taxonID	type	description	language	source
4008878EFFC8A8268C3EDB76FD31FA61.taxon	description	Subclass Patellogastropoda Superfamily Lottioidea Family Lottiidae Genus Tectura Gray, 1847 Tectura iguypis new species (Fig. 1 A-F, 3 C) https: // zoobank. org / 24 FD 74 FE-FDDF- 4 D 4 B-A 99 B-E 9 B 0 AAE 5 FEDC Types: Holotype MZSP 165600, shell. Paratypes: MZSP 165664, 1 shell, MZSP 165665, 5 shells from type locality. BRAZIL. Bahia; Cairu, Praia de Garapuá (Morro de São Paulo), 13 ° 29 ′ 32 ″ S 38 ° 54 ′ 21 ″ W, MZSP 100771, 1 spm [Petronio Alves Coelho-Filho col., Petrobras, 2011].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC8A8268C3EDB76FD31FA61.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Guarapari, Praia do Morro, 20 ° 39 ′ 42 ″ S 40 ° 29 ′ 41 ″ W [Simone col., 15. i. 1982].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC8A8268C3EDB76FD31FA61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: East Brazilian species with lateral compression, monochromatic, subcentral apex, lacking additional sculpture.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC8A8268C3EDB76FD31FA61.taxon	description	Description: Shell up to 3 mm, elongated (~ 2.4 times longer than wide), tall (~ 1.8 times longer than tall); laterally compressed; almost same width along its length, with posterior region slightly broader than anterior region (Fig. 1 B, C, E). Walls thin, slightly translucent. Color whitish (Fig. 1 A-D) to yellowish (Fig. 1 E-F), uniform. Apex rounded, central in dorsal view (Fig. 1 B, E), slightly dislocated posteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 1 A, D, F). Protoconch not seen (eroded). Profile with angle ~ 100 °, anterior surface slightly convex; lateral and posterior surface practically planar-straight. Outer surface only possessing growth lines and concentric undulations, no other additional sculpture. Shell edges slightly convex laterally, concave anterior and posteriorly (Fig. 1 A, F). Internal surface glossy (Fig. 1 C), muscle scars not visible.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	description	Types: Holotype MZSP 165666. Paratypes: MZSP 100736, 5 spm, MZSP 100903,13 spm, MZSP 100916,5 spm, MZSP 100718, 10 spm, all from type locality. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Guarapari, Praia do Morro, 20 ° 39 ′ 42 ″ S 40 ° 29 ′ 41 ″ W, MZSP 165667, 3 shells [Simone col., 15. i. 1982].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Bahia; Cairu, Praia de Garapuá (Morro de São Paulo), 13 ° 29 ′ 32 ″ S 38 ° 54 ′ 21 ″ W [Petronio Alves Coelho-Filho col., Petrobras, 2011].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: E Brazilian species with up to ~ 5 mm, generally pigmented with a slight large white X-spot; edge with intercalated white and brown bands. Aped dislocat- ed anteriorly. Presence of eyes.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	description	Description: Shell up to 5 mm, elliptic (~ 1.3 times longer than wide), conic (4 - 2.5 times longer than tall); anterior and posterior edges similar-sized (Fig. 2 A, D, K, L). Walls thin, slightly translucent. Color beige to light brown, in base, with large white X-image more (Fig. 2 K, L) or less (Fig. 2 A, D) nitid in different specimens, plus intercalated brown and white bands near edges (Fig. 2 B, H, L). Apex rounded, central slightly dislocated anteriorly (Fig. 2 C, J). Protoconch not seen (eroded). Profile with angle 100 - 110 °, anterior and posterior surfaces varying from planar to weakly convex. Outer surface only possessing growth lines and very weak concentric undulations, no other additional sculpture. Shell edges slightly concave laterally (Fig. 2 C, J). Internal surface glossy (Fig. 2 D, L), muscle scars not visible. Snout large (Fig. 1 E, M: sn), with ~ ⅓ of head-foot size. Foot (ft) plane, sole concave, edges simple, 2 - 3 times wider than snout. Pair of cephalic tentacles located in lateral side of snout (Fig. 2 B, E, G, H, I, M-O: te), possessing small dark eye in outer base (ey), lacking ommatophore. Mantle edge (mb) thick, colorless; possessing ~ 20 small papillae (mp), equidistantly distributed along its ventral surface, their base located in inner region, tapering externally. Shell muscle (sm) horseshoe-shaped, narrow, sightly broader anteriorly. Pallial cavity (py) shallow, restricted only to head region; lacking gill or any other structure. Visceral mass fulfilled by yellowish gonad and digestive gland, and several intestinal, narrow loops, with final region fulfilled by white matter (Fig. 2 F, N: in). Radular sac (Fig. 2 N) relatively rigid, with docoglossan radula.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinization from native Tupi-Guarani language word mirim, meaning little, an allusion to the small size of the species.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Coasts of Alagoas to Espírito Santo. Habitat: From intertidal up to ~ 10 m, usually found sorting sediment.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	description	Measurements (L, W, H in mm): Holotype MZSP 165666 (Fig. 1 A-D): 2.2 by 1.7 by 0.9. Paratype: MZSP 100718, 2.1 by 1.5 by 0.5. Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Alagoas; Japaratinga (F. Hartmann col.), off Bitingui, 09 ° 07 ′ 05.53 ″ S 35 ° 15 ′ 45.82 ″ W, 5 m, MZSP 166753, 2 shells, off Praia do Salgado, 09 ° 05 ′ 53.63 ″ S 35 ° 13 ′ 48.08 ″ W, 10 m, MZSP 166754, 30 shells. Bahia; Cairu, Praia de Garapuá (Morro de São Paulo), 13 ° 29 ′ 32 ″ S 38 ° 54 ′ 21 ″ W, MZSP 100717, 2 spm, MZSP 100719, 1 spm, MZSP 100732, 1 spm, MZSP 100734, 1 spm, MZSP 100775, 1 spm, MZSP 100815, 2 spm, MZSP 100833, 2 spm, MZSP 100849, 2 spm, MZSP 100901, 2 spm, MZSP 100904, 1 spm, MZSP 100908, 1 spm, MZSP 100933, 8 spm, MZSP 101290, 3 spm, MZSP 101292, 1 spm; MZSP 101303, 3 spm [Petronio Alves Coelho-Filho col., Petrobras, 2011]; Abrolhos, Recife de Sebastião Gomes, 17 ° 58 ′ 03 ″ S 38 ° 42 ′ 13 ″ W, 3 - 8 m (Ex coleÇão Vanin, IOUSP col., vii. 2007.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCBA8218C3AD836FF15FAA1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: N. mirim is another species usually found identified as N. mytilina in collections, as well as Lottia leucopleura (Gmelin, 1791), a species from the Caribbean. The minuteness of N. mirim, i. e., up to 5 mm, easily distinguishes it from both species, which possibly do not occur in Brazilian coast. A set of anatomical features, such as absence of gill in pallial cavity (Fig. 2 B, E, F, H, M, N), the absence of secondary gill surrounding the foot (Fig. 2 G, O), the papillae in the mantle edge (Fig. 2 E, M: mp), and the docoglossate radula (Fig. 2 N: ra), indicate the generic attribution of the species. The presence of eyes is an extraordinary discover. The presence of cephalic eyes is something practically absent in patellogastropods (Simone, 2011, 2023), its presence in N. mirim, associat- ed to the small size, are indicative of a neotenic origin of this species. The disparity of size and shell features of N. mirim with other species can be detected in Fig. 3 D. It differs from N. mytilina (Fig. 3 A-B) by the size, in having a non-subterminal apex, and in not being monochromatic. It differs from L. leucopleura (Fig. 3 E) also by the size, in having a lighter, thin walled, less colorful shell, and by the apex dislocated anteriorly (Fig. 2 C, J), instead of posteriorly.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	description	Calliostoma soror Simone & Dornellas, new species (Figs. 5 - 6) https: // zoobank. org / CDE 3 E 0 AC- 2 CEB- 47 BA- 998 B-EEDB 2896 B 840 Types: Holotype MZSP 121819, spm. Paratypes: MZSP 166230, 1 shell with same data as holotype, MZSP 114401, 1 shell from type locality (Abbate col., 15. vii. 2013); BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade (Oceanic) Island, Enseada do Lixo (Paredão), 20 ° 31 ′ 29.8 ″ S 29 ° 19 ′ 43.9 ″ W, 15.4 m, MZSP 121827, 1 shell (J. B. MendonÇa col., 04. xi. 2014), Andradas, 20 ° 28 ′ 47.69 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 24.03 ″ W, MZSP 104811, 1 shell (C. H. Guimarães col., 23. i. 2012), coast between Andradas and Tartagugas, 20 ° 30 ′ 11.85 ″ S 29 ° 19 ′ 11.79 ″ W, MZSP 136531, 1 spm (J. B. MendonÇa col., 05. xi. 2013).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade Island, Farol, 20 ° 29 ′ 52.3 ″ S 29 ° 19 ′ 15.6 ″ W [Joel Braga MendonÇa col., 08. iv. 2014].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Trindade species with ~ 10 mm of adult shell and suture well-marked. Sculptured by spiral cords composed of successive nodes; cords interspaces smooth, equivalent to cords width. Umbilicus mostly closed. Epipodium with papillated edge, and 5 tentacles in left side, with tentacle 2 bifid. Osphradium small. Radula with narrow and tall rachidian, with sharp pointed, curved tip; robust lateral teeth.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	description	Description: Shell (Figs. 5 A-E, H-M, 6 A-D) about 10 mm; trochiform, as tall as wide. Walls thick, iridescent inside (Fig. 5 A, K). Color light orange-brown; with small brown spots, as wide as spiral cords, relatively densely distributed in some specimens, joined with some axial white bands (Fig. 5 H-J), similar pattern, but more scantly distributed in other specimens (Fig. 6 A-C); white bands absent with scanty brown minute spots in other specimens (Fig. 5 A-C), up to some specimens practically unicolor (Fig. 5 K-M), with only some scanty spots in inferior surface; umbilicus always white (Figs. 5 C, J, M, 6 C). Protoconch usually dark brown, protruded, with 1 whorl, of ~ 0.5 mm; first 0.5 whorl smooth, last 0.5 whorl with strong, successive axial threads (Figs. 5 D, E, 6 D). Spire with angle ~ 70, teleoconch of ~ 7 convex whorls; suture relatively deep, performing angle ~ 150 °. Sculpture of punctuated spiral cords, 7 in penultimate whorl; smooth interspaces, with same width as cords; each cord composed of successive, aligned hemispheric punctuations, very evident in most specimens (Fig. 5 A-E, K-L), but in rare cases cords slightly smooth in last whorl, being punctuated in spire and in inferior surface (Fig. 6 A-C); last whorl with ~ 25 spiral cords. Aperture rounded, occupying ~ 45 % of shell width, ~ 36 % of shell height; prosogyre, ~ 30 ° with longitudinal axis. Outer lip with cutting edge, undulating reflecting spiral sculpture. Inner lip with strong vertical rafter as edge, flanked by shallow (Fig. 5 A, H) to relatively deep (Figs. 5 K, 6 A) furrow; remaining as smooth callus. Umbilicus usually totally occluded by callus (Fig. 5 C, J) more rarely with shallow concavity (Fig. 5 M), still rarer with deeper concavity (Fig. 6 C). Operculum (Fig. 5 F, G): Rounded, highly multispiral, nucleus central; margin flexiclaudent, fragile; inner surface glossy. Head-foot of ~ ½ whorl (Fig. 6 F-G), head as wide as foot; ommatophores (om) elongated, with dark eye at tip; cephalic tentacles (te) located just dorsal to ommatophores, tapering uniformly. Snout (sn) of ⅙ whorl. Foot large (~ 75 % of head-foot volume), pigmented by light brown, with small white spots; cephalic flaps (cf) relatively small, simple; epipodium as short fold, with papillated edge (Fig. 6 H: ep), bearing 4 right, and 5 left epipodial tentacles (Figs. 6 F: 1 - 5, G: 1 - 4), each tentacle simple, tapering uniformly up to pointed tip, anterior tentacle as largest; second left tentacle small, white, bifid. Columellar muscle (cm) of 1.5 whorl, right posterior side slightly longer (Fig. 6 H). Opercular pad (Fig. 6 H: op) in middle level of dorsal foot surface. Pallial cavity of ~ ⅕ whorl (Fig. 6 E). Gill very elongat- ed, posterior half of uniform width, anterior half tapering gradually up to bluntly pointed tip. Gill suspensory stalk (gs) with almost half of gill length. Osphradium (os) small, located in base of gill suspensory stalk. Rectum (rt) narrow, simple, full of fecal matter. Anus (an) siphoned (non-sessile), located posterior from mantle edge, close to right limit of mantle cavity. Radula (Fig. 6 I-K) about twice odontophore length. Rachidian occupying ~ 10 % of radular ribbon width, ~ twice longer than wide; stem rectangular; tip strongly curved inwards, tapering up to sharp pointed tip, having minute secondary cusps at both edges. Lateral teeth as 5 pairs (Fig. 6 J), base wide, oval, ~ ⅓ of rachidian width; abrupt diminishing in long, flattened rod, as long as rachidian; narrow, arched inwards, tip sharp pointed; distal half of this rod with both edges bearing aligned small secondary cusps, each secondary cusp barb-like, minute, very narrow and pointed. Marginal teeth with ~ 35 pairs (Fig. 6 I, K), mote central teeth ~ twice longer than rachidian, ~ ⅓ its width; elongated, ~ 10 - times longer than wide; basal 80 % weakly arched, tip 20 % strongly arched inwards, slightly broader, with both edged bearing 12 - 15 pairs of secondary cusps, each cusp triangular, ~ 3 - times longer than wide in base, located close from each other; marginal row strongly arched, teeth gradually diminishing towards edges, more marginal teeth ~ ⅓ size of more central teeth; inner set of cusps slightly longer than outer set of cusps.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is based on the Latin word soror, meaning sister, in allusion in being sister species of C. depictum Dall, 1927 from the mainland coast.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Endemic of Brazilian oceanic islands of Trindade and Martin Vaz. Habitat: on rocks, from intertidal up to ~ 10 m, usually found by diving.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	description	Measurements (W, H in mm): Holotype MZSP 121819 (Fig. 5 A-C): 8.3 by 8.3. Paratypes: MZSP 121827 (Fig. 5 H-J): 9.9 by 10.0; 114401 (Fig. 5 K-M): 7.7 by 7.9; 104811 (Fig. 6 A-C): 10.5 by 9.3. Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade (Oceanic) Island, PontadaCalheta, 20 ° 30 ′ 18.72 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 31.67 ″ W, MZSP 136733, 4 spm (J. B. MendonÇa col., 25. vi. 2015), 20 ° 30 ′ 28.3 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 38.8 ″ W, MZSP 104780, 4 shells (C. H. Guimarães col., 10. ii. 2012), Tartaruga, 20 ° 31 ′ 03.93 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 08.45 ″ W, MZSP 104150, 1 shell (C. H. Guimarães col., 27. ii. 2012), Andradas, 20 ° 30 ′ 45.7 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 21.9 ″ W, MZSP 140568, 6 shells (J. B. MendonÇa col., 21. vii. 2013), 20 ° 28 ′ 47.69 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 24.03 ″ W, MZSP 105364, 1 spm (06. ii. 2012), Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31 ′ 43.5 ″ S 29 ° 19 ′ 28.1 ″ W, MZSP 105380, 1 shell (21. ix. 2012), Farrilhões, 20 ° 31 ′ 22.4 ″ S 29 ° 19 ′ 52.0 ″ W, MZSP 115734, 2 spm (08. vii. 2013), off E of, 20 ° 30 ′ 15 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 22 ″ W, 8 m, MZSP 101197, 1 shell (23. vii. 2011); Ilha de Martin Vaz, West coast, 20 ° 28 ′ 32.32 ″ S 28 ° 52 ′ 00.38 ″ W (23. vii. 2013), MZSP 115412, 4 shells, MZSP 115403, 1 spm.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFCEA82F8BCCDBF6FDA2FC41.taxon	discussion	Remarks: the present species I coauthored with Ana Paula S. Dornellas [Universidade Federal de Sergipe, E-mail: dornellas. anapaula @ gmail. com], a Vetigastropoda specialist. Calliostoma soror is only similar to C. depictum in the Brazilian region, as both species have deep suture, relatively small size, and the shell color pattern. Calliostoma soror possibly is derived from an isolated C. depictum population that reached the remote Trindade Island, or both species are derived from the same calliostomatids branch. Calliostoma depictum was recently reviewed, including anatomical aspects, which facilitates the present comparison (Dornellas & Simone, 2013). Only some details distinguish both species. Calliostoma soror has its shell with the spiral cords entirely composed of successive nodes, this does not occur in C. depictum, except for its first whorls, but the nodes fuse with each other, producing smooth spiral cords at least in the last two worlds (Dornellas & Simone, 2013); C. soror has punctuated spiral cords um to the last whorl. A single exception was found (Fig. 6 A-C), but the smooth spiral cords are restricted to last whorl and to superior region only. The spiral arrangement of nodes in C. soror in first whorls are coarser and fewer than that of C. depictum, in the third whorl, for example, C. soror has 4 spiral cords, while C. depictum has 5. The suture of C. soror is usually shallower, while that of C. depictum usually is deeper. The umbilicus of C. soror is closed in most specimens (Fig. 5 C, J), slightly opened umbilicus is exceptional; wile C. depictum the umbilicus is always deep. Related to the anatomy, C. soror differs in having 5 epipodial tentacles in left side, with the tentacle 2 bifid (Fig. 6 F), while C. depictum has 4 epipodial tentacles in both sides. The epipodium edge is entirely papillated in C. soror (Fig. 6 H: ep), while it is smooth in C. depictum. The projected portion of the gill and of the anus of C. soror (Fig. 6 E: an, gs) are longer than those of C. depictum. The osphradium of C. soror (Fig. 6 E: os) is very small if compared to that of C. depictum (Dornellas & Simone, 2013: fig. 79). The radula of C. soror (Fig. 6 I-K) adds more distinctions if compared to that of C. depictum (Dornellas & Simone, 2013: figs. 48 - 50); the rachidian of C. soror is much narrower and longer, with a terminal tip much more pointed than that of the other species; the lateral teeth of C. soror are more robust, while those of C. depictum are almost filiform; the marginal teeth are similar in shape, but differ in number, being mush more abundant, ~ 50 pairs. There is no other Calliostoma species in which C. soror can be confused.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828891EDC56FA68FE41.taxon	description	Abyssochrysos quasilissus new species (Fig. 8) https: // zoobank. org / 8151116 A-E 473 - 48 DB- 92 AB- 0 DB 0 F 63 F 9038 Types: Holotype MZSP 117078, shell. Paratype: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; slope off ItaÚnas (R. V. Marión-Dufresne col., MD 55), 18 ° 59 ′ S 37 ° 48 ′ W, 1,540 - 1,550 m, MZSP 117074, 1 shell (sta. DC 70, 26. v. 1987), 19 ° 40.6 ′ S 37 ° 48.1 ′ W, 790 - 940 m, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39806, 2 shells (sta. CB 77, 27. v. 1987).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828891EDC56FA68FE41.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; off ItaÚnas, 18 ° 59 ′ S 37 ° 48 ′ W, 607 - 620 m [R. V. Marión-Dufresne col., MD 55 sta. DC 73, 27. v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828891EDC56FA68FE41.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell from SE Brazilian coast, of ~ 6 mm, sculptured only by weak oblique striations.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828891EDC56FA68FE41.taxon	description	Description: Shell ~ 6 mm; ~ 2.5 times longer than wide; spire angle ~ 24 ° (Fig. 8 A-C, F-H). Color pure white. About 9 convex whorls, with wider region just above suture, causing suture implantation inferior to preceding whorl. Protoconch (Fig. 8 E, I) of 1 whorl, width 0.9 mm, mamillated, blunt; limit with teleoconch unclear. Teleoconch surface glossy, shining; sculpture weak striations, like narrow undulations, ~ 25 in penultimate whorl, prosocline inclined at ~ 15 ° in relation to longitudinal shell axis (Fig. 8 B, G, H); sculpture present since first teleoconch whorls. Aperture rounded (Fig. 8 A, F, D), occupying ~ 24 % of shell length, ~ 50 % of shell width. Outer lip fragile, with cutting edge; inner lip with inferior ⅔ weakly concave, curved outside covering umbilicus, superior ⅓ as very thin callus attached to preceding whorl; inferior apertural region angulate, slightly turned to left. Umbilicus opened (Fig. 8 D), with simple edges.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828891EDC56FA68FE41.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a conjunction of Latin prefix quasi, meaning like, almost; with the Greek word lissos meaning smooth, polished, an allusion to the almost smooth surface of the shell.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828891EDC56FA68FE41.