taxonID	type	description	language	source
1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 22 December 1928, leg C. H. Curran (Townes 1945). As previous except 2 males, 6 February – 25 March 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5121A6FB51A7FB.taxon	discussion	Note. The species was described based on a female from Texas and was regarded as a nomen dubium by Spies & Reiss (1996). However, Townes (1945: 96) described a male as Xenochironomus dorneri (Malloch) based partly on a specimen from Barro Colorado Island, but he admits that he “ can not be sure that the male and female described above are the same species or that either of them are Malloch’s dorneri. There seems to be a number of Neotropical species closely related to dorneri, but the material available is scanty. The male specimen described and figured above is the only available male that can possibly be Malloch’s dorneri. ” Since Roback (1963 a: 236) and Sublette (1966: 25) the species has generally been considered to be a member of Axarus. Following Townes (1945) we list the species as A. dorneri (Malloch). However, the material from Panama should be re-examined.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9DFF5122A2FBB3A173.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 15 species that occur in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, and the Australasian regions. Ten species are known from South America (Andersen & Mendes 2002 a; Andersen et al. 2018; Pinho et al. 2019). The larvae occur in littoral to sublittoral soft sediments in lakes and rivers (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9DFF512522FCDAA436.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 104, Bugaba District, La Concepción, Rio Güigala, Vias del Ferrocarril, Antiguo Puente, 1 male, 12 March 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aquirre & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9DFF512522FCDAA436.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9DFF51262EFAB0A6F7.taxon	discussion	A genus with> 30 named species that occur mainly in tropical areas in the Neotropical region with a few species in the southern parts of the Nearctic region (Jacobsen & Perry 2000; Pinho et al. 2013). The larvae have been found associated with macrophytes or submerged wood in both standing and flowing waters (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9CFF512460FDEDA3EB.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Naranjal, male (holotype), 1 October 1956, leg F. S. Blanton; Colon Province, Camp Pina, 2 males (paratypes), 29 April 1954 (Reiss & Sublette 1985).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E30FF9CFF512460FDEDA3EB.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E31FF9CFF512153FB6FA064.taxon	materials_examined	Syn.: Tendipes (Tendipes) aversa Roback, 1962: 6 [Panama; holotype in Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia]. Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Curundu, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, male and female (holotype and allotype of Tendipes (T.) aversa Roback), 28 December 1967, at light, leg C. Earl Smith; as previous except 9 males, 14 females (paratypes), 25 December 1957 – 7 January 1958 (Roback 1962).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E31FF9CFF512153FB6FA064.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics.? Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Panama, Uruguay,? Virgin Islands.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E31FF9CFF51225FFCA6A2E7.taxon	discussion	One of the most species-rich and common chironomid genera, with ~ 300 described species from all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. The larvae graze on detritus or are filter-feeders, predominantly in soft sediments of standing water, rarely in flowing water (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E31FF9CFF512566FD9CA4BB.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Colon Province, Gamboa, 1 male, 26 January 1984, leg W. Nentwig, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E31FF9CFF512566FD9CA4BB.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E31FF9CFF512566FD9CA4BB.taxon	discussion	Note. The species was collected in connection with a study on the feeding ecology of the tropical spitting spider Scytodes longipes (Nentwig 1985).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E31FF9CFF51266DFF63A530.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 20 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica and Oceania. The larvae live in streams and larger rivers, lakes, and ponds as well as brackish water and hot springs (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3EFF93FF512382FA9DA253.taxon	discussion	A genus of 57 described species distributed in all zoogeographical regions, except Antarctica. Four species are described from South America (Silva et al. 2010). Keys to the Neotropical males, pupae and larvae were given by Silva et al. (2010). The larvae occur in various substrata in lakes, streams and rivers (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3EFF93FF5121C2FB94A093.taxon	discussion	A genus of 23 described species, most of which occur in the Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. A single named species, C. daktylos (Walley in Curran, 1934) is recorded from Guyana in South America (Spies & Reiss 1996). The larvae inhabit sediments of sand and mud in lakes and rivers (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3EFF93FF5127BEFAA9A66B.taxon	discussion	A genus of 31 described species distributed in all zoogeographical regions, except Oceania and Antarctica. Larvae assigned to Demicryptochironomus have been recorded from Brazil (Roque et al. 2004; Trivinho-Strixino 2011). A key to adult males was given by Yan et al. (2008). The larvae occur in sandy or muddy sediments in lakes, streams, and rivers, where they have been reported to be predatory, especially on oligochaetes (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3EFF93FF5125B6FEEFA45F.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 85 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. The genus was revised by Epler (1988). The larvae inhabit the littoral sediments of standing waters and can be common in lentic habitats (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3FFF92FF512382FD75A2DE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, David District, San Pablo Viejo, Rio Platanal, puente vía Interamericana antes de llegar a la entrada de Bagala, 1 male, 12 April 2021, leg Y. Aquirre & T. Ríos. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Gualaca District, Quebrada Grande, 4 males, 27 February 2019, UV light trap, leg Y. Aquirre.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3FFF92FF512382FD75A2DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3FFF92FF512108FDEDA03D.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Presa Fortuna, holding pond above Aoki Camp, 1 male, 25 May 1985, light trap, leg R. W. Flowers (Epler 1988). Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, February – March 1986, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3FFF92FF512108FDEDA03D.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3FFF92FF512095FD4EA77C.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Colon Province, Canal Zone, Gamboa, Rio Agua Salud, 1 male, July 1967, light trap, leg W. W. Wirth (Epler 2016).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3FFF92FF512095FD4EA77C.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Florida, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3FFF92FF51255EFC48A400.taxon	discussion	A genus of 14 described species, all occurring in South America, except E. redimiculum Qi, Shi, Lin et Wang, 2013 from China. The larvae of four unknown morphotypes from Brazil are described by Trivinho-Strixino & Pepinelli (2015) and keys to male adults and larvae of all species are also provided. The larvae are associated with aquatic macrophytes, decayed leaves, wood and fruits in lotic and lentic habitats.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF5122A2FB56A1FE.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Colon Province, Canal Zone, Gamboa, Rio Agua Salud, 1 male, July 1967, light trap, leg W. W. Wirth; as previous except Gamboa, Pipeline Road, 1 male, July 1967, light trap, leg W. W. Wirth; Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 24 May 1964, light trap, leg S. & D. Duckworth (Wirth 1979).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF5122A2FB56A1FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Florida, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, West Indies.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF512028FBD1A75B.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Las Cumbres, 23 November 1977, leg R. W. Flowers (Conteras-Lichtenberg 1982).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF512028FBD1A75B.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Colombia, Costa Rica, Florida, Panama, Venezuela.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF512382FA9CA277.taxon	discussion	A genus of 15 named species mainly distributed in the Neotropical region (tropical and subtropical Central and South America), but several species reach their northern limits in southeastern USA (Donato & Andersen 2022). The larvae of Goeldichironomus are mostly found in sediments, on plants or in floating mats of vegetation in lentic habitats, in fresh to brackish water, and in oligotrophic to hypereutrophic conditions (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF51278EFD43A69A.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 22 February 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF51278EFD43A69A.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF5126CCFB3BA416.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Curundu, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, 9 males 46 females, 25 December 1957 – 7 January 1958, at light, leg C. Earl Smith (Roback 1962).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF91FF5126CCFB3BA416.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Costa Rica, Florida, Panama, Venezuela, West Indies.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3CFF90FF512440FAAFA3EB.taxon	discussion	A genus with a single named species, L. agrayloides (Kieffer, 1911) distributed in the Neotropical, Nearctic, and Palaearctic regions. Other species referred to as Lauterborniella in the literature belong either to Zavreliella Kieffer, 1920 or to Kribiodorum Kieffer, 1921, or their generic affinities are unclear (Epler et al. 2013). The larvae are mobile amongst submerged vegetation in small bodies of standing water (Epler et al. 2013). In Brazilian streams they have also been found in accumulations of litter attached to stones (Sanseverino & Nessimian 2001).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF90FF51225FFDEEA125.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 22 February 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF90FF51225FFDEEA125.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF90FF51219CFE1BA021.taxon	discussion	A genus of> 20 species restricted to the Neotropical region. The larvae can be found associated with freshwater sponges or submerged wood in streams and rivers (Fusari et al. 2014). Species associated with sponges were revised by Fusari et al. (2014).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF90FF5126B4FDEDA59D.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 2 males, February – March 1986, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF90FF5126B4FDEDA59D.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF90FF512748FDC7A65D.taxon	discussion	The genus has a worldwide distribution with at least 30 species in the Holarctic region and 20 species in the Neotropical region (Trivinho-Strixino et al. 2010; Epler et al. 2013). The adults of the Neotropical species were revised by Spies et al. (1994). Larvae are found in lentic and lotic water bodies under a wide range of conditions, including leaf miners in submerged macrophytes; they also live in association with Bryozoa or are ectoparasites on other invertebrates (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF97FF5125CAFED2A2BF.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Colon Province, Gamboa, 1 male, 2 January 1984, leg W. Nentwig, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.). Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 22 February 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF97FF5125CAFED2A2BF.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Argentina, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3DFF97FF5125CAFED2A2BF.taxon	discussion	Notes. Spies et al. (1994) treated Parachironomus supparilis (Edwards, 1931) as a “ superspecies ”. However, Spies (2008) stated that the treatment of P. supparilis (Edwards) as a superspecies is untenable and split the species in three separately valid species: P. supparilis (Edwards) distributed in the southern Andean eastern slope south to Tierra del Fuego, P. valdiviensis Spies, 2008 from two localities in southern and central Chile and P. longistilus Paggi, 1977 distributed from northeast Argentina north to southeast U. S. A. One of the specimens from Panama was collected in connection with a study on the feeding ecology of the tropical spitting spider Scytodes longipes (Nentwig 1985).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3AFF97FF5121C3FD6EA0B7.taxon	discussion	A genus of nearly 40 named species that occur in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions and in the Holarctic realm (Qi et al. 2009). For South America there are only records of unnamed species (Roque et al. 2004; Trivinho-Strixino 2011). The larvae are found in lakes, ponds, small water bodies, bogs, and hot springs and in streams and rivers in soft sediments and sandy bottoms (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3AFF96FF5125F0FAB9A3EB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Renacimiento District, Reserva Privado Landis, Quebrada sin nombre, 4 males, 30 December 2021 – 15 January 2022, Malaise trap, leg M. Landis. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 102, Bugaba District, Quebrada La Vuelta, San Andrés Bugaba, Finca la Esperanza, 1 male, 8 – 21 April 2022, Malaise trap, leg Y. Aquirre & T. Rios. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Gualaca District, Quebrada Grande, 8 males, 27 February 2019, light trap, leg Y Aguirre. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 8 males, 28 November 2018, light trap, leg K. Castillo. Veraguas Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Honda, 3 males, 18 February 2018, leg B. Armitage; as previous except 5 males, 6 February 2019. Panamá Oeste Province, Barro Colorado Island, 8 males, 22 February 1986, leg H. Malicky [ZSM].	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3AFF97FF5127DBFDEBA581.taxon	discussion	The largest genus of Chironomidae, with> 500 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. Based on imaginal characters, eight subgenera were recognized by Saether et al. (2010), namely Tripedilum Kieffer, 1921; Polypedilum s. str.; Pentapedilum Kieffer, 1913; Tripodura Townes, 1945; Uresipedilum Oyewo et Saether, 1998; Cerobregma Saether et Sundal, 1999; Kribionympha Kieffer, 1921; and Probolum Andersen et Saether, 2010. However, the delimitation of the subgenera was questioned by Yamamoto & Yamamoto (2015) and Cranston et al. (2016). The position of Asheum is unclear but it is usually treated as a subgenus within Polypedilum (see Pinho & Silva 2020). The larva of Polypedilum occur in virtually all still and flowing waters, except in the Arctic and at high elevation. They are mostly found in sediments, mining water plants or specializing in plant-held waters (phytotelmata) (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF51225FFDEDA12A.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, Curundu, 1 male, 28 December 1957, leg C. Earl Smith (Roback 1962).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF51225FFDEDA12A.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF51219CFBCDA73D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Renacimiento District, Reserva Privado Landis, Quebrada sin nombre, 5 males, 30 December 2021 – 15 January 2022, Malaise trap, leg M. Landis. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 102, Bugaba District, Quebrada La Vuelta, San Andrés Bugaba, Finca la Esperanza, 2 males, 8 – 21 April 2022, Malaise trap, leg Y. Aquirre & T. Rios. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 104, Bugaba District, La Concepcíon, Rio Güigala, Vias del Ferrocarril, Puente Antiguo, 1 male, 13 March 2021, light trap, leg Y. Aquirre & T. Rios. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, David District, San Pablo Viejo, Rio Platanal, puente vía Interamericana antes de llegar a la entrada de Bagala, 29 males, 12 April 2021, leg Y. Aquirre & T. Rios. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Gualaca District, Quebrada Grande, 8 males, 27 February 2019, light trap, leg Y. Aguirre. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 25 males, 28 November 2018, light trap, leg K. Castillo. Panamá Oeste Province, Barro Colorado Island, 8 males, 22 February 1986, leg H. Malicky [ZSM].	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF512794FD76A6A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, David District, San Pablo Viejo, Rio Platanal, puente vía Interamericana antes de llegar a la entrada de Bagala, 1 male, 12 April 2021, leg Y. Aquirre & T. Rios. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Grande, Valle Escondido, Condo unit 157 - G, 1 male, 12 April 2021, light trap, leg B. Armitage; as previous except 17 males, March – April 2022.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF512794FD76A6A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Guatemala, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF51240FFD43A4E9.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 10 March 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF51240FFD43A4E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E3BFF96FF51251DFD47A5C4.taxon	discussion	A genus of> 100 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. The genus was revised by Borkent (1984), describing Petalopholeus as a new subgenus. South American species were treated by Dantas et al. (2016). The larvae are obligate miners in living or dead vegetation including woody parts of plants, in both lentic and lotic situations (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF512382FD75A296.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 10 March 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF512382FD75A296.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF5122C0FCE3A1F5.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 female (paratype), 25 February 1967 (Borkent 1984). As previous except 1 male, 10 March 1986, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF5122C0FCE3A1F5.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF5127B5FCAEA659.taxon	discussion	A genus with ~ 20 species distributed in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, Oriental, and Australasian regions. The genus was revised by Fusari et al. (2013). The larvae of almost all species are obligate miners in freshwater sponges in standing and flowing waters (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF512689FDEDA598.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 2 March 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF512689FDEDA598.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E38FF95FF5125CEFF63A497.taxon	discussion	A genus of more than ten described species that occur only in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions (Pinho & Souza 2013; Bello-González et al. 2016). Known larvae are miners in immersed wood in running waters (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF5125CFFA92A4BB.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 20 described species from the Neotropical, Nearctic and Western Palaearctic regions. Eleven species are described from the Neotropical region (Paggi & Rodriguez-Garay 2015; Shimabukuro et al. 2017; Trivinho-Strixino & Shimabukuro 2018; Andersen 2023; Andersen et al. 2023). Larvae favour sandy or gravelly littoral sediments, primarily in meso- or oligotrophic lakes or in large, slow flowing rivers (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF512383FCDDA296.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Colon Province, Canal Zone, Gamboa, Rio Agua Salud, 1 male, July 1967, light trap, leg W. W. Wirth (Sublette & Wirth 1972).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF512383FCDDA296.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Jamaica, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF5122C0FDEDA1D1.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, February – March 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF5122C0FDEDA1D1.