identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2C2987EF321AFFB171156E17FAE4FBFD.text	2C2987EF321AFFB171156E17FAE4FBFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema Becker 1894	<div><p>Genus Acanthocnema Becker, 1894</p><p>Acanthocnema Becker, 1894: 136 (preocc. Costa, 1859). Name conserved by ICZN (1954: 91).</p><p>Clinoceroides Hendel, 1917: 36 . Type species: Cordylura glaucescens Loew, 1864, by original designation.</p><p>Type species</p><p>Cordylura nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846, by original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The genus Acanthocnema is characterized by the following combination of characters (modified from Ozerov &amp; Krivosheina 2018): arista short pubescent basally, bare apically; palpus elongate, spatulate, without strong apical / subapical seta; proepisternum with setulae anterior to spiracle; anepisternum covered with setulae along dorsal margin and posteriorly only, without setulae posterior to anterior spiracle; katepisternum with one strong seta in posterodorsal corner; anepimeron bare; postmetacoxal bridge absent; fore femur with or without black spine-like setae ventrally; fore tibia with ventral apical spur, with or without rows of short spinules ventrally; scutellum with a pair of strong apical and a pair of strong basal setae; male sternite 5 usually bilobate posteriorly; ovipositor short and compact, proctiger shifted dorsally bearing long setae; female tergite and sternite 7 fused anteroventrally, tergite 7 subtriangular, strongly tapered and narrowly divided dorsally; female tergite 8 U-shaped, narrowly divided dorsally and encircling proctiger; female sternite 8 divided medially into pair of narrow, tapered lobes.</p><p>Eggs</p><p>The egg of A. glaucescens was illustrated by Hinton (1981: pl. 129) with the respiratory ridges or horns surrounding the plastron projecting above the jelly-mass of the host eggs.</p><p>Larvae</p><p>The larval instars of A. glaucescens were described and illustrated by Nelson (1992). The final instar is densely covered in setae, with posterior spiracles surrounded by well-developed lateral tubercles. The mouthhooks have dense and pronounced dentation. The prothoracic spiracles are bicornate with 17 papillae.</p><p>Puparium</p><p>The puparium was briefly described by Nelson (1992) and photographed by Purcell et al. (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF321AFFB171156E17FAE4FBFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF321BFFB5717F6872FCCCFC41.text	2C2987EF321BFFB5717F6872FCCCFC41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema albibarba (Loew 1869)	<div><p>Acanthocnema albibarba (Loew, 1869)</p><p>Figs 4–12, 63</p><p>Cordilura albibarba Loew, 1869: 183 . Type locality: New Hampshire, USA.</p><p>Acanthocnema albibarba – Curran 1929: 133 (new combination). — Vockeroth 1965: 835 (catalogue); 1987: 1091, fig. 103.33 (fore leg).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is distinguished by the yellowish to yellowish-brown body and legs, base of postpedicel yellow, proepimeral seta present, wing crossveins cloudy, and posthumeral (presutural intra-alar) seta present.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype (based on online images: https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Ent:13156) USA – New Hampshire • ♂; “N.H.; albibarba / m. // Loew / Coll. // Type / 13156 [red label] // albibarba / Loew // MCZ-ENT / 00013156 / data matrix code”; MCZ .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CANADA – Newfoundland and Labrador • 1 ♀; St. John’s, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.784&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.514" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.784/lat 47.514)">Agric. Exp. Stn.</a>; [47.514° N, 52.784° W]; 20 Jul. 1967; J.F. McAlpine leg.; CNC . – Nova Scotia • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.733&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.81" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.733/lat 46.81)">Cape Breton Highlands NP, Lone Shieling</a>; [46.810° N, 60.733° W]; 11 Jul. 1983; J.R. Vockeroth leg.; swept along fast rocky stream; CNC . – Ontario • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.02/lat 45.42)">Dunrobin</a>; [45.42° N, 76.02° W]; 28 May 1967; H.J. Teskey leg.; CNC • 1 ♀, 1 puparium; Fergus; [43.691° N, 80.386° W]; 18 Apr. 1993; S.A. Marshall leg.; puparium in watercress; DEBU. – Quebec • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.386&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.691" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.386/lat 43.691)">Abbotsford</a>; [45.443° N, 72.863° W]; 29 May 1968; G.E. Shewell leg.; CNC .</p><p>USA – Maine • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.98139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.895557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.98139/lat 45.895557)">Mt Katahdin, Hunt Trail</a>; [45°53′44″ N, 68°58′53″ W]; 1600–2400 ft a.s.l.; 1–6 Jul. 1968; D.M. Wood leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; KUMF • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; [45°53′53″ N, 68°57′14″ W]; 3800 ft a.s.l.; 29 Jun. 1968; CNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.755554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.22167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.755554/lat 44.22167)">Pittston</a>; [44°13′18″ N, 69°45′20″ W]; 3 Aug. 1930; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM . – New Hampshire • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.742&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.742/lat 44.02)">Lost River</a>; [44.020° N, 71.742° W]; 7 Jul. 1931; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.23333/lat 44.1)">White Mtns, The Flume</a>; [44°06′ N, 71°14′W]; 7 Jul.1938; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; White Mtns, Morrison; USNM . – New York • 1 ♀; Adirondacks, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.963&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.182" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.963/lat 44.182)">Avalanche Trail</a>; [44.182° N, 73.963° W]; 30 Jul. 1929; A.L. Melander leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.884995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.37861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.884995/lat 44.37861)">Whiteface Mt</a>; [44°22′43″ N, 73°53′06″ W]; 4000 ft a.s.l.; 19 Jul. 1962; J.R. Vockeroth leg.; CNC . – Vermont • 1 ♀; Peru; [43.233° N, 72.893° W]; 15 Jul. 1931; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body yellowish to yellowish brown, with dense white pruinescence. Body length: 4.2–5 mm; wing length: 4.3–5.0 mm.</p><p>Male</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 4). Frontal vitta yellow to yellowish brown anteriorly, matt; fronto-orbital plate brown, with numerous dark setulae. Chaetotaxy: anterior orbital seta proclinate, posterior 2 orbital setae lateroclinate; 3 inclinate frontals; 1 ocellar, 1 inner vertical, 1 outer vertical; postocellar setae weak, divergent; row of dark postocular setae; 1 vibrissa, 1 strong subvibrissa. Gena silvery pruinescent, depth one-quarter eye height; postgenal setae white, soft, longer than width of postgena. Face, parafacial and occiput silvery pruinescent. Palpus yellowish white with long white setae. Proboscis with broad, shiny prementum, with long scattered white setae, longer than width of prementum. Antenna brown, postpedicel yellow at base of arista insertion; postpedicel rounded apically, 2 × as long as broad. Arista pubescent on basal third and bare apically.</p><p>THORAX (Figs 5–6). Dark brown, paler laterally; whitish vitta along acrostichal series anteriorly. Acrostichals biserial, short, slender; 2+3 dorsocentrals; 1+2 intra-alars; 1+1 supra-alars; 1–2 postpronotals; 2 notopleurals, 2 postalars; scutellum with pair of strong apical setae and pair of strong basal setae; scutellar disc with a few scattered setulae. Proepisternal seta present. Proepimeral seta present. Anepisternum with dark setulae on posterior half and 1 long seta and several long thinner setae near posterior margin. Katepisternum with 1 strong, long seta in posterodorsal corner and numerous yellow setulae.</p><p>LEGS (Fig. 5). Yellow, slightly darker apically or posterior face of femora and tibia brown. Fore femur with 3 posteroventral setae extending beyond dense setulae; 5–6 evenly spaced dorsal setae, shorter than width of femur. Fore tibia with ventral apical spur, 1 anterodorsal slightly beyond mid-length, 1 preapical dorsal seta and 1 posteroventral seta proximal to spur; biserial row of short spinules ventrally. Fore tarsomere 1 with dense mat of anterior setulae. Mid femur with 2 long anteroventral setae on basal half; row of 5–6 anterior setae; 1 preapical anterior and 2 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta beyond mid-length and 1 preapical dorsal seta; 1 anteroventral seta and 1 posteroventral apical seta. Hind femur with row of 4–6 anterodorsal setae; several widely spaced anteroventral and posteroventral setae. Hind tibia usually with 2 anterodorsal setae on either side of mid-length; 1 posterodorsal seta near mid-length; 1 dorsal preapical seta; 1 anteroventral apical seta.