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Off Espírito Santo to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828890BDE96FD12FCE1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The species, with type locality Beach of Matagorda Island, Texas, is known as having geographic distribution from Texas up to Surinam (Turner, 1959). Recent dredges off Amazon river mouth, collected this species, being this an extension of its geographic distribution southwards, off Amapá coast, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC5A828890BDE96FD12FCE1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: BRAZIL. Amapá; off São João do Cassiporé, 03 ° 49 ′ 08.5 ″ N 50 ° 02 ′ 50.3 ″ W, 71 m, MZSP 140070, 4 spm (W. C. Santos col., o. t., 29. v. 2018).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC6A82B88C5DE36FD37FCA1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The family Trichotropidae has been recently considered synonymous with Capulidae (e. g., Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005; MolluscaBase, 2023). However, this contradicts the results of phylogenetic studies based on a phenotypic database (Simone, 2002, 2011), which show that Trichotropidae and Capulidae are distinct branches. Reuniting them would create a paraphyletic arrangement, so both families are maintained separately. Conversely, at the superfamily level, Capuloidea, Calyptraeoidea, Hipponicoidea, and Vanikoroidea are considered different taxa (MolluscaBase, 2023). However, the same published studies (Simone, 2002, 2011) demonstrate they are actually mixed in the same branch, supported by 27 (Simone, 2002) or 21 (Simone, 2011) synapomorphies. They are, thus, considered subdivisions of the same branch, simply named Calyptraeoidea.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC6A82B886BDB16FA2CF901.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Simone (2002: 90 - 96, figs. 42, 43, 87 - 89, 348 - 369) described anatomically what in that time was identified Cheilea equestris in Brazilian coast. The species had as type locality " O [ceano] Indico " (Linné, 1758: 780), but has been considered of worldwide occurrence, including both coasts of Atlantic Ocean. In Simone (2002: 95) the possibility of the thus far concept of C. equestris should be a complex of species with more restricted distribution was suggested. However, the paper adopted a more conservative approach due to (1) a lack of material from other regions for comparative studies and (2) a list of 8 synonyms, the types, and other data of which need to be surveyed for possible revalidations. Considering these factors, albeit partially, challenges could be raised against the notion of a globally distributed C. equestris. Despite these precautionary steps, Rolán & Fernandez (2014) did not consider them, neither various studies on the genus and species (including Simone, 2002), along with all known synonyms (MolluscaBase, 2023). This oversight created an opportune scenario for describing three new species in the Atlantic and designating a lectotype for C. equestris from a specimen held by the Linnean Society of London, UK. The issue is that there are synonyms of C. equestris with a potential for revalidation, and they have a type locality in the Atlantic. The ideal way should be to survey data and specimens (type and types) of all of them. There is the possibility that those newly described species be synonyms of some revalidated synonym. These are the C. equestris synonyms with (or potentially with) Atlantic type locality. 1) Calyptraea aculeata Reeve, 1858: pl. 8, fig. 31 a-b, Honduras. 2) Calyptraea chlorina Gould, 1846: pg. 161, Port Praya, Cape de Verds. 3) Mitrularia neptuni Schumacher, 1817: 183 – locality not stated (based on Martini, 1769, pl. 13, fig. 119 - 120). 4) Patella neptuni Dillwyn, 1817: 1016, St. Domingo and Falkland Islands. 5) Calyptraea planulata C. B. Adams, 1852: 447, I. of Muerte, Panama. 6) Calyptraea stella Reeve, 1858: pl. 6, fig. 24, Belize, Honduras. 7) Calyptra tubifera Gray, 1868: 748, Honduras. 8) Calyptraea umbo Reeve, 1858: pl. 8, species 33, Honduras. None of the species listed above share the same type locality as the Atlantic species mentioned in Rolán & Fernandez (2014), namely C. striata Usticke, 1959 (St. Croix), C. americana (Bahamas) (Fig. 9 A-D), and C. atlantica (Montague seamount, Brazil) (Fig. 9 E-I). Except for C. africana Rolán & Fernández, 2014: Sal Is., Cape Verde, which has a close locality as C. chlorina. While these taxonomic issues remain unresolved, what was previously referred to as C. equestris on the Atlantic coast of South America will now be designated as C. americana and C. atlantica. However, it is crucial to note that these species may potentially be synonyms of some of the previously listed synonyms, contingent on a future taxonomic revision. Both species (C. americana and C. atlantica) are primarily distinguishable by their protoconch. The protoconch of C. americana is paucispiral (Fig. 9 D), whereas that of C. atlantica is multispiral (Fig. 9 I). Upon examination of the MZSP collection, which contains abundant samples of Cheilea from the NE Brazilian coast and Fernando de Noronha oceanic island, all specimens correspond to C. americana. This conclusion includes the samples that resulted the description by Simone (2002). Conversely, the description (including anatomy) provided by Simone (2002) should be reassigned to what is presently referred to as C. americana. Cheilea atlantica, for now, retains to the material studied in the original paper by Rolán & Fernandez (2014). The examined holotype is metalized (Fig. 9 F, H), and a digitally cleaned version is presented here (Fig. 9 E, G).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC6A8348BD3D836FDE8FC81.taxon	description	Family Naticidae Genus Naticarius Duméril, 1805	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC6A8348BD3D836FDE8FC81.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Cayenne [French Guiana].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFC6A8348BD3D836FDE8FC81.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Recently, Naticariuscayennensis hasbeenreclassified into the genus Stigmaulax Mörch, 1852, and formerly into the subgenus Glyphepithema Rehder, 1943 (refer to synonymy above). However, phylogenetic studies, partially published in Simone (2011), reveal that N. cayennensis is the sister taxon of Naticarius canrena (Linné, 1758), the type species of this genus. This close relationship is based on anatomical similarities, as well as attributes of the shell, radula, and operculum. These factors provide justification for the suggested combination herein.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A834891CDC96FD30FAE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Côtes de la Patagonie; Balda de San-Blas et à l′embouchure du Rio Negro.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A834891CDC96FD30FAE1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: By the absence of umbilical fold (check Pastorino, 2005: figs. 15 - 26), the best generic attribution for N. limbata is in Falsilunatia. This is the main reason for the suggestion of the present new combination.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A834892EDAB6FCA4F881.taxon	discussion	Remarks: N. castanea King, 1832, is a nomen oblitum, having never been referenced since its initial description. Its designated type locality is ‘ ad Brasiliae oras, circa Santos. ′ However, it is pre-occupied by N. castanea Lamarck, 1822. Despite the absence of figures and the lack of a discovered type specimen, the succinct original description contains information strongly indicating its placement within the P. hepaticus synonymy. It stands as the fifth nominal synonym of the species (MolluscaBase, 2023).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A8358971D8B6FDFDFEA1.taxon	description	(Fig. 10) https: // zoobank. org / A 7 F 9 DB 82 - 3787 - 443 B-AADE- 21530989400 B	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A8358971D8B6FDFDFEA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. São Paulo; between Queimada Grande Island and Lage de Santos Island, 24 ° 25 ′ 10 ″ S 46 ° 24 ′ 06 ″ W, 30 - 35 m [fishermen, o. t., xii. 1998].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A8358971D8B6FDFDFEA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Brazilian species with more flattened shell. Sculpture delicate, with narrow and uniform lines, gradually increasing from periphery up to suture. Radula rachidian not so inclined inwards, central cusp much small- er, and all cusps blunt. Penis retractile, but robust, with thick muscular walls, with small papilla at tip.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A8358971D8B6FDFDFEA1.taxon	description	Description: Shell (Fig. 10 - G) of ~ 40 mm, highly discoid, aperture very ample. Color white, periostracum light yellow to beige, deciduous in older portions (Fig. 10 C, G). Outline elliptic, ~ 1.4 × longer than wide; flattened, ~ 2.6 times longer than tall; up to 3.5 whorls. Spire plane to weakly convex, occupying ~ ¼ of dorsal surface (Fig. 10 C, G). Protoconch of 1 whorl, smooth, planar, simple (Fig. 10 D, J), of ~ 1 mm; located in middle of right-posterior quadrant of dorsal surface. Penultimate whorl sculptured by 22 - 24 spiral low, delicate, uniform lines, interspaces equivalent to their width; spiral lines uniformly growing up to last whorl, covering entire dorsal surface; ventral surface only possessing well-marked growth lines, commarginal with peristome inner lip. Suture planar, but visible. Periphery with rounded edges (Fig. 10 A, E). Aperture occupying ~ 60 % of inferior region, glossy, outer lip simple, amply convex; inner lip also simple, symmetrically concave to outer lip (Fig. 10 B, F). Callus relatively well-developed, white, planar, with inferior expansion running along ~ 20 % of inner lip, tapering up to fusing with inner lip (Fig. 10 B, F), posterior edge forming narrow umbilicus. Radula (Fig. 10 H) with rachidian occupying ~ ⅓ of radular ribbon width, ~ 3 × wider than long, central half rectangular, with distal edge possessing trapezoidal, thick projection, strongly curved inwards; in its tip 3 blunt cusps, being central cusp smaller than lateral cusps; rachidian central half still having pair of basal, lateral, blunt cusps articulating with neighbor tooth; rachidial lateral ¼ of each side as oblique projections. Lateral pair of teeth slightly narrower than rachidian, base flattened, twice longer than wide; tip relatively thick, with internal expansion; distal edge with blunt central larger cusp and 2 smaller cusps in each side. Marginal teeth elongated slightly curved inwards, mainly close to tip; both occupying ~ ⅕ of rachidian width in each side, inner and outer marginal similar with each other, inner with about double of outer teeth width, more flattened, and with subterminal small cusp in inner edge (absent in outer marginal); both with blunt tip. Penis (Fig. 10 I) totally retractile inside penial cavity (ph). Vas deferens (vd) thick, convolute, running inside haemocoel, opening in penis tip. Penis broad, short, with thick-muscular walls. Tip with transverse aperture, flanked by papilla (pp) in a side.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A8358971D8B6FDFDFEA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is based on the Latin word striatis, meaning stria, and otis, meaning ear; being the shell looking like a striated ear.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD9A8358971D8B6FDFDFEA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Amapá to Santa Catarina, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDDA830895EDFF6FDC7FEE1.taxon	description	Family Pediculariidae	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDDA83088F9D836FB81FA21.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Not stated. Cyphoma macumba: Off Parcel das Paredes, Abrolhos Reef Complex, Bahia State, Brazil (17 ° 47 ′ S 39 ° 1 ′ W) 2 m.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDDA83088F9D836FB81FA21.taxon	discussion	Remarks: In the paper by Simone (2004), which anatomically reviewed Western Atlantic Cyphoma Röding, 1798, a notable degree of shell variation was observed in C. intermedium. The anatomical features and its placement in the cladogram suggested a distinct genus – Pseudocyphoma – with C. intermedium as its type species. This particular species is easily identifiable by the relatively pointed ends of its shell, distinguishing it from others where the ends are more rounded. However, there are variants of P. intermedium with shells exhibiting rounded extremities, complicating the identification of Western Atlantic Cyphoma species based solely on the shell. A more reliable method for identifying Western Atlantic Cyphoma species is through the examination of mantle lobes color patterns, as detected by Simone (2004). The mantle lobes of C. macumba, as illustrated by its describer (Fig. 12 G), exhibit a pattern similar to that of P. intermedium (Fig. 12 H). At the time of Simone′s (2004) study, it was not considered a synonym for P. intermedium due to the robustness of its shell, which resembled that of a C. gibbosum-C. signatum shell. Despite Simone′s (2004) documentation of the high degree of variation in P. intermedium, as depicted in col- or – pl. 88 (2004: 14), specimens resembling the robust conformation of the C. macumba holotype (Fig. 12 E-F) had not been collected at that time. Presently, such robust conformations have been found in other specimens along the Brazilian coast, suggesting a gerontic stage and supporting the synonymy with P. intermedium. However, upon consulting more recent literature, it has been established that C. macumba is now synonymized with C. gibbosum (Linné, 1758) (Reijnen & Meij, 2017; MolluscaBase, 2023). The color pattern on the mantle lobes of C. gibbosum differs significantly, characterized by orange bubbles on a white base (Fig. 12 I, J; Simone, 2004: fig. 311). In contrast, P. intermedium displays a distinct pattern featuring rectangular sets of dark transverse stripes (Fig. 12 G, H; Simone, 2004: fig. 323). This crucial distinction in mantle lobe color patterns leaves no doubt that C. macumba is indeed a synonym of P. intermedium.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDDA8318C77D916FDBCFE81.taxon	description	Family Cassidae Genus Semicassis Mörch, 1852 Semicassis iheringi (Carcelles, 1953) revalidated, new stratum	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDDA8318C77D916FDBCFE81.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The species has been previously considered both a subspecies of Semicassis labiata (Perry, 1811) or a synonym of S. labiata zeylanica (Lamarck, 1822), taxa described in the Indo-Pacific region. In an ongoing study on Tonnoidea, samples of Semicassis from Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand were compared, revealing significant anatomical differences among them. These differences support the separation of these populations at the species level, with the Brazilian population identified as S. iheringi, and those in the Southwest Pacific region identified as S. zeylanica and S. labiata. While all the data are still being prepared for publication, this preliminary evidence suggests that S. iheringi should be treated as a separate and valid species from now on.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDCA8318921DEB6FD34FCA1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The genus Coronium was initially described to include three Brazilian species (Simone, 1996). Presently, it encompasses six species (MolluscaBase, 2024). This remark is in respect the gender attribution of this genus, originally described as " masculine " (Simone, 1996: 47), but it should actually be " neuter. " This correction is necessary as its type species, Coronium coronatum (Penna-N. & Leme, 1978), along with the remaining species, were always treated as neuter. This error is rectified here.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDCA83C8927DC96FCA5FEA1.taxon	description	Agaronia sterica new species (Figs. 13 - 14) https: // zoobank. org / 31899908 - C 9 BC- 451 E-AAF 2 - F 6 D 62 F 828 E 37	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDCA83C8927DC96FCA5FEA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Meaípe, off Meaípe, 20 ° 46 ′ 32 ″ S 40 ° 31 ′ 35 ″ W, 20 - 25 m [o. t., x. 1993].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDCA83C8927DC96FCA5FEA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: SE Brazilian species generally with 35 - 40 mm, slender. Color uniform brownish grey to spotted brown on beige base. Spire short, bluntly angled. Aperture narrow, with narrow callus; inferior half of inner lip weakly folded obliquely. Radula with rachidian wide, with samesized central cusps.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDCA83C8927DC96FCA5FEA1.taxon	description	Description: Shell (Figs. 13, 14 A-B) up to 50 mm. Fusiform, lateralized; ~ 2.0 - 2.2 times longer than wide; spire ~ 20 % of total length, last whorl ~ 93 % of total length. Spire angle ~ 70 °. Spire up to 4 plane whorls; suture pane, only seen by narrow furrow. Protoconch of ~ 2 smooth, glossy whorls, ~ 1.8 mm, white (Fig. 13 E); profile blunt (Fig. 13 G-K), slightly pointed (Fig. 13 A-D, L-M) or mamillated (Figs. 13 O-P, 14 A-B). Shell surface smooth, glossy, weak growth lines. Color siphonal slope always brown, with narrow (Fig. 13 J, K), to wide middle spiral white band (Fig. 13 H, P), sometimes absent (Fig. 13 D); remaining body whorl variating from uniform gray (Fig. 13 B-D), predominantly gray with some beige (Fig. 13 L, N), basic light beige with brown drizzle denser (Figs. 13 J, K, P, 14 B), or sparser (Fig. 13 H); spire variating from brown (Fig. 13 D), beige (Fig. 13 G-K), light beige (Fig. 13 P), to bicolor (Figs. 13 N, 14 B). Aperture elongated, ~ 4 - times longer than wide; superior end continuing with sutural narrow furrow. Canal widely opened, of ~ 40 % of last whorl width. Outer lip simply arched. Inner lip white, weakly concave, almost straight; callus relatively thick in larger specimens (Figs. 13 A, B, O, 14 A), located in superi- or region, sometimes covering part of spire; sometimes white (Fig. 13 O), sometimes with brown spot (Fig. 13 S); callus narrowing in middle level of inner lip; inferior half of inner lip with set of ~ 10 oblique narrow, relatively uniform folds, located close from each other (Fig. 13 C, M); superior fold usually larger than others, groove as inferior limit of this set of folds, ending in anterior blunt beak (Fi gs. 13 B, C, G, I, L, M, O, 14 A). No umbilicus. No operculum. Head-foot entirely retracted inside shell (Fig. 13 A, G, I). Head small, marked by small pair of cephalic flaps (Fig. 14 E: cp); eyes and tentacles absent. Foot very wide and ample (Fig. 14 G: ft); anterior edge covered by well-developed propodium (Fig. 14 E, G: pr), laterally expanding in pair of small, pointed lateral projections (Fig. 14 G: fl). Mandle edge relatively thick, unpigmented (Fig. 14 C, E: mb); pallial tentacle (Fig. 14 E, F: pt) located in posterior end of mantle edge; basal region broad, tapering gradually up to pointed tip. Pallial cavity rather triangular, lateral positioned, gill (Fig. 14 D: gi) and osphradium located in left side; wide pallial gonoducts in right side). Rhynchostome pore-like, located between and ventral to cephalic flaps. Radula (Fig. 13 H-I) rachidian ~ 40 % of radular width; ~ 3 times wider than long; base chevron-like, posterior arched, concave; cutting edge with 3 central, tall cusps, divergently positioned, median cusp slightly smaller than lateral cusps; single very small cusps in base of lateral cusps; remaining marginal rachidian third as flattened, simple weakly arched rod. Lateral teeth with wide base (~ 50 % of rachidian width), abruptly tapering up to hooklike terminal tip, tuned inside. Pallial oviduct occupying ~ ⅓ of pallial cavity, round- ed; displacing rectum and anus to left, anus aperture away from right corner (Fig. 14 D: an). Bursa copulatrix spheric, located in middle level of pallial oviduct posterior edge (Fig. 14 D: bc); bursa duct (bd) wide, running transversely along oviduct ventral wall dividing oviduct approximately in half, up to region close to anus. Penis filiform, very elongated (Fig. 14 E: pe), inserted at some distance posterior and at right from cephalic flaps, tapering very gradually; tip bluntly pointed; penis duct entirely closed (tubular), opening at tip.