taxonID	type	description	language	source
3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The wing color and pattern are typical of the “ orangish red mimicry complex ” (Francini, 1989), with dark brown stripes on an orangish red background on the dorsal wing surfaces (Fig. 9), but the new species can be distinguished from all other previously described species in this complex by several morphological characters (see Francini and Penz, 2006). The males of Actinote mantiqueira sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of Actinote alalia by the usually broader transverse dark brown bands on the dorsal forewing (Fig. 2 A and E). On the dorsal forewing, A. mantiqueira sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. alalia by the presence of a usually continuous dark band in the internal margin (this is mostly orange in A. alalia). On the ventral hindwing, A. mantiqueira sp. nov. can be distinguished from A. alalia by the faintly marked, orange v-shaped transverse band (this band is conspicuously marked in A. alalia), by the absence of a complete dark bar crossing the middle of the discal cell (this dark bar is present in A. alalia, delimiting a basal orange area), and by the absence of a distinct patch of orange scales in the humeral angle, basally to the humeral vein (this region is covered by cream scales in A. mantiqueira sp. nov.) (Fig. 2 B and F). Females are very similar in both species (Fig. 2 C and G), and hardly discernible; the most consistent character is the presence of a distinct patch of orange scales in the humeral angle, basally to the humeral vein, in A. alalia (cream in A. mantiqueira sp. nov.) (Fig. 2 D and H). The male genitalia of both species are very similar, and the main difference is the profile of the saccus, which is more triangular and pointed in A. mantiqueira sp. nov., and bumped and abruptly enlarging near the base in A. alalia (Fig. 3 D and L).	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.taxon	description	Description Male (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, B, 4 A – D, 9 A): Antenna black, 11 – 12 mm in length (n = 11), extending to mid-costa, with 42 antennomeres, 9 of which form a well-defined club. Palpus length about 2.0 times head height. Male palpus shown in Fig. 4 B. Forewing narrow and elongated, length 25 – 28 mm (mean = 26.8 mm, SD = 1.08 mm, n = 11); hindwing rounded, about two-thirds length of forewing, length 18 – 21 mm (mean = 19.7 mm, SD = 0.90 mm, n = 11). Male wing venation as shown in Fig. 4 A. Male foreleg (Fig. 4 C) with a single tarsomere. Male midleg as shown in Fig. 4 D. Body dark brown, abdomen ventrally covered by cream scales. Forewing dorsal background dark orange with dark brown veins and stripes as follows: a broad dark brown margin, broad in apex and narrowing toward tornus; entire space from anal margin to 2 A dark brown; three additional broad dark brown transverse stripes, first extending from costa to CuA 2, two thirds from base, second v-shaped crossing discal cell in mid portion, and third crossing space CuA 2 - 2 A halfway from base. Many individuals present a dark cubital spot adjacent to discal cell near wing base. Hindwing dorsal background dark orange with broad dark brown margin; all veins dark brown, and narrow dark brown stripes extending in inter-venal spaces; some individuals can present transverse patches of dark scales crossing proximally spaces M 1 - M 2, M 2 - M 3, M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2, in some cases almost forming a v-shaped transverse band. Ventral forewing with a pattern very similar to dorsal pattern, but lacking broad dark brown margin; ventral hindwing more homogeneously cream, with dark brown veins and stripes in inter-venal spaces. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 A – G): Valvae elongated and curved, length about four times width of median portion; broader at base; apex rounded with a conspicuous curl toward middle line of body. In dorsal view, basal portion of uncus wide, abruptly narrowing, ending in a point. Tegumen long and broad, trapezoidal with a slight constriction at middle. Gnathos absent. In ventral view, saccus shaped as an isosceles triangle, about half length of genital capsule. Aedeagus about half length of genital capsule, ending in a sharp point, in lateral view straight. Juxta broad, about same width of base of one valva (in ventral view), tear-shaped (with an anterior pointed process); length equal to width. Female (Figs. 1 B, 2 C, D, 4 E – H, 8 B): Antenna black, 12 mm in length (n = 3), extending to mid-costa, with 41 antennomeres, 10 in club. Female palpus as shown in Fig. 4 F. Forewing narrow and elongated, length 29 – 31 mm (mean = 29.3 mm, SD = 1.53 mm, n = 3). Hindwing rounded, not translucent, length 20 – 22 mm (mean = 20.7 mm, SD = 1.15 mm, n = 3). Female wing venation is shown in Fig. 4 E. Color pattern of female wings similar to that of males but paler. Foreleg with six segments on tarsus, with third segment bearing one short setae (Fig. 4 G). Female midleg as shown in Fig. 4 H. Female genitalia (Fig. 3 H): Corpus bursae rounded, signa absent. Ductus bursae not sclerotized, same length as corpus bursae; sterigma trapezoidal.	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.taxon	discussion	Taxonomy and variation As has been reported for most species of Actinote, A. mantiqueira sp. nov. also presents intraspecific variation, especially in female color pattern (males are more uniform). Minor variation has also been reported in wing venation and genitalia. The most variable characters are the extent of the humeral vein, which can reach or not the wing edge, and the shape of the saccus apex, which can vary from pointed to almost rounded. The populations from Serra da Bocaina (São Paulo State) are slightly different on then ventral hindwing, with the orange v-shaped transverse band more conspicuously marked. Holotype (Fig. 1 A). Male from Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Brazil (22 ◦ 46 l 3.62 llS 45 ◦ 31 l 27.08 llW). Deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC), Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Labels on the holotype (five labels separated by transverse bars): / HOLOTYPUS / Mirante do Pico do Itapeva, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo: Brazil 28. XII. 2016, 2000 m, 22 ◦ 46 l 3.62 llS 45 ◦ 31 l 27.08 llW, L. M. Magaldi, leg. / Holotypus — Actinote mantiqueira Freitas, Francini, Paluch & Barbosa det. 2017 / DNA voucher – BLU 936 / ZUEC LEP 10004 /. Allotype (Fig. 1 B). Same data as Holotype. Deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC), Unicamp, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Labels on the allotype (five labels separated by transverse bars): / ALLOTYPUS / Mirante do Pico do Itapeva, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo: Brazil 28. XII. 2016, 2000 m, 22 ◦ 46 l 3.62 llS 45 ◦ 31 l 27.08 llW, L. M. Magaldi, leg. / Allotypus — Actinote mantiqueira Freitas, Francini, Paluch & Barbosa det. 2017 / DNA voucher – BLU 939 / ZUEC LEP 10005 /. Paratypes (All from Brazil). Minas Gerais: Itamonte, Caminho para Agulhas Negras, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, 1800 m, 1 male, 4. XII. 1991, A. V. L. Freitas leg. (ZUEC-AVLF). São Paulo: Piquete, Estrada para São Francisco dos Campos do Jordão, 1800 m, 1 male, 5. XII. 2004, R. B. Francini leg. (R. B. Francini col. # 22); Campos do Jordão, Alto da Boa Vista, 1800 m, 1 male, 6. XII. 2007 (DNA voucher AC 110), A. V. L. Freitas leg.; Pindamonhangaba, Pico do Itapeva, 1800 m, 1 female, 31. XII. 2005, A. V. L. Freitas leg.; 6 males (DNA vouchers AC 111, AC 112, AC 113, AC 114, AC 115, AC 116), 6. XII. 2007, A. V. L. Freitas leg. (ZUEC-AVLF); Mirante do Pico do Itapeva, 2000 m, 3 males, 28. XII. 2016, 22 ◦ 46 l 3.62 llS 45 ◦ 31 l 27.08 llW, L. M. Magaldi, leg. (DNA vouchers BLU 937, BLU 938, BLU 940) (ZUEC LEP 10006, ZUEC LEP 10007, ZUEC LEP 10008) (ZUEC); Santo Antônio do Pinhal, Estrada para o Pico Agudo, 1220 m, 20. XI. 2013, 22 ◦ 51 l 1 llS 45 ◦ 39 l 42 llW, T. S. Souza leg (ZUEC LEP 10003) (ZUEC).	