</p><p>WING (Fig. 7). Infuscate, with clouding about apex of R 1 and r-m and dm-m crossveins and R 2+3 distal to cell dm; veins black; crossvein dm-m nearly at right angles, not aligned with M 4; M 4 beyond cell dm weakened to wing margin, one-half length of crossvein dm-m; CuA+CuP weakened beyond basal third, not reaching wing margin. Calypteres and halter yellow.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Similar to thorax, brownish dorsally, with greyish pruinescence; with long setae. Sternite 4 slightly wider than long (Fig. 8). Sternite 5 broad, with pair of cylindrical lobes; long setae on basal half of lobes, apex slightly boot-shaped (Fig. 8). Terminalia (Figs 9–10): Epandrium rounded, narrow with long setae, especially ventrolateral setae long and wavy, nearly as long as height of epandrium. Cercus short, apical margin rounded in lateral view; cerci closely approximated medially, with setae longer than cercus. Surstylus digitiform, somewhat flattened; apex rounded, with medial marginal tip; long wavy setae on apical half, longer than length of surstylus (projecting free in dry, undissected specimens). Phallapodeme elongate, rod-shaped. Pregonite strongly recurved with several long setae at mid-length; apex flattened with single short subapical seta. Postgonite gently arched with rounded apex. Ejaculatory apodeme C-shaped with expanded ejaculatory duct. Distiphallus sickle-shaped with jagged inner margin.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except, palpus yellowish brown; without long pale setae on occiput and proboscis; abdomen dark, subshiny; terminalia not dissected.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is known from northeastern North America, recorded from Newfoundland to central southern Ontario (Fig. 63).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>A female specimen was reared from a puparium (Figs 11–12) collected in watercress. The fore leg of this species was illustrated in Vockeroth (1987: fig. 33).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF321BFFB5717F6872FCCCFC41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF321FFFB871656FB7FD4CFAD7.text	2C2987EF321FFFB871656FB7FD4CFAD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema capillata (Loew 1872)	<div><p>Acanthocnema capillata (Loew, 1872)</p><p>Figs 13–20, 61</p><p>Cordilura capillata Loew, 1872: 98 . Type locality: New Hampshire, USA.</p><p>Acanthocnema capillata – Curran 1929: 133 (new combination). — Vockeroth 1965: 835 (catalogue).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is distinguished by the blackish ground colour, male palpus yellow, orbital setae lateroclinate, fore tibia with row of short, strong, black anteroventral setae proximal to ventral preapical spur and male sternite 5 with paired apical lobes.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype (based on online images: https://mczbase.mcz.harvard.edu/guid/MCZ:Ent:13158) USA – New Hampshire • ♀; “N.H. // capillata / m. // Loew / Col l. // Type / 13158 [red label] // MCZ-ENT / 00013158 / data matrix code”; MCZ .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CANADA – Quebec • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.26667/lat 48.833332)">Forillon NP, Gaspésie, La Chute Trail</a>; 48°50′ N, 64°16′ W; 24 Aug. 2016; B.J. Sinclair leg.; waterfall spray zone; CNC • 2 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.328" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.186/lat 45.328)">Mt Orford</a>; [45.328° N, 72.186° W]; 29 Aug. 1937; G.E. Shewell leg.; compared with holotype by Vockeroth, 1960; CNC .</p><p>USA – Maine • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.98139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.895557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.98139/lat 45.895557)">Mt Katahdin, Hunt Trail</a>; [45°53′44″ N, 68°58′53″ W]; 1600–2400 ft a.s.l.; 1–6 Jul. 1968; D.M. Wood leg.; CNC .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body blackish in ground colour, densely blue-grey pruinescent laterally, dark brown dorsally. Body length: 4–5 mm; wing length: 4.2–4.6 mm.</p><p>Male</p><p>HEAD (Figs 13–15). Frontal vitta black, paler ventrally, matt; fronto-orbital plate black, grey pruinescent, with numerous black setulae. Chaetotaxy: 3 lateroclinate orbitals; 2 inclinate frontals; 1 ocellar, 1 inner vertical, 1 outer vertical; postocellar setae absent; row of dark postocular setae; 1 vibrissa, 1 strong subvibrissa. Gena silvery pruinescent, broad, depth below eye subequal to length of postpedicel; postgenal setae white to golden, soft, slightly shorter than width of postgena. Face, parafacial and occiput silvery pruinescent. Palpus yellow with long white setae. Proboscis with broad, shiny prementum, without setae. Antenna black; postpedicel rounded apically, 2 × as long as broad. Arista pubescent, bare on apical third.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 16). Dark brown with greyish postpropronotal lobe, lower notopleuron and scutellum; indistinct whitish vitta along acrostichal series anteriorly; pleura and mediotergite with greyish pruinescence. Acrostichals biserial, short, slender; 2+4 dorsocentrals; 1+2 intra-alars; 1+1 supra-alars; 1 postpronotal; 2 notopleurals, 1 postalar; scutellum with pair of strong apical setae and pair of strong basal setae; lateral margins and dorsal surface of scutellum apically with black setae and setulae. Pale proepisternal seta present. Proepimeral seta dark. Anepisternum with dark setae on posterior half and 1 long seta and several long thinner setae near posterior margin. Katepisternum with 1 strong seta in posterodorsal corner and numerous long yellow setulae.</p><p>LEGS (Figs 16–17). Black, densely greyish pruinescence. Fore femur with 2 basal posteroventral setae extending well beyond dense setulae; row of long posterodorsal setae. Fore tibia with ventral apical spur, 1 anterodorsal at mid-length, usually 1 posteroventral seta near mid-length, 1 posteroventral seta beyond mid-length, 1 preapical posteroventral seta, slender, as long as basal width of fore femur and row of short, strong, black anteroventral setae proximal to spur. Mid femur with row of anterodorsal setae, with 1–2 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta and 1 posterodorsal seta beyond mid-length; 1 preapical dorsal seta; 1 anteroventral and 1 posteroventral apical seta. Hind femur with row of anterodorsal setae and 1 anteroventral seta on apical fifth, all longer than width of femur. Hind tibia with 2 anterodorsal setae and 1 posterodorsal seta; 1 dorsal preapical seta and 1 anteroventral apical seta.</p><p>WING (Fig. 16). Infuscate, without band; veins black; crossvein dm-m at right angles, not aligned with M 4; M 4 strong or weak beyond cell dm, one-quarter to one-half length of crossvein dm-m; CuA+CuP strong on basal two-thirds, weakened to wing margin. Calypteres pale brown; halter whitish yellow.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Similar to thorax, brownish dorsally, blue-greyish pruinescent laterally; with long slender setae. Sternite 4 wider than long (Fig. 18). Sternite 5 broad, with pair of slightly C-shaped lobes; short setae on basal half with apex slightly flattened (Fig. 18). Terminalia (Figs 19–20): Epandrium rounded, broad. Cercus short, apical margin rounded in lateral view; cerci closely approximated medially, not projecting. Surstylus digitiform, tapered, elbowed beyond mid-length in posterior view; apex very narrow and rounded. Phallapodeme elongate, rod-shaped. Pregonite strongly recurved on distal half, with 1 short seta at mid-length; apex tapered to point with several short subapical setae. Postgonite gently arched with rounded apex. Ejaculatory apodeme anvil-shaped with expanded ejaculatory duct. Distiphallus narrow, tube-shaped.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except, palpus brown; terminalia not examined.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is known from northeastern North America, recorded from Gaspésie (Quebec) to Mt Washington (New Hampshire) (Fig. 61).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF321FFFB871656FB7FD4CFAD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF3212FFBE715B695DFDE9FB7F.text	2C2987EF3212FFBE715B695DFDE9FB7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema nigrimana (Zetterstedt 1846)	<div><p>Acanthocnema nigrimana (Zetterstedt, 1846)</p><p>Figs 21–28, 60</p><p>Cordylura nigrimana Zetterstedt, 1846: 2040 . Type locality: “Jemtlandia boreali” [= northern Jämtland], Sweden.