taxonID	type	description	language	source
30613D4CDC02FFD1FCCCE931FC1963B4.taxon	description	F. cf. apelti is a small interstitial worm, up to 1 mm long, living in the sub- and lower littoral in coarse to fine sand. Most of the investigated specimens were sexually mature, possessing eggs and sperm packages, as well as a dorsal bursa (Fig. 1 a – d). The most striking feature of this species is the proboscis, or broom organ, in the anterior, about one third of the body length (Fig. 1 a). It passes ventrally very close to the statocyst, in squeeze preparation often bending around it (Fig. 1 a, b). When the broom organ is retracted, its distal end lies at a distance of 150 μm (Fig. 1 b) from the frontal pore, through which it can be protruded, while the statocyst lies at a distance of 200 μm from the frontal pore. The space between the frontal pore and the statocyst is occupied by frontal glands. The statocyst is oval, 22.5 × 20.5 μm. Two smooth statoliths 9 μm in diameter lie close to Fig. 1 Light microscopic differential interference contrast pictures of Flagellophora cf. apelti. a Overview of the living animal, showing broom organ, frontal pore, statocyst, parenchyma, dorsal bursa, eggs and sperm packages. b Retracted broom organ (asterisk marks its distal end) and statocyst. c Bilithophorous statocyst with smooth-looking stones. One of the muscles attaching the statocyst to the body wall is visible on the right side. d Bursa with mouthpiece (see insert for details), two eggs, some sperm packages and male opening in subterminal position. e Anterior end of the body, broom organ opening. f Epidermis of the dorsal posterior end of the body. Note polygonal shapes of the epidermal cells and granular aggregation within each cell (arrows). bo broom organ, bs bursa, eg egg, fgn frontal gland necks, fp frontal pore, lmf lateral muscle fibres, mo male opening, sp sperms, st statocyst each other (Fig. 1 c). The frontal pore lies about 20 μm from the anterior body tip (Fig. 1 e). The female bursa, which is present in all species of the family Ascopariidae, opens dorsally approximately in the third quarter of the body length, anterior to both the eggs and the sperm packages (Figs. 1 a, d). The bursa is retort-shaped and has a distinct mouthpiece about 30 μm long, not observed previously (Fig. 1 d, insert). In the posterior region of the body, epidermal cell borders are clearly visible (Fig. 1 f). The cells have polygonal, often end of the body, tubulin IR broom organ is surrounded by a compact aggregation of FMRFamide IR nerve cells at the level of the statocyst. Note the tubulin IR nerve net in the epidermis (arrow). e Anterior end, the broom organ is composed of coiled tubulin IR strands. f Unspecific staining of the epidermis at mid-body revealing the mouth opening. Borders of polygonal epidermal cells are readily visible; note gland cell openings between the cells. Also note red-stained epidermal bacteria. g Posterior end, dorsal retort-shaped bursa and sperm aggregations. Note epidermal bacteria. Scale bars 25 μm. bc brain cells, bo broom organ, bs bursa, ep epidermis, epb epidermal bacteria, m mouth, nc nerve cells, nn nerve net, np neuropile, sp sperms, st statocyst hexagonal, shapes and each has an aggregation of granular material in the middle, which looks like a luminous spot under a light microscope.	en	Raikova, Olga I., Meyer-Wachsmuth, Inga, Jondelius, Ulf (2016): The plastic nervous system of Nemertodermatida. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 16 (1): 85-104, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0248-0, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0248-0
30613D4CDC0AFFD9FCCCEF03FAA86309.taxon	description	The NS of N. cf. westbladi is entirely basiepidermal. It was studied by anti-alpha-tubulin immunostaining (Figs. 7 a, c, d and 8 a, b, e) and anti-tyrosinated-tubulin immunostaining (Figs. 7 b and 8 c, d). Anti-alpha-tubulin immunostaining readily reveals general morphology as it not only stains nerve cells but also cilia, sperm (Fig. 7 a), the male copulatory organ (Fig. 7 a) and all glands with gland necks lined by microtubules (Fig. 8). At the anterior end of the animal, there is a nerve ring surrounding a bilithophorous statocyst. From this ring, several caudal neurite bundles originate (Fig. 7 a, b) but only the two ventral ones reach the posterior end of the animal (Fig. 7 c, d). At the site of origin of the ventral neurite bundles, the brain ring is noticeably thickened, forming a local neuropile (Fig. 7 c). Anterior to the ring, there is an aggregation of sensillae innervated from the brain ring (Fig. 7 b). Numerous sensory fibres start from the ventral neurite bundles outwardly, innervating the thick epidermis. Other fibres innervate the ventral side of the body (Fig. 7 d). One of the specimens stained by anti-tyrosinated-tubulin displayed a mouth opening (Fig. 7 b). It serves as a focal point for numerous nerve fibres coming from all directions but mainly from the ventral neurite bundles (Fig. 7 b). bundle starting from the ring-shaped brain. Note numerous nerve fibres, going outwards into the epidermal layer. d Alpha-tubulinimmunoreactivity in the posterior end of the animal, showing joining together of the two ventral neurite bundles and the extensive innervation of the ventral side of the animal. Scale bars 50 μm. br brain ring, eg egg, m mouth, ma male antrum, nf nerve fibres, s sensory cells, sp sperms, sv seminal vesicle, vn ventral neurite bundles In some specimens stained for longer time (about 72 h), epidermal glands are revealed and it is possible to follow their innervation (Fig. 8 a). Most of them are innervated by nerve fibres coming from the ventral neurite bundles (Fig. 8 a). Glands of the anterior end of the body are innervated directly from the brain ring (Fig. 8 d). It is possible to follow the nerve fibre making contact with the membrane of the gland cell (Fig. 8 b). The most peculiar glands observed in Nemertoderma cf. are undoubtedly the bottle-shaped ones (Fig. 8 c), which are strongly tubulin IR probably due to the lining of microtubules. A row of such glands can be observed along the ventral neurite bundles (Fig. 8 c). The presence of bottle glands is characteristic for the family Nemertodermatidae (Sterrer 1998). In small male mature specimens, a distinct stripe of tightly packed gland openings was observed running across the anterior end of the animal (Fig. 8 e – g). directly from the brain. Note tubulin IR gland openings at the body surface. e Alpha-tubulin IR pattern. Note a stripe of unstained gland neck openings across the anterior end of the body. f Differential contrast image of the stripe of gland neck openings. g Confocal image of the same stripe. Note gland necks passing between epidermal cells. Scale bars 25 μm. br brain ring, gl gland, gs glandular stripe, ma male antrum, nf nerve fibres, sp sperms, vn ventral neurite bundles	en	Raikova, Olga I., Meyer-Wachsmuth, Inga, Jondelius, Ulf (2016): The plastic nervous system of Nemertodermatida. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 16 (1): 85-104, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0248-0, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-015-0248-0