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF5120F9FBEFA784.taxon	discussion	A genus with ~ 15 species; according to Fusari et al. (2017), 13 of these are known from tropical South America. The genus was revised by Reiss (1990). The larvae build transportable cases and move among submerged vegetation in standing water but can also be found in sediments in flowing waters (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF5127F2FC2FA553.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 3 males, February – March 1986, light trap, leg H. Malicky, det. F. Reiss [ZSM] (M. Spies, pers. comm.). Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Gualaca District, Quebrada Grande, 1 male, 27. February 2019, UV light trap, leg Y. Aquirre. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Grande, Valle Escondido, near tennis courts, 1 male, 27 February 2019, UV light trap, leg B. Armitage.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E39FF94FF5127F2FC2FA553.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E26FF8BFF51254EFF51A417.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, David District, San Pablo Viejo, Rio Platanal, puente vía Interamericana antes de llegar a la entrada de Bagala, 1 male, 12 April 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E26FF8BFF5127E6FC28A51B.taxon	discussion	A genus divided into two subgenera, Cladotanytarsus s. str. Kieffer, 1921 and Lenziella Kieffer, 1922, with 73 and 7 described valid species respectively (Giłka 2011; Puchalski et al. 2018; Giłka & Puchalski 2018). Except for Antarctica, the genus is distributed in all zoogeographical regions including Oceania (Giłka & Dobosz 2015). No named species are recorded from South America, but larval morphotypes have been reported from Brazil (Roque et al. 2004). Larvae construct sessile cases of fine detritus and have been found in streams and larger rivers, lakes, and ponds, as well as in brackish water and hot springs (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E26FF8BFF512442FA11A4E8.taxon	discussion	A genus with seven described extant species that occur in the Neotropical and Australasian regions; the geographical distribution of all Nandeva has been recently analysed by Andersen et al. (2011) and Giłka et al. (2016). The only described larvae were found in semi-immersed leaf litter packs in a tropical stream in Australia (Cranston 2019 b).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E26FF8BFF51219AFB4DA04F.taxon	discussion	A transantarctic genus of more than 20 named species that occurs in South and Central America (Trivinho-Strixino & Shimabukuro 2018; Andersen & Sanz-laParra 2023; Andersen et al. 2024), and the Austro-Pacific region (Cranston 2019 a). In South America larva of R. truncatocaudata (Edwards, 1931) occurs in habitats characterised by high amounts of fine organic particles in both lotic and lentic systems (Trivinho-Strixino et al. 2009).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF512382FC50A14E.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 6 February – 25 March 1986, leg H. Malicky [ZSM] (Saether & Roque 2004).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF512382FC50A14E.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Panama, Venezuela.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF512382FC50A14E.taxon	discussion	Note. The species was originally described based on pupa exuviae only. Saether & Roque (2004: 68) described the male, and Andersen et al. (2011: 55, fig. 25) illustrated the male superior volsella. However, there are no direct association between the pupal exuviae and the male. According to Saether & Roque (2004) the males they described are all from the same localities and collected at the same dates as the pupal exuviae types and they assumed that they belong to N. tropica. Further, the specimen from Panama has a less distinct banding pattern on the posterior tergites, is lacking the antenna and could conceivably belong to a separate species.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF5120D8FD84A681.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 1 male, 28 November 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo; as previous except 1 male, 6 February 2019. Ngäbe Buglé Comarca, Cuenca 93, Bosque Protector Palo Seco, Alto del Valle, Quebrada Martínez, detrás de la Caseta de MiAmbiente, 1 male, 13 – 29 September 2019, Malaise trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos; as previous except 2 males, 29 September – 11 October 2019.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF5120D8FD84A681.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF5120D8FD84A681.taxon	discussion	Note. Prior to the present paper, this species was known from a single site in Costa Rica, where males were collected in a Malaise trap situated close to a small, fast flowing stream with substrate of stones and gravel (Kyerematen & Andersen 2002).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF5126F1FBC2A4BB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 102, Bugaba District, Quebrada La Vuelta, San Andrés Bugaba, Finca la Esperanza, 1 male, 8 – 22 April 2022, Malaise trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 104, Bugaba District, La Concepcíon, Rio Güigala, Vias del Ferrocarril, Puente Antiguo, 1 male, 12 March 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 1 male, 14 September 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo; as previous except 2 males, 28 November 2018; as previous except 3 males, 15 January 2019; as previous except 3 males, 6 February 2019; as previous except 1 male, 27 November 2019.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF5126F1FBC2A4BB.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF5126F1FBC2A4BB.taxon	discussion	Note. Adult males are photophilous, sampled mostly using light traps, at rivers.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E27FF8AFF5121B8FBC8A06E.taxon	discussion	A genus with ~ 100 species distributed in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. The Central American and Mexican species were reviewed by Kyerematen & Andersen (2002); the Rheotanytarsus pellucidus group was revised by Kyerematen et al. (2000). The larvae are rheobiontic, occurring in streams, large rivers, and the littoral of lakes where wave action simulates the action of flowing water (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF512382FD09A1FE.taxon	description	Kyerematen et Andersen, 2002: 37 [Mexico].	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF512382FD09A1FE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 104, Bugaba District, La Concepcíon, Rio Güigala, Vias del Ferrocarril, Puente Antiguo, 2 males, 12 March 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, David District, San Pablo Viejo, Rio Platanal, puente vía Interamericana antes de llegar a la entrada de Bagala, 1 male, 12 February 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos; as previous except 19 males, 12 April 2021. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Gualaca District, Río Majagua, Potrerillos, Banquito de Palmira, 1 male, 20 June – 4 July 2019, Malaise trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada sin nombre, 5 km NE Volcán Barú cráter, 3 males, 8 May 2017, UV light trap, leg E. Àlvarez, E. Peréz & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF512382FD09A1FE.