</p><p>Hydromyza tiefi Mik, 1884: 252 . Type locality: Salzburg, Austria.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is distinguished by the yellowish-brown mid and hind femora, male postpedicel yellow (Figs 21, 23), proepimeral seta present (Fig. 21), wing crossveins cloudy, R 2+3 distal to cell dm without surrounding infuscation (Figs 22–23), posthumeral (presutural intra-alar) seta usually present (Fig. 21). Sternite 5 bilobate with medially curved apex (Fig. 26) and epandrium prolonged laterally and surstylus truncate apically with long setae (Figs 24–25, 27–28).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>AUSTRIA • 1 ♂; Bad Vellach; 24 Jul. [no year]; Oldenberg leg.; USNM .</p><p>CANADA – British Columbia • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-131.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -131.5/lat 58.25)">Ketchum Lake</a>; [58.25° N, 131.5° W]; 3600 ft a.s.l.; 26 Aug. 1960; W.W. Moss leg.; moss-grass bog; CNC . – Newfoundland and Labrador • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.199" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.625/lat 58.199)">Hebron</a>; [58.199° N, 62.625° W]; 12 Jul. 1954; J.F. McAlpine leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.866&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.466" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.866/lat 57.466)">Nutak</a>; [57.466° N, 61.866° W]; 24 Jul. 1954; E.E. Sterns leg.; CNC . – Northwest Territories • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.03333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.9/lat 65.03333)">Exmouth Lake, M.T.S. Gravity Survey Camp</a>; 65°02′ N, 115°54′ W; 22 Aug. 1966; G.E. Shewell leg.; CNC .</p><p>CZECH REPUBLIC • 1 ♂; Carlsbad; 24 Aug. [19]15; Oldenberg leg.; USNM .</p><p>USA – New Hampshire • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.305&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.27111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.305/lat 44.27111)">White Mtns</a>; [44°16′16″ N, 71°18′18″ W]; Morrison leg.; USNM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.303055&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.27028" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.303055/lat 44.27028)">Mt Washington</a>; [44°16′13″ N, 71°18′11″ W]; 3500 m a.s.l.; 23 Aug. 1988; J.M. Cumming leg.; stream bed; CNC . – Colorado • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.879&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.663" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.879/lat 39.663)">Loveland Pass</a>; [39.663° N, 105.879° W]; 12000 ft a.s.l.; 7 Aug. 1961; J.G. Chillcott leg.; summit; CNC .</p><p>Description</p><p>This species was thoroughly redescribed by Suwa (1986).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This Holarctic species is presently widely disjunct in the Nearctic Region, currently recorded from New Hampshire, Labrador, British Columbia, Northwest Territories and Colorado (Fig. 60). In the Palaearctic Region, A. nigrimana is known from Europe (Gorodkov 1986).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Vockeroth (1965) noted that A. nigrimana did not occur in the Nearctic Region and that previous records were confused with A. capillata . However, since that publication several Nearctic specimens have been identified as conspecific with a specimen identified as A. nigrimana from Austria (whose identification was confirmed by comparison with the type specimens by Vockeroth). This represents new verified Nearctic records for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF3212FFBE715B695DFDE9FB7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF3215FFA271676D00FE7CFC1F.text	2C2987EF3215FFA271676D00FE7CFC1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema pulchripennis Sinclair 2025	<div><p>Acanthocnema pulchripennis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 822EAA02-4896-4F77-B3E9-BD88521CA6C2</p><p>Figs 29–34, 62</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is distinguished by the yellowish to yellowish-brown body, proepimeral seta present, fore femur with three long spine-like posteroventral setae, wing with discal crossband, without dark spot at apex of M 1, and crossvein dm-m obliquely aligned with apex of M 4.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ‘ pulcher ’ (‘beauty’) and ‘ penna ’ (‘wing’), in reference to the unusually patterned wing.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>CANADA – Alberta • ♂; “CAN: AB: Peter Lougheed / PP; Boulton/Fox Ck Tr / 14.vii.2015; 1730 m / N50°37.03′ W115°06.67′ / B.J. Sinclair; ex. creek/trail // CNC / 905982 // HOLOTYPE / Acanthocnema / pulchripennis / Sinclair [red label]”; CNC, CNC905982.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>CANADA – Alberta • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-116.185555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.3225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -116.185555/lat 51.3225)">Moraine Lake</a>; [51°19′21″ N, 116°11′08″ W]; 3 Aug. 1923; J. McDunnough leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-113.915276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.045834" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -113.915276/lat 49.045834)">Waterton Lakes NP</a>; [49°02′45″ N, 113°54′55″ W]; 1–5 Jul. 1980; H.J. Teskey leg.; CNC . – British Columbia • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-133.06667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.683334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -133.06667/lat 58.683334)">Lisadele Lake</a>; 58°41′ N, 133°4′ W; 4800 ft a.s.l.; 10 Aug. 1960; W.W. Moss leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-120.77983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.066666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -120.77983/lat 49.066666)">Manning PP, Cascade Lookout road</a>; 20–21 Jul. 2015; 49°04.00′ N, 120°46.79′ W; 1240 m a.s.l.; B.J. Sinclair leg.; stream; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-120.75933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.10317" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -120.75933/lat 49.10317)">Manning PP, Heather Trail to Buckhorn Camp</a>; 49°06.19′ N, 120°45.56′ W; 1785–1995 m a.s.l.; 21 Jul. 2015; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Penticton, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-119.903&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.39" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -119.903/lat 49.39)">Apex Mt</a>; [49.390° N, 119.903° W]; 5800 ft a.s.l.; 13 Aug. 1967; J.R. Vockeroth leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; KUMF • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 5000 ft a.s.l.; 4 Aug. 1967; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-119.10233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.36067" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -119.10233/lat 50.36067)">Silver Star PP, Sovereign Lake Rd</a>; 50°21.64′ N, 119°06.14′ W; 1665 m a.s.l.; 23 Jul. 2015; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-117.040665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.058666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -117.040665/lat 49.058666)">Stagleap PP, Bridal Lake Trail</a>; 49°03.52′ N, 117°02.44′ W; 18 Jul. 2015; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-125.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -125.316666/lat 48.7)">Vancouver Is, Helen Mackenzie Lake</a>; 48°42′ N, 125°19′ W; 1160 m a.s.l.; 27 Jul. 1994; H. Goulet leg.; wet meadow MT; CNC . – Yukon • 1 ♀; Whitehorse, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-134.942&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.608" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -134.942/lat 60.608)">Wolf Ck, Cpgd</a>; [60.608° N, 134.942° W]; 17 Jun.–14 Jul. 1987; S.A. Marshall leg.; pits near spring; DEBU .</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>CANADA – British Columbia • 1 ♂ (identification based on online image); <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-117.665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.337" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -117.665/lat 49.337)">Robson</a>; [49.337°N 117.665°W]; 24 Jul. 1958; H.R. Foxlee leg.; UBCZ .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body yellowish to yellowish-brown (Fig. 29), with dense white pruinescence. Body length: 5–6 mm; wing length: 4.5–5.3 mm.