of  H. desqueyrouxae have elongated and convoluted choanocyte chambers that are 50–260 × 20–60 µm which is marginally larger than our measurements. After identification of this new species, two additional specimens were discovered in the private collection of co-author P. Cárdenas. The paratype (Fig. 4B) was collected deeper in the Skagerrak, off Grimstad in southern Norway, and had the exact same cox1 as the holotype. The second specimen, collected in the Korsfjord south of Bergen in western Norway, has a cox1 with 1 bp difference so we prefer to identify it as  H. cf. hansghanssoni for now.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFC9FFE08176E7E2FD6BE70E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFD5FFE28160E030FEE9E294.text	120587EBFFD5FFE28160E030FEE9E294.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplysilla sulfurea Schulze 1878	<div><p>Aplysilla sulfurea Schulze, 1878</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Aplysilla sulfurea Schulze, 1878: 405–416, pl. XXIII– XXIV figs 15, 19–30.</p><p>Aplysilla sulphurea – Alander 1942: 18.</p><p>Material examined (3 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.2242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.2242/lat 59.0832)">Saltbacken</a>; 59.0832° N, 11.2242° E; 30 m depth; 24 Apr. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180424-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180424-4596; voucher: GNM Porifera 991  •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.169&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0546" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.169/lat 59.0546)">Lunneviken</a>; 59.0546° N, 11.1690° E; 30 m depth; 18 Sep. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180916-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180918-7202, 7205; voucher: GNM Porifera 992  •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.1056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.8754" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.1056/lat 58.8754)">Yttre Vattenholmen</a>; 58.8754° N, 11.1056° E; 30 m depth; 16 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191116-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191116-PB160463–64, 66; voucher: GNM Porifera 993  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens have a thick encrusting morphology. The living specimens had a yellow sulphur colour, turning to dark purple when fixed in ethanol. The surface is conulose (Fig. 6A). In some specimens (in situ and while expanded) it is possible to observe a network of membranous polygonal areas heavily pierced by multiple ostia, enabling to see the inside of the sponge. The oscula are spread, often on oscular chimneys, and with translucent membranous rims.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is composed of dendritic fibres (i.e., the fibres might ramify but never coalesce) attached to a spongin basal plate, clear of debris (Fig. 6B). The fibres have a distinct core, darker, that occupies 80–90% of the total thickness of the fibre. Fibres are thicker at the base becoming thinner toward the tip.</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>Specimens of this species have been reported worldwide. However, most reports are in the Atlantic, North Sea and Mediterranean (GBIF.org 2021) from the littoral zone (under rocks or in crevices) to 230 m (Ackers et al. 2007). The type locality is in the Adriatic Sea.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species of the genus  Aplysilla can be discriminated by the colour as it seems to be a stable feature in the genus (Bergquist 1980). However, a few specimens identified as  A. sulfurea have been reported with a pale yellow colour as opposed to the typical bright/sulphurous yellow. All specimens we examined had a bright yellow colour.</p><p>The distinction between species relies primarily on external features, such as colour and conule size. These features are difficult to observe in preserved, or damaged specimens, which could explain the low number of described species. The microscopic features that distinguish the species are: the fibre pigmentation, and fibre ramifications, which can be easily overlooked, or dependent on the size of the sponge.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFD5FFE28160E030FEE9E294	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFD6FFE38115E3EEFEEEE36A.text	120587EBFFD6FFE38115E3EEFEEEE36A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplysilla glacialis (Merejkowsky 1878)	<div><p>Aplysilla glacialis (Merejkowsky, 1878)</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Simplicella glacialis Merejkowsky, 1878: 264–265 .</p><p>Aplysilla glacialis – de Laubenfels 1948: 164–165, fig. 24.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.2242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.2242/lat 59.0832)">Saltbacken</a>; 59.0832° N, 11.2242° E; 24 Apr. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180424-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180424-4587–4588; voucher: GNM Porifera 990  .</p><p>Description</p><p>An encrusting sponge of which we collected a fragment measuring 7 mm long by 6 mm. Colour in vivo is dirty white, turning snow white in ethanol. The surface is conulose (Fig. 7A) with smaller/shorter conules than  A. sulfurea . The surface presents a network composed of polygonal areas of translucent membrane with multiple ostia. The osculum has a high translucent rim almost papillae-like.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton of the specimen of  Aplysilla glacialis closely resembles that of  Aplysilla sulfurea (Fig. 7B).</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>The original distribution is the White Sea, next to the Barents Sea (Merejkowsky 1878a). In synonymy, the species has records from the east South Pacific up to California and within the west South Pacific, specifically in Australia. However, this is likely incorrect, see Remarks below.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Our specimen conforms to the description of  Aplysilla glacialis (Merejkowsky 1878b) which has its type locality in the White Sea. De Laubenfels (1948) synonymised several other names with  A. glacialis, namely: a)  Aplysilla arenosa Hentschel, 1929, from the North Atlantic a preoccupied name later substituted with  Aplysilla arctica by de Laubenfels (1948), b)  Aplysilla palida Lendenfeld, 1889, from Australia, and c)  Aplysilla lendenfeldi Thiele, 1905, from southern Chile. The latter two synonymies are dubious since they would imply a cosmopolitan distribution for  A. glacialis . The species  A. arctica is reported from northern Norway (Hentschel 1929), and Hentschel (1929) considers its main distinguishing feature to be strong content of organic foreign material. However, the descriptions for  A glacialis do not mention the inclusion of the foreign particles. It is a possible that  A. arctica constitutes a junior synonym of  A. glacialis, but further studies are warranted to support this hypothesis.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFD6FFE38115E3EEFEEEE36A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFD7FFE48186E526FE68E250.text	120587EBFFD7FFE48186E526FE68E250.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona undefined-1	<div><p>Haliclona sp. 1</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.169&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0546" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.169/lat 59.0546)">Lunneviken</a>; 59.0546° N, 11.169° E; 25 m depth; 2 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191102-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191102-PB020337–38; GenBank nos: OM436271 (coxI), OM415636 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1021  .</p><p>Description</p><p>A massive encrusting specimen, of which only a fragment was collected ca 3 mm long by 2 mm wide. The sponge was roughly cone-shaped, with an osculum on top of the ‘chimney’. The surface is velvety. The specimen was creamy white when alive, but turned yellowish beige when preserved in ethanol (Fig. 8A).</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Due to the dimensions of the collected fragment it was not possible to produce a thick section. Spicules are thin oxeas, with a wide range of sizes (Fig. 8B), measuring: 71.4– 103.8 –136.1 ±10.26 ×0.1– 3.1 – 6.1± 1.27 µm (N=61).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFD7FFE48186E526FE68E250	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFD0FFE48180E386FC44E547.text	120587EBFFD0FFE48180E386FC44E547.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Niphatidae van Soest 1990	<div><p>Niphatidae sp. 1</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.3219&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.1102" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.3219/lat 59.1102)">Svartejan</a>; 59.1102° N, 11.3219° E; 24 Sep. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-190924- 1]; SCUBA; LAR-190924-P9240059, 63; GenBank no.: OM436284 (coxI), OM415650 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1090  .</p><p>Description</p><p>A massive encrusting specimen, from which we collected a fragment ca 4 mm long. The specimen was growing on a vertical rock. Its pores are visible as well as a single simple osculum, which was on the top of a cone; in situ, some of the aquiferous canals were visible in the thinnest areas of the sponge. The surface is hispid. The natural colour is whitish-grey (Fig. 9A), transitioning to snow white in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The small dimensions of the collected fragment did not allow us to produce a thick section. The spicules are thick, slightly curved oxeas with sharp points (Fig. 9B), measuring: 100.0– 183.4 –210.0± 20.18 × 5– 7.4 –10± 1.25 µm (N= 29) (Fig. 8B). We did no find microscleres.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFD0FFE48180E386FC44E547	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFD1FFE682C7E0A0FDEEE1B2.text	120587EBFFD1FFE682C7E0A0FDEEE1B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymeraphia elongata Picton & Goodwin 2007	<div><p>Hymeraphia elongata Picton &amp; Goodwin, 2007</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>Hymeraphia elongata Picton &amp; Goodwin 2007: 1448, fig. 5.</p><p>Material examined (3 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.3219&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.1102" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.3219/lat 59.1102)">Svartejan</a>; 59.1102° N, 11.3219° E; 30 m depth; 11 Aug. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180911-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180911-7154–7155; GenBank no.: OM436254 (coxI); voucher: GNM Porifera 1077  •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 22 Dec. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-181222-1]; SCUBA; LAR-181222-8561, 8563, 8569; voucher: GNM Porifera 1078 •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.8289" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0831/lat 58.8289)">Bergylteskär</a>; 58.8289° N, 11.0831° E; 30 m depth; 9 Dec. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-181209-1]; SCUBA; LAR-181209-8302–8303, 8305; GenBank no.: OM436250 (coxI); voucher: GNM Porifera 1076  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The three specimens have a thin incrusting morphology and were partially covered in silt. The surface is microhispid, and with visible pores and oscula. The oscula are elevated in a translucent chimney (Fig. 10A). The aquiferous system is partially visible at the surface. The colour in live specimens ranges from greyish-yellow (Fig. 10B) to orange-yellow (Fig. 10A) and changes to white when specimens are preserved in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Megascleres are long tylostyles with an inflated head similar to the ones of acanthostyles (Fig. 10C), measuring 394.3– 850.3– 1275.7 ±311.5 ×3– 7.1 –12.5 ± 2.6 µm (N= 16). Additionally, there are long hair-like styles (common) or oxeas (rare) (Fig. 10D) with 184.7– 258.0– 321.5± 42.9 ×0.6– 1.5– 2.2± 0.4 µm (N =32) in size, and short acanthostyles with an inflated triangular head and shorts spines only at the tip (Fig. 10E), measuring 49.3– 89.9 –118.4 ± 21.3 ×7– 13.5– 16 ±2.3 µm (N=32).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The major differences between  H. elongata and  H. stellifera are: the size of the spines in the acanthostyles, length of the anisoxeas, the colouration, and surface texture. The specimens of  H. elongata present shorter spines in the acanthostyles and longer anisoxeas than what is reported for  H. stellifera . Moreover,  H. elongata presents a beige colour when alive and a smooth surface whereas  H. stellifera ’s life colour is deep orange and a microshipid or vilose surface. In comparison, the acanthostyles in  Hymeraphia breeni Picton &amp; Goodwin, 2007 have few but longer spines at the tip, than what is reported for  H. elongata or  H. stellifera .</p><p>This species is a new record for Sweden, which is not surprising since the species was described in 2007. The specimens collected in Sweden present slightly shorter styles than what is reported for the type specimens (Picton &amp; Goodwin 2007), which might indicate the presence of regional differences or cryptic species. However, further studies are warranted to understand the order of inter- and intraspecific diversity, as well as micro-morphological diversity or plasticity within this genus. In fact, this is the first time that specimens of  H. elongata are sequenced. In spite of morphological differences, the coxI sequences reveal at least two haplotypes with 1–2 bp differences, which show no clear distinction between  H. elongata and  H. stellifera (Fig. 2). However, the lack of resolution using coxI is perhaps expected as this marker is known for having a substitution rate that is too low for adequate species discriminations (e.g., Erpenbeck et al. 2006). Therefore, future research is required to assess the validity of  H. elongata . This could involve utilizing 28S D1-D2, known for its ability to distinguish between  Hymeraphia species (Morrow et al. 2018), and incorporating sequences from the type specimen or specimens from the type locality.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFD1FFE682C7E0A0FDEEE1B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFD3FFE7817BE069FD5CE7C9.text	120587EBFFD3FFE7817BE069FD5CE7C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raspailia aculeata (Johnston 1842)	<div><p>Raspailia aculeata (Johnston, 1842)</p><p>Fig. 11</p><p>Halichondria aculeata Johnston 1842: 131, pl. XIII figs 1–3.</p><p>Dictyocylindrus aculeatus Bowerbank, 1866: 109 . – Bowerbank 1874: 48, pl. XIX figs 5–12.</p><p>Raspailia aculeata – Hanitsch 1894: 196. — Arndt 1935: 82–83, fig. 72.</p><p>Not  Raspailia aculeata – Topsent, 1925: 682–685, pl. VIII, fig. 14. — Uriz 1978: 149–161, figs 88–94.</p><p>Not  Raspaciona aculeata – Topsent 1936: 49–50.</p><p>Material examined (2 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.2242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.2242/lat 59.0832)">Saltbacken</a>; 59.0832° N, 11.2242° E; 51– 25 m depth; 1 Oct. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191001-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191001-PA010107–0108, voucher: GNM  Porifera 1118  •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.169&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0546" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.169/lat 59.0546)">Lunneviken</a>; 59.0546° N, 11.1690° E; 51– 25 m depth; 12 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191102-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191102-PB020290, 93; GenBank no.: OM415584 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM  Porifera 1119  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens have an encrusting morphology with digitiform projections. The colour, while alive, was dirty white or wax yellow turning white in ethanol. The surface is hispid and covered with sediment (Fig. 11A). Neither oscula nor pores were visible (Fig. 11A).</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is reticulated and formed by dense plurispicular fibres, with slightly curved styles, which can protrude the surface, especially at the very end of the digitiform projections. Moreover, the protruding styles often have a tyle at their end, i.e., they are often styloids. Acanthostyles are rare and present in the choanosome. The ectosome is composed by a membrane containing parallel oxeas or anisoxeas. At the base of the specimen, these oxeas/anisoxeas have a confused arrangement.</p><p>There are three types of megascleres: slightly curved styles that are often modified in styloids (Fig. 11D), measuring 619.3– 949.9 –1325.9 ± 267.97×3.4– 6.1– 12.1 ± 2.85 µm (N=8), curved anisoxeas, which can have blunt tips (rare) (Fig. 11E), measuring 253.9– 357. 2 –475.7± 62.5 × 0.8– 2.5 –4.5± 0.93 µm (N =36), and curved, fully spined acanthostyles (Fig. 10F), of 98.6– 154.1 –294.3 ±65.37 ×4.0– 6.5 – 10.1 ±1.57 µm in size (N =16).</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>This species is reported in the northeast Atlantic (NEA), from North Ireland to the Azores and with a depth range from the subtidal to 15 m depth. Furthermore, there are reports of this species in the Mediterranean Sea. However, given that the morphology of the Mediterranean specimens most likely conforms to the description by Topsent (1936), which differs significantly from the descriptions of  R. aculeata in (Ackers et al. 1985, according to the WPD), we doubt the Mediterranean reports to be referring to the same species.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In the re-examination of Mr Beans’ collection, Bowerbank (1866) reported aspiculate gemmulae. However, this was never mentioned by subsequent authors. Therefore, we cannot assert that gemmulae occur in  R. aculeata, nor how common they are.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFD3FFE7817BE069FD5CE7C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFDDFFE98109E037FB1DE544.text	120587EBFFDDFFE98109E037FB1DE544.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raspailia aculeata (Johnston 1842)	<div><p>Raspailia cf. aculeata (Johnston, 1842)</p><p>Fig. 12</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Sweden • 1 spec.; 58.1352° N, 11.2512° E; 46–51 m depth; 20 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK67]; dredge; P053-111101-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 763 .</p><p>Description</p><p>This specimen was collected through dredging and consists only of fragments that are interpreted as the digitiform projections (Fig. 12A). However, due to the poor condition of the specimen, we cannot be certain. For the same reason, the external morphology of these specimens cannot be assessed. The surface appears to be hispid. The natural colour is unknown and the colour in ethanol is dark beige (Fig. 12A).</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is as described previously for  Raspailia aculeata (see above) but presenting differences in the spicules, which warrant the confer status: slightly curved styles (Fig. 12B) (rarely modified into styloids), measuring 840.0– 1135.3 –1300.0± 134.84× 7.5– 9.9 –15.0 ± 1.41 µm (N=29), curved anisoxeas, majority of which have one tip blunt and the other tip mucronate or stepped, measuring 310.0– 428.6 –530.0 ±48.99 (N=29) ×2.5–3.6–5± 1.09 µm (N=29), and curved and fully acanthostyles (Fig. 12D), with 105.0– 185.8 –320 ±53.88 ×10.0– 12.7 –17.5 ± 2.07 µm in size (N= 30).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The specimen P053-111101-2 was collected by dredging at ca 50 m depth, which is deeper than reported for the species  R. aculeata . Coincidentally, P053-111101-2 presents some differences in its spicules when compared with the two previous specimens of  R. aculeata, namely the oxeas being slightly larger and with different tips. Unfortunately, given the poor preservation condition of P053-111101-2, we have not succeeded in obtaining any amplicon to confirm the specimen assignment. This specimen could also be  Raspailia virgultosa (Bowerbank, 1866) . However, in the absence of a revision of these species, we have decided to maintain this specimen assigned to  Raspailia cf. aculeata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFDDFFE98109E037FB1DE544	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFDDFFEB8105E4D7FC83E531.text	120587EBFFDDFFEB8105E4D7FC83E531.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phakellia rugosa (Bowerbank 1866)	<div><p>Phakellia rugosa (Bowerbank, 1866)</p><p>Dictyocylindrus rugosus Bowerbank 1866: 119–120 .</p><p>Axinella rugosa – Fristedt 1885: 47–48; 1887: 461. — Arndt 1935: 89, fig. 188. — Alander 1942: 70–71.</p><p>Pseudaxinella sulcata Schmidt, 1865 – Alander 1942: 69–70 (key), 70 (description).</p><p>Material examined (41 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; Kosterhavet; 58.8833° N, 11.0833° E; 1 Nov 2001; Fredrik Pleijel leg. [TML-01]; P006-011116-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1096 •  1 spec.; 58.7439° N, 10.7336° E; 102–76 m depth; 31 May 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 15]; dredge; P006-111006-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 949; P006-111006-1 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; voucher: GNM Porifera 950 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; P006-111124-6–7; voucher: GNM Porifera 502 •  1 spec.; 57.6451° N, 11.6114° E; 74–39 m depth; 24 Aug. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK51]; dredge; P006-111006-3; voucher: GNM Porifera 536 •  1 spec.; 58.7014° N, 11.0372° E; 172–140 m depth; 1 Jun. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 17]; dredge; P006-111007-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 503 •  7 specs; same collection data as for preceding; P006-111007-2–8; voucher: GNM Porifera 503 •  1 spec.; 58.3888° N, 10.4314° E; 353– 335 m depth; 29 May 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 2]; dredge; P006-111010- 1; voucher: GNM Porifera 500 •  1 spec.; 58.3566° N, 10.4727° E; 353–331 m depth; 5 Jun. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 22]; dredge; P006-111010-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 951 •  1 spec.; 58.6828° N, 10.8174° E; 163 m depth; 1 Jun. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 18]; dredge; P006-111010-3; voucher: GNM Porifera 504 •  1 spec.; 58.9628° N, 11.0229° E; 49–14 m depth; 24 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK96]; dredge; P006-111013- 1; voucher: GNM Porifera 895 •  1 spec.; 58.6453° N, 11.0148° E; 118–44 m depth; 22 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK74]; dredge; P006-111013-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 513 •  1 spec.; 58.4356° N, 10.8732° E; 100–93 m depth; 30 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK125]; dredge; P006-111013-3; voucher: GNM Porifera 519 •  1 spec.; 57.5164° N, 11.6549° E; 44–28 m depth; 21 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [KA126]; dredge; P006-111107-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 537 •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.062&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.3626" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.062/lat 58.3626)">Svaberget</a>; 58.3626° N, 11.062° E; 67– 40 m depth; 16 Sep. 2010; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK265]; dredge; P006-111110-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1097  •  1 spec.; 58.7399° N, 10.7403° E; 151–102 m depth; 22 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK79]; dredge; P006-111124-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 669 •  3 specs; 58.1352° N, 11.2512° E; 51–46 m depth; 20 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK67]; dredge; P006-111124-2–4; voucher: GNM Porifera 511 •  1 spec.; 58.487° N,´10.4228° E; 348–326 m depth; 30 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK128]; dredge; P006- 111124-5; voucher: GNM Porifera 521 •  2 specs; 58.3888° N, 10.4314° E; 353–335 m depth; 29 May 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 2]; dredge; P006-111125-1 and 2; voucher: GNM Porifera 505 •  2 specs; 58.5696° N, 10.9829° E; 60–46 m depth; 21 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK71]; dredge; P006-111125-3–4; voucher: GNM Porifera 512 •  4 specs; 58.487° N, 10.4228° E; 348–326 m depth; 21 Aug 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK128]; dredge; P006-111125-5 to 8; voucher: GNM Porifera 520 •  1 spec.; 58.4754° N, 10.5578° E; 260–222 m depth; 11 Oct. 2012; leg. [PM9-546]; dredge; P006-161123-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1098 •  1 spec.; 58.2858° N, 10.4646° E; 394–345 m depth; 6 Feb. 2013; leg. [PM15-559]; dredge; P006-161123-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 1099 •  1 spec.; 58.6954° N, 10.8392° E; 64–42 m depth; 22 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK75]; dredge; P009-111013-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 668 •  1 specs; same collection data as for preceding; PA242-110404-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 668 •  1 spec.; 58.5032° N, 10.7195° E; 136–132 m depth; 28 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK115]; dredge; P065-110629-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 518 •  1 spec.; 57.5336° N, 11.6488° E; 38–24 m depth; 20 Aug. 2009; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [KA117]; dredge; PA413-110404-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 976 .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens presented various morphotypes ranging from branching erect with distinct branches/ projections to fuse branches, i.e., lamellated morphology. When preserved in ethanol, the colour is pale yellow. Given that the specimens were not observed in situ, the natural colour is unknown. However, the specimens of this species have been reported with a live colour ranging from white-grey to pale yellow. The surface is uneven rugose, varying in different specimens from almost conulose to smooth.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is composed by a thick mesh of strongyles and oxeas, and with styles protruding the surface. Megascleres are: flexuous strongyles and oxeas measuring 570–1200 µm× 14–20 µm (N=4), and styles measuring 975–1175 ×10–15 µm (N= 4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFDDFFEB8105E4D7FC83E531	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFDFFFEC817BE4A4FEBCE250.text	120587EBFFDFFFEC817BE4A4FEBCE250.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phakellia robusta Bowerbank 1866	<div><p>Phakellia robusta Bowerbank, 1866</p><p>Phakellia robusta Bowerbank 1866: 120–122 .</p><p>Phakellia robusta – Fristedt 1885: 45 (key), 46–47. – Alander 1942: 70 (key), 71 (description).</p><p>Material examined (3 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; Kosterhavet; 58.8833° N, 11.0833° E; 1 Nov. 2002; Fredrik Pleijel leg. [TML-02]; dredge; P009-021111-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1094 •  1 spec.; 58.9537° N, 11.0189° E; 24 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK94]; dredge; P009-111010-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 706 •  1 spec.; 58.459° N, 10.548° E; 296–250 m depth; 12 Oct. 2012; leg. [PM14-556]; dredge; P009- 130125-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1095 .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens have a thinly lamellated morphology. The colour is yellow when preserved in ethanol and unknown live. Furthermore, the specimens were covered in sediment, most likely due to collection method. The consistency is stiff.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is composed of: curved styles measuring 1925–580 ×23–30 µm (N=2) straight oxeas and strongyles 460–630 ×20–30 µm (N= 4), and flexuous/“vermiformˮ oxeas 975–1250× 28–38 µm (N=4).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFDFFFEC817BE4A4FEBCE250	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFD8FFED811AE23CFB9EE38B.text	120587EBFFD8FFED811AE23CFB9EE38B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spinularia spinularia (Bowerbank 1866)	<div><p>Spinularia spinularia (Bowerbank, 1866)</p><p>Fig. 13</p><p>Tethea spinularia Bowerbank 1866: 83, 94–96.</p><p>Radiella spinularia – Fristedt 1885: 16–17.</p><p>Spinularia spinularia – Stephens 1915: 31–32. – Alander 1942: 76.</p><p>Material examined (42 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 2 specs; 57.6451° N, 11.6114° E; 71– 39 m depth; 24 Aug. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK51]; dredge; P069-111011-1 and P069-111122-5; voucher: GNM Porifera 781 •  1 spec.; 58.1345° N, 10.8012° E; 248–206 m depth; 25 Aug. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK58 (SK37 återbesök)]; dredge; P069-111011-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 782 •  3 specs; 58.7274° N, 10.5400° E; 134–126 m depth; 30 May 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK 7]; dredge; P069-111011-3 to 5; voucher: GNM Porifera 780 •  1 spec.; 58.9628° N, 11.0229° E; 49–14 m depth; 24 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK96]; dredge; P069-111013- 1; voucher: GNM Porifera 788 •  1 spec.; 58.9537° N, 11.0189° E; 47–13 m depth; 24 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK94]; dredge; P069-111031-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 787 •  1 spec.; 58.3191° N, 10.9575° E; 111–91 m depth; 13 Jun. 2008; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK156]; dredge; P069-111107-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 796 •  1 spec.; 58.4728° N, 10.6203° E; 210–178 m depth; 16 Jun. 2008; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK181]; dredge; P069- 111122-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 966 •  3 specs; 58.5058° N, 10.6734° E; 179–147 m depth; 28 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK114]; dredge; P069-111122-9–11; voucher: GNM Porifera 789 •  3 specs; 58.9308° N, 10.9894° E; 34–18 m depth; 23 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK92]; dredge; P069-111122-12 to 14; voucher: GNM Porifera 786 •  7 specs; 58.4870° N, 10.4228° E; 348–326 m depth; 30 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK128]; dredge; P069-111122-15 to 21; voucher: GNM Porifera 792 •  2 specs; 58.1352° N, 11.2512° E; 51–46 m depth; 20 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK67]; dredge; P069-111122-2 and 3; voucher: GNM Porifera 964 •  1 spec.; 58.3772° N, 10.4784° E; 373–317 m depth; 30 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK129]; dredge; P069-111122-4; voucher: GNM Porifera 793 •  1 spec.; 57.9272° N, 11.2378° E; 102–100 m depth; 21 May 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK65]; dredge; P069-111122-6; voucher: GNM Porifera 783 •  1 spec.; 58.6954° N, 10.8392° E; 64–42 m depth; 22 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK75]; dredge; P069-111122-7; voucher: GNM Porifera 785 •  1 spec.; 58.5068° N, 10.996° E; 70–38 m depth; 29 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK118]; dredge; P069- 111122-8; voucher: GNM Porifera 791 •  11 specs; 58.7295° N, 10.7331° E; 112–77 depth; 15 Jun. 2008; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK172]; dredge; P069-111128-1 to 10; voucher: GNM Porifera 965; same collection data as for preceding; P069-111128-13; voucher: GNM Porifera 967 •  1 spec.; 57.8331° N, 11.448° E; 66–42 m depth; 9 Jun. 2008; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK141]; dredge; P069-111128-11; voucher: GNM Porifera 794 •  1 spec.; 58.1151° N, 10.8574° E; 228–171 m depth; 12 Jun. 2008; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK144]; dredge; P069- 111128-12; voucher: GNM Porifera 795.</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens have cushion or globular morphology. The colour pale brown when preserved in ethanol. Given the fact that the specimens were not observed, in situ, their natural colour is unknown. The oscula are visible on papillae. The surface is hispid (Fig. 13A).</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is clearly divided between the cortex (ectosome) and the choanosome (Fig. 13B). Its conformation is radial with a denser mass of tylostyles at the surface, creating the hispidation. Megascleres are: tylostyles with 170–1300 µm× 7.5×15 µm in size (N=7), and very thin oxeas/ trichodragmas, measuring 50.1– 71.5 –132.9 ± 17.37 µm (N=34) (Fig. 12C).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFD8FFED811AE23CFB9EE38B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFDAFFEF8103E0A0FAADE659.text	120587EBFFDAFFEF8103E0A0FAADE659.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank 1858)	<div><p>Iophon nigricans (Bowerbank, 1858)</p><p>Fig. 14</p><p>Halichondria nigricans Bowerbank 1866: 266–268 .</p><p>Esperia nigricans – Fristedt 1885: 34–35, pl. III fig. 5.</p><p>Dendoryx (Iophon) nigricans – Topsent 1891: 528.</p><p>Iophon nigricans – Stephens 1916: 233; 1920: 29.</p><p>Iophon pattersoni – Alander 1942: 55.</p><p>Material examined (3 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; 57.6451° N, 11.6114° E; 74–39 m depth; 24 Aug. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK51]; dredge; P067-111006-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 890 •  1 spec.; 57.1492° N, 11.6842° E; 30–27 m depth; 31 Aug. 2006; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [KA19]; dredge; P067-111104-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 618 •  1 spec.; 57.5213° N, 11.6144° E; 30–25 m depth; 20 Aug. 2009; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [KA111]; dredge; P067-111107-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 960 .</p><p>Description</p><p>The three specimens have a cushion or arborescent morphology. The colour is dark brown when preserved in ethanol and the natural colour is unknown. The surface is irregular with visible ridges that correspond to the aquiferous system (Fig. 13A). However, the transparent membrane at the surface, typical for specimens of  I. nigricans, is not visible. This membrane was possibly lost during collecting as all specimens were collected by dredging. The surface is hispid (Fig. 13A). The consistency is friable and very compressible.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Megascleres are: acanthostyles (Fig. 13B). measuring 198– 267.9– 293.9 ± 26.6 ×4– 7.4 –10.6 ± 2.39 µm (N =11), and tylotyles with spined crowns at the ends (Fig. 13C), measuring 220– 252.1 – 278.9± 21.73 ×3.9– 5.8 –7.5 ± 1.24 µm (N =8). Microscleres are: palmate anisochelae in two size categories (Fig. 13C–D), 10 µm and 30 µm, and very small bipocilles (Fig. 13E), ca 7.5 µm.</p><p>Distribution and ecology</p><p>The type locality is off Cornwall, England. Furthermore, this species has been reported from the North Atlantic (both eastern and western parts), from the Bering Sea to southern Portugal. There are also some reports from the Mediterranean Sea. This wide distribution might indicate that  Iophon nigricans is a species complex.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Unfortunately, we were not successful in generating sequences for these specimens. The amplicons obtained resulted in sequences of bacterial contamination from the phylum  Pseudomonadota .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFDAFFEF8103E0A0FAADE659	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFDBFFD1812FE7DFFE9BE602.text	120587EBFFDBFFD1812FE7DFFE9BE602.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia jecusculum Bowerbank 1866	<div><p>Hymedesmia jecusculum Bowerbank, 1866</p><p>Fig. 15</p><p>Hymeniacidon jecusculum Bowerbank 1866: 198–200 .</p><p>Hymedesmia jecusculum – Ackers 2007: 100.</p><p>Material examined (4 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; Lunneviken; 59.0546° N, 11.1690° E; 30 m depth; 18 Sep. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180916-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180918-7215, 7217; GenBank no.: OM436251 (coxI); voucher: GNM Porifera 1071 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; LAR-180918-7254, 7256; voucher: GNM Porifera 1072; 23 Sep. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180923-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180923- 7367–7368, 7372; voucher: GNM Porifera 1073 •  1 spec.; Bergylteskär; 58.8290° N, 11.0831° E; 30 m depth; 9 Dec. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-181209-1]; SCUBA; LAR-181209-8217, 8219, 8222; GenBank no.: OM436265 (coxI); voucher: GNM Porifera 1074 •  1 spec.; Yttre Vattenholmen; 58.8754° N, 11.1056° E; 30 m depth; 16 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191116-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191116-PB160453–55; voucher: GNM Porifera 1075.</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens have a thin incrusting morphology, with a micro-velvety to smooth surface. Oscula are not visible, and pores are concentrated in elevated pore sieves (Fig. 15A). The natural colour ranges from dark orange and red to pale reddish-white, turning beige in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Megascleres are acanthostyles curved near the base and symmetrical tornotes. The acanthostyles present two size classes: spined at the base up to 2/3 of the shaft measuring 360 ×7.5 µm (N =4), and fully spined with 120× 5 µm (N= 3) in size. The tornotes are symmetrical, measuring 277.0– 314.6 – 350.4± 22.38 ×3.1– 4.6– 6.0± 0.92 µm (N=8). Microscleres, are arcuate 20 µm long isochelae (Fig. 15B–C).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The species  Hymedesmia jecusculum is a new report for Sweden. However, there is significant morphological similarity between  H. jecusculum and  Phorbas fictitius (Bowerbank, 1866) . The latter has been previously reported for Sweden by Alander (1942), under the name  Hymedesmia fictitia . However, we believe this identification to be correct given that Alander’s description is closely resembling what has previously been reported for  P. fictitius . Furthermore, Alander (1942) reported for the Norwegian parts of Skagerrak a single specimen of  Hymedesmia proteidea (Schmidt, 1868) (spelled as  Hymedesmia proteida), which is now synonymised with  P. fictitius . We argue that this indicates that Alander considered  H. proteidea and  H. fictitia to be different species, which could indicate that the specimen identified as  H. proteidea could be  H. jecusculum . However, Alander’s description of  H. proteidea is insufficient to test this hypothesis.</p><p>There are some consistent morphological differences between specimens of  H. jescusculum and  P. fictitius: type of tornotes, the arrangement of spines on acanthostyles, and slight differences in external morphology features. While  H. jecusculum possesses symmetrical tornotes and primary acanthostyles with spines almost entirely on the shaft,  P. fictitius possesses anisotornotes and primary acanthostyles with spines only at the base. Regarding the external morphology,  P. fictitius specimens are usually thick encrusting or cushions and a surface densely covered with areolae (depressions of pore sieves). This contrasts with the thin encrusting sheet-like morphology and the elevated pore sieves typical for  H. jecusculum . In spite of these morphological differences, the coxI sequences of the specimens identified as  P. fictitius and  H. jecusculum are identical or 1 bp difference (Fig. 3), thus it is possible that these two names refer to different growth stages of the same species. A similar remark was made for  Phorbas dives (Topsent 1891) . Specimens could present skeletal architecture ranging from hymedesmoid architecture, i.e., single subtylostyles erected from the basal plate, to the typical  Phorbas architecture, i.e., plumose tracts of subtylostyles (Soest 2002; Topsent 1891). This leads us to question the validity and circumscriptions of the genera  Hymedesmia Bowerbank, 1864 and  Phorbas Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864 . However, both the assessment of the validity of these two genera, and whether  P. fictitius and  H. jecusculum are different species or synonyms are beyond the scope of this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFDBFFD1812FE7DFFE9BE602	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFE5FFD382C4E774FCB8E6E5.text	120587EBFFE5FFD382C4E774FCB8E6E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia stellifera Goodwin & Picton 2009	<div><p>Hymedesmia stellifera Goodwin &amp; Picton, 2009</p><p>Fig. 16</p><p>Hymedesmia stellifera Goodwin &amp; Picton, 2009: 905–906, fig. 8a–b.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.1056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.8754" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.1056/lat 58.8754)">Yttre Vattenholmen</a>; 58.8754° N, 11.1056° E; 27 m depth; 16 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg.[MM-191116-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191116-PB160445, 47–48;GenBank no.: OM415624 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1122  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimen is an orange-yellow crust growing on a nearly vertical rock (Fig. 16A). The colour in ethanol is beige with some dark spots. Pores are visible and oscula are very conspicuous, surrounded by excurrent channels and possessing small translucent rims (Fig. 16B). The oscula are regularly distributed giving the surface a star-like pattern (Fig. 16A). Pore sieves are absent.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is composed of two size classes of acanthostyles erected with their heads in the basal layer and ectosomal styles raised in columns (Fig. 16C–D). Megascleres are acanthostyles of two size classes: a) The large acanthostyles (Fig. 14D) are sparsely spined at their base and smooth in the shaft, measuring 277.7– 352.3– 459.8 ± 52.58 ×6.8– 9.4– 13.0 ± 1.97 µm (N =14), and b) small acanthostyles are fully spined (Fig. 16D), with a small head, measuring 39.3– 95.1 –124.6 ± 16.34× 3.4– 7.6 –12.8 ± 2.5 µm (N=38), c) ectosomal styles, with a poorly developed tyloted head, measuring 206– 282.2 –322.5 ±24.27 ×1.6– 5.6 –9.6 ± 1.7 µm (N =36). The acanthostyles present forms that are constituted by two acanthostyles fused by the heads; however, this form is rare for the larger acanthostyles. The microscleres are: chelae (Fig. 16E), rare, measuring 12.8– 17.0 –21.5 ±2.82 µm (N =15), and sigmas (Fig. 16F) measuring 10.9– 16.5 –21.2± 2.51 µm (N =32).</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>This species was first described between Northern Ireland and western Scotland from 25 to 32 m depth. However, there has been a recent report from southern Norway (community iNaturalist 2020; GBIF.org 2023), and given that this species has been only recently described, it is natural that its real bathymetric and geographical distribution could be much larger than what is currently known. Our specimen represents a new report for Sweden.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The specimen examined has an external morphology conforming to the original description (Goodwin &amp; Picton 2009). Furthermore, the shape of the megascleres are overall concordant with the original description, with the exception of the small acanthostyles which present fused forms, and are slightly larger (39.3– 95.1 –124.6 ×3.4– 7.6 –12.8) than what has been previously reported (65– 79 –95 ×8–10) (Goodwin &amp; Picton 2009). However, the size range of the microscleres seems to be different than what was originally reported: here, both chelae and sigmas had the same size range while there was an obvious size class difference between sigmas and chelae in the type material (sigmas: 10–12 µm and, chelae: 15–18 µm) (Goodwin &amp; Picton 2009). These differences might be associated with different environments, populations or simply the number of spicules measured. Since only one specimen was collected it is difficult to generalize these observations.</p><p>This species was originally described within the genus  Hymedesmia . However, the 28S D3-D5 sequence of our specimen does not group with sequences of  Hymedesmia species (Fig. 3) but with  Monanchora arbuscula (Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864) belonging to the  Crambeidae Lévi, 1969 (see Supp. file. 2 for more information in this sequence). This grouping is very well supported (bt ≥95%) and there is a sequence similarity of 97.22%.  H. stellifera furthermore presents acanthostyles similar to what is reported for  Hymedesmia zetlandica (Bowerbank, 1864), which is the type species of the genus, thus suggesting that the genus  Hymedesmia could also belong to the  Crambeidae . Alander (1937) described  Hymoxenia inflata Alander, 1937 (now  Hymesdesmia inflata), which also possesses acanthostyles similar to the  H. zetlandica thus likely belonging to the same group. For now, it can be concluded that the genus  Hymedesmia is polyphyletic but we cannot revise the classification based on our limitated sampling, with no sequences from the type species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFE5FFD382C4E774FCB8E6E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFE7FFD6812EE61DFCE4E174.text	120587EBFFE7FFD6812EE61DFCE4E174.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia dujardinii (Bowerbank 1866)	<div><p>Hymedesmia dujardinii (Bowerbank, 1866)</p><p>Fig. 17</p><p>Hymeniacidon dujardinii Bowerbank 1866: 224–225 .</p><p>Stylopus coriaceus Fristedt, 1885: 28–29, pl. II fig. 8a–g.</p><p>Stylopus dujardini (Bowerbank, 1866) — Levinsen 1893: 419. — Arndt 1935: 64.</p><p>Stylopus dujardini var. coriaceus – Topsent 1928: 283.</p><p>Hymedesmia dujardini – Lundbeck 1910: 101–104, pl. X fig. 5. — Stephens 1917: 11; 1921: 40. — Hentschel 1929: 962.</p><p>Hymedesmia brondstedi Burton, 1930 – Ackers 2007: 99.</p><p>Material examined (7 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; Saltbacken; 59.0832° N, 11.2242° E; 40–25m depth; 1 Oct. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191001-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191001-PA010087, 0089; voucher: GNM Porifera 1068 •  1 spec.; Lunneviken; 59.0546° N, 11.1690 °E; 40–25 m depth; 2 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191102- 2]; SCUBA; LAR-191102-PB020269, 71–72; GenBank no.: OM415619 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1046 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; LAR-191102-PB020285, 87, 89; GenBank no.: OM415622 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1069 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; LAR-191102-PB020302–03; GenBank no.: OM415641 (28S D3-D5) •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; LAR-191102-PB020339–41; GenBank no.: OM415575 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1120 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; LAR-191102- PB020344–45; GenBank no.: OM415574 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1121 •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.5389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.3099" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.5389/lat 58.3099)">Gåseklovan</a>; 58.3099° N, 11.5389° E; 40–25m depth; 10 Oct. 2015; leg. [Gåseklovan, 151010]; ROV; P110-151015-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1070  .</p><p>Description</p><p>All specimens presented a thin encrusting habitus and were growing on clean rock, algae or  Chaetopterus norvegicus polychaete tubes. The surface is smooth. The colour alive was translucent white-cream; white-pink (Fig. 17A–B) or light-brown colour changing to pale beige when preserved in ethanol. Pores were visible and regularly distributed and without pore-sieve. Oscula were present on a slightly elevated ‘chimney’ (Fig. 17B).</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton conformation was hymedesmoid, with acanthostyles erected with base attached in the substrate, and surface smooth tornotes. Megascleres are one class size of acanthostyles spined mostly at the base but somewhat extending along the shaft, measuring 50.0– 124.5– 207.5 ±47.69 ×1.3– 5.1 – 8.8± 1.80 µm (N=65), and smooth spicules that can be tylotes, anisotornotes or strongyles, measuring 72.5– 196.6 –242.5 ± 35.5 ×1.3– 2.8– 3.8± 0.80 µm (N=31) (Fig. 17C).</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>This species presents ample geographical and bathymetrical distributions, with reports from the Arctic to northern Africa and the Mediterranean, and from shallow waters to 1200 m depth. Additionally, specimens of this species have been observed on various substrates, including rock, brachiopod shells, and  Chaetopterus tubes. Given the wide distribution, lack of substrate preference, and spicules variability, it is likely that  H. dujardinii represents a species complex. The type locality for  H. dujardinii is North Yorkshire, UK, and the specimen was growing on brachiopod shells. In spite of that, it is worth noting that this species is currently considered in the WPD a synonym of  H. coriacea (Fristedt, 1885) (see Remark below), which was firstly described in Bohuslän, Sweden, by Fristedt (1885) growing on  Chaetopterus tubes (as in present study).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Bowerbank (1866) introduced the name  Hymeniacidon dujardinii for this species; however, under the mistaken assumption that it was the same as  Halisarca dujardinii (Johnston, 1842) . This led Burton (1930) to dismiss Bowerbank’s name as unavailable and also introduce the replacement name  Hymedesmia brondstedi . This rejection of Bowerbank’s name was maintained by Alander (1942), who also identified  Stylopus coriaceus Fristedt, 1885 as an available senior synonym to  Hymedesmia brondstedi . We find, however, that Burton’s conclusion was not justified according to the current International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (henceforth, the Code) (ICZN 1999), even though, it is certainly not a clear-cut case. Our argument is the following: a) Bowerbank (1866) provided a detailed description (by his contemporary standards) of the species and listed the specimen on which this was based, b) he used a new binomial for this sponge (not opening problems of homonymy), c) he headed his description ‘  Hymeniacidon Dujardinii, Bowerbank ’, stating that he was the first to use this binomial for this species d) although he did not claim to describe a new species, he explicitly differentiated his sponge from Johnston’s  Halisarca dujardinii and, e) the Code (ICZN 1999) prescribes in Art. 16 ‘intention of authors to establish new nominal taxa to be explicit’ only for names proposed after 1999. This leads us to conclude that  Hymeniacidon dujardinii Bowerbank, 1866 is an available name for nomenclatorial purposes. This does not necessarily imply that it should be used as the valid name, for example if Art. 23.9 of the Code could be applied. However, the name has been used by several authors after 1899; some are listed under synonyms, see above, and, e.g., as  Leptosia dujardini by Topsent (1901; 1904) or as  Stylopus dujardini by Topsent (1925, 1928), thus disqualifying application of Art. 23.9 (ICZN 1999).</p><p>We conclude that the name  Hymedesmia (Stylopus) dujardinii (Bowerbank, 1866) is the valid name for this species hypothesis and hence that it should be reinstated. Consequently,  H. (S.) coriaceus (Fristedt, 1885) becomes a junior synonym of  H. (S.) dujardinii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFE7FFD6812EE61DFCE4E174	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFE2FFD6810EE08EFC12E69D.text	120587EBFFE2FFD6810EE08EFC12E69D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia stylifera (Alander 1942)	<div><p>Hymedesmia stylifera (Alander, 1942)</p><p>Stylopus stylifera Alander 1942: 45–46 .</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; 58.5609° N, 11.0891° E; 83 m depth; 28 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK116]; dredge; P093-111031-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 975 .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimen is thin encrusting. The surface presents small papillae. Due the collection method, the colour in situ is unknown; the preserved specimen has a pale brown colour.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>We have not observed the skeleton conformation. The skeleton consists of straight acanthostyles, which come in two distinct sizes: a) small acanthostyles are fully spined, with pronounced spines measuring 95–107 ×7 µm (N=4), and b) larger fully spined acanthostyles but with smaller spines along the shaft, measuring 205–420× 7–10 µm (N =6). In addition to acanthostyles, thin and straight styles are common, measuring 217–430×5–7 µm. The microscleres are absent.</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>The type locality is Säcken (Bohuslän, Sweden) at 85 m depth associated with a  Desmophyllum pertusum (Linnaeus, 1758) coral garden. The species was also reported in the Norwegian part of Skagerrak (15 miles south-east of Jomfruland, Norway) at 400 m depth (Alander 1942) and Outer Hebrides, Mingulay (Scotland, UK) in an area now known for harbouring a vast cold-water coral reef (Banana reef). Although we do not know if the Norwegian specimens were collected in a cold-water coral reef, the fact that the types (Alander 1942) and the specimens from Scotland were, leads us to suspect that this species might be associated with cold-water water corals.</p><p>Remark</p><p>Due to the limited number of collected specimens of this species, our understanding of the ecology and distribution of  H. stylifera is limited. However, the species might be associated with cold-water coral reefs, particularly the coral species  D. pertusum . This implies a larger suitable habitat than what is currently known. Consequently, the potential association of this species with cold-water coral species and deep-sea coral reefs makes the collection of new specimens challenging. These areas are often protected, rendering destructive collection methods unavailable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFE2FFD6810EE08EFC12E69D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFE2FFD88194E7E5FB52E397.text	120587EBFFE2FFD88194E7E5FB52E397.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia undefined-1	<div><p>Hymedesmia sp. 1</p><p>Fig. 18</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.2242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.2242/lat 59.0832)">Slatbacken</a>; 59.0832° N, 11.2242° E; 19 m depth; 10 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191110-1]; LAR-191110-PB100407–09; SCUBA; GenBank no.: OM415620 (28S D3-D5)  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimen, of which a 5 mm fragment was collected, is thick encrusting and was found growing on a rock. The colour alive is saffron-yellow turning light greyish-white in ethanol. The surface presents high pore-sieves while oscules were not visible (Fig. 18A). The consistency of this specimen is extremely friable.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Unfortunately, due to the size and consistency of the fragment, it was not possible to do a section. The skeleton is composed of two size classes of acanthostyles both curved near the base: a) large acanthostyles with a poorly developed tyle and spines reach 2/3 of the shaft (Fig. 18B) measuring 354.9– 409.6 – 437.6± 47.43×4– 4.8 –6.0±1.10 µm (N=30), and b) small acanthostyles that are fully spined with spines more defined than for the large acanthostyles (Fig. 18C), measuring 134.7– 156.3 –291.6±3.16 ×3.2– 4.8 –9.6±1.41 µm (N=28). The ectosomal spicules are strongyles (Fig. 18D) measuring 179– 307.7 – 362.1± 37.11×1.4– 2.9 –4.3 ±0.71 (N =32). The microscleres are arcuated chelae, with a very wide and curved shaft and short alae (Fig. 18E): 20.6– 33.2 –64.2±12.99 µm (N =15).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This specimen somewhat resembles  Hymedesmia rathlinia Goodwin &amp; Picton, 2009 . However, several characters distinguish it from this species: our specimen a) is light greyish white in ethanol rather than black or brown, b) it has no visible oscular papillae and c) it has chelae with a more curved shaft and shorter alae than what is presented for  H. rathlinia . Therefore, we are inclined to conclude that our specimen is not conspecific with  H. rathlinia . Also, our specimen lacks the polytyloted ectosomal spicules and the well-developed spines at the base of its large acanthostyles reported for  Hymedesmia gustafsoni Alander, 1942 . Hence, we are disinclined to assign this specimen to that species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFE2FFD88194E7E5FB52E397	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFECFFD98194E2EFFD11E2E7.text	120587EBFFECFFD98194E2EFFD11E2E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia undefined-2	<div><p>Hymedesmia sp. 2</p><p>Fig. 19</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.169&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0546" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.169/lat 59.0546)">Lunneviken</a>; 59.0546 ° N, 11.169 ° E; 27 m depth; 23 Sep. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180923-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180923-7380, 7383–7384; GenBank no.: OM436219 (coxI); voucher: GNM  Porifera 1045  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimen, of which a 3–4 mm fragment was collected, is encrusting an algae stalk. The colour of the live specimen was yellow but turned greyish white in ethanol. The surface is smooth, and we did not observe any pores or oscula, neither in situ nor in the preserved fragment (Fig. 19A).</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Due to the size and consistency of the fragment, we could not do a section. The skeleton is composed of tornotes strongyloides (Fig. 19B) measuring 139.2– 201.8 –239.1 ± 27.42 ×1.3– 1.9 –2.9 ± 0.54 µm (N =10), which sometimes present irregular tyles along the shaft as wide as 6 µm. In this case, the width was not measured at maximum width (in the irregular tyles) because that measure would not be representative of the spicule shape.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The size of the tornotes and the coxI sequences are similar to those for  Hymedesmia primitiva . However, the specimen lacks acanthostyles and the surface does not present any pore sieves, perhaps due the small size of the specimen. Therefore, we have not assigned the specimens to any species. Conversely, the allocation of this specimen to the genus  Hymedesmia is exclusively due to the presence of the tornotes and the coxI sequence placement.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFECFFD98194E2EFFD11E2E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFEDFFDA8194E21FFAC8E26D.text	120587EBFFEDFFDA8194E21FFAC8E26D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia undefined-3	<div><p>Hymedesmia sp. 3</p><p>Fig. 20</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.169&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0546" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.169/lat 59.0546)">Lunneviken</a>; 59.0546° N, 11.169° E; 30 m depth; 16 Sep. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180916-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180918-7197–7198; GenBank no.: OM436233 (coxI); voucher: GNM  Porifera 998  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimen has a thin encrusting morphology. The colour alive was saffron yellow and slightly translucent, i.e., the substrate colour and structure can be seen through (Fig. 20A). The colour in ethanol is dark brown. The surface does not have obvious oscula and the canals of the aquiferous system are partially visible and slightly raised from the surface (Fig. 20B). The pores are visible, scattered regularly and not in pore-sieves.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Due to the size and consistency of the fragment, we could not do a section. The skeleton is composed of one single size class of acanthostyles (Fig. 20C) measuring 66.1– 122.9 –171.8 ±27.44 ×2.5– 7.0 – 12.4 ±2.59 µm (N=31), and anisotylotes (Fig. 20D), measuring 126.4– 196.8– 251.4 ±29.74 ×0.4– 1.4– 3.0± 0.54 µm (N=39).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The placement of this specimen within the genus  Hymedesmia was primarily based on the presence of tylotes (Fig.20C) and the coxI sequence. This specimen appears as sister species to specimens identified as  H. primitiva (Fig. 2). There are 31 accepted species of  Hymedesmia (Stylopus), a subgenus characterised by the lack of chelae. However, there are only 15 species for the NEA and Mediterranean, none of which is described to only have small acanthostyles or the very small anisotylotes, as observed in this specimen. Among the species reported for the South Atlantic, Pacific or Indian oceans, only two seem to resemble what we observe in our specimen:  Hymedemia parvispicula (Burton &amp; Rao, 1932) from the Mergui Archipelago (Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean), and b)  Hymedesmia alcoladoi van Soest, 2017 from the Guyana Shelf. Our specimen seems to resemble  H. parvispicula more closely, with the smooth surface, without visible pores or oscula, and the presence of small acanthostyles and anisotylotes. However, the holotype of  H. parvispicula is yellow in ‘spirit’ contrasting with the dark brown colour of our specimen. Furthermore, the spicules of  H. parvispicula are considerably smaller (acanthostyles: 130–105×4 µm and anisotylotes 21×3 µm) (Burton &amp; Rao 1932) than what we measure in our specimen. As for the species  H. alcoladoi, the skeleton is composed of acanthostyles and ectosomal spicules with sizes similar to what we observe in our specimen, 213–62 ×17–6.5 µm and, 151–222×2–4 µm, respectively (van Soest 2017). However, the ectosomal spicules for  H. alcoladoi are tornotes with mucronate ends whereas our specimen presents tylotes. Additionally,  H. alcoladoi presents two size classes of acanthostyles while we could only observe one in our specimen. Therefore, we are hesitant to assign this specimen to either  H. alcoladoi or  H. parvispicula, two species furthermore described from geographically remote areas and in habitats different from the shallow west coast waters of Sweden. However, we refrain from describing this specimen as a new species and prefer to wait for additional specimens and/or  Hymedesmia sequences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFEDFFDA8194E21FFAC8E26D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFEEFFDC8194E394FB75E190.text	120587EBFFEEFFDC8194E394FB75E190.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hymedesmia undefined-4	<div><p>Hymedesmia sp. 4</p><p>Fig. 21</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.1056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.8754" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.1056/lat 58.8754)">Yttre Vattenholmen</a>; 58.8754° N, 11.1056° E; 27 m depth; 16 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191116-2]; SCUBA; LAR-191116-PB160433, 35; GenBank no.: OM415632 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1049  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimen, of which a 5 mm fragment was collected, presents an encrusting morphology, growing on rock covered with coralline algae. The colour alive of the specimen is orangish-yellow presenting white dots that are possibly embryos (Fig. 21A). Its colour in ethanol is beige. The specimen does not present evident osculum, pore-sieves nor pores. The consistency is very fragile after being preserved in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Skeleton composed of two size classes of acanthostyles: a) large acanthostyles with a small base, spines covering 1/3 of the length, some spines seem poorly formed by being extremely thin in the shaft, measuring 212.5– 239. 1 –270.4 ± 23.37 × 4.1– 6.7 –10.1 ± 2.7 µm (N = 5), b) small acanthostyles are fully spined (Fig. 21B) and have a well-developed tyle at base, measuring: 104.– 116.3– 138.2 ± 9.32 × 3.4– 5.3 –7.8 ± 1.60 µm (N = 11) (Fig. 20B). Additionally, the skeleton also presents a single class size of anisostrongyles measuring 124.2– 220.9 –287.5 ± 26.32 × 0.8– 1.8 –4.6 ± 0.66 µm (N =46) (Fig. 21C).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The specimen examined presents a peculiar external morphology by lacking apparent structure on its surface. However, given the presence of several ‘white dots’, it is possible that the specimen is riddled with embryos and has lost its usual external morphology. The specimen does not present any nucleotide difference in the 28S D3-D5 sequences, when compared with other specimens identified as  H. hibernica (Fig. 2). However, the lack of pore-sieves and the presence of small acanthostyles, thinner than what is reported for  H. hibernica leads us to keep this specimen as  Hymedesmia sp.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFEEFFDC8194E394FB75E190	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFE8FFDD815DE0C4FB34E7B3.text	120587EBFFE8FFDD815DE0C4FB34E7B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phorbas dives (Topsent 1891)	<div><p>Phorbas dives (Topsent, 1891)</p><p>Fig. 22</p><p>Microciona dives Topsent, 1891: 543–544, pl. XXII figs 2–3.</p><p>Material examined (2 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.2242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.2242/lat 59.0832)">Saltbacken</a>; 59.0832° N, 11.2242° E; 26 m depth; 28 Aug. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180828-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180828-7014–7016; GenBank no.: OM436258 (coxI); voucher: GNM Porifera 1104  •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.0831&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.829" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.0831/lat 58.829)">Bergylteskär</a>; 58.8290° N, 11.0831° E; 26 m depth; 9 Dec. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-181209-1]; SCUBA; LAR-181209-8253, 8255, 8257; voucher: GNM Porifera 110.</p><p>Description</p><p>All the specimens examined presented a thick encrusting or cushion morphology. The surface is smooth with wide, clearly observable, subsurface channels terminating in the oscula (Fig. 22A). The colour of the specimens alive was light-beige turning to whitish-beige when preserved in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton presents a plumose conformation with multispicular tracts of acanthostyles and tornotes disposed perpendicularly to the surface while sigmas and arcuated isochelae are mostly found near the surface. The acanthostyles (Fig. 22B–C) are divided in two categories with overlapping sizes but with different spinations: a) slightly curved and sparsely spined throughout the shaft to the tip, measuring 167.5– 200.1– 327.2 ±37.80 ×2.9– 7.0 –12.1 ± 2.4 µm (N= 25), and b) heavily spined, measuring 160.5– 194.6– 318.8 ±30.70 ×2.7– 5.9– 9.6± 1.60 µm (N=31). The tornotes measure 108.5– 164.3 – 187.5± 12.55 ×1.8– 3.7 –5.2 ± 0.68 µm (N =34). The arcuate isochelae (Fig. 22C) occur in two size classes: a) 11.4– 16.3– 21.2 ± 2.4 µm (N =36), and b) 26.2– 32.9– 1± 3.7 µm (N=17). Finally, the sigmas (Fig. 22C) measure 12.1– 26.9– 39.9 ± 8.1 µm (N =25).</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>The type locality for this species is Roscoff in Brittany, France (Topsent 1891). However,  P. dives has been previously reported from Wales (UK), Ireland to northern Spain (Descatoire 1969), the Canary Islands and the Azores (Simó 2002), as well as from the Mediterranean, in Italy (Sarà &amp; Siribelli 1960) and Tunisia (Mustapha et al. 2003). In spite of this large geographical range, this species had not been previously reported for Sweden or Norway. Our specimens were collected by SCUBA in Idefjorden and the Koster area, between 15 and 25 m depth, thereby extending the geographical range of this species.</p><p>Phorbas dives seems to prefer a hard substrate and vertical or overhanging sites, possibly to avoid sediment deposition (Ackers et al. 2007). This combined with its encrusting morphology makes this species difficult to detect and collect.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Two other species are similar to  P. dives:  Phorbas bihamigera (Waller, 1878) from Torbay near Plymouth, southern England, and  Phorbas microchelifer (Cabioch 1968) from Brittany, France. None of these species have been reported in Sweden or Norway.  Phorbas bihamigera differs from  P. dives by having a higher abundance of chelae and more prominent aquiferous channels while  P. microchelifer has smaller chelae (20 µm vs 36 µm in  P. dives) (Cabioch 1968). Cabioch (1968) has seen many specimens from the type locality of which only the holotype (MNHN-IP-2015-649) was deposited. Cabioch (1968) compared  P. microchelifer with specimens of  P. dives from Roscoff, identified by Topsent himself (according to Cabioch 1968), thus we can reasonably consider this species as valid even if awaiting confirmation from molecular data.</p><p>Our coxI phylogeny (Fig. 2) places our specimens of  P. dives within a  Myxilla incrustans clade. This contradicts current classifications, as  Phorbas belongs to  Hymedesmiidae, while  Myxilla belongs to  Myxillidae . We are confident in our identifications since the spiculation of our specimens matches better  P. dives, and differs from  M. incrustans in its tornotes: our specimens’ tornotes are completely smooth (as reported for  P. dives), while  M. incrustans has typical spines at the terminations of the tornotes. Additionally, the family  Hymedesmiidae is often regarded as a taxonomic waste basket, and shown to be polyphyletic (e.g., Morrow et al. 2013; Redmond et al. 2013: this study) thus the presence of species from other clades, still classified as hymedesmids is unsurprising. A full revision of  Hymedesmiidae and  Myxillidae with molecular data is required to revise the precise allocation of  P. dives .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFE8FFDD815DE0C4FB34E7B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFEAFFC08101E04DFD80E1FB.text	120587EBFFEAFFC08101E04DFD80E1FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale macilenta (Bowerbank 1866)	<div><p>Mycale macilenta (Bowerbank, 1866)</p><p>Fig. 23</p><p>Hymeniacidon macilenta Bowerbank, 1866: 176 .</p><p>Hymeniacidon macilenta – Bowerbank 1874, pl. XXXIII fig. 7–13.</p><p>Mycale macilenta – Arndt 1935: 48, fig. 82. – Ackers 2007: 112–113.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.2242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0832" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.2242/lat 59.0832)">Saltbacken</a>; 59.0832° N, 11.2242° E; 28m depth; 28 Oct. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191029-2]; SCUBA; LAR-191029-PA290222, 0224; GenBank no.: OM415625 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1082  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimen was 5 cm in diameter but we only collected a 4 mm fragment. Its morphology is thin, encrusting with a single osculum at the centre in a small erect tube. The surface presented several pores regularly scattered and the aquiferous canals were partially visible. The specimen alive presented a translucent pale pinkish colour. However, given that the substrate was partially visible under the sponge, its true colour is difficult to ascertain (Fig. 23A). The specimen is white when preserved in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>Unfortunately, the fragment was too small to section, thus we have not observed the skeleton conformation. The megascleres are straight subtylostyles/tylostyles (Fig. 23B) measuring 193.6– 272 – 308.7± 23.28 ×2.2– 3.5 –5.7 ± 0.98 µm (N= 33). The microscleres are palmate anisochelae (Fig. 23C) with three size classes: a) 8.9– 12.2 –16.8± 1.31 µm (N =107), b) 17.4– 22.4 –24.4 ± 1.78 µm (N=25), and c) 27.1– 32.9 –40.6 ± 3.39 (N=22). Sigmas (Fig. 23D) came in two size classes: a) 18– 23.7 – 33.4 ±4.18 × 0.3– 0.8– 1.4 ±0.33 µm (N=14), and b) 67.5– 84.5 –110.0 ± 11.36× 3.2– 4.6 –6.7 ±1.02 µm (N=25). Finally, there are smooth toxas (Fig. 23E) in a single size class, measuring 56.2– 75.5 – 103.4± 13.13 (N= 11).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This is a common temperate species found in the northeast Atlantic (NEA) and the Mediterranean Sea, the type locality being the Guernsey Islands in the English Channel. This is the first published report from Sweden, but an unpublished specimen from Sweden has previously been identified by Ole Tendal, it was found in the collections at Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, Leiden. Recording  M. macilenta in Swedish waters means it can withstand colder waters than those of the English Channel. On the Swedish west coast, the average sea surface temperature (SST) varies between 2°C and 8°C in winter and spring, reaching 23°C in the summer, but with an overall average of 10°C (SMHI data). In contrast, the English Channel in the winter and spring has a SST present temperature between 9°C and 11°C reaching up to 22°C, and with an overall average of 13°C (Morris et al. 2016).</p><p>There are reports of  Mycale macilenta in the NEA and Mediterranean Sea, from the Canary Islands up to the Celtic Sea. However, the spicules in this species seem to vary, especially when it comes to the chelae and sigma size classes (e.g., Pestana 2018; van Soest 2014). Nonetheless, when comparing our specimen with the description based on the re-examination of the type (van Soest 2002), we note that our specimen presents the same three size classes of chelae (sizes reported for the type: 11–15 µm, 17–24 µm, and 33–59 µm). Furthermore, we observe that the smallest size of chelae is far more common than the other two size classes. This was also a general pattern noted both in the original description (Bowerbank 1866) and later re-examination of the type (van Soest 2002). Regarding sigmas, our specimen presents the same two size classes as the holotype (65–115 µm and 21–28 µm) (van Soest 2002). Our specimen presents a variable size of toxas but we do not find toxas longer than 103 µm while those in the holotype are 60–250 µm long. Finally, our specimen does not seem to present the same colour alive than what was reported in the original description (bright red) (Bowerbank 1866). Despite slight differences between our specimen and the holotype description, namely pale colouration and slightly smaller toxas, we consider our specimen to be conspecific with the holotype of  M. macilenta .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFEAFFC08101E04DFD80E1FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFF4FFC08157E394FE1EE741.text	120587EBFFF4FFC08157E394FE1EE741.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cliona lobata Hancock 1849	<div><p>Cliona lobata Hancock, 1849</p><p>Cliona lobata Hancock 1849: 341–342, pl. XII fig. 4, 8.</p><p>Cliona lobata – Alander 1942: 80.</p><p>?  Cliona howsei Hancock, 1849 – Levinsen 1893: 415 fig. 27.</p><p>Material examined (2 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; 57.3042° N, 11.9321° E; 51– 49 m depth; 31 May 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [KA68]; dredge; P082-111026-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 554 •  1 spec.; 58.1352° N, 11.2512° E; 51–49 m depth; 27 Aug. 2007; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [SK67]; dredge; P082-111026-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 555 .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens had a boring morphology growing in shells, but papillae protruding from them. The colour in situ is unknown and light yellow when preserved in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton is composed of megascleres, which are tylostyles measuring 230–350×7.5 µm (N=4), and spirasters as microscleres, which may be rare in some individuals, measuring 12.5–17.5µm (N=2) in length.</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>The type locality is in the English Channel. However, there are reports from Denmark to South Africa, as well as from the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.</p><p>Remark</p><p>The species  C. lobata differs from  C. celata by several external morphological features, namely smaller and more abundant papillae, and thinner boring galleries. Additionally,  C. lobata consistently possesses spirasters, while their presence in  C. celata is only documented by Topsent (1900). However, given that  C. celata is a species complex (Xavier et al., 2010) in dire need of taxonomic studies, and as spirasters can be rare in specimens of  C. lobata, especially in massive morphotypes, it is possible that many specimens identified as  C. celata in the past might actually belong to  C. lobata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFF4FFC08157E394FE1EE741	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFF6FFC38153E72BFB0EE14B.text	120587EBFFF6FFC38153E72BFB0EE14B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites Nardo 1930	<div><p>Genus  Suberites Nardo, 1930</p><p>Remarks on the genus</p><p>The genus  Suberites Nardo, 1930 is characterised by a confused skeleton constituted by (sub)tylostyles and/or microscleres that are microspined centrotylote oxeas, strongyles or even styles, with all of these microscleres possibly in the same specimen. The species of this genus do not have clear ectosomal differentiation. The habitus is thin encrusting to massive, has a compact consistency, velvety surface, and the colour is from beige to tawny. This description together with other similar descriptions of other genera within the family  Suberitidae makes the assignment of a specimen to the correct genus difficult. For the genus itself, many of the species were described more than a century ago and many of the names have been synonymised (e.g., Burton 1953) or forgotten, and many of the species have a very short and cryptic description. There are currently 83 accepted species for the genus and about 102 unaccepted names. For the NEA there are currently 76 accepted species. Here, we present very preliminary names for the  Suberites species, pending a thorough taxonomic revision.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFF6FFC38153E72BFB0EE14B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFF7FFC4811FE0ABFD2AE174.text	120587EBFFF7FFC4811FE0ABFD2AE174.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites spermatozoon (Schmidt 1875)	<div><p>Suberites spermatozoon (Schmidt, 1875)</p><p>Cometella spermatozoon Schmidt, 1875: 116 pl. I fig. 2.</p><p>Suberites spermatozoon – Fristedt 1885: 18–19; 1887: 429–430.</p><p>?  Ficulina spermatozoon – Burton 1930: 496.</p><p>Choanites spermatozoon – Alander 1942: 79.</p><p>Material examined (5 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.515&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.2973" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.515/lat 58.2973)">Gullmaren</a>, Skåreskär; 58.2973° N, 11.5150° E; 105–100 m depth; 24 May 2014; Erica Mejlon leg. [Skåreskär 140424]; dredge; P062-140504-1; GenBank no.: OM436260 (coxI); voucher: GNM Porifera 1154  •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; P062-140504-2; voucher: GNM Porifera 1155 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; P062-140504-3; GenBank nos: OM436257 (coxI), OM415618 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1156 •  1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; P062-140504-4; voucher: GNM Porifera 1157 •   1 spec.; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.5138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.2942" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.5138/lat 58.2942)">Gullmaren</a>, Skåreskär; 58.2942° N, 11.5138° E; 105–100 m depth; 5 May 2014; Erica Mejlon leg. [Skåreskär, 140505]; dredge; P062-140513-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1158  .</p><p>Description</p><p>The specimens are small, only a couple of centimeters long, pyriform with a hollow body and a long peduncle. The same pedicle can be connected to several bodies. Our specimens were not attached to hard substrate when dredged in the muddy bottoms. A simple osculum is present on the top of each specimen. Colour yellowish-grey, both alive and preserved in ethanol.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton was composed by (sub)tylostyles, either straight or flexuous, with a bimodal size distribution, i.e., there is too much overlap to be two bona fide size classes, measuring: a) 320– 430.3 - 840 ± 78.1 ×2.5 - 6.6 - 10 ± 1.8 µm (N=80), and b)–135 - 247.7 - 317.5± 38.7 ×2.5 - 5.3 -10 ± 1.6 (N =54). These megascleres sometimes present abnormal forms, such as styles or strongyles. Microscleres are microspined centrotyloted slightly curved strongyles or oxeas. The tyle is less evident than in other  Suberites species and could present a displacement from the centre of the spicule. These microscleres measure 11.3– 32.5 –72± 10.3 ×2– 2.6 – 4 +/ 0.5 (N=130). Finally, all specimens have modified microrhabds that are spherical and smooth. These spheres are found in the peduncles of the specimens but in very low numbers making them difficult to find in spicules preparations. The diameter is the same as for the length of the microscleres.</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>The type locality of  Suberites spermatozoon is near Mandal (southern Norway), but it has been reported in the Kara Sea (Fristedt 1887), Bering Sea (Hentschel 1929) and Sweden (Fristedt 1885; Alander 1942). In Sweden, this species was common in Gullmaren fjord, between 65 and 90 m depth (Alander, 1942), which is where we collected our specimens.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The distribution of this species is poorly known, as its small size and fragile bodies combined with its habitat (muddy bottoms) makes it difficult to detect. Furthermore, it has been reported from great depths varying from 38 m (Fristedt 1887) to 400 m depth (Alander 1935), which makes sampling and observation nearly impossible by any other means than dredging. The specimens here examined come from Gullmaren fjord, ca 100 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFF7FFC4811FE0ABFD2AE174	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
120587EBFFF0FFC68178E0C4FC7DE4D5.text	120587EBFFF0FFC68178E0C4FC7DE4D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halichondria panicea (Pallas 1776)	<div><p>Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1776)</p><p>Fig. 25</p><p>Spongia panicea Pallas, 1766: 388 .</p><p>Amorphina panicea – Fristedt 1885: 26.</p><p>Halichondria panicea – Levinsen, 1893: 415–416. — Alander 1942: 28, pl. 6.</p><p>Material examined (21 specimens)</p><p>SWEDEN • 1 spec.; Svartejan; 59.1102° N, 11.3219° E; 30 m depth; 11 Oct. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180911-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180911-7191, 7194; GenBank no.: OM436248 (coxI); voucher: GNM Porifera 1003 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 25 Oct. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-180925-1]; SCUBA; LAR-180925-7457, 7460, 7463; GenBank nos: OM436249 (coxI), OM415607 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1009 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; 4 Dec. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-181204-1]; SCUBA; LAR-181204-8186–8188; GenBank nos: OM436281 (coxI), OM415649 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1010 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; LAR-181204-8189–8191; GenBank nos: OM436228 (coxI), OM415594 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1011 • 1 spec.; Gullmaren; 58.2550° N, 11.4446° E; 1 Apr. 2012; dredge; P016-230414-7; GNM Porifera 1007; • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; P088-120403-1; GNM Porifera 1016; • 1 spec.; Gullmaren; 58.2667° N, 3.5812° E; 28 Apr. 2018; P088-180425-2; GNM Porifera 1018; • 1 spec.; Gullmaren; 58.2667° N, 3.58125° E; 24 Apr. 2018; dredge; P088-180425-2; GNM Porifera 1018; • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; P088-180425-3; GNM Porifera 1019 • 1 spec.; Lunneviken; 59.0546° N, 11.1690° E; 30 m depth; 18 Sep. 2018; LAR-180918-7245–7246; GNM Porifera 1004 • 1 spec.; Bergylteskär; 58.8210 °N, 11.0831° E; 9 Dec. 2018; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-181209-1]; SCUBA; LAR-181209-8193, 8197–8198; GenBank no.: OM415600 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1012 • 1 spec.; same collection data as for preceding; LAR-181209-8205, 8207–8208; GenBank nos: OM436242 (coxI), OM415603 (28S D3-D5); voucher: GNM Porifera 1013 • 1 spec.; Trindeknubben; 58.7829° N, 10.9962° E; 24 Jun. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-190624-1]; SCUBA; LAR-190624-9497; voucher: GNM Porifera 1005 • 1 spec.; Yttre Vattenholmen; 58.8754° N, 11.1056° E; 16 Nov. 2019; Mats Larsson leg. [MM-191116-1]; SCUBA; LAR-191116-PB160514–16; voucher: GNM Porifera 1006 • 1 spec.; Kosterhavet; 58.8833° N, 11.0833° E; 1 Nov, 2001; Fredrik Pleijel leg. [TML-01]; dredge; P002-011112-1; voucher: GNM Porifera 1014 • 2 specs; 58.0723° N, 11.3267° E; 11- 30 m depth; 23 Sep. 2009; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [201]; dredge; P088-111026-1; GNM Porifera 585; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.3234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.0651" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.3234/lat 58.0651)">Skagerrak</a>; 58.0651° N, 11.3234° E; 2326 m depth; 24 Sep. 2009; Artprojektets Skagerrak-inventering leg. [212]; dredge; P088-111026-2; GNM Porifera 586 •  1 spec.; Gullmarens inlopp; 8 May 2012; staff and students of courses 1BG217 and 1BG394 cohort 2012 leg. [Gullmarens inlopp, 120508]; dredge; P088-120410-1; GNM Porifera 1017 •  1 spec.; Gullmaren, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.4262&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.2577" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.4262/lat 58.2577)">Långgap</a>, 58.2577° N, 11.4262° E; 18 m depth; 20 Apr. 2016; students and staff of course 1BG217, cohort 2015 leg. [1BG217-2015-25]; dredge; P088-160505-1; GNM Porifera 1008 •   1 spec.; Gullmaren, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.4447&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.255" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.4447/lat 58.255)">Långgap</a>; 58.2550° N, 11.4447° E; 12 m depth; 21 Apr. 2016; staff and students of course 1BG217 cohort 2016 leg. [1BG217-2016-5]; dredge; P002-160504-1; GNM Porifera 1015 •   1 spec.; Gullmaren,  Flatholmen; 14 m depth; 23 Apr. 2019; staff and students of course BG393 cohort 2019 leg. [Flatholmen, 190423 [34]] P088-190424-1; GNM Porifera 1021.</p><p>Description</p><p>Specimens presented morphologies from thin sheets to thick encrusting or even branching (Fig. 25A–C). However, the most common form is thick encrusting (Fig. 25C). The oscula are elevated on chimneys, scattered evenly across the surface. The colour alive varied from green to dark yellow turning to beige/ cream in ethanol. The surface is smooth, easy to peel off and with tracts of the aquiferous system observable even in living specimens.</p><p>Skeleton</p><p>The skeleton has a confused skeleton arrangement except for the ectosome (i.e., halichondrioid skeleton). The ectosome is reticulated (Fig. 25D–E). The specimens presented only curved oxeas as megascleres, measuring 391.2– 256.4– 128.2 ± 47.26× 12.3.4– 4.7– 2.3± 2.17 µm (N =167).</p><p>Ecology and distribution</p><p>Halichondria panicea is a common species, found from the intertidal/subtidal down to 500 m. In shallow waters it often grows on boulders and brown algae. In Sweden it can be found from the intertidal to 569 m depth (Alander 1942).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The different morphotypes that this species can present are attributed to different water regimes (Palumbi 1986; Barthel 1991). This species is sympatric with  Halichondria bowerbanki Burton, 1930 and the two species can be easily confused.However, specimens of  H.panicea have a peelable ‘skin-like’ surface, and can have a green colour, which  H. bowerbanki never has. Additionally, the specimens of  H. bowerbanki rarely yield an amplicon when using the standard coxI primers. The  H. panicea presents a very wide distribution ranging from the northeast Pacific (Bering Sea) to the southwest Atlantic but the Pacific reports of  H. panicea probably refer to a distinct species (Erpenbeck et al. 2004).). Six coxI sequences were obtained, corresponding to three haplotypes (1–2 bp differences). Still more studies need to be done to test if the NEA  H. panicea is a species complex.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/120587EBFFF0FFC68178E0C4FC7DE4D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Pereira, Raquel;Larsson, Mats;Cárdenas, Paco;Thollesson, Mikael	Pereira, Raquel, Larsson, Mats, Cárdenas, Paco, Thollesson, Mikael (2025): Swedish marine demosponge fauna (Porifera: Demospongiae) sampled 80 years after Jägerskiöld’s inventory. European Journal of Taxonomy 983: 1-64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.983.2835, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2835/12931