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF512382FD09A1FE.taxon	discussion	Note. So far known from a single male recorded from a fast-flowing lowland river with stony and sandy substratum in Mexico (Kyerematen & Andersen 2002). Adult males are photophilous - both Mexican and Panamanian specimens were mostly sampled using light traps, at rivers and streams. Probably one of the most common Rheotanytarsus species in Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF512028FBCAA7CC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Tierras Altas District, Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve, Quebrada Norte, 3 males, 26 – 28 December 2017, Malaise trap, leg B. Armitage & J. Dietrich. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Grande, Valle Escondido, Condo unit 157 - G, 1 male, 18 March 2022, UV light trap, leg B. Armitage. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada sin nombre, 5 km NE Volcán Barú crater, 16 males, 8 May 2017, leg E. Àlvarez, E. Peréz & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF512028FBCAA7CC.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF512028FBCAA7CC.taxon	discussion	Note. Originally known from a single site close to a small, fast flowing stream with substrate of stones and gravel in Costa Rica (Kyerematen & Andersen 2002). Adult males are photophilous.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E24FF89FF51243DFAF4A4C1.taxon	discussion	A genus of six species that occur in the Neotropical, Nearctic, and Oriental regions. The genus was revised by Pinho et al. (2009). The larvae are unknown. However, they can be expected to construct transportable cases of sand grains and small wood- or plant remains, as seen in the larvae of other species in the subtribe Zavreliina Saether, 1977.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF88FF512382FCA1A2DF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Colon Province, Gamboa, 1 male, 9 August 1983, leg W. Nentwig; as previous except 1 male, 27 December 1983 (Pinho et al. 2009).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF88FF512382FCA1A2DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF88FF512382FCA1A2DF.taxon	discussion	Note. The specimens from Panama were collected in connection with a study on the feeding ecology of the tropical spitting spider Scytodes longipes (Nentwig 1985).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF88FF512108FBF3A1DA.taxon	discussion	A genus of at least 20 species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. The larvae construct long, curved, tapered, transportable cases of fine sand and silt. They are eurytopic, occurring in springs, streams, larger rivers, lakes, brackish water, moorland pools, and in thermal springs (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF88FF512516FCFEA406.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Tierras Altas District, Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve, Quebrada Norte, 1 male, 26 – 28 December 2017, Malaise trap, leg B. Armitage & J. Dietrich.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF88FF512516FCFEA406.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF88FF51272CFF63A6A3.taxon	discussion	A species-rich genus with approximately 400 described extant species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica, including 100 species known from the Neotropics (Dantas et al. 2022, 2023; Dantas & Giłka 2024). A molecular phylogeny of the genus was presented by Lin et al. (2018), placing Caladomyia as a junior synonym of Tanytarsus. The larvae are found in all types of freshwaters, with some marine, and at least one terrestrial species. The freshwater species usually construct long, soft tubes that are fixed to the bottom substrate (Epler et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF8FFF512473FDDDA253.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 1 male, 14 September 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo; as previous except 3 males, 28 November 2018; as previous except 2 males, 15 January 2019; as previous except 5 males, 6 February 2019.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF8FFF512473FDDDA253.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Ecuador, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E25FF8FFF512473FDDDA253.taxon	discussion	Note. Adult males are photophilous.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF512286FC2CA1F9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 106, Boquerón District, Río Chirigagua, puente antes de llegar al Hotel Los Delfines, 1 male (paratype), 12 April 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos. Ngäbe Buglé Comarca, Cuenca 93, Bosque Protector Palo Seco, Alto del Valle, Quebrada Martínez, detrás de la Caseta de MiAmbiente, 1 male (paratype), 9 April 2019, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF512286FC2CA1F9.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF512286FC2CA1F9.taxon	discussion	Note. Adult males were found at streams and rivers, photophilous.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF51202BFC0BA739.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 2 males, 28 November 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo; as previous except 1 male, 6 March 2019.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF51202BFC0BA739.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF512769FD43A69F.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Barro Colorado Island, 2 males, February – March 1986, leg H. Malicky [ZSM] (Sanseverino 2006).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF512769FD43A69F.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Venezuela. The species is known also from the USA (California).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF5126CAFD43A5E2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, David District, San Pablo Viejo, Rio Platanal, puente vía Interamericana antes de llegar a la entrada de Bagala, 1 male, 12 April 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8FFF5126CAFD43A5E2.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8EFF51242EFB34A3EB.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, March 1986, leg H. Malicky [ZSM] (Vinogradova et al. 2009). Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Gualaca District, Quebrada Grande, 2 males, 27 February 2019, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E22FF8EFF51242EFB34A3EB.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E23FF8EFF5125CFFF63A4E3.taxon	discussion	A genus of 30 named species that occur mostly in the Neotropical region, but are also found in the Nearctic, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions (Ashe & O’Connor 2012; Andersen & Hagenlund 2017). The genus was reviewed by Mendes et al. (2004, 2011) and Mendes & Andersen (2008). Known larvae from South America appear to be terrestrial or semi-terrestrial as they have been collected in moss and lichens on stones and tree trunks; a North American species has been found in seeps near streams and impoundments (Mendes et al. 2004; Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E23FF8EFF51225EFD43A12A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 104, Bugaba District, La Concepción, Rio Güigala, Vias del Ferrocarril, Punte Antigua, 1 male, 12 March 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E23FF8EFF51225EFD43A12A.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E23FF8EFF51219FFD43A065.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 102, Bugaba District, afluente sin nombre de Rio Cueta, San Andrés Bugaba, Finca la Esperanza, 1 male, 8 – 21 April 2022, Malaise trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E23FF8EFF51219FFD43A065.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E23FF8EFF5120DDFC24A7CB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, David District, San Pablo Viejo, Rio Platanal, puente vía Interamericana antes de llegar a la entrada de Bagala, 2 males, 12 April 2021, UV light trap, leg Y. Aguirre & T. Ríos.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E23FF8EFF5120DDFC24A7CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Southern and central Chile, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF512382FC4AA296.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Veraguas Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Honda, 8 males, 18 February 2018, UV light trap, leg B. Armitage.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF512382FC4AA296.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF5121C4FCD5A713.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Canal Zone, Curundu, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, 1 male (holotype), 25 December 1957, at light, leg C. Earl Smith; as previous except 1 female (allotype); as previous except 4 males, 1 female (paratypes), 25 – 28 December 1957 (Roback 1962).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF5121C4FCD5A713.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Panama,? St. Vincent.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF5122C0FC50A192.taxon	discussion	A species-rich genus with ~ 123 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions, except Antarctica and Oceania. Neotropical and Mexican species were reviewed by Wang et al. (2006). The larvae of most species are terrestrial or semi-terrestrial, but a few are aquatic (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF512746FF63A633.taxon	discussion	A genus of 20 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica and Oceania. The Neotropical species were reviewed by Andersen et al. (2016). The larvae live in fast-flowing waters and are often associated with the immature stages of blackflies (Simuliidae), on which they are reported to be predaceous (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF512666FD52A572.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 14 males, 14 November 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF512666FD52A572.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E20FF8DFF5125BEFB6BA4E5.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 270 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. Seven subgenera are recognized, namely Cricotopus s. str.; Isocladius Kieffer, 1909; Maurius Lehmann, 1981; Nostocladius Ashe et Murray, 1980; Oliveiriella Wiedenbrug et Fittkau, 1997; Paratrichocladius Santos Abreu, 1918; and Pseudocricotopus Nishida, 1987 (see Ashe & O’Connor 2012; Andersen et al. 2013; Cranston & Krosch 2015). The larvae inhabit all types of freshwaters including saline coastal waters. They are frequently associated with aquatic plants, including algae, and some mine living parts of aquatic macrophytes (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E21FF8CFF512382FA18A2D5.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Canal Zone, Curundu, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, 1 male (holotype), 25 December 1957, at light, leg C. Earl Smith (Roback 1962).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E21FF8CFF512382FA18A2D5.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E21FF8CFF512382FA18A2D5.taxon	discussion	Note. Ashe & O’Connor (2012) consider the species as a subgenerically unplaced valid species of Cricotopus.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E21FF8CFF51210DFDEDA05A.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Canal Zone, Curundu, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, 1 female (holotype), 29 December 1957, at light, leg C. Earl Smith; as previous except 1 male (allotype); as previous except 9 males, 42 females (paratypes), 25 December 1957 – 4 January 1958 (Roback 1962).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E21FF8CFF51210DFDEDA05A.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E21FF8CFF5127C8FCCAA69A.taxon	discussion	A genus of> 90 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Oceania. Saether (1990 a, b) revised the Holarctic, Afrotropical, and Neotropical species of the genus. The larvae are eurytopic, including aquatic, semiterrestrial, and terrestrial habitats (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E21FF8CFF512408FD8EA4DA.taxon	discussion	A genus of 18 named species that occur in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions. The Neotropical and Mexican species were reviewed by Andersen & Mendes (2002 b). The immatures are likely terrestrial (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF512382FAABA2F9.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Colon, Canal Zone, 1 male (holotype), 2 – 14 July 1979, canopy fogging, leg E. Broadhead et al. (Saether 1985).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF512382FAABA2F9.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF512382FAABA2F9.taxon	discussion	Note. Based on material collected in Zuruquí, Costa Rica, Epler (2017) could not separate Mesosmittia truncata from M. patrihortae Saether, 1986 and considered M. truncata to be a junior synonym of M. patrihortae.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF512129FE87A03D.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 75 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica and Oceania. Three subgenera are recognized, namely Metriocnemus s. str.; Crymaleomyia Ashe et O’Connor, 2000; and Inermipupa Langton et Cobo, 1997 (see Ashe & O’Connor 2012). A review of the genus was given by Saether (1995). The larvae occur in mosses, phytotelmata, springs, ditches, streams, and lakes and a few species are hygropetric (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF51274DFB0CA635.taxon	discussion	A genus of 35 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica and the Neotropical region. The genus is recorded from South America based on unnamed larvae from Brazil, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela (Roback & Coffman 1983; Ospina-Torres et al. 1999; Trivinho-Strixino 2011). Larvae of Parametriocnemus are found in springs and relatively fast flowing cold streams and rivers (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF51266DFCFCA5BF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Tierras Altas District, Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve, Quebrada Norte, 7 males, 26 – 28 December 2017, Malaise trap, leg B. Armitage & J. Dietrich. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 3 males, 14 November 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF51266DFCFCA5BF.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Guatemala, Panama, St. Vincent.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2EFF83FF5125EAFDD2A4DF.taxon	discussion	One named species, P. exagitans Johannsen, 1905, has been recorded from Costa Rica and Guatemala (Sublette & Sasa 1994; Saether & Wang 1995). The latter authors suggest that all South American records of the genus likely belong to the subspecies P. e. longipes Saether & Wang, 1995. Larval habitats vary from terrestrial to lentic and lotic aquatic habitats (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF512382FB45A2DE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Tierras Altas District, Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve, Quebrada Norte, 4 males, 26 – 28 December 2017, Malaise trap, leg B. Armitage & J. Dietrich. Veraguas Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Honda, 1 male, 18 February 2018, leg B. Armitage.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF512382FB45A2DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama, St. Vincent, Trinidad.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF512108FB84A1DA.taxon	discussion	A genus of> 100 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions, except Antarctica. Andersen et al. (2010) reviewed the Neotropical species, and a revision of the genus was given by Ferrington & Saether (2011). Most larvae appear to be semiterrestrial to semiaquatic (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF51200CFEF5A760.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Tierras Altas District, Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve, Quebrada Norte, 1 male, 26 – 28 December 2017, Malaise trap, leg B. Armitage & J. Dietrich. Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 1 male, 14 November 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF51200CFEF5A760.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, St. Vincent, Venezuela.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF5126D5FCF9A5BC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriquí Province, Cuenca 108, Boquete District, Quebrada Jaramillo Abajo, 2 males, 28 November 2018, UV light trap, leg K. Castillo.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF5126D5FCF9A5BC.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Bolivia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF5127D1FE18A67D.taxon	discussion	A genus of 18 named species that occur in the Nearctic, Neotropical, and Australasian zoogeographical regions. Eleven species are recorded from South America (Saether & Cranston 2012). The larvae are hyporheic in sand (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2FFF82FF5125EAFC80A4BB.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 55 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. The Neotropical species were reviewed by Wiedenbrug et al. (2013). The larvae occur in most lotic habitats, from fast-flowing streams to slow-flowing ditches and rivers (Andersen et al. 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF81FF512534FDB4A406.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 20 described species that occur in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Afrotropical, and Australasian regions. A key to the males of the Neotropical species was given by Paggi & Zilli (2018). The larvae inhabit benthic sediments of lakes, including artificial impoundments, slow flowing reaches of rivers, and old riverbeds (Cranston & Epler 2013). The genus can be very abundant in Amazonian flood-plain lakes and in wetlands in southern Brazil (Fonseca Leal et al. 2004; Panatta et al. 2007).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF81FF51214EFAF0A03B.taxon	discussion	A genus of 48 named species that occurs in all zoogeographical regions except the Afrotropical and Oriental regions and Oceania. South America is the most diverse region with 27 named species, while two species, P. crozetensis Serra-Tosio, 1986 and P. steinenii (Gercke, 1889) are known from Antarctica (Ashe & O’Connor 2009). The larvae are found mostly in torrents and mountain streams, but also in lakes (Brundin 1966; Saether & Andersen 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF81FF51206EFF7AA652.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Panama, Chiriqui Province, Cuenca 102, Tierras Altas District, Mount Totumas Cloud Forest and Biological Reserve, Quebrada Norte, 1 male, 26 – 28 December 2017, Malaise trap, leg B. Armitage & J. Dietrich.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF81FF51206EFF7AA652.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF81FF51206EFF7AA652.taxon	discussion	Note. The species belongs to the Parochlus araucanus group, a group of species that cannot be identified with certainty based on male adults alone. The group is distributed in continental South America and apparently only Parochlus kiefferi has spread to the Holarctic region through the mountains in Central America (see Bello-González et al. 2024 b). Awaiting more material from Panama, including immatures, we list the species as P. kiefferi (Garret).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF81FF512382FCFCA2D3.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Province, Canal Zone, Curundu, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, 1 male (holotype), 29 December 1957, at light, leg C. Earl Smith (Roback 1962).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF81FF512382FCFCA2D3.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Guatemala, Panama, St. Vincent.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF80FF512470FD34A20F.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 2 males 1 female, April 1940; as previous except 1 male 1 female, 31 August 1940; as previous except 1 male, September – October 1940; as previous except 1 female, July 1941 (Roback 1964).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2CFF80FF512470FD34A20F.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Cuba, Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2DFF87FF5125EBFE35A3EB.taxon	discussion	A genus of nearly 100 described species that occur in all zoogeographical regions, except Antarctica; it is currently the most speciose genus in Tanypodinae. Four subgenera, Ablabesmyia s. str., Asaya Roback, 1985, Karelia Roback, 1971, and Sartaia Roback, 1983 are recognized (see Ashe & O’Connor 2009). Most Neotropical species probably belong in Ablabesmyia s. str., but as pointed out by several authors, many South American species cannot be assigned to subgenus with certainty (see Neubern et al. 2013). Many of the recently described species are thus not assigned to subgenus. The Neotropical species were reviewed by Neubern et al. (2013). The larvae occur in a wide variety of habitats, including small and large standing and flowing waters from cold temperate to warm tropical climate zones (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2DFF80FF51227BFCBDA149.taxon	materials_examined	Material Recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 6 females, July 1941 (Roback 1965).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2DFF80FF51227BFCBDA149.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Mexico, Panama, Surinam.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2DFF80FF5121B8FE7BA75B.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 female, 16 January 1935; Panamá Province, Curundu, Albrook (Holbrook (sic. )) Air Force Base, 1 male, 3 August 1957, leg C. Earl Smith (Roback 1965).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2DFF80FF5121B8FE7BA75B.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics.? Argentina,? Bolivia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama,? Venezuela.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2DFF80FF5121B8FE7BA75B.taxon	discussion	Note. Roback (1962: 1) recorded Coelotanypus neotropicus (Kieffer, 1917) from Panama. However, Roback (1965: 40) calls his own earlier record of C. neotropicus a misidentification of C. scapularis (Loew); see also note 49 in Spies & Reiss (1996: 93).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2DFF80FF51278FFCBFA657.taxon	discussion	The only included species, N. viridis Roback, 1982, is known from Colombia (Roback 1982) and Surinam. Other life stages have not been associated directly, but tentatively assigned females from Surinam and Panama are in the collection at Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2AFF87FF512137FE35A007.taxon	discussion	A genus of six species that occur in the Neotropical and Oriental regions. Currently, three species are known from Southern and Central America and Florida (Roback & Rutter 1985; Silva et al. 2014; Dantas et al. 2016). Unnamed material at ZSM includes an adult male from Panama (Spies & Reiss 1996). The larvae have been found in ditches and ponds with dense macrophyte stands and can tolerate low dissolved oxygen and high iron concentrations (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2AFF87FF51272BFE35A7FB.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 40 named species distributed in the Neotropical, Nearctic, Palaearctic, and Oriental regions. The genus was revised by Silva et al. (2014). The larvae live in small, standing water bodies as well as in streams and rivers (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2AFF87FF51262FFDEDA53A.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama, Panamá Oeste Province, Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 1 male, 10 March 1986, leg H. Malicky (Silva et al. 2014).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2AFF87FF51262FFDEDA53A.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Panama.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2AFF86FF512444FF63A3C7.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 30 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. Neubern & Silva (2011) described two new species from the Neotropical region and presented a checklist of the Larsia species of the world. In the Southern Hemisphere the larvae are associated with both lotic and lentic warm waters (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2BFF86FF5122EBFC03A1BB.taxon	discussion	A genus of 12 named species distributed in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica and Oceania. Three species are described from Brazil (Andersen & Pinho 2019; Shimabukuro et al. 2021). The larvae inhabit flowing waters, especially areas with sandy beds (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2BFF86FF5120C7FD85A76F.taxon	discussion	A genus of ~ 20 named species occurring in the Nearctic, Palaearctic, Afrotropical, and Oriental regions. Unnamed species were reported from Costa Rica by Watson & Heyn (1992). The larvae are found in both lotic and lentic waters (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E2BFF86FF5126B3FBF9A5ED.taxon	discussion	Recently Silva & Ekrem (2016) formally placed the genus Paramerina Fittkau as a synonym of Zavrelimyia Fittkau. The genus now comprises ~ 50 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. Larvae of Zavrelimyia s. str. are, with few exceptions, more or less cold stenothermic and in temperate regions of the Holarctic primarily inhabitants of sandy or detritus rich sediments of springs and lentic habitats of stream sections close to springs. Larvae of Zavrelimyia (Paramerina) are eurythermic, living in a variety of standing waters of all sizes, but are also present in small lotic habitats including pools in rivers (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E28FF85FF5123CAFF63A2E7.taxon	discussion	The second most speciose genus of Tanypodinae, with ~ 70 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. Four subgenera are recognized, namely Procladius s. str., Holotanypus Roback, 1982, Laurotanypus Oliveira, Messias et Silva-Vasconcellos, 1992, and Psilotanypus Kieffer, 1906 (see Ashe & O’Connor 2009; Dantas & Hamada 2018). The larvae prefer muddy substrate of standing or slow-flowing water bodies, especially ponds and small lakes, but a few also inhabit the profundal zone of large, deep lakes (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E28FF85FF512072FD52A727.taxon	discussion	A genus of> 30 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica and Oceania. Two subgenera are recognized, namely Tanypus s. str. and Apelopia Roback, 1971 (see Ashe & O’Connor 2009). The larvae live in sediments in standing and slowly flowing waters, especially in temperate to warm regions, where they can tolerate high salinity (Cranston & Epler 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E28FF85FF51256AFB2EA47E.taxon	materials_examined	Material recorded. Panama (Wirth 1969).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E28FF85FF51256AFB2EA47E.taxon	distribution	Distribution in Neotropics. Florida, Mexico, Panama, “ West Indies ”.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E28FF85FF51256AFB2EA47E.taxon	discussion	Note. Wirth (1969) states that the species is distributed “ to Panama and the West Indies ”.	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
1C04CD046E28FF85FF5126B2FB26A53F.taxon	discussion	A genus of 12 named species that occur in all zoogeographical regions except Antarctica. The larvae live in the intertidal marine zone, particularly in the warmer seas of the world (Cranston & Ashe 2013).	en	Armitage, Brian J., Andersen, Trond, Giłka, Wojciech, Castillo Sánchez, Kayla N., Ríos González, Tomás A., Aguirre, Yusseff P. (2025): The Diptera of Panama. II. A first benchmark for the family Chironomidae. Zootaxa 5613 (2): 201-240, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.2.1