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.taxon	materials_examined	Additional studied material (all from Brazil). DZUP – Minas Gerais: Camanducaia, Monteverde, 1650 m, 3 males and 6 females, 22. XII. 1968, 1 male, 23. XII. 1968, 4 males, 27. XII. 1968, H. Ebert leg. DZ 3769, DZ 3772, DZ 3771, DZ 5848, DZ 5865, DZ 6041, DZ 5961, DZ 5937, DZ 5896, DZ 3773, DZ 3774, DZ 3474, DZ 7869, DZ 3770; Santos Dumont, Rio Novo, 850 m, 1 male, 13. XI. 1953, H. Ebert leg. DZ 5849; Barbacena, Serra da Mantiqueira, 1100 m, 1 female, 4. XII. 1952, H. Ebert leg. DZ 7091; Poços de Caldas, 1250 m, 1 male, 10. XII. 1966, 2 males, 11. XII. 1966, 1 male, 15. XII. 1966, 3 males, 17. XII. 1966, H. Ebert leg. DZ 3776, DZ 3786, DZ 3785, DZ 3787, DZ, 3767, DZ 3788, DZ 2977; Delfim Moreira, 15 Km SE, 1500 – 1700 m, 2 females, 22 - 23. I. 2004, Mielke & Casagrande leg. DZ 9290, DZ 9250. Rio de Janeiro: P. N. Itatiaia, 1600 m, 2 females, 12. I. 1973, Mielke leg. DZ 5969, DZ 5857; Imbariê, 25 m, 1 female, 29. VII. 1964, H. Ebert leg. DZ 5928; Itatiaia, Oeste, 1400 m, 2 males, 22. XII. 1957, H. Ebert leg. DZ 3782, DZ 3110; Teresópolis, 1000 m, 1 female, 5. I. 1973, Mielke leg. DZ 7997. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, 1700 m, 1 female, 30. I. 1966, H. Ebert leg. DZ 5945, Campos do Jordão, Toriba, 2 males, 12. XI. 1922, 1 male, 16. XII. 1952, D Almeida & L. Travassos Filho leg. DZ 3781, DZ 3762, DZ 2974; Bananal, Bocaina, 2 males and 2 females, 2. I. 1937, Travassos leg. DZ 3780, DZ 3779, DZ 5913, DZ 5904. IOC – Minas Gerais: Passa Quatro, Fazenda dos Campos, 1600 m, 1 female, 2. XII. 1915, 1 female, 5. XII. 1915, J. F. Zikán leg. I. O. C. no 25195, No. 25196. Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, Campo Belo, 2 females, 10. XII. 1919, 1 female, 12. II. 1920, km 12, 1 female, 20. I. 1925, J. F. Zikán leg. I. O. C. No. 25193, No. 25177, No. 25198, No. 25217, 1 female, 30. XI. 1920, 1 female, 29. XII. 1920, M. Zikán leg. I. O. C. No. 25176, No. 25178. São Paulo: Bananal, 3 males and 3 females, 8. I. 1937, L. Travassos Filho leg. Coll. Travassos. MNRJ – Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, 1 female, III. 1934, Col. J. Oiticica Filho. São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, 3 females, 29. I. 1933, Travassos & J. Oiticica Filho, Col. J. Oiticica Filho; Bananal, Bocaina, 3 females, I. 1937, A. Costa leg. Col. Dr. A. Costa No. 4376, No. 4377, No. 4365. ZUEC-AVLF – Minas Gerais: Andradas, Pico do Gavião, 1600 m, 1 male, 12. XII. 2017, 22 ◦ 1 l 1 llS 46 ◦ 37 l 37 llW, A. V. L. Freitas, L. M. Magaldi, J. Y. O. Carreira & A. Tacioli leg.; Poços de Caldas, Serra do Cristo, 1560 m, 2 males, 15. XII. 2017, L. M. Magaldi & A. Tacioli leg. São Paulo: Silveiras, ponte sobre o Rio do Higino, Serra da Bocaina, 2 males (DNA vouchers AC 176, AC 180) and 2 females (DNA vouchers AC 174, AC 179), 17. I. 2009, K. L. Silva-Brandão leg; Serra da Bocaina, 1450 m, 2 males, 19. XII. 2017, 22 ◦ 47 l 54 llS 44 ◦ 42 l 48 llW, L. M. Magaldi, A. Tacioli & A. H. B. Rosa leg.	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.taxon	description	Immature stages Egg (Figs. 5 A, B, 8 C). Light yellow when first laid, changing gradually to pinkish red after 24 h; barrel-shaped with 13 – 16 vertical ribs and several (∼ 14 – 17) weakly marked horizontal ribs; mean height 0.683 mm (range 0.67 – 0.71 mm, n = 3), mean diameter 0.412 mm (range 0.37 – 0.44 mm, n = 9). Aeropyles localized only near base of egg, in two irregular rows (not every vertical rib bears an aeropyle). First instar (Figs. 6 and 7 A). Head brown, smooth, without scoli, mean width 0.33 mm (range 0.29 – 0.36 mm, n = 3); body pale cream, without scoli and with long pale setae arising from pinacula; legs pale brown, prolegs pale, anal plate pale brown. Prothoracic plate pale and difficult to observe under stereomicroscope. T 1 presents only 2 subventral setae, similar to Actinote alalia. Head chaetotaxy and body chaetotaxy are presented in Figs. 6 and 7 A, respectively. Maximum reported length 3.0 mm. Last instar (Figs. 7 B and 8 D). Head dark brown, smooth with thin pale setae and without scoli, spines or chalazae, mean width 3.14 mm (range 3.01 – 3.24 mm, SD = 