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDCA83C8927DC96FCA5FEA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is the nickname of the species when the Brazilian population was called " steeriae ", a joking related to the name hysterical, related to the confusion with the African species, and the lability of shell colors.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFDCA83C8927DC96FCA5FEA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro coasts.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD1A83D8C30D9F6FC2FFC01.taxon	description	(Fig. 15)	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD1A83D8C30D9F6FC2FFC01.taxon	materials_examined	Type localities: In O [ceano] Asiatico. Voluta thevenini: Parigi, Camocim, Ceará, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD1A83D8C30D9F6FC2FFC01.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Voluta ebraea is a distinctive Brazilian species endemic to the Northeastern coast. Its beautifully ornamented shell and large size make it a sought-after item for collections, decoration, and crafts. However, its popularity among collectors has contributed to its status as an endangered species, leading to protection measures in most coastal states where it is found. The shell of V. ebraea exhibits considerable variation, particularly in the pigmentation mosaic, sculpture, presence and intensity of axial undulations, and the intensity of the shoulder. Some specimens display a rounded periphery (e. g., Fig. 15 G-H), while others have an almost carinate shape, bearing nearly regular spines (Fig. 15 A-D) or prominent nodes (Fig. 15 J). The spire can range from low (Fig. 15 C, D). medium (Fig. 15 I, J), high (Fig. 15 A, B, F-H), to very high (Fig. 15 E). The outline varies from wide (Fig. 15 D, D, I, J) up to narrow and elongated (Fig. 15 A, E, F). The color mosaic can vary from faint (Fig. 15 D, H) to dense (Fig. 15 J), among other features. While it is challenging to synonymize a recently described species like V. thevenini, it bears a clear resemblance to a variation of V. ebraea, as seen in Fig. 15 I-J. Interestingly, no specific variation model can be associated with a particular geographic region; rather, several morphological models coexist in the same area. This suggests that shell variation is more likely influenced by genetic factors rather than environmental ones. Consequently, V. ebraea cannot be subdivided into subspecies. However, thevenini can be considered a " form " (Fig. 15 I-J), similar to how the shell in Fig. 15 C-D can be referred to as deltoidea, Fig. 15 E as form elongata, Fig. 15 G-H as form glabra, and the remaining specimens (Fig. 15 A-B, F) as form typica. These forms carry no taxonomic significance but are relevant in collecting circles. The synonymy of V. thevenini, suggested by Crabos (2024), is formalized herein.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD1A83D8C30D9F6FC2FFC01.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: BRAZIL. Piauí; Luis Correia, off Delta do Parnaíba River, 02 ° 48 ′ 13 ″ S 41 ° 36 ′ 38 ″ W, MZSP 159923, 1 shell (W. Vailant col., iv. 2021). Ceará; Fortaleza, 03 ° 36 ′ S 38 ° 23 ′ W, MZSP 61387, 1 shell (o. t); Trairi, MundaÚ Beach, 03 ° 10 ′ 56.45 ″ S 39 ° 22 ′ 40.22 ″ W, MZSP 16320, 1 shell (Tanimoto col., 26. vii. 1965); AcaraÚ, 02 ° 53 ′ 47 ″ S 40 ° 07 ′ 08 ″ W, MZSP 16348, 1 shell. Pernambuco; Itamaracá, 07 ° 44 ′ 53.08 ″ S 34 ° 49 ′ 50.28 ″ W, MZSP 51408, 1 shell (Expedition ABC MZUSP. 06. v. 1974); Goiana, Ponta de Pedras, 07 ° 37 ′ 49.05 ″ S 34 ° 48 ′ 30.27 ″ W, MZSP 35829, 2 shells (Montouchet col., 30. viii. 1970). Plus 98 MZSP lots not list- ed herein.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD3A83F890EDFF6FF4BFBE1.taxon	description	(Fig. 16) https: // zoobank. org / 83 FC 8475 - C 98 E- 4 F 50 - 9 EFB-D 8 FBBE 6 CA 435	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD3A83F890EDFF6FF4BFBE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Holotype MZSP 135516 ♀. Type locality: BRAZIL. Amapá; off Amazon river mouth, 1.43 ° N 47.88 ″ W, 46 m [M. Muniz leg., o. t., 01. iii. 2017].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD3A83F890EDFF6FF4BFBE1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: N Brazilian deepwater species with shape conic; color mosaic of V. ebraea model. Protoconch highly protruded, rather cylindric, of ~ 3.5 whorls. Spire with plane whorls profile.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD3A83F890EDFF6FF4BFBE1.taxon	description	Description: Shell about 120 mm, outline rather conic; ~ twice longer than wide. Basic color beige, with mosaic of interrupted, not-aligned spiral lines, with narrow spiral areas of absence, and wide spiral irregular areas of coalescence in 2 equidistant areas in last whorl (Fig. 16 B, C) (V. ebraea model). Periostracum dark brown, particularly thick near outer lip and in ventral region of last whorl (Fig. 16 A, B), translucent in other areas. Protoconch highly protruded, rather cylindric, of ~ 3.5 whorls, length ~ 8 mm, maximum width ~ 5 mm (Fig. 16 D, E), apex rounded, remaining whorls of similar size; occupying ~ 6.5 % of shell length, ~ 8 % of shell width; transition with teleoconch unclear. Spire ~ 30 % of shell length. Teleoconch of ~ 5 whorls; 3 first whorls with plane profile, bearing regular axial threads; penultimate whorl with narrow shoulder, sculptured by 10 regular axial undulations bearing small beak in apex of shoulder. Last whorl also with 10 narrow axial undulations bearing small beak in apex of shoulder; beak located preceding superior ¼ of last whorl length. Aperture narrow, ~ 4 - times longer than wide, occupying ~ 63 % of shell length, ~ 23 of shell width, slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly. Peristome glossy, pale beige. Outer lip very thick, simple, slightly projected outside, with 7 pairs of equidistant, transverse, dark spots. Inner lip straight, plane callus extending little beyond aperture; inferior ⅔ with 6 well-developed, oblique columellar folds (Fig. 16 A, F), penultimate fold as broader, taller fold; superior fold as lowest, double, as inferior end of series of low, weak parallel folds in superior ⅓; folds ending at some distance from callus edge, forming smooth, pointed right peri-siphonal edge. Peristome superior region dorsally arched as weak anal canal (Fig. 16 B). Canal short, strongly turned to right (Fig. 16 C), ~ 12 % of shell length, ~ 30 % of shell width. No umbilicus. Head-foot (Fig. 16 G, H) of almost 1 whorl; color beige, pigmented by mosaic of irregular, brown lines, like random scribbles in exposed areas, except for foot sole. Head (he) long, flap-like, ~ ¼ of foot width; pair of flattened cephalic tentacles (te) in each side. Foot (ft) very wide, with marks of shell columellar folds (cm). Operculum (op) small, almost vestigial, elliptical, ~ twice longer than wide, rather deformed, nucleus subterminal. Pallial cavity of ~ 1 - whorl, wide, triangular. Mantle edge (mb) simple, thick, unpigmented. Siphon (si) well-developed, with similar pigment as foot; its base flanked by pair of siphonal flaps (sf). Gill (gi) low and wide. Pallial oviduct (ov) very wide, solid.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD3A83F890EDFF6FF4BFBE1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word melodiam, meaning melody, in allusion to the shell and head-foot pigmentation, looking like musical scores.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD3A83F890EDFF6FF4BFBE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Only known from type locality. Habitat: Collected in sandy-mud, 46 m, o. t., off Amazon River mouth.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	description	Phrontis rocas Simone & Abbate, new species (Fig. 17) https: // zoobank. org / C 18 E 0627 - 850 C- 4 C 55 - 9021 - B 2 D 72 F 09 A 068 Types: Holotype MZSP 166666, shell. Paratypes: MZSP 166673, 2 shells, MZSP 62443,14 shells from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Norte; Atol das Rocas, 03 ° 51 ′ 28.05 ″ S 33 ° 47 ′ 58.9 ″ W, 1 m [E. C. Rios leg., L. J. Barcellos col., i. 1982].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Species from Atol das Rocas with shell of relatively large size, walls thick. Color whitish to light beige, monochromatic. Protoconch blunt, of ~ 2 smooth whorls. Teleoconch whorls shouldered; sculptured by uniform, tall, narrow axial threads, and numerous narrow spiral cords, located close from each other. Aperture slightly shorter than spire. Peristome thick deflected; outer lip with inner liration; callus folded, but restricted to peristome; with large spiral superior fold.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 11 mm, fusiform, walls thick. Color monochromatic, whitish to light beige. Weakly elongated, ~ 1.5 - 1.7 × longer than wide. Protoconch mamillated, blunt, of ~ 2 smooth, rounded whorls (Fig. 17 D); width ~ 1.4 mm; transition with teleoconch unclear. Teleoconch of 5 - 6 whorls, each whorl highly convex, bluntly shouldered; sculptured by uniformly distributed, tall, narrow axial threads, ~ 13 in penultimate whorl; also numerous narrow spiral cords, located close from each other, from suture to suture, covering interspaces between axial threads and part of threads (Fig. 17 F-G, H-I), or entire surface (Fig. 17 A-C, J-K); interspaces between spiral cords equivalent to ⅓ their width (Fig. 17 A-C) of slightly more spaced (Fig. 17 F-G), ~ 12 in penultimate whorl. Sculpture of last whorl similar to preceding whorls, with axial threads and spiral cords reaching deep peripheric siphonal sulcus; peristomal thread similar to preceding threads, but clearly larger. Peristome white, thick, rounded; occupying ~ 45 % of shell length, ~ 55 % of shell width (Fig. 17 A, E, F, H, J). Outer lip rounded, thick. Anal notch clear, narrow; remaining inner surface with 12 - 13 spiral liration, with longitudinal, well-spaced, narrow folds, ending at some distance from lip edge. Inner lip as rounded, concave, uniform callus, ventral edge slightly elevated, but extending little beyond peristome area; large spiral superior fold flanking anal notch (Fig. 17 E). ending at some distance from callus edge; remaining callus smooth or with low transverse undulations. Siphonal canal short, curved, protruding in right side of anterior half of inner lip, flanked externally by siphonal sulcus; canal narrow, slightly opened and expanded anteriorly. Umbilicus only formed by umbilical sulcus.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the name of its place of occurrence: Atol das Rocas.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Endemic from Atol das Rocas. Habitat: In tide pools up to few m depth, all collected shells with pagurus.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	description	Measurements (in mm): Holotype (Fig. 17 A-E): 10.5 by 7.2. Paratypes: MZSP 166673 # 1 (Fig. 17 F-G): 10.6 by 6.3; # 2 (Fig. 17 H-I): 11.6 by 7.5; MZSP 62443 # 1 (Fig. 17 J-K): 12.1 by 8.0. Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Norte; Atol das Rocas, 03 ° 52 ′ S 33 ° 48 ′ W, MZSP 62446, 5 shells (Equipe MORG col., ii. 1977), MZSP 49158, 5 shells (N. Menezes col., ii. 1972), MZSP 81785, 14 shells (Simone col., i. 1995), Cemitério Pool, 03 ° 51 ′ 48.24 ″ S 33 ° 48 ′ 50.92 ″ W, MZSP 146887, 2 shells (H. Galvão Fo. col., 10. x. 2014), Podes Crer pool, 03 ° 52 ′ 20.3 ″ S 33 ° 48 ′ 45.82 ″ W, MZSP 146879, 1 shell (H. Galvão Fo. col., 13. ix. 2014).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD2A8398937D816FE06FBC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Phrontis rocas, coauthored by Daniel Abbate, MZSP, clearly belongs to the " complex Nassarius albus ", as such it has been identified so far. Nassarius albus nowadays Phrontis alba (Say, 1826) (Galindo et al., 2016; MolluscaBase, 2024) is the main issue of a project that has proven to represent a set of several species with similar characterized shells. The set of shell characters reported in the above diagnosis of P. rocas has been shown to be exclusive of that population, being easy to be convincing of being a different entity. The relatively large size, thick walls, and the shell sculpture, with narrow spiral cords covering entirely the shell surface, including the uniform axial threads; the shouldered whorls; and the obese outline, are a set of features that makes easily to recognize it from any other congeners. The coastal populations usually have shells of smaller size, not shouldered, and the spiral cords are more spaced.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; Macaé, off Paulista beach, 23 ° 02 ′ S 41 ° 17 ′ W, 78 m [boat Riobaldo col., 10 / v / 1974].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell large (~ 200 mm). Spire elongated, ~ 30 ° of angle; axial sculpture in first 5 - 6 whorls only, remaining only low spiral cords; last whorls rounded. Presence of wide subsutural groove.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	description	Description: Shell about 200 mm. Elongated, ~ 3.5 times longer than wide; spire ~ 45 % of total length, last whorl ~ 55 % of total length. Spire angle ~ 30 °. Spire up to 9 convex whorls; suture well-marked, with angle ~ 130 °. Protoconch not preserved (eroded). Sculpture 6 - 7 low spiral cords, of rounded profile, interspaces equivalent to their width; in 5 - 6 first whorls additionally possessing strong, wide axial threads (12 in 5 th whorl), being taller at middle, in which spiral cords forming elongated nodes and stubby beaks; axial threads disappearing in penultimate whorl, remaining only spiral sculpture up to last whorl; additionally, subsutural wide groove present since first whorls, being more developed in 3 last whorls (Fig. 21 A: arrows). Last whorl with ~ 10 spiral cords similar to those of preceding whorls; same sculpture along siphon, as oblique cords. Some axial undulations in last whorl as scars of old apertures (Fig. 18 D, F). Aperture elliptic, ~ twice longer than wide; weak anal notch corresponded to subsutural groove. Canal relatively cylindric, with 30 % of shell length, and ~ 30 % of last whorl width in its base. Outer lip simply arched, weakly sinuous because of spiral sculpture; inner lip weakly concave, callus narrow, thin, not exceeding apertural limit. Umbilicus small, at siphon base. Operculum: corneous, dark brown. Elliptic, with inferior terminal nucleus, on terminal beak. Head ~ half of head-foot width; cephalic tentacles less than ⅔ of head width. Gill slightly narrower than osphradium. Osphradium slightly asymmetric. Kidney with pipped him in nephrostome. Rhynchostome edge labiate. Odontophore elongated, with typical buccinoidean organization (e. g., Pastorino & Simone, 2021), except for m 2 a narrow, inserted in posterior end of cartilages; m 2 a as single, broad medial bundle (Fig. 20 A); pairs m 4 and m 5 very narrow; pair m 11 y-shaped, with double origins, in m 2 level entering into odontophore, and in posterior end of cartilages, by side of m 4 origin (Fig. 20 A). Odontophore cartilages narrow, ~ 30 times longer than wide, ~ ⅓ fused with each other in anterior region. Radula (Fig. 19) rachidian ~ 5 % of radular width; ~ 1.5 times longer than wide; base trapezoid, posterior edge ~ 1.5 times wider than anterior edge; 3 cusps projecting over posterior edge, longitudinally elongated, appearing gradually in middle tooth level, median cusp usually slightly larger than remaining cusps. Lateral teeth symmetric, slightly arched (concavity posterior, smooth) (Fig. 19 A); cutting (anterior) edge with 14 elongated, slender cusps; each cusp slightly longer than base, tapering gradually up to sharp pointed tip; length of cusps relatively uniform, except for those of both ends, being successively smaller towards ends (Fig. 19 C). Radula in region in formation already with developed cusps (Fig. 19 B). Mid esophagus with well-developed valve of Leiblein (Fig. 20 B: vl). Pair of salivary gland ducts (sd) running attached to esophageal wall short distance anterior to valve. Gland of Leiblein (gl) totally glandular, of medium size. Nerve ring (Fig. 20 C) with pedal ganglia (pd) less than half of its length. Pair of buccal ganglia (bg) ~ ⅕ of pedal ganglia′s size, located attached to nerve ring, with long commissure. Pair of cerebral (ce) and pleural (pl) ganglia forming single arched mass of equivalent size of pedal ganglia, located very close to them, connectives not visible.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is based on the legendary bird phoenix, the bird that rises from its own ashes, an allusion of the survival of both samples from the terrible fire at the National Museum (September 2, 2018). (C) detail of central region, scale: = 20 µm.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro coasts. Remarks: This species is described in partnership with Diogo Ribeiro Couto. We studied together some Fascio- Habitat: Collected by otter trawl, 20 - 120 m. lariidae, and published phylogenetic papers both, with morphological base (Couto & Simone, 2019), and using	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	description	Measurements (L, Winmm): Holotype (Figs. 18 A-D, 19 A): molecular approaches (Couto et al., 2016). In the for- 203.0 by 57.5. Paratype: MNRJ 6258 (Fig. 18 E-H): 183.5 mer paper, among the several analyzed taxa, there is a by 48.9; MZSP 123143; # 1: 183.7 by 56.9; # 2 (Fig. 21 C-D): " Fusinus sp. ", a figured unknown species. As that species 185.0 by 61.2; # 3: 161.9 by 49.4. still remains undescribed, that gap is here fulfilled. Additional discussion below. Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; ConceiÇão da Barra, off, 18 ° 41 ′ S 38 ° 31 ′ W, 40 - 60 m, MZSP 1142, 1 shell (Femorale # 50749, vii. 2008). Rio de Janei- Goniofusus damasoi Petuch & Berschauer, 2016 ro; Cabo Frio, off, 23 ° 16 ′ 31 ″ S 41 ° 13 ′ 34 ″ W, 100 - 120 m, new combination MZSP 72863, 2 shells (Femorale # 952, v. 2005), 22 ° 45 ′ 30 ″ S (Fig. 21 G-L) 42 ° 01 ′ 01 ″ W, 60 - 80 m (Femorale # 164478, o. t., viii. 2015), 23 ° 00 ′ S 41 ° 28 ′ W, 80 m, MZSP 100304, 1 shell (Mar a Mar Fusinus marmoratus: Rios, 1985: 108 (pl. 37, fig. 477), # 665). Niterói, off, 30 - 40 m, 23 ° 04 ′ 12 ″ S 43 ° 06 ′ 140 ″ W, 1975: 105 (pl. 30, fig. 446) (non Philippi, 1846). MZSP 124298, 2 shells (Femorale # 67500, o. t., viii. 2009), Fusinus damasoi Petuch & Berschauer, 2016: 262 - 263 MZSP 130185, 2 shells (Femorale # 91852, o. t., viii. 2011), (fig. 3 A-D); MolluscaBase, 2023. MZSP 72262, 3 shells (Femorale # 953, o. t., ix. 2004), 23 ° 27 ′ S 42 ° 49 ′ W, 100 - 120 m, MZSP 70494, 1 spm (Femo- Type: Holotype MZSP 131311 (Fig. 21 G-I). rale # 38770, o. t., i. 2006), MZSP 66885, 2 shells (Femorale # 38769, o. t., i. 2006). Plus 4 lots (2 spm, 5 shells) not listed Type locality: BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; off Arraial do herein. Cabo, 45 m [22 ° 58 ′ S 42 ° 02 ′ W].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell ~ 75 mm. Spire wide, ~ 45 ° of angle; axial sculpture reaching last whorl, sometimes aperture; last whorl weakly shouldered. Canal short, shorter than 20 % of total length.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	description	Description: Proper description in Petuch & Berchauer (2016: 262). Complement: spire angle ~ 45 °. Canal from 15 % (Fig. 21 G-I) to 20 % (Fig. 21 J, K) of total shell length.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo coasts. Habitat: 20 - 140 m, sand and sandy-mud, sometimes inside submerged caves.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	description	Measurements: G. damasoi holotype (Fig. 21 G-I): 67.6 by 28.4; MZSP 130372 (Fig. 21 J-K): 76.4 by 30.6; USNM 364099 (Fig. 21 L): 76.0 by 32.0.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: Holotype. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; Arraial do Cabo (P. GonÇalves col.), off, 40 - 45 m, ~ 22 ° 58 ′ S 42 ° 02 ′ W, MZSP 71604, 26 shells (Femorale # 43262, ix. 2006), MZSP 19931, 7 shells (Femorale # 149771, v. 2005), MZSP 73352, 11 shells (Femorale # 26346, ix. 2002); MZSP 130379, 15 spm (Femorale # 75974, i. 2010); Cabo Frio, off, 23 ° 16 ′ 31 ″ S 41 ° 13 ′ 34 ″ W, 100 - 120 m (fishermen col.), MZSP 130364, 3 spm (Femorale # 51189, viii. 2007), MZSP 130368, 3 spm (Femorale # 4007, vii. 2007); Niterói, off, 26 ° 06 ′ S 42 ° 58 ′ W, 130 - 140 m, MZSP 130371, 5 spm (Femorale # 4608, xi. 2007). São Paulo; Ilhabela, off BÚzios Island, 23 ° 47 ′ 45 ″ S 45 ° 06 ′ 22 ″ W, 20 m, MZSP 130372, 10 spm (Femorale # 18655, ii. 2007).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFD4A805892FDB76FEECF781.taxon	discussion	Remarks: See below.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088BFADD36FAE1F801.taxon	description	(Fig. 31) https: // zoobank. org / C 4 B 4 E 290 - 3 D 10 - 4 CBA- 9 BF 4 - 3 CBEFCFED 9 E 8	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088BFADD36FAE1F801.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Holotype MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39807, shell. Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; ItaÚnas, off, continental slope, 18 ° 59 ′ S 37 ° 50 ′ W, 295 m [MD 55 sta. DC 75, RV Marion Dufresne col., v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088BFADD36FAE1F801.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell lacking pigment and apertural plicae. Sculpture with 3 large spiral cords, with interspaces with 5 - 6 smaller spiral cords; rounded axial threads forming 3 equidistant saliences.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088BFADD36FAE1F801.taxon	description	Description: Shell about 18 mm. Very elongated, ~ 3 times longer than wide; spire ~ 56 % of total length, last whorl ~ 61 % of total length. Spire angle ~ 28 °. Spire up to 10 convex whorls; suture well-marked, with angle ~ 140 °. Transverse section circular (Fig. 31 G, H). Protoconch not preserved (eroded). Sculpture 10 low spiral cords (Fig. 31 B, C, E), of rounded profile, located close to each other; one each 5 - 6 larger, ~ 3 times broader than remaining; additionally possessing strong, wide, rounded axial threads (10 in penultimate whorl); axial cords becoming particularly larger on these axial threads, making 3 equidistant transverse saliences, superior salience relatively distant from superior suture, inferior salience very close to inferior suture (Fig. 31 A-E). Last whorl with ~ 25 spiral cords and 11 axial threads similar to those of preceding whorls; same spiral sculpture along siphon, as oblique cords (Fig. 31 B, E). Aperture elliptic, ~ twice longer than wide (Fig. 31 A, D); no anal notch detectable. Canal relatively conic, with 20 % of shell length, and ~ 42 % of last whorl width in its base (Fig. 31 F, H). Outer lip (broken) simply arched; inner lip weakly concave, callus narrow, thin, not exceeding apertural limit, no plicae. Umbilicus absent (Fig. 31 H). Columella wide, straight; each whorl with shallow inferior groove (Fig. 31 F).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088BFADD36FAE1F801.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin aetherius, meaning ethereal, in the sense of delicate, immaterial, in allusion to the elegant sculpture of the shell.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088BFADD36FAE1F801.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Only know from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088916DAB6FAD8FE01.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Not stated. Pleuroploca granulilabris: off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 70 m.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE5A8088916DAB6FAD8FE01.taxon	discussion	Remarks: L. nassa exhibits a remarkable geographic distribution, spanning marine coastal environments from North Carolina, USA, to Santa Catarina, Brazil, without any discernible gaps. It is also found in all oceanic islands. Due to its wide range, L. nassa displays several regional variants, leading to the detection of 14 nominal synonyms. This study proposes a 15 th synonym, Pleuroploca granulilabris. Leucozonia nassa has an interesting post-larval life cycle (personal observations), the post-larval life cycle begins in intertidal algae habitats when the shell size is only a few millimeters. As it grows, L. nassa transitions into an intertidal predator within the first few centimeters of shell development. Individuals exceeding ~ 4 cm in shell size venture into deeper, infratidal environments, and even venture out from the rocky or reef bottoms. Pleuroploca granulilabris is described based on an individual in this gerontic stage. Notably, in the original description of P. granulilabris, the authors did not provide a comparative analysis with L. nassa.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE7A80B88D9DFF6FDE9FCE1.taxon	description	(Fig. 32) https: // zoobank. org / F 4 F 343 F 7 - 7017 - 4163 - 9 D 8 C- 90 EA 432616 D 0	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE7A80B88D9DFF6FDE9FCE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Holotype MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39808, shell. Paratype: MZSP 105535, 1 shell from type locality. Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; ItaÚnas, off, continental slope, 18 ° 59 ′ S 37 ° 50 ′ W, 637 m [MD 55 sta. DC 76, RV Marion Dufresne col., v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE7A80B88D9DFF6FDE9FCE1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell heavy, with thick walls. Axial and spiral sculpture very developed. Axial threads bearing superior notch. Canal broad, wide, distal end rounded.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE7A80B88D9DFF6FDE9FCE1.taxon	description	Description: Shell about 23 mm. Fusiform, ~ twice longer than wide; spire ~ 47 % of total length, last whorl ~ 69 % of total length. Spire angle ~ 40 °. Spire up to 8 convex whorls (Fig. 32 G); suture marked by wide, deep furrow. Protoconch ~ 2.7 smooth whorls (Fig. 32 F, M), yellow. Sculpture of 7 low spiral cords, of rounded profile, narrow and wide cords intercalated, located close to each other; additionally possessing strong, narrow, tall, round- ed axial threads (10 in penultimate whorl); axial cords becoming particularly larger on these axial threads, especially wide cords; superior region winged, notched with suture (Fig. 32 B, D). Last whorl with ~ 15 spiral cords and 9 axial threads similar to those of preceding whorls; same spiral sculpture along siphon, as oblique cords (Fig. 32 B, D, H, L). Aperture elliptic, ~ 1.5 × longer than wide; no anal notch detectable (Fig. 32 A, C, K). Canal relatively conic, weakly arched, widely opened (Fig. 32 H), with 20 % of shell length, and ~ 38 % of last whorl width in its base. Outer lip thick, similar to thread; internally 8 - 9 uniform lirae (Fig. 32 A, C, I, J, K); extending along preceding whorls (Fig. 32 E). Inner lip weakly concave, callus narrow, thin, not exceeding apertural limit; pair of transverse, separated folds in left base of siphon (Fig. 32 J: arrow); another similar fold in superior region preceding superior end (Fig. 32 I: arrow). Walls thick (Fig. 32 E). Each whorl bearing inferior furrow (Fig. 32 E: arrow). Umbilicus absent.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE7A80B88D9DFF6FDE9FCE1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinization of the Portuguese word " renda ", meaning knitting, crochet and lace, in allusion to the delicate and complex sculpture of the shell.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFE7A80B88D9DFF6FDE9FCE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Only known from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8148BD5DE76FA77F8E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Not stated (Am. mérid. in label). White Bay, Patagonia SD by Bratcher & Cernohorsky (1987). Material examined: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; off Vitória, 20 ° 21 ′ S 40 ° 07 ′ W, MZSP 152322, 2 shells (Tarasconi leg, o. t., xi. 2014). São Paulo; Peruíbe, off, 24 ° 18 ′ S 47 ° 00 ′ W, MZSP 120494, 2 shells (Colella leg, o. t., xi. 1968). Santa Catarina; Florianópolis, off, 27 ° 50 ′ 57 ″ S 48 ° 35 ′ 20 ″ W, 90 m, MZSP 136225, 1 shell (UFSM leg., o. t., x. 2004). Rio Grande do Sul; Mostardas, off, 31 ° 17 ′ S 50 ° 42 ′ W, MZSP 32889, 1 shell (Tarasconi leg., fishermen col., o. t., 10. xii. 2000), 30 ° 50 ′ 25.1 ″ S 50 ° 40 ′ 58.6 ″ W, 20 m, MZSP 153121, 3 shells (Tarasconi leg., o. t., xii. 2000), Rio Grande, off, 32 ° 02 ′ 06 ″ S 52 ° 05 ′ 56 ″ W, MZSP 138376, 1 shell (1985, UFSM leg.). ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires; Monte Hermoso, 38 ° 59 ′ 30 ″ S 61 ° 17 ′ 42 ″ W, MZSP 10718, 17 shells (Bicego col., 1897); Carmen de Patagones, 41 ° 02 ′ 19 ″ S 62 ° 42 ′ 12 ″ W, MZSP 10722, 9 shells (Bicego col., 1897).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8148BD5DE76FA77F8E1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Terebra gemmulata was recently reclassified within the genus Duplicaria Dall, 1908 by researchers such as Terryn (2007) and in MolluscaBase (2023). However, this genus is distinguished by the presence of a vestigial odontophore, a feature uncommon in conoideans (Simone, 2011). An anatomical study of a closely related species to T. gemmulata (see below) revealed the absence of this characteristic. Notably, this species also lacks a venom apparatus altogether (Simone, 1999, 2000, 2011). Species lacking these traits are typically assigned to the genus Terebra. Therefore, Terebra is considered the more appropriate genus for T. gemmulata. Bratcher & Cernohorsky (1987) have already illustrat- ed its lectotype (Fig. 34 A, B). Despite the absence of a published type locality, the lectotype label indicates " Am. mérid. " (South America). These authors associated the type locality of its synonym T. patagonica (baie Blanche, Patagonie) and designated " White Bay, Patagonia " as the type locality of T. gemmulata. Historically, its geographic distribution spanned from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, up to Chile, along the Pacific coast of the mainland. However, as argued below, the species appears to be more common along the coast of Argentina. In the MZSP collection, some rare samples were collected in deep waters in Brazilian coast, from Espírito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	description	(Fig. 34 H-O) https: // zoobank. org / 04545481 - 6659 - 4 D 9 E-A 347 - 4 E 75 BA 2810 AC	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. São Paulo; Praia Grande, off Boqueirão beach, 24 ° 02 ′ 39 ″ S 46 ° 27 ′ 39 ″ W, 8 - 10 m [Simone leg., fishermen col., o. t., 1982].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: SE-S Brazilian species of ~ 30 mm, spire angle ~ 12 °. Protoconch conic, of 3.5 whorls. Sculpture of clustered axial ribs, with smooth interspaces, with pair of subsutural nodes, spirally aligned forming groove. Canal with satellite fold.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 30 mm; ~ 5.4 times longer than wide; ~ 15 whorls. Protoconch of 3.5 whorls, successively larger, being first whorl much smaller; smooth, no sculpture (Fig. 34 L); length 0.7 mm, width, 0.4 mm; larger shells with protoconch always broken (Fig. 34 J). Teleoconch of uniform growth; whorls planar; suture simple, plane. Spire angle ~ 12 °. Sculpture of uniform, narrow, delicate ribs, ~ 35 in penultimate whorl; ribs interspaces smooth, equivalent to twice each rib width; each rib bearing uniformly and spirally aligned sutural and subsutural nodes in superior region, subsutural nodes located between superior and mid thirds of each whorl; each rib slightly arched in middle (concavity towards aperture). Sculpture of last whorl similar to spire; ribs covering dorsal region of siphon. Aperture elliptic, ~ twice longer than wide, occupying ~ 15 % of shell length, ~ 43 % of shell width; superior region with weak anal notch; inferior region with short canal turned to left. Outer lip simple, rounded, with small concavity between both sutural and subsutural nodes; inner lip as concave as outer lip, no callus. Siphon with strong superior, satellite oblique fold, flanking it externally, ending in inferior end of outer lip; below this fold smooth, glossy area; canal curved, wide, ~ 30 % of aperture width. No inner columellar fold. Remaining morphological characteristics described by Simone, 1999: 224 - 229 (fi gs. 1 G, 3 D, 7 G, 8 C, 13 A, 18 - 20) (as T. gemmulata).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word jocus, meaning jewel, in apposition to gemma, its previous designation.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	description	Measurements (in mm): Holotype MZSP 133481 (Fig. 34 H-K): 37.8 by 7.5. Paratype: MZSP 166479 (Fig. 34 M-N): 45.4 by 8.8; MZSP 20569 (Fig. 34 O): 45.5 by 8.0. Additional material examined: Topotypes, MZSP 79196, 12 shells (i. 1981), MZSP 81773, 22 shells (i. 1980), MZSP 81704, 21 shells (ii. 1980). BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro; off Santana Island, 23 ° 19 ′ S 43 ° 01 ′ W, 100 m, MZSP 150738, 1 shell (shrimpers col., o. t., v. 2015); Rio das Ostras, off, 22 ° 32 ′ S 41 ° 55 ′ W, MZSP 132343, 1 shell (Marcus collection; o. t., ix. 1971). São Paulo; Ubatuba, off, MZSP 99573, 1 shell (v. 1986); Guarujá, Sanguava beach, 24 ° 00 ′ 05.23 ″ S 46 ° 19 ′ 16.42 ″ W, MZSP 50565, 1 shell (J. Vaz col., xi. 1971); Peruíbe, 24.22324 ° S 47.013820 ″ W, MZSP 133377, 3 shells (J. Colella leg., Camargo col., 02. xi. 1968), 24 ° 48 ′ 49 ″ S 46 ° 39 ′ 02 ″ W, MZSP 50598, 1 shell (H. Nucci col., 01. ii. 1972), 24 ° 18 ′ S 47 ° 00 ′ W, MZSP 166478, 8 shells (J. Colella leg., A. M. Camargo col., ii. 1968). Paraná; Paranaguá, port dredgings, 25 ° 28 ′ S 47 ° 40 ′ W, MZSP 50568, 1 shell (F. L. Morretes leg., 27. ix. 1934); Matinhos, Praia Mansa, 25 ° 50 ′ 28 ″ S 48 ° 32 ′ 16 ″ W, MZSP 142489, 1 shell (Simone et al. col., 17. x. 2018). Rio Grande do Sul (J. C. Tarasconi leg.); Tramandaí, off, 30 ° 01 ′ S 50 ° 03 ′ W, 25 m, MZSP 35512, 2 shells (fishermen col., ii. 2002); Mostardas, off, 31 ° 17 ′ S 50 ° 42 ′ W, 12 m MZSP 62983, 4 shells (fishermen col., o. t., 08. xii. 2000). Plus 34 lots not listed here.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF9A8108BC0D856FCBCFE21.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Terebra joculosa has previously been misidentified as T. gemmulata along the Brazilian coast. Although Bratcher & Cernohorsky (1987) conducted a comprehensive review of the species, their study did not include any examination of Brazilian specimens. Notably, they mentioned that T. gemmulata is one of the two species found in cold waters, a detail inconsistent with its supposed presence in the warm waters off the Brazilian coast. Conversely, Simone (1999) conducted an anatomical review of the species but focused exclusively on Brazilian samples. However, upon later comparison of specimens from Brazil, Argentina, and Chile – initially assumed to be conspecific – they exhibited consistent and significant shell differences, strongly suggesting that they represent three distinct species. In comparing T. joculosa and T. gemmulata, noticeable differences arise in size and the sharpness of spire angles. Terebra joculosa measures approximately 30 mm in length, whereas T. gemmulata exceeds 60 mm, more than twice the size. The spire angle of T. joculosa is approximately 12 °, giving it a distinctly sharper point, while T. gemmulata exhibits a wider spire angle of around 20 °. Sculpturally, the two species also differ: T. joculosa features numerous ribs per whorl with very narrow interspaces, whereas T. gemmulata has fewer ribs that are more spaced out, accounting for approximately one-third of the number found in T. joculosa. Moreover, T. joculosa displays sculpture in the inferior region of the last whorl, a feature absent in T. gemmulata. Additionally, T. joculosa possesses a robust superior oblique fold flanking the ventral side of the canal, a characteristic not observed in T. gemmulata. A comparable set of distinctions is observed between T. gemmulata and another putative synonym, T. chilensis (see Fig. 34 A, B), primarily involving smaller size, more inflated whorls, and distinct sculpture. These variations suggest that T. chilensis might represent a distinct regional species, warranting reconsideration and potential revalidation. A single shell present in MZSP collection (# MZSP 19326, from off Uruguay – Fig. 35 C, D) possibly belong to an undescribed species related to the T. gemmulata complex. It has a similar density of axial ribs of T. joculosa, but the sculpture is much stronger, the spire angle is wider, the shell is rather obese, and the subsutural nodes are larger and more uniformly organized. In fact, in this regard, this shell resembles the illustration of T. patagonica by d′Orbigny (1839) (Fig. 34 G); it differs in having axial sculpture. Because of its bad state and scarcity, this species remains undescribed, provisionally called T. aff. joculosa (Fig. 35 C, D) [Material examined: URUGUAY. Maldonado, off, 35 ° 33 ′ S 53 ° 48 ′ W, 58 m, MZSP 19326, 1 shell (R. V. W. Besnard col., sta. 1868, 12. viii. 1972)]. Genus Neoterebra Fedosov, Malcolm, Terryn, Gorson,	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	description	Trimusculus pifius new species (Figs. 36 - 37) https: // zoobank. org / D 641 C 465 - 99 A 7 - 480 A-BF 99 - 4462 C 15 B 81 D 3 Types: Holotype MZSP 165668. Paratypes: MZSP 100919, 1 spm, MZSP 100993, 2 spm, MZSP 165669, 1 spm, all from type locality. BRAZIL. Bahia; Off AlcobaÇa, 17 ° 30 ′ 14 ″ S 38 ° 48 ′ 51 ″ W, 10 - 20 m, MZSP 165670, 7 shells (W. Vailant-Mattos col., 2017).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Bahia; Cairu, Praia de Garapuá (Morro de São Paulo), 13 ° 29 ′ 32 ″ S 38 ° 54 ′ 21 ″ W, ~ 10 m [Petronio Alves Coelho-Filho col., Petrobras, 2011].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: E Brazilian species of up to ~ 10 mm. Shell surface smooth. Apex located posteriorly, turned towards posterior. Radially pigmented.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	description	Description: Shell ~ 5 mm, elliptic-rounded (~ 1.2 times longer than wide), amply conic (3 - 4 times longer than tall); anterior and posterior edges rounded, similar-sized (Fig. 36 A, C, K). Walls thin, slightly translucent. Color reddish beige to light brown, with 15 - 20 darker radial bands relatively uniform, interspaces ~ ⅓ of their width, their width in shell edge relatively uniform, being slightly wider posteriorly (Fig. 36 A, K, L). Sculpture absent, except for weak growth lines. Periostracum exceeding short distance beyond edges (Fig. 36 L). Apex arched, located in posterior third (Fig. 36 A, C, D, K, L). Protoconch sinister, white, translucent; of 2.5 smooth whorls in left side (Fig. 36 E, M); smooth, bulbed in right side (Fig. 36 F); width ~ 200 µm; border with teleoconch clear, orthocline. Profile with angle 120 °, anterior surface convex, posteri- or surface weakly concave (Fig. 36 D, L). Internal surface glossy, muscle scars weakly visible. Head-foot occupying most of ventral region of shell, except for dorsal region, below shell beak, occupying by pulmonary (pallial) cavity (Fig. 37). Head (he) flap-like, thick, wide (~ ⅔ of foot width) lateral edged, curved ventrally; pair of dark eyes (ey) immersed in integument, locat- ed lateral region of head (Figs. 36 H, I, 37). Mouth located in ventral side of head, ventrally covered by anterior edge of foot (Fig. 36 I). Three shell muscles (Figs. 36 G, 37: sm), anterior pair relatively symmetrical, elliptical in section, located in each side of anterior region of pulmonary cavity, each one with ~ ¹ / ₂ ₀ of head-foot area; third shell muscle located in postero-right region of pulmonary cavity, with right half bulged, with area equivalent to other shell muscles, and narrow extension, working as postero-right edge of pulmonary cavity, extending to left length equivalent to bulged area. Mantle border (mb) thick; simple and colorless, possessing 6 long pallial papillae (mp), being pair anterior, locater some distance from each other over head; other 2 pairs respectively in middle-lateral and in postero-lateral corner of mantle edge. Pulmonary (pallial) cavity only opened in right side in pneumostome (pn), wide, flanked by antero-right and postero-right shell muscles; anal flap (fl) located at middle of pneumostome, in its ventral surface, with ~ ⅓ of its length, ~ tice wider than long. Pallial floor smooth, planar, with 2 elevations, one in right region correspondent to reno-pericardial structures; another in right-posterior region, correspondent to visceral structures. Pericardium (pc) mostly locat- ed in pallial hoof, anterior and at right from gill; ~ 15 % of pulmonary cavity area, ~ twice longer than wide, auricle located closer to gill, ventricle more ventral. Gill (gi) locat- ed transversely, crossing right to left in posterior region of pulmonary cavity; its anterior region on mantle edge (Fig. 37), being wider at right, gradually tapering towards left up to left end of cavity. Both afferent gill vessel (af) and ctenidial (efferent) vein relatively wide. Auricle insertion in ctenidial vein in middle of it.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinization Brazilian Portuguese word pífio, meaning weak, an allusion to the weakness of the shell and the small size of the species.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Coasts of Bahia to Espírito Santo. Habitat: From intertidal up to ~ 10 m, usually found sorting sediment.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	description	Measurements (L, W, H in mm): Holotype (Fig. 36 A-I): 4.9 by 3.7 by 1.1. Paratype: MZSP 165669: 3.8 by 3.1 by 1.3. Paratype: 109109: 3.9 by 3.1 by 0.8. Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Bahia; Cairu, Praia de Garapuá (Morro de São Paulo), 13 ° 29 ′ 32 ″ S 38 ° 54 ′ 21 ″ W, MZSP 100909, 1 spm, MZSP 100914, 1 spm, MZSP 100959, 3 spm, MZSP 101055, 1 spm [Petronio Alves Coelho-Filho col., Petrobras, 2011]. Espírito Santo; Guarapari, Praia do Morro, 20 ° 39 ′ 42 ″ S 40 ° 29 ′ 41 ″ W, MZSP 57677, 2 shells [Simone col., 15. i. 1982].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFDA8138C3FDAF6FF39FD21.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Specimens of T. pifius are another also commonly identified as Nacella mytilina. Shells of it usually were mixed with Tectura iguypis and N. mirim, despite in being relatively easy to be separated from them. From the former in not being laterally compressed. From the later by the relatively monochromatic shell, and by the shell beach more curved and more posteriorly positioned. Trimusculus pifius is also usually larger than the other 2 species. Trimusculus pifius differs from the other 2 congener species that occur in South America, T. goesi Hubendick, 1946, from Mexico to Caribbean, and from T. peruvianus (Sowerby I, 1835), from Mexico to Chile, in totally lacking radial sculpture in the shell, which is well developed in both. Besides, T. pifius is apparently smaller, as those species easily reach over 10 mm. Trimusculus goesi has been reported in Brazilian coast (e. g., Rios, 1975), however, on those cases, every time if checked the sample actually was of a dorsal brachiopod valve.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81388B0D8F6FAF6FC01.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: Jamaica.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81388B0D8F6FAF6FC01.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Iselica anomala has been considered a synonym of Iselica globosa, originally described as Acteon globosus by Lea in 1843. However, A. globosus is a nomen nudum, lacking a proper description and illustration, and is a secondary homonym of A. globosus (Bronn, 1831). Consequently, A. globosus is an invalid name and cannot be employed. Therefore, the accurate course of action is to reinstate the name I. anomala, as proposed here.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81388C1DC16FEBEF881.taxon	description	Turbonilla absalaoi Simone & Pimenta, nomen novum https: // zoobank. org / E 7675 CC 9 - 8 AD 7 - 4 DEE- 8 C 25 - 3868 D 0 C 35854	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81388C1DC16FEBEF881.taxon	materials_examined	Type: USNM 113233 (not at the original description; reported in Boss et al., 1968; figured by Pimenta & Absalão, 2002: fig. 18). Type locality: Pliocene of Caloosahatchie; Recent, Cape Hatteras to Haiti, 12 to 15 fms.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81388C1DC16FEBEF881.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Turbonilla obsoleta (Dall, 1892) was first described as a subspecies of T. puncta (C. B. Adams, 1850) (Jamaica), and became a secondary homonym of T. obsoleta (Carpenter, 1857) and T. obsoleta Seguenza, 1880 when Pimenta & Absalão (2002) justifiably elevated it to the species′ rank, a species with range from Florida to Rio de Janeiro. The name is coauthored with Alexandre Dias Pimenta (Museu Nacional of Federal University of Rio de Janeiro), and is in honor of his coauthor, our mentor and enthusiastic Brazilian malacologist, Ricardo da Silva Absalão.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81D8C34DB36FE80FC61.taxon	description	Brevinucula overa, new species (Fig. 38) https: // zoobank. org / 5 EEC 0 AAF- 6447 - 402 B- 8 FAF- 8 E 04 BDE 6 FDE 5 Types: Holotype MZSP 166720, shell. Paratype: MZSP 166721, 1 spm, MZSP 166628, 25 shells, 37 valves, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39809, 2 shells, 6 valves, MNRJ, 1 shell, 2 valves, all from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81D8C34DB36FE80FC61.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; ItaÚnas, off, slope of Abrolhos, 19 ° 40.6 ′ S 37 ° 48.1 ′ W, 790 - 940 m [MD 55 sta. CB 77, 27. v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81D8C34DB36FE80FC61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Species from off SE Brazil with umbonal angulation of ~ 90 °. Shell edges flattened. Hinge with 8 - 9 anterior and 6 posterior teeth.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81D8C34DB36FE80FC61.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 5 mm; shape oval, pointed dorsally; as long as tall up to with length ~ 92 % of height; walls slightly thick. Umbo relatively pointed, prominent, with protruded, rounded prodissoconch flanked by shallow, weak structure (Fig. 38 E, J); prodissoconch of 0.45 mm. Umbo erect, slightly dislocated posteriorly, with umbonal angulation of ~ 90 °. Anterior and posterior umbonal edges almost symmetrical, posterior edge slightly shorter and straight; anterior edge longer and slightly convex; ventral edge widely rounded (Fig. 38 A-B, D-J) or with weak, blunt posterior beak. Maximum inflation ~ 65 % of length (Fig. 38 C). outer surface glossy, shining, bearing only weak growth lines. Color white (Fig. 38 H-J), with fresh specimens with thin, light brown periostracum, deciduous in oldest portions (Fig. 38 A, B, E, F). Ligament with inner portion thick, perpendicular, restricted to sub-umbonal region (Fig. 38 D, G: li). Hinge occupying entire dorsal edge (Fig. 38 D, G, H, I), thicker regions occupying ~ 13 % of shell height; peri-ligament potion lacking teeth; from this region both anterior and posterior series of teeth gradually growing towards edges, becoming wider in subterminal region in both sides; 8 - 9 teeth in slightly curved, longer anterior set; 6 teeth in slightly shorter, straight posterior. Both adductor muscle scars rounded, located ventrally to both ends of hinge, anteri- or scar slightly longer dorso-ventrally (Fig. 38 H, I); pallial line weakly visible parallel to ventral edge (Fig. 38 I).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81D8C34DB36FE80FC61.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is based on the Guarany language word overa, meaning bright, shining, an allusion to the glossy surface of the shell.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFFEA81D8C34DB36FE80FC61.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Off Espírito Santo to Rio de Janeiro coasts, continental slope.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF0A81F8B91D916FF6CFC41.taxon	description	(Fig. 39) https: // zoobank. org / D 91 C 55 F 5 - 3 B 23 - 4 C 4 A-B 4 A 5 - AD 0 A 130 D 1826 Types: Holotype MZSP 166732, shell. Paratypes: MZSP 166733, 1 shell, MZSP 166629, 12 shells, 58 valves, MNRJ, 2 shells + 3 valves, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39810, 1 shell + 9 valves, all from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF0A81F8B91D916FF6CFC41.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; ItaÚnas, off, Abrolhos slope, 19 ° 40.6 ′ S 37 ° 48.1 ′ W, 790 - 940 m [MD 55 sta. CB 77, 27. v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF0A81F8B91D916FF6CFC41.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Species from off SE Brazil of ~ 5 mm, with almost central umbo. Ligament almost perpendicular. Hinge with 11 - 12 anterior and 8 - 9 posterior teeth.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF0A81F8B91D916FF6CFC41.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 5 mm; outline rounded; ~ 1.2 times longer than heigh; walls slightly thin. Umbo relatively blunt, slightly prominent; almost central slightly dislocated anteriorly, with umbonal angulation of ~ 110 °. Anterior and posterior umbonal edges almost symmetrical, both convex, flattened in edges, almost wing-like; posterior edge slightly shorter and more vertical; anterior edge longer and slightly more convex; ventral edge widely rounded (Fig. 39 A-B, D-G, J-M) with weak, blunt posterior beak. Very weak, oblique anterior carina. Maximum inflation ~ 50 % of length (Fig. 39 C). outer surface glossy, shining; sculpture commarginal, narrow, uniform cords, from umbo up to edges (Fig. 39 A, B, D, E); interspaces equivalent to each cord width. Periostracum heavy, brown (Fig. 39 A-E); when absent, color white (Fig. 39 J, L). Ligament with inner portion thick, guttiform, restricted to sub-umbonal region, angulation ~ 30 ° in relation to dorso-ventral axis (Fig. 39 F, G-I, K, M). Hinge occupying entire dorsal edge (Fig. 39 F, G, K, M), thicker regions occupying ~ 15 % of shell height; teeth reaching ligamental area; from this region both anterior and posterior series of teeth gradually growing towards edges, becoming wider in subterminal region in both sides, mainly in anterior set, with very broad subterminal stretch; 11 - 12 teeth in slightly curved, longer anterior set; 8 - 9 teeth in slightly shorter, also weakly curved posterior set. Both set of teeth with very tall, triangular, pointed teeth (Fig. 39 H, I). Both adductor muscle scars rounded, located ventrally to both ends of hinge, anterior scar slightly larger (Fig. 39 G); pallial line weakly visible parallel to ventral edge (Fig. 39 G, K).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF0A81F8B91D916FF6CFC41.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is based on the Guarani language word ipepo, meaning wing, an allusion to the expansions in both sides of the umbo.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF0A81F8B91D916FF6CFC41.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Off Espírito Santo, continental slope of Abrolhos.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	description	Types: Holotype MZSP 166688, left valve. Paratypes: MZSP 104207, 60 valvesfromtypelocality. BRAZIL. EspíritoSanto; ItaÚnas, off, abyssal platform, 19 ° 08.8 ′ S 37 ° 34.8 ′ W, 3,450 m, MZSP 166679, 10 valves, 1 shell, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39811, 6 valves (MD 55 sta. DS 66, 25. v. 1987).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Linhares, off, abyssal platform S of Vitória-Trindade Mountain Chain, 21 ° 09.3 ′ S 34 ° 50.5 ′ W, 4,120 m [MD 55 sta. SY 38, 16. v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Abyssal species from off SE Brazil with shell of ~ 7 mm; inflation ~ 80 % of length. Sculptured by commarginal, uniform lines. Hinge with anterior set of teeth slightly longer than posterior; posterior set of teeth with horizontal posterior end.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 7 mm; shape oval; slightly longer than height; walls thick. Umbo rounded, prominent; almost central-slightly dislocated posteriorly. Anterior and posterior umbonal edges almost symmetrical, posterior edge slightly shorter and concave; anterior edge longer and straight; ventral edge widely rounded (Fig. 40 E, F, I-K) or with weak, blunt anterior beak (Fig. 40 A-B). Maximum inflation ~ 80 % of length (Fig. 40 D, G). Sculptured by uniform commarginal cords, from umbo up to margin; interspaces equivalent to half of each cord width. Hinge occupying entire dorsal edge (Fig. 40 A, C, F, H, I, K), thicker regions occupying ~ 10 % of shell height; short sub-umbonal potion lacking teeth; from this region both anterior and posterior series of teeth gradually growing towards edges, becoming wider in subterminal region in both sides; 11 - 14 teeth in straight, longer anterior set; 9 - 10 teeth in slightly shorter posterior set, with small curved, horizontal portion in posterior end (Fig. 40 C, F, I). Inner muscle scars of difficult visualization; both adductor muscle scars rounded, located ventrally to both ends of hinge; no individualizable pallial line.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Guarani language ruru, meaning swollen, an allusion to the inflated shape of the shell (Fig. 40 D, G).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far known off Espírito Santo coast. Habitat: Abyssal platform, 3,450 - 4,120 m. Measurements (in mm): Holotype MZSP 166688 garding the hinge, T. ruru lacks teeth in the sub-umbonal (Fig. 40 A-D): 6.4 by 5.2. Paratype: MZSP 104207 # 1 region, while T. cytherea possesses teeth in the sub-um- (Fig. 40 E-H): 6.9 by 5.5; MZSP 104207 # 2 (Fig. 40 I): 5.9 by bonal area, albeit much smaller in size. 5.2; MZSP 104207 # 3 (Fig. 40 J-K): 5.8 by 5.2. The habitat of T. ruru appears to be significantly different, occurring at much greater depths (3,450 - 4,120 m), Remarks: Tindaria ruru is only known from collect- whereas T. cytherea is known to occur in shallower depths ed valves found on the abyssal platform south of the ranging from 537 - 1,140 m. Vitória-Trindade mountain chain. A single articulated specimen, MZSP 166679, is present in the sample, but it is a young specimen measuring 3.5 mm. Nonetheless, its Tindaria cytherea (Dall, 1881) presence indicates the species′ habitat in that environ- (Fig. 41) ment. The shell of T. ruru differs from that of T. cytherea (Dall, Synonymy check Sanders & Allen (1977: 35). Comple- 1881), the only congeneric species occurring in the West- ment: ern Atlantic, in several aspects: it is smaller, has a more rounded outline (compared to the more antero-posteri- Nucula cytherea Dall, 1881: 123. orly elongated shape of T. cytherea), exhibits a more del- Malletia veneriformis Smith, 1885: 246 - 247 (pl. 20, icate commarginal sculpture (as opposed to the coarser figs. 9, 9 a). sculpture of T. cytherea), and is much more inflated. Re- Malletia (Tindaria) cytherea: Dall, 1889: 438.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type localities: Off Cape San Antonio, 413 - 424 fms.; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. Malletia amabilis: Off Cape San Antonio, 413 - 424 fms.; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms.; Sta. 226, near St. Vincent, 424 fms.; Sta. 2392 US Fish. Comm. Gulf of Mexico, 28 ° 45 ′ N 87 ° 30 ′ W, 724 fms. (Dall, 1886); M. veneriformis: sta. 33, off Bermuda, 435 fms; Sta. 24, off Culebra Is., W Indies, 390 fms.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF2A8198BD1DED6FB61FEA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Florida to Rio de Janeiro.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF7A81B8C21DE56FC06FCC1.taxon	description	Barbatia pehenguis new species (Figs. 42 - 43) https: // zoobank. org / 55 B 63294 - 191 F- 4 B 07 - 816 C-CFFA 9 F 5 D 09 C 2 Types: Holotype MZSP 165816. Paratypes: MZSP 31071, 20 spm from type locality. BRAZIL. Pernambuco; Fernando de Noronha, Praia da Ressurreta, 03 ° 46 ′ 00 ″ S 32 ° 23 ′ 36 ″ W, 5 m, MZSP 48852, 7 spm, MZSP 48857, 4 spm (Simone col., 02. v. 2005), Praia do Porto, 03 ° 50 ′ 05 ″ S 32 ° 24 ′ 05 ″ W, MZSP 31205, 8 spm (Simone & Souza col., 17. vii. 1999). Espírito Santo; Trindade Island, Ponta Noroeste, 20 ° 29 ′ 46.4 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 35.4 ″ W, 10 m, MZSP 108275, 1 spm (MendonÇa col., 04. vii. 2012), MZSP 162535, 2 spm (MendonÇa col., 30. vii. 2018), Andradas, 20 ° 30 ′ 45.7 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 21.9 ″ W, intertidal, MZSP 146942, 1 spm (Abbate col., 05. vii. 2013).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF7A81B8C21DE56FC06FCC1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Pernambuco; Fernando de Noronha, Ilha da Rata, Buraco do Inferno, 10 m, 03 ° 48 ′ 29 ″ S 32 ° 22 ′ 52 ″ W [Simone & Souza col., 19. vii. 1999].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF7A81B8C21DE56FC06FCC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Species from Brazilian oceanic islands of up to ~ 25 mm. Shell surface reticulate, periostracum hairy; color brown. Hinge with very small middle teeth. Eyes in mantle edge. Siphonal flap more developed. Foot lacking tentacles.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF7A81B8C21DE56FC06FCC1.taxon	description	Description: Shell up to 28 mm, outline rather trapezoid-arciform. Anterior region ~ 80 % of posterior region; ~ twice longer than heigh (Fig. 43 F-G); up to ~ 1.5 longer than heigh (Fig. 43 C, L, M); ~ 3 times longer than wide (Figs. 42 E-F, 43 H). Color brown, with irregular light and dark areas randomly distributed, but symmetrical in both valves (Fig. 42 A-D). Umbones slightly protruded, located in anterior third. Sculpture relatively uniform, reticulate, radial; both radial and concentric lines equally predominating; in middle and anterior thirds a predominating radial line every 6 - 8 smaller radial lines; in posterior third a similar sculpture, but with delicate undulating model in concentric components. Periostracum very-developed, hairy, beige; forming hair, projections and scales on predominating radial lines (Figs. 42 A, B, 43 D, F, L, M); periostracum exceeding shell edges, including projections (Figs. 42 C, D, 43 A, E, G, J). Anterior and posterior edges slightly straight, except for their rounded limits; ventral edge weakly convex (Fig. 42 A-D, C, L, M) to weakly concave (Fig. 43 F, G). Inner surface glossy, whitish, Hinge weakly arched, with ligament occupying ~ ½ of its length, located in its central outer region (Figs. 42 C, D, G, H, 43 G, I); middle third composed of ~ 10 very minute, orthocline teeth, almost absent in some areas (Fig. 43 I); anterior third composed of 4 - 5 prosocline teeth, successive larger towards anterior; posterior third composed of ~ 8 opisthocline teeth, successive larger up to subterminal area, diminishing in 2 last teeth. Scars of adductor muscles rounded, located in corners of hinge with anterior and posterior edged, anterior scar ~ half of posterior scar (Figs. 42 C, D, 43 G), posterior adductor scar ~ ¹ / ₂ ₀ of inner valve area, pallial line simple, relatively thick. Mantle lobes translucent, except for thick regions close to edges. Mantle edges (Fig. 43 A, B, J: mb) thick, unpigmented by dark brown spots; no fusion between both lobes; outer mantle edge fold (ef) possessing series of minute dark eyes (Fig. 43 A, B, E, K: ey), much more developed in number and size along posterior edge, but also present in ventral and anterior edges; middle fold (mf) relatively tall, especially in incurrent canal (in), barely forming siphons (Fig. 43 A, J: si; B, E, K: mf); inner fold (if) as internal line only, away from edge. Gill (gi) large, each demibranch ~ 70 % of pallial cavity area; inner and outer demibranchs of equal length and width; posteri- or quarter of gill sustained by strong, brown spotted gill stalks (Fig. 43 A, B, J: gt). Foot very small, peduncle-like (Fig. 43 A, J: ft), with thick byssus (by) in its base; pigment- ed with brown spots. Anterior adductor muscle elliptic in section (Fig. 43 A, J: am), located in antero-dorsal region. Posterior adductor muscle large, located as posterior end of visceral mass (pa), slightly more ventral and with ~ double size of anterior muscle. Pair of posterior retractor muscle (Fig. 43 A, J: pr) with insertion as large as anterior adductor muscle, just anterior to it.