</p><p>Male</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 29). Frontal vitta yellow to yellowish-brown anteriorly, matt; fronto-orbital plate brown, with numerous dark setulae. Chaetotaxy: anterior orbital seta proclinate, posterior 2 orbital setae lateroclinate; 3 inclinate frontals; 1 ocellar, 1 inner vertical, 1 outer vertical; postocellar setae weak, divergent; row of dark postocular setae; 1 vibrissa, 1–2 strong subvibrissae. Gena silvery pruinescent, depth ¼ eye height; postgenal setae white, soft, length subequal to width of postgena. Face, parafacial and occiput silvery pruinescent. Palpus yellowish white with long white setae. Proboscis with broad, shiny prementum, with scattered white setae, shorter than width of prementum. Antenna yellow, pedicel slightly darker; postpedicel rounded apically, 2 × as long as broad. Arista pubescent on basal third and bare apically.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 29). Yellowish-brown, darker along dorsocentral series; greyish vitta along acrostichal series. Acrostichals biserial, short, slender; 2+3 dorsocentrals; 1+2 intra-alars; 1+1 supra-alars; 1–2 postpronotals; 2 notopleurals, 2 postalars; scutellum with pair of strong apical setae and pair of strong basal setae; scutellar disc with a few scattered setulae. Proepisternal seta present. Proepimeral seta present. Anepisternum with dark setulae on posterior half and 1 long seta and several long thinner setae near posterior margin. Katepisternum with 1 strong, long seta in posterodorsal corner and numerous yellow setulae.</p><p>LEGS (Fig. 30). Yellowish, gradually darker apically. Fore femur with 3 posteroventral spine-like setae on basal half, longer than width of femur; weakly defined row of anteroventral setae, stronger near mid-length; 4 posterodorsal setae on apical half, shorter than width of femur. Fore tibia with ventral apical spur, 1 anterodorsal slightly proximal to mid-length and 1 preapical dorsal seta; biserial row of short spinules ventrally. Fore tarsomere 1 with dense mat of anterior setulae. Mid femur with 4 long posteroventral setae on basal half, shorter than width of femur; row of 5–6 anterior setae; 1 preapical anterior seta and 1 posterior preapical seta. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta beyond mid-length and 1 preapical dorsal seta; 1 anteroventral seta and 1 posteroventral apical seta. Hind femur with row of 4–6 anterodorsal setae; several widely spaced posteroventral setae. Hind tibia with 3 anterodorsal setae; 1 posterodorsal seta near mid-length; 1 dorsal preapical seta; 1 anteroventral apical seta.</p><p>WING (Fig. 31). Infuscate, with discal crossband from costa to M 4, without dark spot at apex of M 1, veins black; crossvein dm-m obliquely aligned with M 4; M 4 beyond cell dm strong to wing margin, one-third length of crossvein dm-m; CuA+CuP weakened but reaching wing margin. Calypteres and halter yellow.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Darker dorsally than thorax, with greyish pruinescence; with long erect setae on tergite 2 anteriorly. Sternites 3 and 4 expanded laterally with elongate setae (Fig. 32). Sternite 5 broad, with pair of cylindrical lobes with long setae, apex slightly tapered and incurved (Fig. 32). Terminalia (Figs 33–34): Epandrium rounded, narrow with short setae. Cercus short, apical margin rounded in lateral view; cerci closely approximated medially, with setae longer than cercus. Surstylus digitiform, apex tapered, with wavy setae of various lengths, some longer than length of surstylus. Phallapodeme elongate, rod-shaped. Pregonite strongly recurved on distal half, with 1 short seta at mid-length; apex tapered to point with several short subapical setae. Postgonite gently arched with rounded apex. Ejaculatory apodeme flattened and expanded with tapered ejaculatory duct. Distiphallus narrow, tube-shaped with jagged inner margin.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except, abdomen darker, lacking long lateral setae on sternites 3 and 4; terminalia not dissected.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is known from northwestern North America, recorded from Yukon to southern British Columbia (Fig. 62).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF3215FFA271676D00FE7CFC1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF3208FFA171136815FEF9F9F1.text	2C2987EF3208FFA171136815FEF9F9F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema rainierensis Sinclair 2025	<div><p>Acanthocnema rainierensis sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6B8D324D-49B8-43C3-AEB4-A2AC7988C10A</p><p>Figs 35–40, 62</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is distinguished by the yellowish body, proepimeral seta present, fore femur with four long, spine-like posteroventral setae and distal row of strong posteroventral setae, wing with discal crossband and dark spot at apex of M 1, and crossvein dm-m not aligned with apex of M 4.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species is named after the type locality, Mt Rainier National Park.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>USA – Washington • ♂; “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.77583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.792778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.77583/lat 46.792778)">MtRainier</a>, Wn [Washington] / VanTrump Crk [46°47′34″ N, 121°46′33″ W] / Sep. 1, 1917 / A.L. Melander // ALMelander / Collection / 1961 // HOLOTYPE / Acanthocnema / rainierensis / Sinclair [red label]”; USNM.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>USA – Washington • 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; USNM • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.81417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.74889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.81417/lat 46.74889)">Mt Rainier, Longmire</a>; [46°44′56″ N, 121°48′51″ W]; 18 Jul. 1922; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.747856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.772808" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.747856/lat 46.772808)">Mt Rainier NP, Wonderland Trail, Narada Falls to Cougar Rock</a>; 46°46′22.11″ N, 121°44′52.30″ W; 1317 m a.s.l.; 29 Jul. 2016; R.J. Pivar leg.; creek; CNC, CNC5288369 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body yellowish laterally and brown dorsally (Fig. 35), with dense white pruinescence. Body length: 4.4–5.0 mm; wing length: 4.4–4.7 mm.</p><p>Male</p><p>HEAD (Fig. 35). Frontal vitta yellow to yellowish brown anteriorly, matt; fronto-orbital plate brown, with numerous dark setulae. Chaetotaxy: anterior orbital seta proclinate, posterior 2 orbital setae lateroclinate; 3 inclinate frontals; 1 ocellar, 1 inner vertical, 1 outer vertical; postocellar setae weak, divergent; row of dark postocular setae; 1 vibrissa, 1 strong subvibrissa. Gena silvery pruinescent, depth one-quarter eye height; postgenal setae white, soft, length shorter than width of postgena. Face, parafacial and occiput silvery pruinescent. Palpus yellowish white with white setae. Proboscis with broad, shiny prementum, with scattered white setae, shorter than width of prementum. Antenna dark, with inner face of pedicel and inner basal half of postpedicel yellow; postpedicel rounded apically, 2 × as long as broad. Arista pubescent on basal third and bare apically.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 35). Brown dorsally, broadly yellow laterally; greyish vitta along acrostichal series. Acrostichals biserial, short, slender; 1–2+3 dorsocentrals; 1+2 intra-alars; 1+1 supra-alars; 1 postpronotal; 2 notopleurals, 2 postalars; scutellum with pair of strong apical setae and pair of strong basal setae; scutellar disc with few scattered setulae. Proepisternal seta present. Proepimeral seta present. Anepisternum with dark setulae on posterior half and 1 long seta and several long thinner setae near posterior margin. Katepisternum with 1 strong, long seta in posterodorsal corner and numerous yellow setulae.</p><p>LEGS (Fig. 36). Yellow. Fore femur with 4 posteroventral spine-like setae on basal half, longer than width of basalmost seta; row of strong posteroventral setae on distal half; distinct row of anteroventral setae, stronger near mid-length; 4 posterodorsal setae on apical half, shorter than width of femur. Fore tibia with ventral apical spur; 1 anterodorsal slightly proximal to mid-length, 1 posteroventral near mid-length and 1 preapical dorsal seta; biserial row of short spinules ventrally. Fore tarsomere 1 with dense mat of anterior setulae. Mid femur with 4 long posteroventral setae on basal half, several longer than width of femur; row of anteroventral setae on distal half, shorter than width of femur; row of 5–6 anterior setae; 1 preapical anterior seta and 1 posterior preapical seta. Mid tibia with 1 anterodorsal seta beyond mid-length and 1 preapical anterodorsal seta; 1 anteroventral seta and 1 posteroventral apical seta. Hind femur with row of 4–6 anterodorsal setae; 1–2 distal anteroventral setae. Hind tibia with 3 anterodorsal setae; 1 posterodorsal seta near mid-length; 1 dorsal preapical seta; 1 anteroventral apical seta.</p><p>WING (Fig. 37). Infuscate, with discal crossband from costa to M 4 and dark spot at apex of M 1, veins black; crossvein dm-m not aligned with M 4; M 4 beyond cell dm weakened apically, reaching wing margin, more than one-half length of crossvein dm-m; CuA+CuP weakened but reaching wing margin. Calypteres and halter yellow.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Dark dorsally, similar to thorax, with greyish pruinescence; with long erect setae on tergite 2 anteriorly. Sternites 3 and 4 expanded laterally with elongate setae (Fig. 38). Sternite 5 broadly expanded laterally with elongate setae, with pair of triangular lobes with narrow, incurved apex (Fig. 38). Terminalia (Figs 39–40): Epandrium rounded, narrow with short setae; prolonged ventrally beyond base of surstylus. Cercus short, apical margin rounded in lateral view; cerci closely approximated medially, with short apical setae. Surstylus digitiform; distal half expanded laterally, with wavy setae of various lengths, some longer than length of surstylus. Phallapodeme elongate, rod-shaped. Pregonite strongly recurved on distal half; apex tapered to rounded point with single short subapical seta. Postgonite gently arched with rounded apex. Ejaculatory apodeme flattened with expanded ejaculatory duct. Distiphallus narrow, tube-shaped with jagged inner margin.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except, abdomen darker, lacking long lateral setae on sternites 3 and 4; tergite 7 subtriangular, fused with sternite 7, dorsally tapered and medially divided; tergite 8 U-shaped, enclosing proctiger, narrowly divided medially, obliquely angled; sternite 8 divided into pair of tapered digitiform lobes, directed dorsally with pointed apex; epiproct and hypoproct small, triangular; cercus oval, thinly sclerotized. Three spermathecae tubular, narrow and recurved posteriorly into duct, expanded anteriorly.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is currently known only from Mt Rainier National Park in the state of Washington, USA (Fig. 62).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF3208FFA171136815FEF9F9F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF320BFFA5717E6A66FC15FCF4.text	2C2987EF320BFFA5717E6A66FC15FCF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema ruficauda Curran 1929	<div><p>Acanthocnema ruficauda Curran, 1929</p><p>Figs 41–48, 62</p><p>Acanthocnema ruficauda Curran, 1929: 133 . Type locality: Tennessee Pass, Colorado, USA.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is distinguished by the brownish body and yellowish legs, male postpedicel yellow, anterior orbital seta proclinate, proepimeral seta absent, wing infuscate, and male postgena, prementum and fore coxae with long silky white setae.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>USA – Colorado • ♂; “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-106.31111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.3625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -106.31111/lat 39.3625)">Tennessee Pass</a> [39°21′45″ N, 106°18′40″ W] / 10240ft Colo // JM Aldrich / VII-[2?]7 coll // Type No. / 41178 / U.S.N.M. [red label] // Acanthocnema / TYPE / ruficauda / Curran [red label] // Acanthocnema / ruficauda / Curran / det. / C.H. Curran // USNMENT / 01234705 [data matrix]”; USNM.</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>USA – Colorado • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.60222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.676113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.60222/lat 39.676113)">Mt Evans, Doolittle Ranch</a>; [39°40′34″ N, 105°36′08″ W]; 9800 ft a.s.l.; 25 Jul. 1961; W.R.M. Mason leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; San Juan Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-107.84861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.646667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -107.84861/lat 37.646667)">Pasture Ck</a>; 37°38′48″ N, 107°50′55″ W; 10154 ft a.s.l.; 18 Jun. 2017; J.M. Cumming leg.; CNC. – New Mexico • 1 ♂; Otero Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-107.84861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.646667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -107.84861/lat 37.646667)">Sacramento Mtns, Bluff Springs, ca 16 mi. of W Mayhill</a>; [32.831° N, 105.738°W]; 8000 ft a.s.l.; 15 Aug. 1993; J.E. O’Hara leg.; CNC, CNC828172 .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body brownish (Fig. 41), with dense white pruinescence. Body length: 5.5–6 mm; wing length: 5.8– 5.9 mm.</p><p>Male</p><p>HEAD (Figs 41–43). Frontal vitta yellow to orange anteriorly, matt; fronto-orbital plate brown, with numerous dark setulae. Chaetotaxy: anterior orbital seta proclinate, posterior 2 orbital setae lateroclinate; 3–4 inclinate frontals; 1 ocellar, 1 inner vertical, 1 outer vertical; postocellar setae weak, divergent; row of dark postocular setae; 1 vibrissa, 1–2 strong subvibrissae. Gena yellow with silvery-white pruinescence, depth one-third eye height; postgenal setae white, soft, silky and wavy, longer than width of postgena. Face, parafacial and occiput silvery pruinescent. Palpus yellowish white with long white setae. Proboscis with broad, shiny prementum, with long silky, wavy setae, similar to postgenal setae. Antenna with scape and pedicel yellow to brownish, postpedicel yellow; postpedicel rounded apically, 2 × as long as broad. Arista pubescent on basal third and bare apically.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 41). Brown, darker beneath dorsocentral row. Acrostichals biserial, short, slender; 2+3 dorsocentrals; 0+2 intra-alars; 1–2+1 supra-alars; 1 postpronotal; 2 notopleurals, 2 postalars; scutellum with pair of strong apical setae and pair of strong basal setae; scutellar disc with a few scattered setulae. Proepisternal seta present. Proepimeral seta absent (Fig. 42). Anepisternum with dark setulae on posterior half and 1 long seta and several long thinner setae near posterior margin. Katepisternum with 1 strong, long seta in posterodorsal corner and numerous yellow setulae.</p><p>LEGS (Fig. 41). Yellowish brown. Fore femur with row of 5–6 widely spaced, pale posteroventral setae extending beyond long, dense setulae; 5–6 evenly spaced dark dorsal setae, shorter than width of femur. Fore tibia with ventral apical spur, 1 anterodorsal slightly beyond mid-length, 1 preapical dorsal seta and 1 posteroventral seta proximal to spur; biserial row of short anteroventral spinules; long posteroventral setae near mid-length, longer than width of tibia. Fore tarsomere 1 with dense mat of anterior setulae. Mid femur with row of 5–6 widely spaced, extending beyond long, dense setulae; row of 5–6 anterior setae; 1 preapical anterior seta and 1 posterior preapical seta. Mid tibia with 1 posterodorsal seta at mid-length, 1 anterodorsal seta beyond mid-length and 1 preapical dorsal seta; apex of circlet of 4–5 strong setae. Hind femur with row of 4–6 anterodorsal setae and several widely spaced anteroventral and posteroventral setae. Hind tibia usually with 2 anterodorsal on either side of mid-length; 1 posterodorsal seta beyond mid-length; 1 dorsal preapical seta; 1 anteroventral apical seta.</p><p>WING (Fig. 41). Infuscate, with faint clouding about r-m and dm-m crossveins; veins dark; crossvein dm-m nearly at right angles, not aligned with M 4; M 4 beyond cell dm weakened to wing margin, one-quarter length of crossvein dm-m; CuA+CuP weakened beyond basal third, reaching wing margin. Calypteres and halter yellow to orange.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Similar to thorax, brownish dorsally, with greyish pruinescence; with short dark setae, tergite 2 with longer setae. Sternite 4 rectangular with strong black lateral setae, nearly as long as sternite (Fig. 44). Sternite 5 broad, with pair of cylindrical lobes, curved medially; long setae on basal half of lobes (Fig. 45). Terminalia (Figs 45–46) (undissected): Epandrium rounded, narrow with long setae. Cercus long, narrow, apical margin rounded in lateral view; cerci closely approximated medially, with apical setae. Surstylus elongate with round apex; long wavy setae on apical half, longer than length of surstylus.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except, pedicel brown; without long pale setae on occiput, proboscis and fore coxa; tergite 7 subtriangular, fused anterolaterally with sternite 7, dorsally tapered and medially divided (Fig. 47); sternite 7 subtriangular, fused anterodorsally with tergite 7; tergite 8 U-shaped, enclosing proctiger, narrowly divided medially, obliquely angled; sternite 8 divided into pair of rounded digitiform lobes, directed dorsally and slender in dorsal view; epiproct and hypoproct small, triangular; cercus oval, thinly sclerotized (Fig. 47). Three spermathecae spherical, narrow and tapered posteriorly into duct (Figs 47–48).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is recorded from Colorado and New Mexico (Fig. 62) and Utah (Vockeroth 1965), but specimens from the latter state were not located during this study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF320BFFA5717E6A66FC15FCF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF320FFFAF71126F7AFD3FF95C.text	2C2987EF320FFFAF71126F7AFD3FF95C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema torrenticola Sinclair 2025	<div><p>Acanthocnema torrenticola sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: CD39CE73-763C-4174-8D51-C1CFC368A732</p><p>Figs 1–3, 49–60</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is distinguished by the blackish ground colour, densely blue-grey pruinescent laterally, brown dorsally, palpus pale to dark brown in both sexes, orbital setae lateroclinate, fore tibia without row of short, black anteroventral setae and male sternite 5 without apical lobes.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The specific epithet is derived from the Latin ‘ torrens ’ (‘rushing’, ‘rapid’), in reference to the fastflowing streams, creeks and rivers where it has been collected.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Holotype</p><p>USA – Idaho • ♂; “USA: ID: Idaho Co. / Clearwater NF; Hwy 12 / Apgar Ck, 13.vi.2011 / N46°12′53.0″ W115°32′13.6″ / B.J. Sinclair // CNC / 905983 // HOLOTYPE / Acanthocnema / torrenticola / Sinclair [red label]”; CNC, CNC905983.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>CANADA – Alberta • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.13965&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.76483" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.13965/lat 50.76483)">Peter Lougheed PP, Grizzly Ck</a>; 50°45.890′ N, 115°8.379′ W; 1695 m a.s.l.; 9 Jul. 2012; B.J. Sinclair leg.; forest and creek; CNC. – British Columbia • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-120.03533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.1355" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -120.03533/lat 49.1355)">Cathedral PP, Ashnola River</a>; 49°08.13′ N, 120°02.12′ W; 750 m a.s.l.; 19 Jul. 2015; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-124.172&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.818" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -124.172/lat 48.818)">Cowichan Lake, Honeymoon Bay</a>; [48.818° N, 124.172° W]; 6 Jun. 1955; G.E. Shewell leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; Marysville, Marysville Falls, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.96066&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.6355" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.96066/lat 49.6355)">Mark Ck</a>; 49°38.13′ N, 115°57.64′ W; 940 m a.s.l.; 16 Jul. 2015; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-117.906&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.106" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -117.906/lat 51.106)">Mt Revelstoke NP, Giant Cedar Trail</a>; [51.106° N, 117.906° W]; 700 m a.s.l.; 2 Jul. 1989; B.J. Sinclair leg.; cascading stream; CNC • 1 ♀; Terrace, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-128.532&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -128.532/lat 54.42)">Eliza Ck</a>; [54.420° N, 128.532° W]; 22 Jun. 1960; G.E. Shewell leg.; resting on black fly cage; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 26 Jun. 1960; CNC • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 29 Jun. 1960; from black fly cage in stream; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 13 Jul. 1960; cage trap in stream; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-128.773&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -128.773/lat 54.725)">20 mi. N of Terrace, Kitsumkalum Lake</a>; [54.725° N, 128.773° W]; 31 May 1960; G.E. Shewell leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-129.603&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.211" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -129.603/lat 54.211)">49 mi. W of Terrace, Slickenslide Ck</a>; [54.211° N, 129.603° W]; 9 Jul. 1960; J.G. Chillcott leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.997284&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.549618" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.997284/lat 49.549618)">Perry Creek Falls Trail</a>; 49°32.977′ N, 115°59.837′ W; 1095 m a.s.l.; 11 Jun. 2012; B.J. Sinclair leg.; cascading stream; CNC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-116.76083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.146" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -116.76083/lat 49.146)">W Creston, Hwy 3, Topaz Ck</a>; 49°08.76′ N, 116°45.65′ W; 825 m a.s.l.; 18 Jul. 2015; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC. – Ontario • 1 ♂; Collingwood Twsp, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.242&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.494" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.242/lat 44.494)">Black Ash Ck</a>; [44.494° N, 80.242° W]; 15 May 1948; F.P. Ide leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; Grey Co., Eugenia; [44.313° N, 80.526° W]; 27 Apr. 2008; S.A. Marshall leg.; DEBU • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.015816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.813778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.015816/lat 43.813778)">Forks of the Credit PP, Credit R</a>; 43°48′49.60″ N, 80°0′56.95″ W; 19 Jun. 2023; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; Halton Co., Lowville Pk, Bronte Ck; 12 May 1990; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 43°26′3.35″ N, 79°54′12.83″ W; 23 Apr. 2023; CNC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Wellington Co., Fergus; [43.691° N, 80.386° W]; 3 Apr. 2000; S.A. Marshall leg.; on rocks in river; DEBU • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 10.Sep. 1995; DEBU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (in copula), 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 20 Sep. 1995; DEBU • 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (in copula), 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; Grand River; 2 Oct. 1995; DEBU • 1 ♀; Wellington Co., Guelph, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-80.273&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.588" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -80.273/lat 43.588)">Speed R. at Victoria Rd</a>; [43.588° N, 80.273° W]; 1 May 1998; S.A. Marshall leg.; on rocks in riffle; DEBU. – Quebec • 1 ♀; Old Chelsea; [45.499° N, 75.814° W]; 20 Sep. 1955, J.R. Vockeroth leg.; CNC • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 26 Sep. 1955; CNC • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 27 Sep. 1955; KUMF. – Yukon • 1 ♀; Whitehorse, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-134.833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.391" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -134.833/lat 60.391)">Lewes River</a>; [60.391° N, 134.833° W]; 24 Jun. 1949; L.R. Pickering leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 30 Jul. 1949; CNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 2 Jul. 1949; cage N.2; CNC • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; 4 Jul. 1949; CNC • 3 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 6 Jul. 1949; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 7 Jul. 1949; S.1; CNC • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 8 Jul. 1949; cage S.1; CNC • 7 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 9 Jul. 1949; CNC • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; KUMF • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 13 Jul. 1949; cage S.2; CNC • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 19 Jul. 1949; S.2; CNC • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 22 Jul. 1949; CNC • 2 ♂♂; same data as for preceding; 27 Jul. 1949; cage N.2; CNC • 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 29 Jul. 1949; cage N.2; CNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for preceding; 1–17 Aug. 1949; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 9 Aug. 1949; KUMF • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; mile 906; 9 Sep. 1949; cage S.5; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 31 Aug. 1949; CNC .</p><p>USA – Alaska • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-145.905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.067" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -145.905/lat 61.067)">mile 14, Richardson Hwy</a>; [61.067° N, 145.905° W]; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-145.905&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.067" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -145.905/lat 61.067)">Horsetail Falls</a>; 18 Jul. 1993; T. Saigusa leg.; KUMF • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-145.55806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.1875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -145.55806/lat 63.1875)">mile 206, Richardson Hwy</a>; [63°11′15″ N, 145°33′29″ W]; 20 Jul. 1987; M. Wood leg.; beaver pond; CNC. – California • 1 ♀; El Dorado Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-120.26686&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.776276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -120.26686/lat 38.776276)">South Fk American River, Eagle Rock river access</a>; 38°46′34.6″ N, 120°16′00.7″ W; 18 Jul. 2012; J.M. Cumming leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; Marin Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.634&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.953" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.634/lat 37.953)">Alpine Lake, Lily Pond</a>; [37.953° N, 122.634° W]; 1500 ft a.s.l.; 1–12 Mar. 1970; D.D. Munroe leg.; MT; CNC • 1 ♂, 1 puparium; Marin Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.866665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.566666/lat 37.866665)">Mt Tamalpais SP, Redwood Ck, 12 mi. N of San Francisco</a>; 37°52′ N, 122°34′ W; 20 m a.s.l.; 23 Nov. 2005; A.H. Purcell leg.; em. 23–24 Jan. 2006; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; em. 21 Mar. 2006; CNC • 1 ♀, 1 puparium (in alc.); same data as for preceding; em. 6 Feb. 2006; EMEC • 1 ♂, 1 puparium (in alc.); same data as for preceding; em. 24 Feb. 2006; EMEC • 1 ♀, 1 puparium (in alc.); same data as for preceding; em. 24 Feb. 2006; EMEC • 1 ♂, 1 puparium (in alc.); same data as for preceding; em. 28 Mar. 2006; EMEC • 1 ♀, 1 puparium (in alc.); same data as for preceding; em. 7 Apr. 2006; EMEC • 1 ♀; Nevada Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-120.187195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.397278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -120.187195/lat 39.397278)">Prosser Ck at Hwy 89</a>; 39°23′50.2″ N, 120°11′13.9″ W; 14 Jul. 2012; S.E. Brooks leg.; CNC. – Colorado • 1 ♀; Archuleta Co., Devil’s Ck; 37°12′58″ N, 107°17′41″ W; 6660 ft a.s.l.; 17 Jun. 2017; J.M. Cumming leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; Boulder Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-104.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -104.86667/lat 40.266666)">So. St. Vrain Ck</a>; [40°16′ N, 104°52′ W]; 8 Sep. 1950; W.W. Wirth leg.; USNM. – Idaho • 2 ♀♀; Gooding Co., Niagara Springs; [42.662° N, 114.671° W]; 29 Apr. 1972; R.L. Newell leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; same data as for preceding; 30 Jan. 1973; R.L. Newell and D.S. Potter leg.; USNM • 1 ♀; Idaho Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.644684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.135918" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.644684/lat 46.135918)">Clearwater NF, Hwy 12, 3 Devils Picnic Area, 2–3 km W of Lowell</a>; 46°08.155′ N, 115°38.681′ W; 450 m a.s.l.; 13 Jun. 2014; B.J. Sinclair leg.; small stream; CNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same data as for holotype; CNC. – Maine • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.909" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.95/lat 45.909)">Mt Katahdin, Katahdin Falls</a>; [45.909° N, 68.950° W]; 1600 ft a.s.l.; 2 Jul. 1968; P. Ward leg.; CNC. – New Mexico • 1 ♂; James Springs; [34.549° N, 104.364° W]; 4 Jul. 1953; W.W. Wirth leg.; USNM. – Oregon • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Benton Co., Alsea Falls; 44°19′31.70″ N, 123°29′25.11″ W; 250 m a.s.l.; 5 Jul. 2014; J.M. Cumming leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; Hood River Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.578&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.578/lat 45.53)">2 mi. E of Parkdale, East Fk Hood River</a>; [45.530° N, 121.578° W]; 11 Jul. 1989; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; Marion Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.21138&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.773716" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.21138/lat 44.773716)">Willamette NF, French Ck Rd, French Ck</a>; 44°46.423′ N, 122°12.683′ W; 840 m a.s.l.; 10 Jul. 2013; B.J. Sinclair leg.; CNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-117.529&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -117.529/lat 45.57)">E Wallowa</a>; [45.570° N, 117.529° W]; 15 Jul. 1949; G.H. and J.L. Sperry leg.; USNM. – Pennsylvania • 1 ♂; Sullivan Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.45389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.000557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.45389/lat 41.000557)">Wyoming SF, 8 km NW of Laporte</a>; [41°0′2″ N, 76°27′14″ W]; 6 May 1987; J.M. Cumming leg.; CNC. – Utah • 1 ♂; Salt Lake Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.7475&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.814167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.7475/lat 40.814167)">Red Butte Canyon</a>; [40°48′51″ N, 111°44′51″ W]; 1 Jul. 1953; B.V. Peterson leg.; CNC • 1 ♂; “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-111.267&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.958" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -111.267/lat 39.958)">Wheeler Sawmill &amp; Cabin</a> ”; 39.958° N, 111.267° W; 9 Jun. 2011; B.J. Sinclair leg.; spring stream; CNC. – Washington • 1 ♂; Husum; [45.800° N, 121.485° W]; 26 Jul. 1921; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM • 2 ♀♀; Whatcom Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.898" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.835/lat 48.898)">Mt Baker, Dead Horse Ck</a>; [48.898° N, 121.835° W]; 8 Aug. 1982; M. Wood leg.; CNC • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-121.569&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.732" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -121.569/lat 46.732)">Mt Rainier, Ohanapecosh</a>; [46.732° N, 121.569° W]; 11 Aug. 1940; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM. – Wyoming • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.49&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.71" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.49/lat 44.71)">Yellowstone Pk, Cascades, Y.R. [Yellowstone River?]</a>; [44.71° N, 110.49° W]; 22 Jul. 1923; A.L. Melander leg.; USNM .</p><p>Description</p><p>Body blackish in ground colour (Fig. 49), densely blue-grey pruinescent laterally, brown dorsally. Body length: 4–5 mm; wing length: 4–5.6 mm.</p><p>Male</p><p>HEAD (Figs 49–50). Frontal vitta completely black, matt; fronto-orbital plate black, grey pruinescent, with numerous black setulae. Chaetotaxy: 3–4 lateroclinate orbitals; 1–2 inclinate frontals; 1 ocellar, 1 inner vertical, 1 outer vertical; postocellar setae very weak, convergent; row of dark postocular setae; 1 vibrissa, 1 strong subvibrissa. Gena silvery pruinescent, broad, depth below eye subequal to length of postpedicel; postgenal setae white, soft, shorter than width of postgena. Face, parafacial and occiput silvery pruinescent. Palpus pale yellowish brown with long white setae. Proboscis with broad, shiny prementum, without setae. Antenna black; postpedicel rounded apically, 2 × as long as broad. Arista pubescent on basal quarter and bare apically.</p><p>THORAX (Fig. 49). Dark brown with greyish postpropronotal lobe, notopleuron, prescutellar depression and scutellum; whitish vitta along acrostichal series anteriorly; pleura and mediotergite with greyish pruinescence. Acrostichals biserial, short, slender; 2+(3–4) dorsocentrals; 1+2 intra-alars; 1+1 supra-alars; 1 postpronotal; 2 notopleurals, 2 postalars; scutellum with pair of strong apical setae and pair of strong basal setae; lateral margins and dorsal surface of scutellum apically densely clothed in black setae and setulae. Dark proepisternal seta present. Proepimeral seta present. Anepisternum with dark setae on posterior half and 1 long seta and several long thinner setae near posterior margin. Katepisternum with 1 strong seta in posterodorsal corner and numerous yellow setulae.</p><p>LEGS (Fig. 51). Black, densely greyish pruinescence. Fore femur with 4–6 posteroventral setae extending beyond dense setulae. Fore tibia with ventral apical spur, 1 anterodorsal at mid-length and 1 posteroventral seta at apical fourth; without row of short spinules ventrally. Mid femur with row of anterodorsal setae, with 1 preapical posterodorsal and 1–2 posterior preapical setae. Mid tibia with or without 1 anterodorsal seta and 1 posterodorsal seta beyond mid-length; 1 anteroventral seta and 1 posteroventral apical seta. Hind femur with row of anterodorsal setae. Hind tibia usually with 1 anterodorsal seta and 1 posterodorsal seta beyond mid-length; 1 dorsal preapical seta.</p><p>WING (Fig. 49). Infuscate, without band; veins black; crossvein dm-m at right angles, not aligned with M 4; M 4 strong beyond cell dm, one-quarter length of crossvein dm-m; CuA+CuP strong on basal two-thirds, weakened to wing margin. Calypteres and halter pale brown.</p><p>ABDOMEN. Similar to thorax, brownish dorsally, blue-greyish pruinescent laterally; without long ventrolateral setae. Sternite 4 narrow, about 2 × as wide as long, slightly tapered (Fig. 52). Sternite 5 broad, without lobes; posterior margin with slight median cleft (Fig. 52). Terminalia (Figs 53– 54): Epandrium rounded, broad. Cercus short, apical margin rounded in lateral view; cerci closely approximated medially. Surstylus digitiform, sinuous in posterior view; apex rounded with series of ridges on margin. Phallapodeme elongate, rod-shaped. Pregonite short, straight lobe, with several short apical setae. Postgonite gently arched with rounded apex. Ejaculatory apodeme flattened and expanded with expanded ejaculatory duct. Distiphallus narrow, tube-shaped.</p><p>Female</p><p>Similar to male except, palpus brown; tergite 7 subtriangular, fused anterolaterally with sternite 7, dorsally tapered and medially divided; sternite 7 subtriangular, fused anterodorsally with tergite 7; tergite 8 U-shaped, enclosing proctiger, narrowly divided medially, obliquely angled; sternite 8 divided into pair of tapered digitiform lobes, directed dorsally; epiproct and hypoproct small, triangular; cercus oval, thinly sclerotized (Fig. 55). Three spermathecae tubular, narrow posteriorly, expanded anteriorly.</p><p>Larval cephaloskeleton (removed from puparium)</p><p>Robust, brown (Fig. 56); intermediate sclerite enlarged, well sclerotized; cibarial pump without ventral ridges; base of mouthhook broad with hollow central region; apex of mouthhook bifid with row of distinct teeth between projections, best seen in ventral view (Fig. 57).</p><p>Puparium</p><p>Dark brown, clothed in microtrichia; terminal abdominal segment with pair of rounded dorsal tubercles, single rounded lateral tubercle and paired of rounded ventral tubercles (Fig. 58). Posterior spiracular plate with ecdysial scars positioned at 3 and 9 o’clock positions; spiracular opening straight, radiating from ecdysial scar at less than right angles (Fig. 59).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This is the most widespread species, extending across the continent from New Brunswick to the Alaska and south to New Mexico (Fig. 60).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The life history of this species (as Acanthocnema sp.) was studied by Purcell et al. (2008). Females oviposit on the egg masses of aquatic insects found on the downstream faces of rocks and in their study mostly on egg masses of the caddisfly Neophylax rickeri Milne, 1935 . Purcell et al. (2008) found that in California, A. torrenticola had a bivoltine life cycle. The first generation fed exclusively on N. rickeri egg masses in the winter and the second generation fed on the egg masses of a variety of species, including other Trichoptera ( Brachycentridae) and Diptera ( Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae) in the spring.</p><p>In Ontario, adults have been collected in early spring and mating pairs were collected in September and October based on the material examined above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF320FFFAF71126F7AFD3FF95C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF3206FFAC71CD6D00FD22FCE3.text	2C2987EF3206FFAC71CD6D00FD22FCE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema undefined-A	<div><p>Acanthocnema sp. A</p><p>Fig. 60</p><p>Material examined</p><p>USA – North Carolina • 1 ♀; Macon Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-83.581&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.153" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -83.581/lat 35.153)">Wayah Gap</a>; [35.153° N, 83.581° W]; 4100 ft a.s.l.; 28 Jul. 1957; J.G. Chillcott leg.; CNC .</p><p>Distribution</p><p>This species is known from the southern Appalachians of eastern North America (Fig. 60).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This species is closely related to A. pulchripennis sp. nov. and A. rainierensis sp. nov. based on the presence of three long, spine-like posteroventral setae on the fore femur, but unlike these two species the wings lack a discal crossband and the fore tibia has a long posteroventral spine-like seta. Males are required to fully assess the status of this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF3206FFAC71CD6D00FD22FCE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
2C2987EF3206FFAD73EC6F44FAA3FE37.text	2C2987EF3206FFAD73EC6F44FAA3FE37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acanthocnema Becker 1894	<div><p>Key to Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894</p><p>1. Anterior orbital seta proclinate, posterior 2 orbital setae more or less lateroclinate (Fig. 43); yellowish to pale greyish species; at least base of postpedicel yellow (Figs 4, 21, 29, 35, 41) ........................ 2</p><p>– All 3 orbital setae lateroclinate (Figs 14, 50); dark greyish species, with dark postpedicel (Figs 16, 49) ..................................................................................................................................................... 7</p><p>2. Proepimeral seta absent (Fig. 42) .............................................................. A. ruficauda Curran, 1929</p><p>– Proepimeral seta present (Fig. 6) ...................................................................................................... 3</p><p>3. Fore femur without spine-like posteroventral setae on basal half (Figs 4, 21); wing with clouding about crossveins (Figs 7, 22) ............................................................................................................ 4</p><p>– Fore femur with 3 long, black spine-like posteroventral setae on basal half (Figs 30, 36); wing often with discal crossband (Figs 31, 37) .................................................................................................. 5</p><p>4. Male and female postpedicel with base narrowly yellow (Fig. 4); wing with infuscation around R 2+3 distal to cell dm (Fig. 7); lateral margin of scutum paler than medially ............................................. ................................................................................................................... A. albibarba (Loew, 1869)</p><p>– Male postpedicel entirely yellow (Figs 21, 23); female postpedicel with base narrowly yellow; wing without infuscation around R 2+3 distally (Figs 22–23); scutum not paler laterally ............................. ......................................................................................................... A. nigrimana (Zetterstedt, 1846)</p><p>5. Wing without discal crossband; fore tibia with long, strong posteroventral seta on apical third, length twice width of tibia [male unknown] ................................................................ Acanthocnema sp. A</p><p>– Wing with discal crossband (Figs 31, 37); fore tibia without long, strong posteroventral seta on apical third (Figs 30, 36) ............................................................................................................................. 6</p><p>6. Fore femur with 3 long spine-like posteroventral setae, without distal row of strong posteroventral setae (Fig. 30); crossvein dm-m oblique, aligned with apex of M 4 (Fig. 31) A. pulchripennis sp. nov.</p><p>– Fore femur with four long spine-like posteroventral setae and distal row of strong posteroventral setae (Fig. 36); crossvein dm-m not aligned with apex of M 4 (Fig. 37) ........ A. rainierensis sp. nov.</p><p>7. Male palpus yellow (Fig. 13), dark in female; male sternite 5 divided into pair of divergent lobes (Fig. 18); fore tibia usually with 1 posteroventral seta near mid-length, 1 preapical posteroventral seta, slender, as long as basal width of fore femur and row of short, strong, black anteroventral setae proximal to ventral spur ............................................................................. A. capillata (Loew, 1872)</p><p>– Palpus pale to dark brown in both sexes (Figs 49–50); male sternite 5 not divided into pair of divergent lobes (Fig. 52); fore tibia with 0–1 posteroventral setae near mid-length, similar to ventral spur, without row of short, black anteroventral setae .................................... A. torrenticola sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2C2987EF3206FFAD73EC6F44FAA3FE37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.	Sinclair, Bradley J. (2025): Revision of the Nearctic species of Acanthocnema Becker, 1894 (Diptera: Scathophagidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 1026: 304-337, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1026.3125, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/3125/13915
