identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3C6087E74B48FF88FF22184EA0C43F12.text	3C6087E74B48FF88FF22184EA0C43F12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa Tjeder 1966	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966 , Sensu Novum </p>
            <p> Chrysopa (Apertochrysa) Tjeder, 1966: 480 . </p>
            <p> Type species (of  Apertochrysa ):  Chrysopa umbrosa Navás, 1914 , by original designation. </p>
            <p> Anisochrysa (Apertochrysa) Tjeder. Hölzel 1973: 341 . </p>
            <p> Mallada (Triadochrysa) Adams, 1978: 294 . </p>
            <p> Type species (of Triadochrysa):  Mallada (Triadochrysa) triangularis Adams, 1978 , by original designation. Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Apertochrysa Tjeder. Tsukaguchi, 1985: 505 . </p>
            <p> Triadochrysa Adams. Brooks &amp; Barnard, 1990: 223 [junior synonym of  Mallada ]. </p>
            <p> Navasius * X.-k. Yang &amp; C.-k. Yang, 1990: 327 [an unavailable name in the genus group; spelled identically with, but as an unavailable name not technically a nomenclatural homonym of,  Navasius Esben-Petersen, 1936 ]. Type species: none (unavailable genus-group names have no type species). Nominal genus based by X.-k. Yang &amp; C.-k. Yang on the then-unavailable nominal species  Mallada eumorphus * X.-k. Yang &amp; C.-k. Yang, 1990. Genus name unavailable under Art. 13.3 as its type species was not validly fixed in its original publication (its cited type species was then an unavailable nominal species and thus ineligible for fixation), and not having been proposed expressly as a new replacement name. Unavailability upheld by ICZN (2010). Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Dichochrysa * C.-k. Yang, 1991: 150 [an unavailable name in the genus group]. Type species: none (unavailable genus-group names have no type species). Genus name unavailable under Art. 13.3 as its type species was not validly fixed in its original publication.  Dichochrysa * was proposed expressly as a replacement name for  Navasius * X.-k. Yang &amp; C.-k. Yang, with which it is thus objectively synonymous. But, as no type species was originally fixed for  Navasius * X.-k. Yang &amp; C.-k. Yang, no type species could be originally fixed for its intended replacement name. Unavailability upheld by ICZN (2010). Aspöck et al., 2001:93 [  Pseudomallada listed in synonymy]. Syn. nov. </p>
            <p> Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995: 67 . </p>
            <p> Type species:  Chrysopa cognatella Okamoto, 1914 , by original designation. ICZN 2010 [  Dichochrysa * in synonymy]. S yn. nov. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Apertochrysa is the only chrysopid genus that possesses the following combination of male terminalic traits: (1) sternum VIII+IX simple, rounded posteriorly, (2) tignum usually present, rarely absent (then presumed secondarily lost), and (3) gonapsis always present, its form variable (as noted below). Most  Apertochrysa species examined to date can be characterized by one of four generalized gonapsis morphologies (Fig. 1), which correspond closely to four clades of species identified in recent molecular phylogenetic work on the genus (Duelli et al. 2017, Fig. 1 [as  Pseudomallada ]). In addition, in most species of  Apertochrysa the basalmost inner gradate crossvein does not arise from the pseudomedia (PsM). </p>
            <p>Distribution: Subcosmopolitan (Afrotropical, Australasian, Oceanian, Nearctic, Oriental, and Palearctic).</p>
            <p>Discussion</p>
            <p> Morphology: Historically, many of the species treated here in  Apertochrysa sensu novum were formerly placed within or near the genus  Mallada Navás, 1925 (e.g., Brooks &amp; Barnard, 1990). However, recent molecular phylogenetic analyses (Mochuzuki et al., 2017; Garzón-Orduña et al., 2019; Winterton et al., 2019) have established that  Apertochrysa and  Mallada , while similar, are not closely related, and can be distinguished on the basis of the shape of the gonapsis (see particularly, Duelli et al., 2017), a sclerotized male terminalic element that lies medially in the posterior body wall above the (8 th +)9 th sternite. The gonapsis of  Apertochrysa can assume a variety of forms (Fig. 1), but always consists of a pair of lateral wings, which are connected to a single anteriorly-directed rod (apodeme) (see Duelli et al. 2017 for detailed descriptions of four distinct gonapsis morphotypes found in  Apertochrysa ). Apart from  Apertochrysa , there are only four other genera in the  Chrysopinae that possess both a tignum and a gonapsis:  Anomalochrysa McLachlan, 1883 ;  Mallada Navás, 1925 ;  Meleoma Fitch, 1855 ; and  Peyerimhoffina Lacroix, 1920 . All of these genera have gonapsis shapes that are distinctly different from  Apertochrysa , and none of these genera are closely related to  Apertochrysa . In the sister genera  Anomalochrysa and  Mallada the shape and size of the gonapsis also varies, but its form is roughly W-shaped, X-shaped, or Y-shaped.  