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF7A81B8C21DE56FC06FCC1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinization of the native Guarani word peh ẽngue, meaning sister, an allusion to the sibling condition of the present species with B. cancellaria.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFF7A81B8C21DE56FC06FCC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Fernando de Noronha and Trindade oceanic islands.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF88A8668BF8DAD6FCA6F961.taxon	description	Chichvarkhin (2004: 363).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF88A8668BF8DAD6FCA6F961.taxon	discussion	Remarks: This item reunites the taxonomic discussion both, of B. cancellaria and of A. domingensis. Both Lamarck′s (1819) species were relatively forgotten along the 19 th century (Lamy, 1907). Both species were not mentioned neither in the magistral survey by Reeve (1844). Both are, however, present in another important survey (Martini-Cheminitz) – Kobelt (1891), which can be considered the first reviser. In that paper, both species are illustrated by the first time. Both illustrations are reproduced here, Fig. 44 A is of the Arca cancellaria Lamarck representative (Kobelt, 1891: 72, sp. 52, pl. 20, fig. 5), while Fig. 44 B represents Arca domingensis Lamarck (Kobelt, 1891: 195, sp. 178, pl. 47 fig. 5). Both illustrations and descriptions by Kobelt (1891) – the first reviser, clearly show what were considered as those species along the time up to Huber (2015). Besides, other studies deepened the concept of both species, including anatomical features (e. g., Simone & Chichvarkhin, 2004). Thus, based on the ICZN article 24.2.1 – the principle of the " First Reviser ". The previous taxonomic concept of both, Barbatica cancellaria and Acar domingensis are revalidated, resolving an important gap of the Western Atlantic arcid taxonomy. One of the B. cancellaria syntype is illustrated here (Fig. 44 C), showing the exact characteristics of what is known for the species. This resolution is also adopted in a recent paper (Passos et al., 2024: 23).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8BA8618904D9D6FEEDFE61.taxon	description	(Figs. 45, 46 A-E) https: // zoobank. org / 6 C 0 FC 89 C-AAE 7 - 49 CD-AB 2 D-E 0622 D 676960 Types: Holotype MZSP 166512, shell. Paratypes: MZSP 166514, 20 shells, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39812, 3 shells from type locality. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; off ItaÚnas, 19 ° 41 ′ S 37 ° 48 ′ W, 790 - 940 m, MZSP 166516, 40 shells, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39813, 20 shells (R. V. Marión-Dufresne col., MD 55 sta. CB 77, 27. v. 1987).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8BA8618904D9D6FEEDFE61.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; off ConceiÇão da Barra, 18 ° 59 ′ S 37 ° 50 ′ W, 637 m [R. V. Marión-Dufresne col., MD 55 sta. CB 76, 27. v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8BA8618904D9D6FEEDFE61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: SE Brazilian species with oblique outline, delicate outer sculpture. Hinge with very oblique teeth in both ends, middle teeth minute, narrow, deformed.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8BA8618904D9D6FEEDFE61.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 7 mm, rather oblique; length similar to height; maximum inflation ~ 80 % of length (Fig. 45 C, M). Color white (Fig. 46 A-F) to pale beige (Fig. 45 A-F), with hairy beige periostracum close to edges (Figs. 45 A, B, K, 58 E). Right valve slightly smaller than left valve, exceeding in ventral edge (Fig. 45 A, F, K). Prodissoconch elliptic, smooth, simple, of almost 1 mm (Fig. 45 J: arrow). Umbones prominent, blunt, elevating ~ 6 % shell height beyond hinge; separated from each other, locat- ed in anterior end of mid third of hinge. Lunule narrow, concave, ~ 10 % of shell width, slightly broader anterior to umbones (Fig. 45 C, M). Dorsal edge straight; anteri- or edge rounded, slightly smaller than posterior edge; ventral edge bluntly angular in its division with posteri- or edge. Sculpture delicate reticulated; radial cords predominating in right valve (Figs. 45 A, K, 46 E), ~ 45 radial cords from anterior to posterior hinge edges; commarginal cords predominating in left valve (Figs. 45 B, L, 46 D). Hinge with 3 - 4 middle teeth very minute, narrow, rather deformed, located lightly posterior to umbo; anterior to them from 5 (Fig. 46 C) up to 8 (Fig. 45 G-I) very oblique teeth, prosogire, average angulation ~ 45 ° in relation to antero-posterior shell axis, second and third teeth as largest ones; posterior to narrow teeth 6 (Fig. 46 C) up to 8 - 9 (Figs. 46 G-H, 59 B) very oblique teeth, opisthogire, average angulation ~ 45 ° in relation to antero-posterior shell axis, penultimate tooth as largest. Inner surface white, opaque; muscle scars of difficult delimitation; scars of anterior and posterior adductor muscles round- ed, located below both hinge ends.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8BA8618904D9D6FEEDFE61.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is in apposition and a make-up word, although has a meaning in Latin of adventuresome, an allusion to difficulty in finding this isolated population.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8BA8618904D9D6FEEDFE61.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rio Grande do Norte (Francisco, 2015) to Rio de Janeiro coasts.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8CA8618888D856FAD9F961.taxon	description	(Fig. 47) https: // zoobank. org / 742020 AF- 4379 - 4 C 29 - B 1 AA- 4 F 0 B 4 BC 9 F 78 A Types: Holotype MZSP 166556, shell. Paratypes: MZSP 104210, 2 shells, MNHN-IM- 2000 - 39814,1 shell from type locality. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; off Linhares, 20 ° 43.7 ′ S 31 ° 56.7 ′ W, 944 - 945 m, MZSP 104139, 1 valve, (R. V. Marión-Dufresne col., MD 55 sta. DC 49, 15. v. 1987).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8CA8618888D856FAD9F961.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; off Linhares, Vitória-Trindade submarine mountain chain, 20 ° 20.9 ′ S 36 ° 19 ′ W, 1,417 - 1,440 m [R. V. Marión-Dufresne col., MD 55 sta. CP 32, 15. v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8CA8618888D856FAD9F961.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: SE Brazilian species with very oblique, elongated outline. Sculpture delicate, uniform reticulate. Lunula very narrow and short. Hinge with very perpendicular anterior teeth; posterior teeth connected in outer edges.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8CA8618888D856FAD9F961.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 10 mm, very oblique – with main carina ~ 35 ° in relation to tinge line; length ~ 70 % of height; maximum inflation ~ 40 % of length (Fig. 47 A, I). Color whitish (Fig. 47 H-J), yellowish (Fig. 47 K-L) to pale beige (Fig. 47 A-E); periostracum wanting. Both valves symmetric. Umbones slightly prominent, bluntly point- ed, elevating ~ 5 % shell height beyond hinge; narrowly separated from each other, located in posterior end of anterior third of hinge. Lunule narrow, concave, ~ 10 % of shell width, ~ 37 % of shell length (Fig. 47 A, I). Dorsal edge straight; anterior edge bluntly pointed with dorsal edge, ~ ⅓ size of posterior edge; ventral edge ample on posterior half, abruptly ascendent in anterior half; posterior edge straight, with wide, blunt ventro-posterior angulation with ventral edge. Hinge (Fig. 47 D, E, K) with anterior ~ ¼ possessing 5 - 6 small, uniform-sized, rather perpendicular, aligned teeth; succeeded by ~ ¼ edentelous, in region adjacent to umbones; posterior half with 6 - 7 elongated, very oblique, successive low teeth, all of them connected with each other in their outer end by longitudinal, lateral, low fold (Fig. 47 F, G). Inner surface white, glossy; muscle scars of difficult delimitation; scars of anterior and posterior adductor muscles rounded, located below both hinge ends; posterior scar slightly larger than anterior scar.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8CA8618888D856FAD9F961.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin celer, meaning velocity, an allusion to the elongated shape of the shell.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF8CA8618888D856FAD9F961.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far endemic from off Espírito Santo coast, near Vitória-Trindade submarine mountain chain.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86C88FADCB6FACFFEC1.taxon	materials_examined	Type localities: 50 miles N of Hebrides, 189 fms. E Nordland, 70 - 100 fms. Upper Norway, 450 fms.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86C88FADCB6FACFFEC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Paracratis borealis (Fig. 48 F) has previously been identified as Limopsis minuta, described by Philippi as Pectunculus minutus in 1836 (pg. 63, pl. 5, fig. 3) (Fig. 48 E). This species was initially described from the Plio-Pleistocene deposits in Sicily, Italy (Mediterranean). It has been reported as present in the Recent period from Canada to Mexico, with some disjunct occurrences in South Brazil (e. g., Rios, 2009). Despite the significant temporal and regional differences, which might suggest a strong case for specific separation, Limopsis minuta, as described and illustrat- ed by Philippi (1836), still exhibits conchological distinctions (Fig. 48 E). It is notably larger, reaching around 15 mm, whereas P. borealis measures approximately 6 mm. Furthermore, Limopsis minuta features a more arched hinge and a taller umbo compared to those of P. borealis (Fig. 48 F). The shell outline is also much less inclined (around 80 °), while P. borealis has an angulation of approximately 65 °. Based on these temporal, geographic, and morphological differences, the most appropriate taxonomical procedure is to maintain Limopsis minuta as a Plio-Pleistocene Italian fossil within the genus Paracratis. Concurrently, its previous synonym, P. borealis, should be revalidated to represent the Recent Atlantic species.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	description	Brachidontes ynous new species (Figs. 49 - 50) https: // zoobank. org / AE 6 AA 3 AF-E 95 F- 4664 - B 185 - 10 EF 4 FC 6 BC 4 B Types: Holotype MZSP 165671. Paratypes: MZSP 105355, 40 spm from type locality. BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade Island (ProTrindade Project), Farrilhões, 20 ° 31 ′ 22.4 ″ S 28 ° 19 ′ 52 ″ W, MZSP 109572, 25 spm (02. vi. 2012), Tartarugas, 20 ° 31 ′ 01.3 ″ S 29 ° 17 ′ 56.9 ″ W, MZSP 115081, 7 spm (Abbate col., 2013), Enseada da Cachoeira, 20 ° 30 ′ 57.1 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 15.2 ″ W, MZSP 108114, 3 spm (J. MendonÇa col., 2012), Ponta do TÚnel, 20 ° 31 ′ 36.8 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 14.3 ″ W, MZSP 109914, 3 spm (J. MendonÇa col., 2012).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade Island, Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31 ′ 43.5 ′ S 29 ° 19 ′ 28.1 ″ W [17. ii. 2012].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Endemic species from Trindade Oceanic Island, living subtidal, isolated. Shell smaller than 10 mm. Color mostly light. Sculptured by relatively uniform, delicate, numerous radial cords. Hinge with 4 teeth anterior to ligament, 12 - 15 taxodont-like teeth posterior to ligament.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	description	Description: Shell up to 10 mm, outline rather trapezoid-mytiliform. Anterior region 2 - 3 times smaller than posterior region; ~ 1.5 times longer than heigh; ~ 2 (Fig. 49 F) to ~ 1.3 (Fig. 50 E, K) times longer than wide. Color beige to light brown (Figs. 49 B, G, F, 50 A, B, F), with some few reddish (Fig. 50 L, M) and brownish specimens (Fig. 50 D, E). Umbones weakly protruded, subterminal, anterior. Sculpture relatively uniform, narrow, numerous, radial cords; located close from each other (interspaces smooth, ~ ⅓ of cords width); from umbo up to posteri- or, ventral and anterior edges, forming weak crenulate borders (Figs. 49 A, H, 50 G, H); cords slightly wide in some specimens, ~ 40 per valve (Fig. 49 B, G), up to very narrow, ~ 60 per valve (Fig. 50 F); cords rarely dichotomic, except for those located in strip between umbo and corner of ventral-posterior edges (Figs. 49 B, 50 B, D, L). Anterior edge narrowly rounded, sometimes as beak anterior to umbo (Fig. 50 F-H, J), sometimes as soft- er slope (Figs. 49 A, B, G, H, 50 A, B, D, L); dorsal edge straight; posterior edge amply rounded; ventral edge straight (Figs. 49 A, B, G, H, 50 A, B, D) to weakly convex (Fig. 50 F, G, H, L). Inner surface glossy, translucent. Hinge with ligament occupying ~ ⅓ of its length, from umbo beak towards posterior (Fig. 49 A, D, H, J, G, H); set of 4 teeth located anterior to ligament, weakly oblique, slightly uniform, except for more posterior tooth, being larger in right valve (Figs. 49 C, 50 J), and very oblique in left valve (Figs. 49 I, 50 I); set of 12 - 15 aligned, taxodont-like teeth posterior to ligament, being anterior teeth slightly smaller than posterior teeth (Figs. 49 D, J, 50 G, H). Scars of adductor muscles very weak; scar of anterior adductor muscle antero-posteriorly elongated, located in ventral region of anterior edge (Figs. 49 A, H, J, 50 G, H, I), with ~ ¹ / ₃ ₀ of inner valve area; scar of posterior adductor muscle united to that of pair of posterior retractor muscles of foot, located from posterior region of umbonal cavity up to posterior region of hinge, both occupying ~ ¹ / ₁ ₀ of inner valve area. Pallial line simple. Mantle lobes (ml) translucent, except for middle and dorsal regions, fulfilled by whitish gonad (Fig. 49 L: go). Mantle edges (mb) relatively thick, unpigmented; fusion between both lobes only between incurrent (ih) and excurrent (ex) canals (Fig. 49 M: un); both canals lacking siphons or papillae, only simple edges (Fig. 49 M). Gill (gi) very large, almost as large as pallial cavity; inner (id) and outer (od) demibranchs of equal length and width (Fig. 49 K, L). Foot very small, peduncle-like (Fig. 49 K: ft). Anterior adductor muscle from flattened to elliptic in section (Fig. 49 K, L: aa), located in antero-ventral region. Posterior adductor muscle large, located as posterior end of visceral mass (Fig. 49 K-M: ap). Pair of anterior retractor muscles of foot (Fig. 49 K: ar) narrow, long, ~ ⅓ of visceral mass length, running from foot base up to umbonal cavity, flanking ventral surface of local visceral mass. Pair of posterior retractor muscle (Fig. 49 K: rr) with insertion as large as anterior adductor muscle, just anterior to it. Strong cruciform-like pallial muscle (Fig. 49 M: pm) in region between incurrent and excurrent muscle.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinization of the native Guarani word yno′õ, meaning island, or insular, an allusion to the endemism of the species to the Trindade oceanic island.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Endemic from Trindade Island. Habitat: Under rocks, from intertidal up to ~ 16 m. Shell usually covered by incrustations, rare specimens with valves exposed.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	description	Measurements (respectively L, H in mm): Holotype (Fig. 49 A-J): 8.4 by 5.5. Paratypes: MZSP 105355 # 1 (Fig. 50 A-C): 8.3 by 5.5; MZSP 105355 # 2 (Fig. 50 D-E): 6.3 by 4.4; MZSP 109572 # 1 (Fig. 50 F-K): 7.6 by 6.2; MZSP 109572 # 2 (Fig. 50 L-M): 7.6 by 5.6. Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade Island (ProTrindade Project), Andradas, 20 ° 30 ′ 50 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 20 ″ W, MZSP 101235, 3 spm (J. MendonÇa col., 24. vii. 2011); Farrilhões, 20 ° 31 ′ 28.9 ″ S 29 ° 19 ′ 34.8 ″ W, MZSP 104352, 2 spm (Abbate col., 16. ii. 2012), MZSP 104445, 1 spm (Abbate col., 31. i. 2012), MZSP 104419, 3 spm (Abbate col., 21. ii. 2012), Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31 ′ 43.5 ′ S 29 ° 19 ′ 28.1 ″ W, MZSP 105356, 6 spm (17. ii. 2012), MZSP 105376, 25 spm (21. ii. 2012), MZSP 108238, 1 spm, Ilha da Racha, 20 ° 30 ′ 26.5 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 48 ″ W, MZSP 108108, 5 spm, Calheta, 20 ° 30 ′ 26.1 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 44.2 ″ W, MZSP 108122, 12 spm, 20 ° 30 ′ 37.6 ″ S, 29 ° 18 ′ 28.1 ″ W, MZSP 109617, 3 spm (12. vi. 2012), 20 ° 30 ′ 18.72 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 31.67 ″ W, 16.7 m, MZSP 162509, 1 spm (24. v. 2022), MZSP 121639, 7 spm (26. x. 2014), Ponta do Nordeste, 20 ° 29 ′ 46.4 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 35.4 ″ W, MZSP 108136, 4 spm, Parcel dasTartarugas, 20 ° 31 ′ 01.3 ″ S 29 ° 17 ′ 56.9 ″ W, MZSP 108398, 13 spm (11. vii. 2012), Enseada do Meio, 20 ° 29 ′ 32.3 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 32.6 ″ W, MZSP 108409, 9 spm, Ponta do TÚnel, 20 ° 31 ′ 36.9 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 14.3 ″ W, MZSP 108533, 2 spm (19. vi. 2012), Ponta Norte, 20 ° 29 ′ 18.7 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 18.3 ″ W, MZSP 162608, 5 spm, MZSP 162499, 6 spm (26. v. 2022), Praia do Noroeste, 20 ° 29 ′ 46.4 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 35.4 ″ W, MZSP 162607, 7 spm, MZSP 162580, 8 spm (28. xi. 2017), MZSP 162595, 2 spm (06. viii, 2018), 9 m, MZSP 162538, 15 spm (30. vii. 2018), Orelhas, 20 ° 29 ′ 40.2 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 32.9 ″ W, MZSP 162597, 1 spm (07. viii. 2018), MZSP 121604, 5 spm (01. xi. 2014), MZSP 162592, 8 spm (06. xii. 2017), 9 m, MZSP 162529, 1 spm (08. viii. 2018); Martin Vaz Island, 20 ° 31 ′ 36.9 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 14.3 ″ W, MZSP 108429, 3 spm (30. vi. 2012).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF81A86F8C72DE76FE24F781.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Despite the Brachidontes that occur in Brazilian coast are far in being taxonomically well-known, the morphology, conchology and lifestyle of B. ynous are sufficiently different to be convincing that it is a new species. It appears to be endemic of Trindade oceanic island, a very remote place, ~ 2,000 km off the coast of Espírito Santo. It is the only species that does not occur in aggregates, i. e., it does not make colonies covering rocks like other local species do. On contrary, it is usually found isolated, on the hidden surface of the rocks. Also, it differently occurs much deeper, up to ~ 15 m, while the other congener species are intertidal. Three species of Brachidontes are reported to Brazilian coast (Rios, 2009), but mostly possibly they are all misidentifications (personal observation), two of Caribbean species [B. exustus (Linné, 1758) and B. solisianus (d′Orbigny, 1842) (presently in the genus Mytilaster Monterosato, 1884)], and one of an Argentinian species [B. rodriguezii (d′Orbigny, 1842)]. Sometimes, the Argentinian B. darwinianus (d′Orbigny, 1842) is also reported to Brazil (e. g., Rios, 1975). All these species have some synonyms, but only 2 have type locality in Brazil [Mytilus exiguus Dunker, 1875 – Santa Catarina; and M. janeirensis Dunker, 1866 – Rio de Janeiro], both considered synonym of M. solisianus. From these species, the only one that have the richness of teeth in the hinge is B. exustus (Simone et al., 2015: figs. 55 - 58), as well as the Caribbean B. modiolus (Linné, 1767), a very similar species. Brachidontes ynous differs from these two species in being much smaller (they easily reach 30 mm, while B. ynous rarely reach 10 mm), by more rounded outline (they are much more elongated), in lacking yellow pigment, in having the radial sculpture much more dense (while the sculpture of those species have wid- er interspaces), and by the anterior set of teeth being curved, instead of forming a straight platform with 1 - 2 more teeth, projected beyond the umbonal level. The other species lack these teeth or have them much less developed; additionally, they are dark-brown pigment- ed, with coarser sculpture.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A86F8BCCDFF6FAF1F9A1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Alagoas; Barra de Camaragibe, Camaragibe River Estuary, 09 ° 18 ′ 52.82 ″ S 35 ° 25 ′ 31.69 ″ W [Tavares et al., col., 21. x. 2008].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A86F8BCCDFF6FAF1F9A1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Crassostrea mangle was described replacing what had previously been identified as C. rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) in Brazil. Following the study conducted by Amaral & Simone in 2014, the distribution of C. rhizophorae was constrained to Granada in the Antilles, Caribbean, which is its designated type locality. Even the occurrence of this species in other regions of the Caribbean and surrounding areas has been questioned. However, it is important to note that in the aforementioned study, the type specimens and the type locality of C. mangle were not explicitly established; they were only mentioned in a list. This oversight is rectified in the current work as above stated. The validity of C. mangle was recently challenged, being synonymized with C. rhizophorae (Ferreira et al., 2023). However, that paper did not study samples from the type locality of C. rhizophorae, nor from the Caribbean at all. Instead, they based their synonymy on another paper (Lapègue et al., 2002), which studied specimens from Martinique and found the same haplotype in specimens from Paraná, Brazil. On the one hand, it is well known that the same haplotypes can occur in different species. On the other hand, it is very possible that C. rhizophorae does not occur in Martinique, and the specimens there may represent a different species. As mentioned above and by Amaral & Simone (2014), preliminary results indicate that several species of Crassostrea inhabit the Caribbean, with a certain degree of endemism. An example in the genus is C. praia (Ihering, 1907), which is endemic to a mangrove in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A8688BFDD996FA1DFDA1.taxon	description	Electroma electra Simone, Gomes & Molozzi, new species (Fig. 51) https: // zoobank. org / 15 E 763 A 7 - 2599 - 40 C 7 - B 7 E 3 - 6281303 A 64 D 0 Types: Holotype 166643. Paratype: MZSP 163738, 6 spm, MZSP 164274, 6 spm, from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A8688BFDD996FA1DFDA1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Paraíba; Cabedelo, off, 07 ° 02 ′ 41 ″ S 34 ° 47 ′ 42 ″ W, ~ 14 m [C. R. Medeiros col., 2022].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A8688BFDD996FA1DFDA1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: NE Brazilian species of ~ 5 mm; inclination of ~ 70 °. Dorsal base relatively straight, slightly forming small projections.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A8688BFDD996FA1DFDA1.taxon	description	Description: Shell of very fragile, translucent walls; about as tall as long; anterior, dorsal and anterior edges of both valves turned to right (Fig. 51 H), friable. Basic color whitish to light beige, with irregular, coalescent, brown chevrons, of variable distribution and density (Fig. 51 A, B, F, G). Outline slightly inclined ~ 70 ° in relation to longitudinal axis; anterior and ventral edges performing wide rounded arc, blunt beak with slightly concave posterior edge; dorsal edge almost straight, with small protruded umbo located between middle and anterior thirds; dorsal edge forming weak projections in both ends; left valve with subterminal byssal notch (Fig. 51 B, E, D, G); with dorsal edge bearing 3 successive, small nodes (Fig. 51 E). Umbo small, pointed, with rounded prodissoconch at tip (Fig. 51 E). Hinge edentulous, with ligament in its entire extension (Fig. 51 C, D, E); slightly thick in sub-umbonal area. Inner surface weakly glossy and iridescent, lacking visible nacre (Fig. 51 C, D). Muscular scar of difficult visualization; scar of posterior adductor and posterior retractor muscle rounded, locat- ed in middle-posterior region.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A8688BFDD996FA1DFDA1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet has as inspiration the Latin word electra, which originated the word electricity. This is an allusion to the shell color chevrons, looking like sparce electric rays.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF82A8688BFDD996FA1DFDA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: From Maranhão to Espírito Santo, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	description	Types: Holotype MZSP 108933, shell. Paratype: MZSP 105350, 1 spm from type locality, 23 m (17. ii. 2012).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade Island, Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31 ′ 33.9 ′ S 29 ° 19 ′ 33.6 ″ W, 20 m [26. vi. 2012].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Brazilian from Trindade, with adult of ~ 300 mm; color brown. Umbonal angle 50 - 60 °. Sculpture ~ 10 radial wide folds, relatively uniform, each one widening towards posterior.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	description	Description: Shell easily over 300 mm. Basic color brown, being slightly lighter close to umbos. Antero-posteriorly long, ~ 1.8 times longer than heigh; flattened, ~ 6 times longer than wide. Middle blunt longitudinal carina developed, more pronounced in anterior half (Fig. 52 A, B, D). Sculpture growth lines and concentric stairs, mainly in more posterior regions, where sometimes some isolated scale appearing (Fig. 52 C); ~ 10 radial (longitudinal) folds, initially narrow, with interspaces equivalent to their width in anterior third; gradually becoming less nitid, as simple undulations in middle and posterior thirds, but present up to posterior edge, producing barely undulated posterior edge. Dorsal edge practically straight (Fig. 52 A-B) or with weak posterior curve (Fig. 52 D); ventral edge slightly concave; posterior edge amply rounded. Hinge edentulous, with ligament all along it, from anterior beak, up to short region posterior to posterior edge. Posterior region and posterior half of ventral region with opened gap (Fig. 52 C).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the local of occurrence – Trindade Island.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Endemic from Trindade Island. Habitat: Partially buried in sediment, 10 - 23 m. Shell mostly covered by incrustations (Fig. 52 D), rarely found with clean shell (Fig. 52 A-C).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	description	Measurements (L, H in mm): Holotype (Fig. 52 A-C): 301 by 162. Paratype: MZSP 105350 (Fig. 52 D): 314 by 190. Additional material examined: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade Island (ProTrindade Project), MZSP 131272, 1 spm (J. MendonÇacol.), Calhetas, offCalhetas, 20 ° 29 ′ 54 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 17 ″ W, 35 m, MZSP 101104, 1 spm (23. vii. 2011), praia, 20 ° 30 ′ 28.3 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 38.8 ″ W, 8 m, MZSP 104436, 1 spm, 1 shell (08. ii. 2012), 20 ° 30 ′ 36.1 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 44.2 ″ W, MZSP 108253, 1 spm (03. vii. 2012) 20 ° 30 ′ 18.72 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 31.67 ″ W, MZSP 118389, 1 spm (J. Braga col., 29. iv. 2014), Enseada do Lixo, 20 ° 31143.5! S 29 ° 19 ′ 28.1 ″ W, 15 m, MZSP 104434, 1 spm (20. ii. 2012), Ilha Racha, 20 ° 30 ′ 24.04 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 47.86 ″ W, MZSP 104438, 1 spm, 1 shell (24. i. 2012), 20 ° 30 ′ 26.5 ″ S 28 ° 20 ′ 48 ″ W, MZSP 109608, 1 spm, MZSP 109837, 1 spm (22. vi. 2012), MZSP 122126, 1 spm (J. Braga col., 12. xi. 2014), MZSP 131268, 2 spm, 22 m, MZSP 131270, 1 spm, 21 m (J. MendonÇa col., 01. vii. 2016), Andradas, 20 ° 28 ′ 47.69 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 24.03 ″ W, MZSP 105366, 4 spm (06. ii. 2012), Orelhas, 20 ° 29 ′ 32.5 ″ S 20 ° 20 ′ 32.6 ″ W, MZSP 108934, 2 spm (22. vi. 2012), 20 ° 29 ′ 40.2 ″ S 29 ° 20 ′ 32.9 ″ W, MZSP 115453, 2 spm (06. vii. 2013), MZSP 118252, 1 spm, MZSP 118376, 1 spm (J. Braga col., 04. v. 2014), MZSP 121994, 1 spm, MZSP 122173, 1 spm (J. Braga col., 24. x. 2014), MZSP 131267, 1 shell (J. MendonÇa col., 02. vii. 2015), Farrilhões, 20 ° 31 ′ 02.4 ″ S 29 ° 19 ′ 32.9 ″ W, MZSP 110004, 1 spm (18. vi. 2012).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF84A86A8BFFDD16FBF7FE61.taxon	discussion	Remarks: See below.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF87A86A8C31DED6FA3BF7C1.taxon	description	(Fig. 53) https: // zoobank. org / EE 5017 D 1 - 5 B 54 - 4114 - B 247 - C 93 BBF 8 FE 602 Types: Holotype MZSP 102181, specimen. Paratypes: MZSP 165698, 2 spm from type locality. BRAZIL. São Paulo; Ilhabela, Ilha dos BÚzios, Costa do Aquário, 23 ° 47.762 ′ S 45 ° 9.282 ′ W, 10 m, MZSP 105570, 1 spm (Simone et al. col., 16. v. 2012).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF87A86A8C31DED6FA3BF7C1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. São Paulo; São Sebastião, Ilha dos Alcatrazes, Saco da Tartaruga, 24 ° 06 ′ 24.95 ″ S 45 ° 42 ′ 17.19 ″ S, 17 m (Simone et al. col., 05. x. 2011).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF87A86A8C31DED6FA3BF7C1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: SE Brazilian species, with adult up to ~ 250 mm; color light beige-translucent. Umbonal angle ~ 40 °. Sculpture ~ 10 radial wide folds, relatively uniform, each one entirely wide, usually rich in scales.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF87A86A8C31DED6FA3BF7C1.taxon	description	Description: Shell up to ~ 250 mm. Basic color light beige-translucent. Antero-posteriorly long, 2.4 - 2.1 times longer than heigh; flattened, ~ 6 times longer than wide. Middle blunt longitudinal weakly carina developed, more pronounced in anterior third (Fig. 53 A, C, E, F, H, I). Sculpture growth lines, with weak concentric undulations in more posterior regions; sparse scales in posterior half (Fig. 53 G); ~ 10 radial (longitudinal) folds, all of them appearing uniform undulations since anterior beak, increasing like that up to posterior margin, sometimes in straight manner (Fig. 53 C, E), sometimes with weak undulations, mainly posterior (Fig. 53 F, H, I). Dorsal edge practically straight (Fig. 53 E, F) or with weak posterior curve (Fig. 53 A-D, H-I); ventral edge straight (Fig. 53 E-I) to sightly convex (Fig. 53 A-D); posterior edge amply rounded (Fig. 53 H-I) to weakly flattened (Fig. 53 A-F). Hinge edentulous, with ligament all along it, from anterior beak, up to short region posterior to posterior edge. Posterior region and posterior quarter of ventral region with opened gap (Fig. 53 G). Inner surface glossy, with pair of iridescent regions in anterior third, separated by narrow longitudinal opaque band (Fig. 53 B, D); muscular scars not clear.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF87A86A8C31DED6FA3BF7C1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinization of the native Guarani word ñemby, meaning " south, " in allusion to the southern occurrence of the species. It is the southernmost species of the genus in the Western Atlantic.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF87A86A8C31DED6FA3BF7C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Coasts of Rio de Janeiro to São Paulo.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF86A8748B8FDA36FD07FC01.taxon	description	(Fig. 54) https: // zoobank. org / 429 DA 8 F 7 - 89 FD- 4179 - ADDD-BE 96 D 7 F 2310 D Types: Holotype MZSP 165700, specimen. Paratypes: MZSP 28508, 4 spm from type locality. BRAZIL. Bahia; Salvador, Porto da Barra, 13 ° 00 ′ 11.51 ″ S 38 ° 31 ′ 58.9 ″ W, MZSP 131559, 2 shells (G. J. P. Queiroz col., i. 1981; Colella collection).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF86A8748B8FDA36FD07FC01.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Bahia; Salvador, Farol da Barra, 10 ° 00 ′ 37.44 ″ S 38 ° 31 ′ 32.69 ″ W, 5 m [Simone col., 22. ii. 1997].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF86A8748B8FDA36FD07FC01.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: NE Brazilian species, with adult up to ~ 150 mm; color whitish to light yellow, transparent. Umbonal angle ~ 45 - 50 °. Sculpture 6 - 8 radial wide folds in dorsal ⅔ region only, relatively uniform or sinuous, each fold initially narrow; scales absent.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF86A8748B8FDA36FD07FC01.taxon	description	Description: Shell up to ~ 160 mm. Basic color whitish to light yellow; walls thin, rather flexible, transparent. Antero-posteriorly long, 2.3 - 2.5 times longer than heigh; flattened, ~ 5.6 times longer than wide. Middle blunt longitudinal weakly carina weakly developed, more pronounced in anterior third (Fig. 54 A, B, D-H). Sculpture growth lines, with weak concentric undulations in more posterior regions; lacking scales; 6 (Fig. 54 A, B, F-H) to 8 (Fig. 54 D, E) radial (longitudinal) folds, all of them initially narrow, with interspaces equivalent to their width in anterior third; gradually becoming less nitid, as simple undulations in middle and posterior thirds, but present up to posterior edge, producing barely undulated posterior edge (Fig. 54 E, G). Dorsal edge practically straight; ventral edge straight (Fig. 54 E, D), slightly concave (Fig. 54 A-B) to sightly convex (Fig. 54 F-H); posterior edge ample. Hinge edentulous, with ligament all along it, from anterior beak, up to short region posterior to posterior edge (Fig. 54 G). Posterior region and posterior half of ventral region with opened gap (Fig. 54 C). Inner surface glossy, with pair of iridescent regions in anterior third, separated by narrow longitudinal opaque band (Fig. 54 G); muscular scars not clear.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF86A8748B8FDA36FD07FC01.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is a Latinization of the native Guarani word pererĩ, meaning " fragile, " in allusion to the very fragile, almost friable shell.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF86A8748B8FDA36FD07FC01.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Coast of Rio Grande do Norte to Bahia, including Fernando de Noronha oceanic Island.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF98A8778BA8DBD6FD11FE61.taxon	description	(Fig. 55) https: // zoobank. org / 6 E 2 EE 385 - EFB 2 - 484 B- 86 B 3 - 395 B 1 D 1 EDD 4 A Types: Holotype MZSP 139952, specimen. Paratype: MZSP 139953, 2 specimens near type locality, 3.80012 ° N 50.39266 ° W, 42.3 m (o. t., sta. 2, 01. viii. 2017, Wagner César R. Santos leg.).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF98A8778BA8DBD6FD11FE61.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Pará; off Rio Amazonas mouth, 3.94464 ° N 50.27423 ° W, 62.8 m [otter trawl, sta. 77, 25. v. 2018, Wagner César R. Santos leg.].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF98A8778BA8DBD6FD11FE61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: N Brazilian species, with adult size ~ 160 mm; color light brown. Umbonal angle ~ 30 °. Sculpture 20 radial narrow folds in dorsal half, ~ 40 similar, but narrow- er folds in ventral half, relatively uniform, lacking scales; folds similar since anterior region.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF98A8778BA8DBD6FD11FE61.taxon	description	Description: Shell ~ 160 mm. Basic color uniform light brown, being paler close umbo; walls relatively thick, not translucent. Umbonal angle ~ 30 °. Antero-posteriorly long, ~ 1.7 times longer than heigh; flattened, ~ 5.4 times longer than wide (Fig. 55 C). Middle longitudinal weakly wanting. Sculpture growth lines, with weak concentric undulations in more posterior regions; lacking scales in adult form, some present in young specimen; ~ 20 radial (longitudinal) folds in dorsal half (Fig. 55 A, B), all of them narrow, uniform, interspaces 3 - 4 times wider than folds, in some regions narrow and wide folds intercalated; ventral half with ~ 40 folds similar to those folds of dorsal region, but narrower and located much closer from each other, interspaces 1 - 2 times folds width; border between dorsal and ventral set of folds gradual. Dorsal edge straight to weakly convex; ventral edge concave (Fig. 55 A, B); posterior edge ample, with perpendicular to rounded superior region. Hinge edentulous, with ligament all along it, from anterior beak, up to short region posterior to posterior edge. Posterior region only with opened gap (Fig. 55 C).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF98A8778BA8DBD6FD11FE61.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the region of occurrence, off the Amazon river mouth; the term " amazonica " is the Portuguese feminine adjective relative to Amazonian origins.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF98A8778BA8DBD6FD11FE61.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far known off the mouth of Amazon River, between the Brazilian States of Amapá and Pará.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA877893ADA36FD1EF781.taxon	description	Kalolophus antillarum (Reeve, 1842)	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA877893ADA36FD1EF781.taxon	discussion	Remarks: K. antillarum is designated with the type locality " ad insulam Margaritta, Antillarum, " along the Venezuelan Caribbean coast. Its distribution is relatively restrict- ed, spanning from the Antilles to Venezuela, and typically found at depths ranging from 13 to 64 meters. Despite this, MolluscaBase (2023) lists numerous synonyms for K. antillarum, with type localities situated along the Pacific coasts of North, Central, and even South America. Some of these synonyms include fossil species, such as a Tertiary fossil from Brazil and another Cenozoic fossil from Peru. Upon thorough examination, it was observed that the shells of these synonyms exhibit distinctions from the K. antillarum types deposited in BMNH. Due to these differences, coupled with geographical and temporal disparities, these synonymies are not currently considered valid. Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status of these entities, which possibly are valid.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA8778BF5DFF6FA89F8C1.taxon	description	Warrana culmen Simone, Medeiros & Molozzi, new species (Fig. 56 A-G) https: // zoobank. org / B 3 A 7914 F-EFA 4 - 4 E 19 - B 1 DA- 7 C 25 C 8 FFA 67 F Types: Holotype 166644. Paratype: MZSP 163737, 3 spm, from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA8778BF5DFF6FA89F8C1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Paraíba; Cabedelo, off, 07 ° 02 ′ 41 ″ S 34 ° 47 ′ 42 ″ W, ~ 14 m [C. R. Medeiros col., 2022].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA8778BF5DFF6FA89F8C1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: NE Brazilian species with umbonal angle of ~ 70 °; height ~ 1.2 × longer than wide. Umbonal transverse fold narrow. Hinge occupying ~ 21 % of shell height. Crenulation in shell edges minute and numerous.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA8778BF5DFF6FA89F8C1.taxon	description	Description: Shell relatively thick; walls slightly translucent; outline oval, ~ 1.2 × taller than long. Color white. Umbo central, blunt, with both sides straight, relatively symmetrical (anterior edge slightly shorter), with angle ~ 70 °; ventral edge widely rounded (Fig. 56 A-D, F). Prodissoconch smooth, bulging, occupying ~ 5 % of shell height, ~ 14 % of shell width, of 207 µm; flanked by narrow transverse umbonal fold (Fig. 56 F, G). Sculpture uniform, concentric cords from transverse umbonal fold up to shell edge, interspaces deep, equivalent to half each cord width. Hinge thick, occupying ~ 21 % of shell height, bearing only cardinal tooth, and wide anterior resilifer. Resilifer as simple, transverse groove, twice longer than wide, ligament circular in section, locater only in its dorsal, sub-umbonal region (Fig. 56 F, G). Hinge teeth in posterior hinge half. Left valve with large anterior cardinal tooth, rather triangular, 3 - times taller than long slightly bifid ventrally; posteriorly flanked by similar-sized socket (Fig. 56 C, F, G). Right valve with tooth-socked counterpart (Fig. 56 D). Inner surface glossy, with muscular scars of difficult visualization (Fig. 56 C, D, F); scar of anterior and posterior adductor muscles relatively small, round- ed, located in both sides of umbonal slopes; pallial line simple. Shell inner edge possessing minute crenulations in its entire ventral border (Fig. 56 F).