identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
393087D4FFF8FFE7ECD9F8A5FCE1FD96.text	393087D4FFF8FFE7ECD9F8A5FCE1FD96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vernonia confusa Redonda-Mart., Villasenor & A. Campos. A & B. Branches 2016	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Vernonia confusa Redonda-Mart., Villaseñor &amp; A. Campos ,  sp. nov. (Figs. 1–2) </p>
            <p> Type: —   MEXICO. Oaxaca: Distrito Miahuatlán, Mpio. San Jerónimo Coatlán, 38.6 km SO San Jerónimo Coatlán, brecha a  Piedra Larga , 30 noviembre 1990, A. Campos 3468 (holotype MEXU!  ;  isotypes MEXU! ,  K! ,  US! ). </p>
            <p>Perennial herbs or suffruticoses 0.4–1.0 m high. Stems glabrous, striate. Leaves alternate, petioles 3.0–8.0 mm in length, blades lanceolate, rarely elliptic–ovate, 6.0– 15 cm long, 1.0–2.2 (–5.0) cm wide; leaf adaxial surface pilose or glabrate, with multicellular uniseriate trichomes, with apical cell subulate and with scattered glands (Fig. 3, A); leaf abaxial surface with abundant lageniform trichomes and some simple trichomes (Fig. 3, B–C); base occasionally decurrent on petioles; apex acute–apiculate, margins serrate and revolute. Heads homogamous, long-pedunculate, peduncles (3.0–)4.5–12.0 cm, glabrous, with subulate–lanceolate bracteoles, 4.0–14.0 mm long; inflorescence corymbose lax, with 3– 10 heads, involucre campanulate to hemispheric, 1.2–1.8 cm long, 1.2–2.3 cm wide; 5–6-seriate, glabrescent. Phyllaries linear–lanceolate, glabrate, imbricate, apex mucronate. Florets 50–60 per head, purple, actinomorphic, corollas 9.0– 13.0 mm long, lobes 3.0–4.0 mm long, tube 6.0–9.0 mm long, with abundant glands at apex of lobes and spread on tube. Style branches long, acute and hairy, 2.0–3.0 mm long. Anthers 3.0–4.0 mm long, with glandular indumentum, apex acute, base sagitate. Cypselae with 8–10 ribs, 3.0–5.0 mm long, with a pilose–glandular indumentum (Fig. 2, D). Pappus persistent, 2-seriate, external series shorter, of capillary bristles, 1.0– 2.2 mm long, internal series longer, of capillary bristles, 6.0–8. 0 mm long. Pollen 25.0–35.0 μm in diameter, subechinolophate with a microperforated tectum (Fig. 3, E–F).</p>
            <p> Distribution, habitat and phenology: —  Vernonia confusa is known only from six collections in the State of Oaxaca, at the mountain cloud forest,  Pinus forest and  Pinus –  Quercus forest, at elevations of 1260–1790 m. It grows in association with  Pinus ,  Quercus and associated species of mountain cloud forest types. Flowering and fruiting from August to December. </p>
            <p> Ethymology:—The name of this species refers to the group of characters that have allowed the new species to be confused with other vernonias that have lanceolate blades, such as  V. greggii A. Gray (1882: 204) , or an 5–6-seriate involucre, a pilose–glandular indument of the cypsela, and the same geographic distribution as  V. karvinskiana DC. (1836: 62) subsp. karvinskiana . </p>
            <p> Discussion:—The new species is recognized as a member of the genus  Vernonia s.str. , which shares the corymbose inflorescences, the presence of glands at the tips of the lobes, the tube of the corolla and the cypselae, the lageniform trichomes on the abaxial surface of the leaves, the latter being characteristic of the North American species of the genus (Faust &amp; Jones 1973, Redonda-Martínez et al. 2012), and the type A pollen which is characteristic of  Vernonia (Keeley &amp; Jones 1979, Robinson 1999). </p>
            <p> Considering the infrageneric classification of  Vernonia by Gleason (1906), this new taxon could be included in V. series  Umbelliformes because it presents characters in common with the taxa here grouped, such as the perennial or sufruticose herbaceous habit, and the grouped heads in subumbellate inflorescences with a uniform peduncle length. It is important to point out that the leaves present an intraspecific variation, yet they are lanceolate in most specimens but having elliptic–ovate leaves (Campos 3266, 3280). </p>
            <p> The new species is similar to  Vernonia greggii but with the glabrous stems, both share the same shape of the leaf blades, and the campanulate to hemispheric involucre. It differs from  V. greggii in the absence of T- shaped trichomes on both surfaces of the leaves, the lanceolate–oblong phyllaries in  V. greggii , the higher number of series of the involucre (4-seriate in  V. greggii vs. 5–6-seriate in  V. confusa ), and the purple- brown pappus in  V. greggii vs. the white pappus in  V. confusa . The new taxon shares the presence of glands and multicellular uniseriate trichomes with  V. karvinskiana subsp. karvinskiana on the adaxial surface of the leaves; yet the later shows a difference in the apical cell of trichomes, as it is subulate in  V. confusa but acute in  V. karvinskiana subsp. karvinskiana . Both species have lageniform trichomes on the abaxial surface, but in  V. confusa simple trichomes also present (Fig. 2 B), whereas in  V. karvisnkiana subsp. karvinskiana the indumentum is formed also by uniseriate multicellular trichomes with the apical cell subulate (long uniseriate trichomes of subtype b1; Redonda-Martinez et al. 2012) and glands. Both species have a 5–6-seriate involucre with lanceolate phyllaries, indumentum pilose–glandular on the cypselae and their inflorescences corymbose; yet in  V. confusa the inflorescence is lax, formed by 3–10 heads, while in  V. karvinskian a  subsp. karvinskiana it is compact with 6–15 heads. These species also differ in the number of florets.  Vernonia karvinskiana subsp. karvinskiana has 30–40 florets, while  V. confusa has 50–60 florets. These characteristics, together with the others included in Table 1, prove that the taxon described here is new to science. </p>
            <p> Additional specimens examined:—   MEXICO. Distrito Miahuatlán, Mpio. San Jerónimo Coatlán, 10.3 km NE de  Piedra Larga , 15 diciembre 1987, A. Campos y R. Torres 816 (MEXU)  ;   41 km SO de San Jerónimo Coatlán, brecha a  Progreso , 7 agosto 1990, A. Campos 3266 (MEXU)  ;   40 km SO de San Jerónimo Coatlán, brecha a  Progreso , 7 agosto 1980, A. Campos 3280 (MEXU)  ;   10 km SO del campamento  Santo Domingo , 27 octubre 1980, R. Hernández M. et al. 5244 (ENCB, MEXU)  ;   17 km NE de Piedra Larga, camino  Piedra Larga–Miahuatlán , 22 noviembre 1982, E. Martínez S. et al. 2739 (MEXU)  . </p>
            <p>The distribution map of the new species is presented on Fig. 4.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/393087D4FFF8FFE7ECD9F8A5FCE1FD96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Redonda-Martínez, Rosario;Villaseñor, José Luis;Campos-Villanueva, Alvaro	Redonda-Martínez, Rosario, Villaseñor, José Luis, Campos-Villanueva, Alvaro (2016): A new species of Vernonia (Asteraceae, Vernonieae) from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 282 (3): 211-217, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.282.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.282.3.4
393087D4FFFDFFE4ECD9F9CBFA36FD7E.text	393087D4FFFDFFE4ECD9F9CBFA36FD7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vernonia Schreber 1791	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Artificial key to the Mexican species of  Vernonia s.str.</p>
            <p>1. Plants mainly distributed in Northern Mexico, generally with tomentose stems, occasionally pilose, puberulent or glabrescent .. 2</p>
            <p>– Plants distributed in Central and Southern Mexico, rarely in the north, generally with pilose or glabrous stems .......................... 8</p>
            <p>2. Leaves sessile, petioles absent; blades linear, &lt;8 mm wide ............................................................................................................ 3</p>
            <p>– Leaves short petiolate, petioles&gt; 3 mm, blades lanceolate or elliptical,&gt; 1.2 mm wide ................................................................ 6</p>
            <p>3. Pappus purple; heads with 30 or less florets .................................................................................................................................... 4</p>
            <p>– Pappus white; heads with 40 or more florets .................................................................................................................................... 5</p>
            <p> 4. Stems tomentose; phyllaries and abaxial surface of leaves with tomentose indumentum ..........................................  V. lindheimeri</p>
            <p> – Stems puberulent or glabrous; phyllaries and abaxial surface of leaves with pilose–glandular indumentum ..............  V. marginata</p>
            <p> 5. Cypselae with glandular indumentum; inflorescences with 10 or more heads; plants known from Coahuila ..................  V. larsenii</p>
            <p> – Cypselae with sericeous indumentum; inflorescences with 4 or less heads; plants known from Durango, Nayarit and Sinaloa ....... ...........................................................................................................................................................................................  V. bolleana</p>
            <p> 6. Plants known from Coahuila; phyllaries pilose; cypselae with glandular indumentum .................................................  V. faustiana</p>
            <p>– Plants known from Sonora; phyllaries tomentose; cypselae with pilose indumentum .................................................................... 7</p>
            <p> 7. Leaves elliptical; both surfaces of leaves with tomentose indumentum; involucre 5–6-seriate; phyllaries lanceolate; florets 50–60 per head; internal series of pappus &lt;7 mm long ................................................................................................................  V. barclayi</p>
            <p> – Leaves lanceolate; adaxial surface of leaves with pilose indumentum, abaxial surface tomentose; involucre 6–8-seriate; phyllaries linear–lanceolate; florets 30–40 per head; internal series of pappus&gt; 10 mm long .........................................................  V. joyaliae</p>
            <p>8. Involucre hemispheric; cypselae with glandular–pilose, or sometimes glandular indumentum ...................................................... 9</p>
            <p>– Involucre campanulate or turbinate; cypselae with glandular indumentum ................................................................................... 10</p>
            <p> 9. Inflorescences cymose; involucre 4-seriate, phyllaries oblong–elliptical, purple, with pilose indumentum; plants unknown from Oaxaca ................................................................................................................................................................................  V. greggii</p>
            <p> – Inflorescences corymbose; involucre 5–6-seriate, phyllaries linear–lanceolate, green, with apex purple, glabrescent; plants only known of Oaxaca ...............................................................................................................................................................  V. confusa</p>
            <p>10. Leaves lanceolate or lanceolate–elliptic; 30 or less florets per head .............................................................................................. 11</p>
            <p>– Leaves ovate or ovate–elliptic; 40 or more florets per head .......................................................................................................... 12</p>
            <p> 11. Involucre campanulate; phyllaries triangular, glabrous; plants from Jalisco and Michoacan ...........................................  V. bealliae</p>
            <p> – Involucre turbinate; phyllaries lanceolate, sparcely pilose; plants from Guerrero and Oaxaca .......................................................... ...................................................................................................................................................  V. karvinskiana subsp. karvinskiana</p>
            <p> 12. Apex of phyllaries aristate, awn&gt; 2 mm long; cypselae&gt; 5.0 mm long; internal series of pappus&gt; 9 mm long; plants unknown from Oaxaca .....................................................................................................................................................................  V. alamanii</p>
            <p> – Apex of phyllaries mucronate, mucro &lt;1 mm long; cypselae &lt;4.5 mm long; internal series of pappus &lt;7 mm long; plants only known from Oaxaca .......................................................................................................................  V. karvinskiana subsp. inuloides</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/393087D4FFFDFFE4ECD9F9CBFA36FD7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Redonda-Martínez, Rosario;Villaseñor, José Luis;Campos-Villanueva, Alvaro	Redonda-Martínez, Rosario, Villaseñor, José Luis, Campos-Villanueva, Alvaro (2016): A new species of Vernonia (Asteraceae, Vernonieae) from the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. Phytotaxa 282 (3): 211-217, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.282.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.282.3.4