Meleoma has a small bilobed gonapsis, and in  Peyerimhoffina the gonapsis is V-shaped.  Apertochrysa is also morphologically similar to  Chrysoperla Steinmann ; both possess a tignum (rarely absent in  Apertochrysa ), but  Chrysoperla lacks a gonapsis (present in  Apertochrysa ). However, the homology and evolution of the chrysopid gonapsis is still unclear. Structures currently called gonapses are present in some members of all major clades of  Chrysopini , but the structures are not present in all species of any of these clades. Current phylogenetic hypotheses for  Chrysopidae are neither sufficiently complete nor robust enough to convincingly determine whether the chrysopid gonapsis evolved independently in multiple chrysopid lineages, or evolved only once, followed by independent losses in multiple chrysopid lineages. Interestingly, sclerotized male terminalic elements developed in the posterior membranous body wall below the gonarcus and above the (8 th +)9 th sternite are relatively rare outside the  Chrysopinae , being found only in the  Belonopterygini in the form of a pair of ventrolateral structures commonly referred to as parameres. Current phylogenetic hypotheses thus support the idea that the gonapsis is not a ground-plan feature of the  Chrysopidae . But rather, that the structure has arisen one or more times as a non-basal evolutionary novelty within the family. This observation casts doubt on the idea that the gonapsis may represent a homolog (of sternal or some other origin) shared with other neuropteran families. More comprehensive studies of the evolution of the gonapsis, parameres and similar structures is needed to better understand this issue. </p>
            <p> Tignum state was also formerly a major diagnostic feature separating  Pseudomallada (present)from  Apertochrysa (absent), but recent molecular phylogenetic work suggests that tignum state is phylogenetically more variable than previously thought. In particular, secondary tignum loss may be more common in predominantly tignum-present lineages than earlier assumed, suggesting caution in using tignum presence/absence as the sole or primary character for justifying genus-group taxa in the  Chrysopidae . </p>
            <p> Taxonomy: Most of the pre-1990 species placed here in  Apertochrysa sensu novum were originally described in the genera  Chrysopa ,  Mallada , or  Anisochrysa , and many passed through other generic combinations before being gathered into  Navasius * by Yang &amp; Yang (1990) and subsequently being transferred to  Dichochrysa * X.- k. Yang, 1991. Between 1990 and 2010, ca. 55 additional new species were described in either  Navasius * or  Dichochrysa *, and ended up residing in  Dichochrysa *. More recently, following the ICZNs (2010) ruling on the petition of Oswald (2008), which confirmed the unavailability of the generic names  Navasius * and  Dichochrysa *, the numerous existing  Dichochrysa * combinations were rapidly replaced by new combinations in the synonymous genus  Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi, 1995 , which became the third most speciose genus in the family  Chrysopidae , with ca. 170 species distributed nearly worldwide. </p>
            <p> This work addresses an important taxonomic issue that has arisen from the recent phylogenetic work of Duelli et al. (2017) and Mochizuki et al. (2017) on  Chrysopinae . Mochizuki et al. clearly demonstrate that  Apertochrysa umbrosa , the type species of the genus  Apertochrysa , nests, phylogenetically, deep within a derived clade of  Pseudomallada species , rendering  Pseudomallada paraphyletic without (the type species of)  Apertochrysa . Furthermore, because  Apertochrysa has nomenclatural priority over  Pseudomallada , the former name becomes a senior synonym of the latter, requiring the transfer of the numerous former  Pseudomallada species into a greatlyexpanded concept of  Apertochrysa . Further work on  Apertochrysa , especially regarding comparative morphology and species level phylogenies, is needed in order to identify and better define distinct clades within this large genus. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C6087E74B48FF88FF22184EA0C43F12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breitkreuz, Laura;Duelli, Peter;Oswald, John	Breitkreuz, Laura, Duelli, Peter, Oswald, John (2021): Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966, a new senior synonym of Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi 1995 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae: Chrysopini). Zootaxa 4966 (2): 215-225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.8
3C6087E74B4AFF83FF22183DA5AA3B83.text	3C6087E74B4AFF83FF22183DA5AA3B83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Apertochrysa Tjeder. Tsukaguchi 1985	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Taxonomy of  Apertochrysa sensu novum </p>
            <p> A list of all species included here in  Apertochrysa sensu novum is given in Table 1. The table provides information on species name, author, year of publication, combination status (where new), taxonomic category, and species group placement. Species are assigned to one of four taxonomic categories, as follows: </p>
            <p> (A) Species that are currently contained in  Apertochrysa , i.e., species that were placed in  Apertochrysa prior to this work and are retained in that genus here. </p>
            <p> (B) Species currently included in  Pseudomallada that are transferred to  Apertochrysa as new combinations in this work. These transfers are required because the synonymization of  Pseudomallada under  Apertochrysa renders prior combinations in  Pseudomallada invalid. </p>
            <p> (C) Species that are currently included in  Pseudomallada , but which have pre-existing combinations in  Apertochrysa . These species are transferred back to  Apertochrysa in this work; they have new status, but their combinations are not new. </p>
            <p> (D) Species currently included in  Mallada that are transferred to  Apertochrysa as new combinations in this work. These transfers are based on published gonapsis illustrations, which support their removal from  Mallada and inclusion in  Apertochrysa . The gonapsis shapes of these two species are unambiguously of types C and D (Fig. 1) and cannot be confused with the gonapsis forms present in true  Mallada species.</p>
            <p> Although it would be preferable to be able to physically re-examine all of the species transferred here into  Apertochrysa sensu novum, this is not practicable because of the large number of species involved. We chose here to transfer all former  Pseudomallada species en masse into  Apertochrysa in order to make new, documented,  Apertochrysa combinations available for use in on-going phylogenetic and taxonomic work, to facilitate the updating of on-line works widely utilized by the neuropterological community, and to avoid the protracted period of uncertainty regarding proper combinations that would ensue if a piecemeal transfer strategy was adopted. While some of the new  Apertochrysa species will be found to belong to other genera (as was the case when they were previously placed in  Pseudomallada ), future removal decisions will require additional study of individual species. Brief notes on some species that may not belong in  Apertochrysa are included in Table 1 to help guide future investigations. We also call attention here to two species that have recently been removed from  Apertochrysa to other genera: </p>
            <p> Apertochrysa kichijoi (Kuwayama, 1936) – now  Kuwayamachrysa kichijoi (Kuwayama, 1936) , see Tsukaguchi &amp; Tago 2018. </p>
            <p> Apertochrysa albolineatoides (Tsukaguchi, 1995) – now  Cunctochrysa albolineatoides (Tsukaguchi, 1995) , see Mochizuki et al. 2017:69. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3C6087E74B4AFF83FF22183DA5AA3B83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breitkreuz, Laura;Duelli, Peter;Oswald, John	Breitkreuz, Laura, Duelli, Peter, Oswald, John (2021): Apertochrysa Tjeder, 1966, a new senior synonym of Pseudomallada Tsukaguchi 1995 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Chrysopinae: Chrysopini). Zootaxa 4966 (2): 215-225, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4966.2.8