0.073 mm, n = 4); body dark brown dorsally, pale cream laterally and ventrally, covered with medium sized dark brown scoli bearing brown setae from T 1 to A 1 and from A 7 to A 10, and white setae from A 2 to A 6; legs black, prolegs pale cream; anal plate dark brown. Maximum length: 40 mm (n = 4). Scoli distribution as in Fig. 7 B. Prepupa changes color, becoming pale cream with a more homogeneous coloration. Pupa (Fig. 8 E). General profile elongated, ground color pale yellow cream with dark brown markings in wing cases and abdomen; abdominal segments mobile, with a series of five pairs of subdorsal black spines from segments A 2 to A 6. Total length 20 – 21 mm (n = 2). Adult and immature behavior, host plants and natural history. Larvae of A. mantiqueira sp. nov. have been recorded using Eupatorium intermedium and Eupatorium sp. (a species very similar to E. intermedium) (Asteraceae) (Fig. 8 A) as host plants (Penz and Francini, 1996; RBF and AVLF pers. obs.). Females were observed ovipositing from 12: 00 to 02: 00 PM on the underside of mature leaves of their host plants (Fig. 8 B). Ovipositions are large (Fig. 8 C), varying from 409 to 453 eggs (n = 4). Newly hatched larvae first consumed the chorion, and after 3 – 5 h began to feed on leaf tissue. First instars fed on the underside leaf tissue by scraping the leaf surface, while later instars were observed consuming the entire leaf. In first instars, frass pellets were glued onto the leaf by silk, not falling to the ground. Larvae were consistently gregarious in all instars, and all activities, such as feeding, resting, or moving between leaves, occurred simultaneously. Adults were only observed on sunny days, quickly disappearing when weather conditions became cloudy. Males began to fly around 10: 00 AM, usually flying 2 – 5 m high. Females were seldom observed, and territorial behavior courtship behavior or copulation were not perceived. All known populations of A. mantiqueira sp. nov. were recorded in well-preserved subtropical wet montane forest above 1000 m altitude, where the climate approaches temperate conditions, including cold winters with frequent frosts and temperature frequently falling below 0 ◦ C. Males were observed feeding on flowers of Croton urucurana Baill. (Euphorbiaceae), Chromolaena punctulata (D. C.) R. King & H. Robins (Asteraceae) and on several other species of forest edge plants. Adults are univoltine in all known populations, with only one flight period during the warmer months, from late November to early February. Adults of A. mantiqueira sp. nov. are sexually dimorphic, with males having a deep orange coloration (Figs. 1 A, 2 A, B, 9 A), and females being much more translucent and sometimes having the subapical spot on the forewing light cream (Figs. 1 B, 2 C, D). In most studied sites individuals were never abundant, with usually 5 – 30 individuals observed in a typical day of field work (4 – 5 h of observation), most of which were males. This species is part of the “ orangish red mimicry complex ” of Actinote (sensu Francini, 1989) (Fig. 9), and is sympatric with five other Actinote co-mimics, namely Actinote bonita Penz, 1996 (Fig. 9 B), Actinote conspicua Jordan, 1913 (Fig. 9 C), Actinote quadra (Schaus, 1902) (Fig. 9 D), Actinote dalmeidai Francini, 1996 (Fig. 9 E), and Actinote surima (Schaus, 1902) (Fig. 9 F) and one pierid co-mimic, Dismorphia melia (Godart, [1824]) (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae) (see Dias et al., 2016). Habitat. In all known localities, the species is associated with well-preserved montane ombrophilic forest, usually at altitudes above 1000 m. Males and females are easily observed in forest edges and in areas of contact between forest and high altitude natural grasslands (Fig. 10 A and B).	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.taxon	distribution	Geographic distribution. The species is known from the Serra da Mantiqueira region, from the Serra da Bocaina and Serra dos Órgãos, at altitudes from 1000 to 2000 m (Fig. 11).	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5C007CFCB7FF3EFC7A281C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Mantiqueira is a word in native Tupi language meaning “ rain drops ” (from amana = rain and tykyra = drop) and is the name of a large mountain range in SE Brazil (Serra da Mantiqueira), where most of the known populations of A. mantiqueira sp. nov. occur.	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.taxon	description	Description Male (Figs. 2 E, F, 9 G): Antenna black, 11 – 12 mm in length (n = 5) extending to mid-costa, with 41 segments, 11 of which form a well-defined club. Forewing narrow and elongated, length 25 – 28 mm (mean = 26.8 mm, SD = 1.09 mm, n = 5); hindwing rounded, length 18 – 21 mm (mean = 19.8 mm, SD = 1.09 mm, n = 5). Body dark brown, abdomen ventrally covered by cream scales. Forewing background dark orange with dark brown veins and stripes as follows: a broad dark brown margin, broad in apex and narrowing toward tornus; space from anal margin to 2 A dark brown in final third only; four additional narrow dark brown transverse stripes, first extending from costa to CuA 2, two thirds from base, second crossing end of discal cell from R sector to M 3, third v-shaped crossing discal cell in mid portion, and fourth v-shaped crossing space CuA 2 - 2 A half from base. Hindwing background dark orange with broad dark brown margin; all veins dark brown, and narrow dark brown stripes extending in inter-venal spaces. Transverse patches of dark scales crossing proximally spaces M 1 - M 2, M 2 - M 3, M 3 - CuA 1 and CuA 1 - CuA 2. Ventral forewing with a pattern very similar to dorsal pattern, but lacking broad dark brown margin; ventral hindwing background cream, with a well-marked dark brown v-shaped band from Sc + R 1 to 3 A, with an adjacent well defined broad v-shaped orange band. Discal cell usually crossed by an oblique dark brown stripe, defining an orange basal half and a cream distal half region. Male genitalia (Fig. 3 I – O): Valvae elongate and curved, length about four times width of median portion; broader at base; apex rounded with a conspicuous curl toward middle line of body. In dorsal view, basal portion of uncus wide, abruptly narrowing, ending in a point. Tegumen long and broad, trapeze-shaped with a slight constriction at middle. Gnathos absent. In ventral view, saccus with an abrupt slight narrowing near base, then projecting as a broad lobe with rounded end; about half length of genital capsule. Aedeagus about half length of genital capsule, ending in a sharp point, in lateral view slightly curved downwards. Juxta broad, about same width of base of one valva (in ventral view), diamond-shaped with an anterior short pointed process; length equal to width. Female (Figs. 2 G, H, 8 G). Antenna black, 13 mm in length (n = 2), extending to mid-costa, with 41 segments, 11 of which form a well-defined club. Forewing narrow and elongated, length 31 – 33 mm (n = 2). Hindwing rounded, not translucent, length 23 mm (n = 2). Color pattern of female wings similar to that of males but paler. Female genitalia (Fig. 3 P): Corpus bursae rounded, signa absent. Ductus bursae not sclerotized, same length as corpus bursae; sterigma rounded.	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.taxon	discussion	Taxonomy and variation Actinote alalia was described by C. Felder & R. Felder (1860) based on an unstated number of specimens without a specified locality in Brazil. A male syntype deposited in the NHMUK (figured in Warren et al., 2017), was examined by Gerardo Lamas and designated as the lectotype by him (Lamas [1997]). Based on the provenance of most of the Felder’s material, Lamas ([1997]) suggested that this specimen should have come from southeastern Brazil. Indeed, the wing pattern of the above lectotype corresponds to Actinote alalia populations from southern Brazil in terms of the following visible characters: (1) the narrow transverse dark brown bands on the dorsal forewing; (2) a mostly orange band in the internal margin of the dorsal forewing; (3) a conspicuous orange v-shaped band transversally crossing the ventral hindwing, and (4) a complete dark bar crossing the middle of the discal cell and delimiting a basal orange area (see Fig. 2). Based on these observations and the data presented in this paper, the type locality of A. alalia should be changed to “ southern Brazil ”. As has been reported for most species of Actinote, A. alalia also presents intraspecific variation, especially in the female color pattern (males are much more uniform). As for A. mantiqueira sp. nov., minor variation has also been reported in wing venation and genitalia. The most variable characters are the extent of the humeral vein, which can reach or not the wing edge, and the shape of saccus apex, that can vary from pointed to almost rounded.	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.taxon	materials_examined	Examined material (all from Brazil). DZUP – Paraná: Curitiba, 900 m, 1 male and 2 females, 28. II. 1969, Mielke leg. DZ 3153, DZ 5864, DZ 5905, 1 female, 13. XII. 1968, Mielke leg. DZ 3119; Palmas, 1100 m, 7 males and 1 female, 6. II. 1976, Mielke & Buzzi leg. DZ 3136, DZ 3161 DZ 3133, DZ 3132, DZ 3121, DZ 3129, DZ 3160, DZ 5929, 2 males, I. 1930, Stawiarski leg. DZ 3765, DZ 3784; Prudentópolis, 1200 m, 10 males and 1 female, 2. II. 1976, Mielke & Buzzi leg. DZ 3106, DZ 3128, DZ 3157, DZ 3137, DZ 3116, DZ 3120, DZ 3108, DZ 3148, DZ 3134, DZ 3138, DZ 5872; Castro, 1000 m, 1 male and 2 females, 25. I. 1971, Mielke leg. DZ 3147, DZ 6017, DZ 6001; Guarapuava, 1200 m, 2 males and 1 female, 18. II. 1978, Mielke & Miers leg. DZ 3152, DZ 3122, DZ 5888; Porto União, 1 male and 1 female, Stawiarski leg. DZ 3775, DZ 6071; São José dos Pinhais, Colônia Muricy, 1 male, 14. XII. 2001, Paluch leg. DZ 4758; Lapa, 1 male, no data, H. Ebert leg. DZ 3768; Ponta Grossa, 1 female, IV. 1956, Coll. F. Justus, DZ 8014. Santa Catarina: Rio das Antas, 4 males and 2 females, I. 1953, Camargo leg. DZ 3764, DZ 3763, DZ 3778, DZ 3777, DZ 5912, DZ 6009; Santa Cecília, 1000 m, 1 male, 22. II. 1973, Mielke leg. DZ 3105; Ponte Alto do Norte, 1000 m, 1 male, 12. II. 1973, Mielke & Sakakibara leg. DZ 3783; São Joaquim, 1250 m, 1 female, 24. II. 1973, Mielke leg. DZ 5897, São Joaquim, Mantiqueira, 8 females, 26. II. 1973, Mielke leg. DZ 5936, DZ 5881, DZ 5873, DZ 5993, DZ 5921, DZ 5977, DZ 6025, DZ 5985, São Joaquim, Planalto de Lages, 1300 m, 1 female, 2 - 4. II. 1973, H. & H. D. Ebert leg. DZ 5953; Lages, Painel, 1000 m, 1 female, 24. II. 1983, Mielke & Casagrande leg. DZ 5856, 1 female, 23. II. 1973, Mielke leg. DZ 6033, Lages, Parque Pedras Brancas, 920 m, 2 females, 13. II. 1973, Mielke & Sakakibara leg. DZ 5920, DZ 6066. Rio Grande do Sul: Serra Geral, Canela, 800 m, 1 male, 22. I. 1973, H & H. D. Ebert, H. DZ 3766. ZUEC – Santa Catarina: Bom Jardim da Serra, 1 male and 1 female, 1360 m, 11. I. 2011, L. A. Kaminski leg. ZUEC-AVLF – Rio Grande do Sul: São Francisco de Paula, Floresta Nacional do Pinho, 4 males (DNA vouchers AC 117, AC 118, AC 119, AC 120), 31. XII. 2007, L. A. Kaminski leg.; 1 male, 1. I. 2009, L. A. Kaminski; 1 female (DNA voucher AC 210), 7. XII. 2009, L. A. Kaminski leg. MZSP – Paraná: Lapa, 2 males, 1 female, XI. 1940, B. Pohl leg. Santa Catarina: Rio das Antas, 1 female, I. 1953, Camargo leg.	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.taxon	description	Immature stages Egg (Fig. 5 C and D). Light yellow when first laid, changing gradually to pinkish red during the first 24 h; barrel-shaped with 13 – 15 vertical ribs and several (∼ 12) weakly marked horizontal ribs; mean height 0.72 mm (range 0.71 – 0.73 mm, n = 3), mean diameter 0.42 mm (range 0.24 – 0.52 mm, n = 3). Aeropyles localized only near base of egg, in two irregular rows (not every vertical rib bears an aeropyle). First instar. Head light brown, smooth, without scoli; body pale cream, without scoli and with long pale setae arising from pinacula; legs pale brown, prolegs pale, anal plate pale brown. Prothoracic plate pale and difficult to observe under stereomicroscope. T 1 presents only 2 subventral setae, the same condition as in Actinote mantiqueira sp. nov. Last instar (Fig. 8 F). Head dark brown, smooth with thin pale setae and without scoli, spines or chalazae; body bluish dorsally, green ventrally, with a conspicuous lateral band, this is orange in thoracic segments and cream in abdominal segments. Covered with medium sized scoli bearing bluish setae; scoli are dark in T 1 - T 2 and A 9 - A 10 and bluish in T 3 through A 8; legs black, prolegs green; anal plate dark brown. Pupa. General profile elongated, ground color pale yellow with dark brown markings in wing cases and abdomen; abdominal segments mobile, with a series of five pairs of subdorsal black spines from segments A 2 to A 6. Adult and immature behavior, host plants and natural history. Oviposition of A. alalia was recorded on Grazielia serrata (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob (Asteraceae). Females were observed ovipositing at the end of the afternoon, approximately 05: 00 PM. (L. A. Kaminski, pers. comm.) on the underside of mature leaves of their host plants (Fig. 8 G). Ovipositions are large, varying from 411 to 442 eggs (n = 2). Newly hatched larvae first consumed the chorion, and after 3 – 5 h began to feed on leaf tissue. First instars fed on the underside leaf tissue by scraping the leaf surface, while later instars were observed consuming the entire leaf. In the first instar, frass pellets were glued onto the leaf by silk, not falling to the ground. First instars were gregarious and all activities, such as feeding, resting, or moving between leaves, occurred simultaneously. As reported for A. mantiqueira sp. nov., adults of A. alalia were only observed on sunny days, quickly disappearing when weather conditions became cloudy. Males began to fly around 10: 00 AM, usually flying 3 – 5 m high. Females were seldom observed, and territorial behavior courtship behavior or copulation were not perceived. All known populations of A. alalia were recorded in preserved subtropical wet montane forest above 800 m altitude, where the climate approaches temperate conditions, including cold winters with frequent frosts and temperature frequently falling below 0 ◦ C. Males were observed feeding on flowers of several species of forest edge plants. Adults are univoltine in all known populations, with only one flight period during the warmer months, from December to February. Adults of A. alalia are sexually dimorphic, with males having a deep orange coloration (Figs. 2 E, F, 9 G), and females being much more translucent (Fig. 2 G and H). In most study sites individuals were never abundant, with usually 2 – 6 individuals observed in a typical day of field work (4 – 5 h of observation), most of which were males. This species is part of the “ orangish red mimicry complex ” of Actinote (sensu Francini, 1989) (Fig. 9), and is sympatric with three other Actinote co-mimics, namely, Actinote dalmeidai (Fig. 9 E), Actinote surima (Fig. 9 F) and Actinote catarina Penz, 1996 (Fig. 9 H) and one pierid co-mimic, Dismorphia melia (Godart, [1824]) (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae) (see Dias et al., 2016).	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. In all known localities, the species is associated with preserved montane mixed forest (also known as Araucaria Forest due to the presence of Paraná pine Araucaria angustifolia), usually in altitudes above 800 m. Males and females are observed in forest edges and in areas of contact between forest and high altitude natural grasslands (Fig. 10 C and D).	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
3045879F0E5B0070FC93FA85FA362F48.taxon	distribution	Geographic distribution. The species is known from the mountains of southern Brazil in the States of Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul, at altitudes from 800 to 1400 m (Fig. 11).	en	Freitas, André Victor Lucci, Francini, Ronaldo Bastos, Paluch, Márlon, Barbosa, Eduardo Proença (2018): A new species of Actinote Hübner (Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae: Acraeini) from southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia (Rev. Bras. Entomol.) 62 (2): 135-147, DOI: 10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rbe.2018.01.003
