identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2E3487FC2B19482B96905749FE1FFDFF.text	2E3487FC2B19482B96905749FE1FFDFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenope Vörös 2013	<div><p>Sphenope gen. n.</p><p>Type species – Terebratula misilmerensis Gemmellaro, 1871 .</p><p>Diagnosis – Large terebratulids with subtriangular or bilobate outline; strongly biconvex, maximum convexity at mid-length. Beak moderately high; foramen large, mesothyrid. Marked beak ridges, deep planareas. Lateral commissures arched or run obliquely; anterior commissure nearly straight or ligate. Opposite sulci may be present. Shell smooth. Cardinal process massive, crenulated. Adductor muscle scars short, slightly divergent. Hinge plates reduced, crural processes crescentic. Loop narrow, short; transverse band faintly arched.</p><p>Etymology – Wedge-shaped; sphen, σφήν (greek) = wedge.</p><p>Species – S. misilmerensis (Gemmellaro, 1871), S. bifida sp. n.</p><p>Discussion – By its external appearance (large, smooth, laterally expanded) and simple internal morphology, Sphenope fits well to the family Pygopidae . It is imperforate, therefore its best place is in the subfamily Triangopinae, in the present classification.</p><p>Sphenope can be distinguished clearly from the other two genera of Triangopinae (Figs 1–12).</p><p>There are several differences from the contemporary ( Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) Triangope . In outline, Triangope shows cardinal protrusions (wider hinge margin), and nearly straight anterior margin, therefore it tends to be subpentagonal, while Sphenope has narrow hinge margin and straight or concave lateral margins, i.e. a more wedge-shaped outline. In lateral view, Triangope has straight lateral commissures in contrast to the oblique and ventrally arched lateral commissures of Sphenope . In cross section (at about the posterior one-third of the shells), Triangope does not show planareas, but the lateral commissures run in a deep furrow bordered by rounded swells, while Sphenope has deep and smooth planareas, delimited by marked beak ridges; the lateral commissures approach the ventral beak ridges. In anterior view, the commissure of Triangope shows a widely arched and mostly deep sinus, while the anterior commissure of Sphenope is straight to gently uniplicate, or tends to be ligate.</p><p>The differences between Sphenope and the Pliensbachian Securithyris are much fewer, though they are rather distant in time. In lateral view, Securithyris has straight commissures, in contrast to the oblique and ventrally arched lateral commissures of Sphenope .In cross section, the planareas of Securithyris are less deep and shorter and its beak ridges are weaker than those of Sphenope . Interestingly, the opposite sulci and the ligate anterior margin occur also in Securithyris, at the species S. filosa (Canavari, 1880) (see VÖRÖS 2009: pls XXIII–XXIV).</p><p>The above discussion emphasises the taxonomic significance of the features of the lateral regions of brachiopod shells. It is advised to give more importance to these features in the classification of brachiopod groups of simple morphology as for example the pygopides.</p><p>Distribution – Tithonian and Berriasian; Sicily (Italy), Bakony and Gerecse (Hungary).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E3487FC2B19482B96905749FE1FFDFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vörös, A.	Vörös, A. (2013): Sphenope, a new genus of Pygopidae (Terebratulida, Brachiopoda) from the Mediterranean Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 30: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17143592
2E3487FC2B1F48269670506CFE80FD4F.text	2E3487FC2B1F48269670506CFE80FD4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenope misilmerensis (Gemmellaro 1871)	<div><p>Sphenope misilmerensis (Gemmellaro, 1871)</p><p>(Figs 13–25)</p><p>Terebratula Misilmerensis, Gemm. – GEMMELLARO (1871): 5, pl. I, figs 6–7. Sicilia.</p><p>Triangope? misilmerensis (Gemmellaro, 1871) – VÖRÖS (2013): 401, pl. 5, figs 1–2. Gerecse (Hungary).</p><p>Material – 14 specimens; Gerecse, Sicily, early Tithonian to early Berriasian (Table 1) .</p><p>Measurements – L = 36.2; W = 32.2; T = 22.5 (specimen in Figs 13–16).</p><p>Description – External characters: This is a large pygopid with variable, elongated oval to subtriangular, wedge-shaped outline. In many cases the outline may be termed as “axiniform” (axe-shaped). The lateral margins are usually gently or deeply concave. The anterior margin forms an almost perfect half-circle. The outline can be even bell-shaped. The maximum width is usually attained at around the anterior quarter. The convexity of the valves varies from medium to strongly convex; the maximum convexity lies near mid-length in adult specimens, while it is in the posterior one-third in juveniles. The dorsal valve is markedly flattened as compared to the ventral one. The beak is moderately high, erect to incurved in convex adults. The foramen is mesothyrid. The delthyrium is barely seen. The hinge margins are short and they meet the lateral margins at an obtuse angle and elevated cardinal extremities are formed. There are wide and deep planareas, delimited by blunt but marked beak ridges. On these deeply concave planareas the lateral commissures run diagonally, arched ventrally and join the ventral beak ridges. Accordingly, the planarea lies mostly on the dorsal valve. The anterior commissure is rectimarginate to gently uniplicate. The surface of the shells is almost smooth, except fine, irregularly spaced growth lines or some stronger growth rugae. In decorticated specimens the surface of the inner mould shows a tributary pattern of simple mantle canals.</p><p>Internal characters (Fig. 22): The delthyrial cavity is rounded in cross section. The hinge teeth are well developed, strong; denticula is present. The cardinal process forms a wide platform with a markedly crenulated surface. There are definite, narrow and short, slightly divergent adductor muscle scars. The outer socket ridges are rather massive and wide. The inner socket ridges bend considerably over the sockets. The hinge plates are very much reduced; they grow from the medial part of the inner socket ridges and inclined dorsally at around 30°. Their ventral surface forms a coherent plate with the ventral part of the inner socket ridges. The crural bases are indistinct, point-like in cross section. The crural processes are subvertical and subparallel and crescentic in cross section. The posterior part of the loop was not recorded.</p><p>Remarks – This is an almost forgotten species; after the original description by GEMMELLARO (1871) it was mentioned only by HOFMANN (1884) in a faunal list from the Gerecse, but this specimen was discovered in the collections of the Geological and Geophysical Institute of Hungary. More recently, “ T. misilmerensis ” was synonymised with Triangope triangulus (Valenciennes, 1819) by DIENI &amp; MIDDLEMISS (1981: 40), but without any arguments. However, T. misilmerensis was correctly defined by GEMMELLARO (1871) who stressed the differences from T. triangulus, namely, T. misilmerensis is more convex, the lateral part is different and the median depression on the dorsal valve does not continue to the anterior margin, i.e. the anterior commissure has no sinus. Looking at Gemmellaro’s figures, one can see that the specimen has definite beak ridges (especially in the ventral valve), which delimit a long planarea, and the lateral commissure runs near the ventral beak ridge.</p><p>On the other hand, Gemmellaro’s figures are not the best in quality. The types of the species T. misilmerensis (now the type species of Sphenope) were housed at the Museo Geologico G. G. Gemmellaro, Palermo. Dr Carolina D’Arpa, the curator of the palaeontological collections kindly informed the present author that one of Gemmellaro’s figured specimens seemed to be lost. Furthermore, she sent photographs of other specimens of T. misilmerensis from the locality Montagna Grande; some of these are shown in Figures 23–25. This documentation convincingly supports that the specimens from the Gerecse (Figs 13–21) are rightly identified with S. misilmerensis .</p><p>As it was demonstrated above, in the definition of Sphenope gen. n., S. misilmerensis is clearly different from T. triangulus, which has straight lateral commissures, sulcate anterior commissure and no definite planarea. The outline of S. misilmerensis is securiform that is the anterior margin is semicircular, in contrast to the nearly straight or even retracted anterior margin of T. triangulus .</p><p>Distribution – Tithonian and Berriasian; Gerecse (Hungary), western Sicily (Italy).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E3487FC2B1F48269670506CFE80FD4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vörös, A.	Vörös, A. (2013): Sphenope, a new genus of Pygopidae (Terebratulida, Brachiopoda) from the Mediterranean Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 30: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17143592
2E3487FC2B12482296CA511CFE0DFDDC.text	2E3487FC2B12482296CA511CFE0DFDDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphenope bifida Vörös 2013	<div><p>Sphenope bifida sp. n.</p><p>(Figs 26–37)</p><p>Pygope janitor (Pictet, 1867) – FŐZY et al. 1994: 159 (pars), pl. 2, fig. 17 (non fig. 18). Gerecse</p><p>Triangope? aff. misilmerensis (Gemmellaro, 1871) – VÖRÖS 2013: 403, pl. 5, figs 3–5. Gerecse</p><p>Holotype – HNHM (Budapest), inventory number: PAL 2013.27.1.</p><p>Type locality – Borzavár (Szilas Ravine), Bakony Mountains, Hungary. Collected by József Konda in 1982.</p><p>Type layer – Bed 41, Pink, micritic limestone, Berriasian.</p><p>Paratype – HNHM (Budapest), inventory number: PAL 2013.28.1 .</p><p>Etymology – Bifidus (latin) = bifurcate, split.</p><p>Diagnosis – Large, triangular Sphenope with opposite sulci and ligate anterior part. Cardinal process well-developed. Hinge plates reduced, form coherent plate with inner socket ridge. Loop narrow; transverse band very low, projects anteriorly.</p><p>Material – 37 specimens; Gerecse, Bakony, Sicily, Tithonian and Berriasian (Table 1).</p><p>Measurements – L = 40.8; W = 44.5; T = 23.0 (holotype, Figs 26–28).</p><p>Description – External characters: This is a medium-sized Sphenope with rounded subtriangular, ligate outline. The lateral margins are usually straight or gently concave; the anterior margin is bilobed. The maximum width is attained at around the anterior third of the length. The valves are moderately ventribiconvex. The maximum convexity lies near mid-length. The beak is rather low, erect to slightly incurved. The beak ridges are very strong. The foramen is poorly seen; it seems to be mesothyrid. The delthyrium is poorly preserved, low. True planareas are deep, wide and long. The lateral commissures run diagonally and ventrally arched; they approach the ventral beak ridges; consequently, the planarea occupies mostly the dorsal valve. The anterior commissure is rectimarginate. A well-developed, deep sulcus starts near the posterior part of the dorsal valve and runs medially to the anterior margin. The ventral valve bears a similar medial sulcus. Accordingly, a ligate anterior part develops, which is deeply incised in typical cases. The surface of the shells is almost smooth, except fine, irregularly spaced growth lines.</p><p>Internal characters (Figs 36–37): There is a well-developed pedicle collar. The delthyrial cavity is rounded subcircular to subtrapezoidal in cross section showing the traces of muscle scars enhanced by thickenings of secondary shell material. The hinge teeth are very massive, strong; denticula are well-developed. There are thin, fused deltidial plates. The cardinal process is wide and forms an elevated platform with a markedly crenulated surface. The outer socket ridges are low and wide. The inner socket ridges bend considerably over the sockets. The hinge plates are strongly reduced; in some specimens they are somewhat masked by secondary shell material (callus). They are attached to the medial part of the inner socket ridges; their ventral surface forms a coherent plate with the ventral part of the inner socket ridges. The crural bases are narrow blade-like in cross section. The crural processes are subvertical and subparallel or crescentic in cross section. The loop is narrow and short; lateral flanges are not present. The transverse band is very low and forms the most distal part of the loop.</p><p>Remarks – The very remarkable bifid appearance of this species somewhat resembles the early (juvenile) stage of some species of Pygope, first of all P. janitor (Pictet, 1867) . But S. bifida is significantly different, because its lobes are narrowly spaced and the incision between the lobes is rather sharp. Moreover, their anterior commissure is straight, in contrast to the sulcate commissure of P. janitor . For this reason, the P. janitor specimens figured by FŐZY et al. (1994) now are partly included to S. bifida .</p><p>Further important features of our specimens are seen on their lateral parts: they have marked, long beak ridge, and wide, flat planarea (or at least the division of the planarea which falls to the dorsal valve). It is also seen that the lateral commissure runs diagonally and seem to approach the ventral side. These features are shared with S. misilmerensis (Gemmellaro, 1871), described above, therefore S. bifida is believed to have the same generic position. The bifidate appearance clearly separates it from the securiform S. misilmerensis .</p><p>A morphological variant of this species shows a pronounced dorsal sulcus but it is only incipiently bilobate (its anterior part is only faintly incised) and has a characteristic bell-shaped outline (Figs 34, 35). Only disarticulated valves of this form are available what is not sufficient to introduce a separate species. G. Vigh labelled one of the specimens figured here (Fig. 34) as “ Pygope triangulus excavatus ” but this name has never been published.</p><p>Distribution – Tithonian and Berriasian; Gerecse, Bakony (Hungary), western Sicily (Italy).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2E3487FC2B12482296CA511CFE0DFDDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Vörös, A.	Vörös, A. (2013): Sphenope, a new genus of Pygopidae (Terebratulida, Brachiopoda) from the Mediterranean Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 30: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17143592