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA8778BF5DFF6FA89F8C1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet has the origin the Latin word culmen, meaning summit; an allusion to angulation of the shell apex (umbo), a species′ characteristics.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9AA8778BF5DFF6FA89F8C1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: From Maranhão to Alagoas, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9CA8728B8BDFF6FD77F941.taxon	description	Lucinoma apocalyptica new species (Fig. 57) https: // zoobank. org / FCF 81 E 9 E- 956 D- 43 D 3 - 9 FE 3 - 39799 DA 3 A 13 B	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9CA8728B8BDFF6FD77F941.taxon	materials_examined	Type: Holotype MZSP 162656, shell. Type locality: BRAZIL. Pará; off Salinópolis, 01 ° 04 ′ N 46 ° 18 ′ W, 250 m [Femorale-Ex collection Vanin; RV Oregon col., o. t., xi. 1957].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9CA8728B8BDFF6FD77F941.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: N Brazilian species of large size (~ 80 mm), thick walled. Sculpture simple, uniform, lacking undulations, carina or abrupt slope. Outline rounded. Umbo broad.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9CA8728B8BDFF6FD77F941.taxon	description	Description: Shell (Fig. 57), of ~ 80 mm; outline rounded; walls heavy, thick. Color white, opaque. Maximum inflation ~ half length (Fig. 57 C). Umbones central, slightly prosocline, anterior to it slightly concave edges, posterior to it slightly convex edges. Anterior, ventral and posterior edges performing soft rounded profile (Fig. 57 A, B, D, E); posterior slope very weakly undulated, less acuminated than anterior region. Sculpture concentric, low scales, rather irregular, discontinuous; interspaces equivalent to 3 - 4 times each scales′ width; sculpture uniform from umbo up to margins (Fig. 57 A, B). Pre-umbonal lunula present (Fig. 57 C), sculptures only by very narrow, crowd- ed, longitudinal lines. Ligament wide, mostly external, almost half of dorsal edge (Fig. 57 C). Hinge (Fig. 57 F-H) thick, ~ 8 % of shell height; with pair of cardinal teeth in both valves, being anterior most tooth in right valve; posterior tooth in right valve and anterior tooth of left valve slightly bifid; weak anterior lateral tooth present, clearer in right valve (Fig. 57 G, H); no detectable posterior lateral tooth. Ligament groove wide, from umbo up to almost posterior edge. Scar of anterior adductor muscle elongated, ~ 7 times longer than wide, situated ~ 18 ° in relation to vertical axis, ~ 13 ° in relation to adjacent pallial line. inner surface pure white, barely radially beaded (Fig. 57 D, E). Scar of posterior adductor muscle elliptic, ~ 1.5 times longer than wide, with ~ half of anterior muscle′s size. Scar of anterior pedal retractor muscle just superior and posterior to scar of anterior adductor muscle, rather rectangular, ~ 20 times smaller than adductor muscle. Pallial line complete, wide, anterior half nodulous; its anterior insertion in dorso-anterior edge of anterior adductor muscle edge; its posterior insertion in ventral end of posterior adductor muscle.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9CA8728B8BDFF6FD77F941.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is based on the Church Latin ‘ apocalypsis, ′ meaning " revelation, disclosure, " as well as from Greek ‘ apokalyptein, ′ meaning " uncover, disclose, reveal, " being an allusion to a large specimen being so far undiscovered in the north Brazilian deep waters.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9CA8728B8BDFF6FD77F941.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far known from the type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9EA87C8840D9F6FE50F981.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: 6 stations between 39 ° 49 ′ N 68 ° 28 ′ 30 ″ W and 36 ° 16 ′ 30 ″ N 68 ° 21 ′ W, 924 - 2,620 fms.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF9EA87C8840D9F6FE50F981.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Until now, Abra americana has been identified as the Pliocene fossil Abra longicallus (Scacchi, 1835), originally classified within the genus Tellina Linné, 1758 (Fig. 59 A), and described from Puglia, in the southern region of Italy. Initially proposed as a subspecies (technically a variety) of Abra longicallis (an unjustified emendation of longicallus) by Verrill & Bush in 1898, some authors adopted this classification, while most considered it a synonym (refer to synonymy above). In the original description, Verrill & Bush (1898: 778) emphasized that the variety then designated as americana differs from the European [fossil] form (longicallis) " in having the lateral tooth less remote, and the cartilage-pit or chondrophore longer, the antero-dorsal margin more convex, and the whole shell relatively broader. " By examining the original image of the fossil (Fig. 59 A) and comparing it to a typical shell of the living A. americana (Fig. 59 B-E), it becomes evident that, in addition to the features highlighted in the original description, the shells of the living population have a more pointed and centrally positioned umbo (in contrast to the fossil, which has a rounded umbo located more posteriorly). The sub-umbonal cardinal teeth are more developed, while the posterior cardinal teeth are shorter. Furthermore, the posterior edge is more rounded in the living species, whereas the fossil species exhibits a more angular shape. Additionally, the out- er surface appears smoother in the living population, while the fossil species appears more concentrically sculptured. Taking into account the temporal and geographical separation, along with the conchological differences explored above, the most appropriate taxonomic approach appears to be retaining A. longicallus solely for the Italian fossil species and designating the living Atlantic deep-water species as A. americana.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF91A87C89BDD9B6FBA5FA61.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: insulam St. Thomas.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF91A87C89BDD9B6FBA5FA61.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Choristodon typicum, formerly recognized as Petricola typica and Rupellaria typica, has recently been synonymized with the Pacific species Choristodon robustus (Sowerby I, 1834) by, e. g., Coan & Valentich-Scott (2012), MolluscaBase (2023), and Passos et al. (2024). Despite being considered sibling species, three factors suggest that this synonymy can be disregarded. Firstly, the southern region of South America does not host occurrences of C. typicum, making gene flow between both sides of the Americas impossible. In the Atlantic coast, for instance, the southernmost detected occurrence of C. typicum is in Santa Catarina, Brazil, significantly distant from the south curve to the Pacific region of the mainland. Secondly, Choristodon exhibits variable shell characteristics, making it challenging to identify secure conchological attributes justifying their separation. However, the Atlantic C. typicum generally displays a larger size and a coarser radial sculpture compared to the Pacific C. robustus, which tends to have a more delicate sculpture. Thirdly, the presence of C. typicum shells in pre-Columbian deposits, albeit rare, indicates that the species is not of anthropogenic introduction. Therefore, until a more robust database supports the improbable synonymy, Choristodon typicum will be maintained as a distinct taxon.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF91A87E8B40D916FE7DFE41.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: " l′Océan de grandes Indes? "	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF91A87E8B40D916FE7DFE41.taxon	discussion	Remarks: In the case of Pseudochama radians, the species has a notably problematic taxonomic history. Consequently, our approach to this species differs from the conventional method applied to other species. Instead of adhering strictly to the orthodox approach, we opt for a chronological explanation. Currently, P. radians has been considered a synonym of P. cristella, both of which were described in the same paper, on the same page, and share the same type locality. It is worth noting that although P. radians precedes P. cristella (being species 12 and 13, respectively), this chronological order does not hold significance according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The resolution of simultaneously published names is guided by the Principle of First Reviser (Art. 24.2). Accordingly, Reeve (1847) was the first reviser, but he covered both species: C. radians – pl. 4, fig. 19, local: -----? (Lamarck described for " Ocean des grades Indes? "); C. cristella – pl. 8, fig. 42, local " Batavia " (?) (Lamarck described it for " grades Indes "). Reeve (1847) included both species, rendering the paper unsuitable for resolving the priority of names. Notably, the author modified the locality information for both species. In the case of C. radians, he retained only the original designation′s question mark. Conversely, for C. cristella, the location changed from the initially stated ‘ undoubtful grandes Indes′ to ‘ Batavia. ′ Notably, Batavia appears to have been a region in the Netherlands, existing from 1795 to 1806. The second reviser was Clessin, 1889, who also studied both species: C. cristella (sp. 18, pg. 17, for Portorico); C. radians (sp. 50, pg. 36, for Indischer Ocean, with the remark: " Reeve gibt keinen Fundort an. " – means Reeve does not provide a location, but Lamarck did … see above). The examination of both species by Clessin (1889) also fails to resolve the priority of names. Nevertheless, the author did relocate C. cristella to the Caribbean (specifically Puerto Rico), associating it with C. radians. Subsequent to these studies, C. cristella seemingly vanished from the literature on the Western Atlantic, with only occasional citations, such as those by Steyn & Lussi (1998) for South Africa and other papers in the Indo-Pacific region. In contrast, C. radians continued to be extensively mentioned, with approximately 40 papers citing the species. Notably, Huber (2010) resurrected an Atlantic C. cristella, designating it as the valid name and providing justification on page 678: " Against page priority the type species Pseudochama, SD Gardner, 1926 P. cristella is here selected to represent this well known Caribbean species. The type locality of Pseudochama cristella (Lamarck, 1819) is corrected to the P. radians type locality Virgin Islands, St. Croix. There also the closest matching specimen has been found. ″ Consulting Gardner (1926: 92), in the supposed " subsequent designation " of the type of Pseudochama there is: " Type: Pseudochama cristella (Lamarck). (Recent from the Gulf of Siam to Java, the Molluccas, and Australia.) ″ An apparent anomaly arises when considering Gardner′s concept of P. cristella, which pertains to the Indo-Pacific region. In contrast, Huber (2010) replaces the Western Atlantic P. radians with this very entity. However, there are additional complexities: Upon consulting the original description of the genus Pseudochama by Odhner (1917: 30), the following details emerge: " LYNGE (1908) gives a satisfactory criticism of CLESSIN′s opinion as to the Chama cristella of Reeve, which, according to the last-named author, is specifically distinct from the type of Lamarck, a view that cannot be maintained. The species is distributed from the Gulf of Siam to Java, the Moluccas, and Australia (Lynge, 1909). It is at once recognized by its orange colour and raised crista-shaped form, due to its attachment with the front half of the right valve, while its hind part is sharply bent from the substratum. I have referred this species to a new genus, Pseudochama, which comprises the so-called " inverse " Chamas, opposite to the normal or dextrally … " [my bold for emphasis]. These concluding paragraphs lead us to three key observations: 1) Pseudochama cristella does not emerge as a subsequent designation by Gardner in 1926. Odhner (1917) distinctly established it as the type species of the genus through original designation and monotypy. 2) There is a possibility that the Indo-Pacific ‘ Chama cristella of Reeve′ mentioned by Odhner (1917: 30) does not correspond to Lamarck′s (1819) species from the Caribbean. It appears to be a misidentification, as Odhner seems to have had a different species in hand, distinct from the true C. cristella. Despite labeling it as the ‘ C. cristella of Reeve, ′ the author acknowledged and discussed the observed differences. 3) The alteration of the type locality of Chama cristella to ‘ Virgin Islands, St. Croix′ by Huber (2010) seems inappropriate. This information lacks support in any published source, and the justification provided concerning P. radians type locality lacks clarity. The priority dilemma finds resolution in the work of Pilsbry & McGinty (1938), the third reviser. In their comprehensive study, the authors addressed P. radians (pg. 77 - 78), establishing the species, along with some subspecies, for the Florida-West Indies region. Notably, P. cristella was seemingly overlooked, suggesting it may have been considered a non-regional species. In summary, applying the Principle of First Reviser (ICZN Art. 24.2), and considering that the first two detect- ed revisers (Reeve, 1847; Clessin, 1889) addressed both species without resolving priority, the ultimate determination came from the third reviser – Pilsbry & McGinty (1938), favoring P. radians. Anything documented about C. or P. cristella between Clessin (1889) and Pilsbry & McGinty (1938) appears to be the result of misidentifications. These errors were rooted in the inclusion of Indo-Pacific populations, which represent distinct species. This is evident in Huber′s (2010) justification for considering P. cristella as valid (indirectly influenced by Odhner, 1917), wherein he referred to the ‘ Chama cristella of Reeve, ′ implying a species distinct from Lamarck′s description.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	description	Hiatella marisqueira new species (Figs. 60 - 61) https: // zoobank. org / 37 E 1 F 27 B- 9 C 6 E- 43 A 2 - 9698 - 020852 D 76 AE 9	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	description	(pl. 95, fig. 1339), 1994: 294 (pl. 100, fig. 1432), 2009: 589 (fig. 1627) (non Linné, 1767). Hiatella cf. solida: Passos et al., 2024: 46. Types: Holotype MZSP 166300. Paratypes: MZSP 28813, 4 spm from type locality. BRAZIL. São Paulo; Ilhabela, Praia do Gato, 23 ° 50 ′ 37.36 ″ S 45 ° 16 ′ 50.3 ″ W (vii. 1936). Paraná; Paranaguá, Ilha do Mel, Praia do Farol, 25 ° 32 ′ 19.15 ″ S 48 ° 17 ′ 30.41 ″ W, MZSP 20120, 16 shells (Morretes col., 15. iv. 1933).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. São Paulo; São Vicente, Ilha Porchat, 23 ° 58 ′ 47.96 ″ S 46 ° 22 ′ 21.8 ″ W, intertidal [O. Domaneschi col., vi. 1993].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: SE-S Brazilian species living usually associat- ed to other intertidal invertebrates. Shell of rather rectangular outline, up to ~ 15 mm; lacking posterior carina. Muscle shell scars, both adductor muscles and foot retractor muscles proportionally large. Palps wide. Stomach lacking muscular belt. Intestine intensely coiled. Pair of siphons mostly separated from each other, with single line of terminal papillae.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	description	Description: Shell variable, rather moldable, usually twice longer than wide, twice longer than height; outline slightly rectangular. Color white, with light beige periostracum, usually eroded in umbonal region (Figs. 60 A, B, 61 G, H), exceeding shell borders, mainly in posterior edges (Fig. 61 J, K: pe). Umbones broad, occupying ~ ¼ of dorsal surface, slightly prominent; from terminal (Figs. 60 J-N, 61 A-E) to subterminal (Fig. 60 A-E). Valves symmetric (Figs. 60 L, 61 C) to slightly asymmetric (Figs. 60 C, 61 H, I). Surface matte; sculpture lacking, except for growth lines and strong concentric undulations (Fig. 60 A-B, J-K); in some few specimens with weak oblique carina present between ventral and posterior slope (Fig. 61 A-B). Anterior and posterior regions round- ed, similar-sized or with posterior region slightly larger; dorsal edge usually straight; ventral edge from convex (Fig. 60 D-E) up to slightly concave (Fig. 61 D-E). Inner surface glossy, pure white, weakly iridescent. Muscular scars shallow (Fig. 61 D-E); scar of anterior adductor muscle slightly rectangular, located in ventro-anterior corner, occupying ~ ¹ / ₁ ₅ of inner surface; scar of posterior adductor muscle rounded, slightly larger than anterior muscle, located between middle and posterior thirds of dorsal shell edge; scar of posterior foot retractor muscle located adjacent to posterior adductor, slightly anterior and dorsal to it, rather triangular, with ~ 75 % of posterior adductor scar size; other scar, including pallial line, not detectable. Hinge only of cardinal teeth (Fig. 60 F-I, L, O); left valve with small anterior, flattened cardinal teeth, corresponding to anterior socket in right valve; right valve with broad, slightly bifid posterior teeth, posteriorly interlocking with anterior teeth, and fitting in socket of left valve. Ligament occupying about double length as hinge, located posterior to hinge, protruding outside posterior to umbo (Figs. 60 C, H, I, 61 H). Anatomical details in Narchi (1973, as H. solida). Complement (Fig. 61 J-K): foot (ft) small, strongly attached to byssus fibers (by) in its ventral furrow. Mantle edge (mb) mostly fused between both lobes (un), only small gap present (fg) for foot and byssus access. Pair of siphons more than 50 % separated from each other; incurrent siphon (ih) slightly broader and longer than excurrent siphon (ex); tip rounded, simple, with row of papillae in edge. Outer region of siphons protected by periostracum (pe). Anterior adductor muscle (aa) dislocated ventrally, close to ventral-anterior edge. Posterior adductor muscle (ap) slightly larger than anterior muscle, located between middle and posterior thirds of dorsal region. Pair of posterior foot retractor muscles (rr) strong, originated anterior to posterior adductor muscle, running almost vertically towards ventral, inserting in foot base, near byssus main insertion. Pair of anterior foot retractor muscles (ar) very narrow, originated in middle of anterior region, running directly towards posterior, inserting in same region of posterior retractor muscles.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Brazilian term marisqueira, meaning women that collect mussels. This is allusive to the habitat of some of the collected specimens, among the byssus of intertidal mussels.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Rio de Janeiro to Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Habitat: Intertidal, attached by byssus among mussels, usually Brachidontes spp., Perna perna (Linné, 1758), as well as to ascidian Polyandrocarpa zorritensis (Van Name, 1931) and among tubes of the polychaete Phragmatopoma caudata KrØyer in Mörch, 1863 (both Narchi, 1973).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	description	Measurements (L, H in mm): Holotype MZSP 166300 (Fig. 60 A-I): 12.4 by 7.1. Paratype: MZSP 28813 (Fig. 60 J-O): 11.2 by 7.0; MZSP 14160 (Fig. 61 A-E): 12.1 by 6.5; MZSP 20120 (Fig. 61 F-I): 14.6 by 5.1. Additional material examined: 132 additional lots in MZSP collection from Rio de Janeiro up to Rio Grande do Sul.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF93A8788946DEF6FA2AFD61.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Hiatella marisqueira has been identified as both H. solida and H. arctica. Both species are part of a complex of ~ 60 taxa considered synonymous with H. arctica (MolluscaBase, 2023), occurring worldwide, from glacial up to tropical environments, from deep up to intertidal waters. