taxonID	type	description	language	source
AED3C353E5245D4E8AFDD28B382216A2.taxon	description	Fig. 2	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
AED3C353E5245D4E8AFDD28B382216A2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to the calciphyte Sarcogyne urceolata in Europe and Africa, which is also lichenicolous. but with different sequence data and recovered in the Acarospora clade rather than in the Sarcogyne clade.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
AED3C353E5245D4E8AFDD28B382216A2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Its name refers to its black apothecia.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
AED3C353E5245D4E8AFDD28B382216A2.taxon	description	Description. Thallus endolithic of hyphae mostly 2 µm wide, algae usually at base of apothecia in substrate, algal cells 5 – 10 µm wide in loose clusters, sometimes absent, especially beneath the smallest apothecia. Apothecia black, broadly attached, 0.1 – 0.4 (– 0.5) mm wide, rarely larger than 1.0 mm and replicating by division, 0.1 – 0.3 mm thick, smallest on hardest limestone. Margin entire in young apothecia, becoming knobby or uneven and / or segmented, irregular when apothecia replicating by division, in largest specimens ca. 100 µm wide, outer layer ca. 80 µm wide, carbonized, inner layer hyaline, hyphae 1 – 2 µm wide, sometimes 40 µm wide in smallest specimens. Disc black, rarely pruinose, without carbonized epihymenial accretions when young, usually forming one umbo, usually higher than margin, sometimes with gyrose structures. Hymenium (60 –) 80 – 100 µm tall, epihymenium black. Paraphyses 1 – 2 µm wide, apices barely expanded in black caps, hymenial gel IKI + dark blue, euamyloid. Asci 40 – 70 × 10 – 25 µm, ascospores variable 2.0 – 5.5 × 1.0 – 2.5 µm, sometimes globose 2 × 2 µm mixed with ellipsoid ascospores (n = 40), sometimes with an oil drop. Subhymenium 10 – 30 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium continuous with margin and endolithic thallus, hyphae mostly 2 µm thick. Pycnidia not observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
91DA771FEFF2555F8B80ED16FE271093.taxon	description	Fig. 3	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
91DA771FEFF2555F8B80ED16FE271093.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Differing from Sarcogyne cyclocarpa in having a wetlands ecology and forming compound apothecial structures by replication through division.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
91DA771FEFF2555F8B80ED16FE271093.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for its occurrence in swamps and wetlands, an unusual character in the family.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
91DA771FEFF2555F8B80ED16FE271093.taxon	description	Description. Thallus endolithic, algal layer usually visible at base of apothecia, algal cells 5 – 10 µm wide, often forming continuous layer below compound apothecia. Apothecia dispersed, becoming compound, ca. 0.2 – 0.4 mm wide, 0.2 – 0.3 mm thick, including the stipe, lower surface carbonized. Margin ca. 50 μm wide, outer layer carbonized, inner layer hyaline to light brownish color, widths variable, sometimes gobs of melanin build-up on the outer surface. Disc black with umbos and / or gyrose structures. Hymenium 100 – 125 µm tall, paraphyses 1 – 2 µm wide, apices barely expanded, hymenial gel IKI + blue to red, hemiamyloid. Asci 60 – 80 × 10 – 20 µm, ascospores 4 – 5 × 2 μm. Subhymenium 40 – 80 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium usually indistinct, continuous with endolithic thallus and margin of solitary apothecia or outer wall of compound apothecia. Pycnidia not observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
FC8814136452599E9E6CC11842A0DCA5.taxon	description	Fig. 4	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
FC8814136452599E9E6CC11842A0DCA5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to A. oscurensis but differs especially in not producing initially apothecia with a smooth margin and without epihymenial accretions and in not forming white stromata with pycnidia, in having ellipsoid ascospores (1.5 –) 4.0 – 4.6 (– 5.1) × (1.0 –) 2.0 (– 2.8) µm vs. globose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores (1 –) 2 – 3 (– 6) × 1.0 – 3.4 µm, and in having thinner paraphyses 1.0 – 1.5 (– 2.8) µm vs. (1.5 –) 2 – 2.5 (– 3.5) µm.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
FC8814136452599E9E6CC11842A0DCA5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for its southwestern distribution in North America.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
FC8814136452599E9E6CC11842A0DCA5.taxon	description	Description. Endolithic base or white ecorticate chasmolithic thallus in large-grained sandstone or with small white mycelial base, algal cells, 5 – 10 µm wide, scattered deep in substrate or sometimes below apothecia, sometimes forming a continuous algal layer between apothecia. Apothecia 0.5 – 1.6 mm wide, 0.3 – 0.4 mm tall, convex or not, sometimes compound with two hymenia, dispersed or occasionally forming clusters of apothecia with a mycelial base through replication by division. Margin segmented, usually in long linear sections at joints, 90 – 120 µm wide, outer layer carbonized, inner area hyaline, width variable, margin sometimes excluded. Disc black, usually gyrose with dense carbonized epihymenial accretions, often higher than margin. Hymenium (100 –) 120 – 150 µm tall, paraphyses 1.0 – 1.5 (– 2.5) µm wide, simple or slightly branched, non-anastomosed, apices unexpanded, hymenial gel IKI + dark blue, euamyloid, or turning pale blue and fading to pale green, or blue turning red in squash, hemiamyloid, not of diagnostic value. Asci variable from 100 × 10 – 40 to 40 × 15 µm in same hymenium, ellipsoid ascospores (1.5 –) 4.0 – 4.6 (– 5.1) × (1.0 –) 2.0 (– 2.8) µm (n = 40). Subhymenium 40 – 50 µm tall, IKI + dark blue, euamyloid. Hypothecium 20 – 100 µm tall, hyphae 1 – 2 µm wide or gelatinized and filled with substrate crystals, continuous with margin and endolithic thallus. No pycnidia observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2ECDB4AF8449529E8D76CB699ECA62E2.taxon	description	Fig. 5	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2ECDB4AF8449529E8D76CB699ECA62E2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to Polysporina limborinella in having small ascospores but differs in having an epilithic brown thallus and occurring in Canada and not in Switzerland (Nimis et al. 2018).	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2ECDB4AF8449529E8D76CB699ECA62E2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the small size of its ascospores.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2ECDB4AF8449529E8D76CB699ECA62E2.taxon	description	Description. Hypothallus endosubstratal, no algae observed. Thallus of dispersed thick brown areoles, beginning at base of apothecia and expanding to 1 mm wide and 300 – 400 μm thick. Upper surface shiny brown, epruinose. Epicortex up to 15 μm thick and continuous. Cortex 20 – 50 μm thick, narrow upper layer brown, less than 10 μm thick, lower layer hyaline, cells irregular in shape, 2 – 4 μm wide. Algal layer 80 – 100 μm thick, uninterrupted, algal cells 10 – 15 μm wide, continuous or not beneath apothecia. Medulla obscure, sometimes with a few scattered algal cells, hyphae 2 – 4 μm wide. Apothecia usually one per areole, occasionally two to six, 0.2 – 0.4 mm wide, 100 – 200 μm tall. Margin elevated up to 50 μm above the disc, dividing into four or five segments, thin, hyphae 1 – 2 μm wide, outer layer black 10 μm wide, inner layer hyaline. Disc black, with or without one umbo. Hymenium 90 – 140 μm tall, paraphyses 1 μm wide, apices unexpanded, some branching, often filled with oil drops, hymenial gel IKI + red or blue turning red in squash, hemiamyloid. Asci 45 – 60 × 15 – 20 µm, ascospores mostly 2 – 3 × 0.5 – 1.0 μm (n = 40), thin ellipsoid, sometimes oil drops, several hundred per ascus. Subhymenium 20 – 50 μm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium continuous with margin and thallus, sometimes distinct directly below apothecia, hyaline and narrow, sometimes golden yellow. No pycnidia observed. Not producing secondary metabolites.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2EB21C0FF6655CD88A5D1F9BA3D0227F.taxon	description	Fig. 6	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2EB21C0FF6655CD88A5D1F9BA3D0227F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to Acarospora austrooccidentalis with a high hymenium, differing in having globose to broadly ellipsoid ascospores (1 –) 2 – 3 (– 6) × 1.0 – 3.4 µm vs. ellipsoid ascospores (1.5 –) 4.0 – 4.6 (– 5.1) × (1.0 –) 2.0 (– 2.8), thicker paraphyses (1.5 –) 2.0 – 2.5 (– 3.5) µm vs. 1.0 – 1.5 (– 2.0) µm, in occasionally producing white stromata, and with young apothecia often having in early development a smooth margin and lacking epihymenial accretions.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2EB21C0FF6655CD88A5D1F9BA3D0227F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for Oscura in the Tularosa Basin of the Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico, where we first collected this species.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
2EB21C0FF6655CD88A5D1F9BA3D0227F.taxon	description	Description. Thallus endolithic up to 0.2 mm deep, up to 5 cm wide, algal cells ca. 5 – 10 µm wide, algal layer variable, continuous below and between apothecia, the sandstone often spongy when wet to the touch, or discontinuous deep in substrate. Apothecia round to irregular, 0.3 – 1.3 mm wide, 0.4 – 0.5 mm tall, sometimes elevated on white mycelial base or emerging from white stromata. Margin thick, 100 – 250 µm wide, outer layer carbonized, inner layer reddish to hyaline, widths variable, hyphae 1 – 2 µm wide, rim smooth when young, slightly elevated above the disc, becoming segmented. Disc reddish-brown to black, at first usually without epihymenial accretions, then developing an umbo or several small dots of melanin, eventually dense and sometimes gyrose, excluding the margin. Hymenium (100 –) 120 – 150 (– 180) µm tall, epihymenium uneven (10 –) 20 – 30 µm tall, paraphyses (1.5 –) 2.0 – 2.5 (– 3.5) µm wide, branched and anastomosed, apices expanded to 4.5 µm with black pigment mark, hymenial gel IKI + light blue, turning red in squash, hemiamyloid. Asci 120 – 160 × 10 – 30 µm, often cylindrical, rarely becoming inflated, ascospores usually broadly ellipsoid, sometimes with small globose ascospores (1 –) 2 – 3 (– 6) × 1.0 – 3.4 µm, variable (n = 40), oil drops absent or one large oil drop, sometimes a second smaller one. Subhymenium up to 30 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium 20 – 30 µm tall, with hyphae 1 – 2 µm thick, continuous with margin. Occasionally with white stromata 100 – 300 µm wide, a black dot often on top and some scattered algae cells in a thalline wall around pycnidia. Pycnidia up to 200 µm across with long, thick conidiogenous cells 30 × 3 µm, producing abundant conidia 2 – 3 × 1 µm. Eventually producing a single apothecium from each stroma. Not producing secondary metabolites.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
6E35FACAA19D512EAFD4FDC2C894E147.taxon	description	Fig. 7	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
6E35FACAA19D512EAFD4FDC2C894E147.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Similar to Sarcogyne aquatica forming structures of compound apothecia but differing in forming aggregates of subdividing apothecia on a widening mycelial base, forming elevated fascicles on the end of interconnected “ stipes ” of vertical hyphae up to 0.3 mm high, continuing to replicate by division, and with up to 70 interconnected apothecia.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
6E35FACAA19D512EAFD4FDC2C894E147.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named for the profusion of thin ascospores and of interconnected apothecia.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
6E35FACAA19D512EAFD4FDC2C894E147.taxon	description	Description. Thallus endolithic, algal layer below the mycelial base of apothecia, algal cells mostly 5 – 7 µm wide. Apothecia 0.2 – 1.0 mm wide. Margin with or without distinct segmented margins, round to irregular, varying in width, 30 – 40 (– 100 µm), outer layer black, one cell to 30 – 50 µm wide, inner layer hyaline, sometimes excluded. Disc black, gyrose, no umbos, epihymenial accretions 30 – 40 µm tall. Apothecia solitary at first but quickly replicating by division, forming elevated fascicles up to 0.3 mm high of (2 –) 10 – 70 apothecia. Eventually the mycelial base replicates by division, separating one aggregate of apothecia from another aggregate of apothecia. The mycelial base is filled with crystals and formed by vertical hyphae mostly 1 µm wide becoming bundles of intertwined hyphae ca. 5 µm wide, forming “ stipes ” elevating apothecia. Hymenium (80 –) 100 – 120 µm tall, paraphyses 1 – 2 µm wide, apices in black gel caps, hymenial gel IKI + blue or red (if blue, turning red in squash), hemiamyloid. Asci thin, cylindrical to inflated, 100 – 90 × 10 – 20 µm, hundreds of ascospores, 1.0 × 1.0 – 1.5 µm, thin ellipsoid, sometimes with oil drop. Subhymenium indistinct, to 30 µm tall, IKI + blue. Hypothecium indistinct. No pycnidia observed. Apothecia and / or epilithic thallus. producing low amounts of norstictic acid, spot test either negative or K + faint yellow mist, not producing crystals, but positive in solvents A and C.	en	Knudsen, Kerry, Kocourková, Jana, Kondrysová, Eva, Pušová, Tereza, Hollinger, Jason, Leavitt, Steve, McCarthy, John, Jedličková, Lucie, Westberg, Martin (2025): Discovering the diversity of Acarosporaceae (Acarosporales, Lecanoromycetes) with carbonized epihymenial accretions in North America. MycoKeys 122: 123-148, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.122.162675
