taxonID	type	description	language	source
A09CC51A2CFF5A42B9967EAA16FA15FB.taxon	description	Figs 1 A, 2	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
A09CC51A2CFF5A42B9967EAA16FA15FB.taxon	description	Description Pulsatilla alpina (L.) Delarbre is represented in Kosovo only by P. alpina subsp. apiifolia. It is a perennial herbaceous plant characterised by its finely divided basal leaves, which resemble those of Apium L., distinguishing it from the other subspecies of P. alpina.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
A09CC51A2CFF5A42B9967EAA16FA15FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat This taxon occurs mainly in the alpine regions of Central Europe, with its distribution area extending across the Eastern Alps and parts of the Balkans. It inhabits alpine zones, typically at elevations of around 1,200 to 2,800 m a. s. l. (Moser 2003; Aeschimann et al. 2004). Habitat preferences include calcareous soils on grassy slopes, alpine meadows, rocks and open scrub, often in areas with good drainage and strong sunlight. Although the species is generally not considered threatened in its core alpine range, some local populations may come under pressure from climate change, habitat disturbance and tourism-related impacts in sensitive mountain ecosystems (Lauber et al. 2018). In Kosovo, the species inhabits similar habitats and is listed as an endangered taxon (Millaku et al. 2013). It is distributed only in the Albanian Alps of Kosovo, within the Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park (Fig. 2) (Rexhepi 1986; Diklić 1992; Millaku et al. 2013).	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
81C4A232E86B5972B92CA4A7795757F5.taxon	description	Figs 1 B, 2	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
81C4A232E86B5972B92CA4A7795757F5.taxon	description	Description Pulsatilla halleri Willd. is represented in Kosovo only by P. halleri subsp. rhodopaea. It is a low-growing perennial herb that rarely grows more than 5 cm tall when in flower. It is characterised by densely lanceolate basal leaves with typically five primary divisions, which are often petiolate. The leaf blades have a high number of lobes (50 – 100), which distinguishes it from other subspecies. The entire plant is usually covered with a dense silvery indumentum (Aichele and Schwegleb 1957; Jordanov and Kozhuharov 1970; Tutin et al. 1993; Tashev 2008).	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
81C4A232E86B5972B92CA4A7795757F5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Pulsatilla halleri subsp. rhodopaea is a high-mountain specialist, occurring principally on calcareous substrates in the subalpine to lower alpine zones (1200 – 2000 m a. s. l.). It is typically found in open limestone grasslands, rocky ledges, and crevices. The plants form small, densely lanate cushions that protect meristematic tissues from frost and desiccation. Flowering occurs in early to mid spring when snowbanks melt, ensuring access to early pollinators in otherwise sparse alpine communities (Jordanov and Kozhuharov 1970; Tutin et al. 1993). In Kosovo, the taxon has been recorded in the subalpine calcareous grasslands of Mt Pashtrik and Mt Koritnik, where it exhibits the same ecological preferences and morphological features described throughout its range (Fig. 2). As a species, Pulsatilla halleri was first recorded in Kosovo from Mt Pashtrik by Wraber (1987), and subsequently confirmed from Mt Koritnik by Hashani and Shuka (2013). These two neighbouring mountain massifs are separated by the river Drini i Bardhë. The population on Mt Pashtrik occupies a wider area and comprises a significantly higher number of individuals (Table 1), in contrast to the very limited and spatially restricted population observed on Mt Koritnik. However, a recent taxonomic work (Niketić et al. 2023) has expressed doubts about the identity of the Balkan populations traditionally referred to P. halleri subsp. rhodopaea, noting that the type specimen resembles P. montana. This emphasises the need for further research to clarify the taxonomic position of these populations.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
F42E520D5DFC53BAAA5F5E8D3585D74F.taxon	description	Description Pulsatilla montana is a perennial hemicryptophyte characterised by its deeply dissected basal leaves and solitary, nodding, bell-shaped flowers, which are typically dark purple to bluish-purple. The entire plant is densely covered with soft hairs, especially in the early phenological stages. It is one of the earliest flowering Pulsatilla species in Europe (Jäger et al. 2017), with anthesis taking place from March to April.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
F42E520D5DFC53BAAA5F5E8D3585D74F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat The species typically inhabits open, dry, calcareous to gravelly grasslands and sparse pine or oak forests, often on south-facing slopes (Nikolić 2020). In Kosovo, P. montana is represented by two subspecies: P. montana subsp. balkana and P. montana subsp. jankae.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
E8565F8597505119A02E41A72C78953E.taxon	description	Fig. 2	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
E8565F8597505119A02E41A72C78953E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Pulsatilla montana subsp. balkana is known from Mt Gjeravicë in the Albanian Alps of Kosovo (Fig. 2) (Millaku 2005). It occurs in subalpine, siliceous grasslands on the eastern and south-eastern slopes of the massif at elevations between 1,400 and 1,900 m a. s. l., where it forms rather small and scattered populations.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
177E4F75CD415C7BA070B8336E87D296.taxon	description	Figs 1 C, 2	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
177E4F75CD415C7BA070B8336E87D296.taxon	distribution	Distribution Pulsatilla montana subsp. jankae, on the other hand, is newly reported for the flora of Kosovo. This taxon has been documented for Serbia in the Flora of Serbia (Diklić 1992), although listed under the synonym Pulsatilla montana subsp. dacica Rummelsp., but has not yet been recorded in Kosovo. It typically occurs at elevations between 400 and 900 m a. s. l. Based on the flower morphology (size and orientation of the flowers), the leaf division and the size and shape of the involucral bracts, our specimens from Kosovo correspond to P. montana subsp. jankae. This identification is supported by the diagnostic features described in the Flora of Serbia (Diklić 1992), in particular the narrower, lanceolate basal leaves, the medium-sized nodding flowers and the linear, hairy bracts. These features clearly distinguish it from the morphologically similar P. montana subsp. bulgarica (C. Rosenthal) W. Zimm. and P. montana subsp. australis (Heuff.) Zämelis & Paegle.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
B96A9E9F406D558E95060550084854D8.taxon	description	Figs 1 D, 2	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
B96A9E9F406D558E95060550084854D8.taxon	description	Description Pulsatilla vernalis is a low-growing perennial herb that is easily recognized by its early spring flowering and bell-shaped single flowers. Initially, the flowers are whitish or pale purple on the inside and densely covered with long, silky hairs on the outside. With increasing age, they turn a bluish to purple colour. The deeply dissected basal leaves usually appear after flowering.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
B96A9E9F406D558E95060550084854D8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat Ecologically, it is native to subalpine to alpine zones and thrives in acidic, nutrient-poor grasslands, heathlands, and alpine meadows. It prefers well-drained, siliceous soils on open, sunny slopes near or above the tree line. It is well adapted to the harsh climate and short growing seasons and flowers soon after the snow melts (Ronikier et al. 2008; Nikolić 2020). In terms of distribution, P. vernalis is widespread in Central and Northern Europe, ranging from the Alps and Carpathians to the Scandinavian mountains. It also occurs sporadically on the Balkan Peninsula (Dakskobler et al. 2008), but is generally considered rare and localised there. Due to habitat loss, climate change, and changes in land use, the species is considered threatened or declining in several parts of its range in Europe (IUCN 2014; Scheuerer 2020). In Kosovo, the taxon has been recorded in the subalpine to alpine silicate grasslands and heathlands, just near the treeline up to the alpine grasslands.	en	Berisha, Naim, Millaku, Fadil, Krasniqi, Elez (2025): Notes on the genus Pulsatilla (Ranunculaceae) in Kosovo – Southeast Europe. Plant Ecology and Evolution 158 (3): 418-427, DOI: 10.5091/plecevo.167734
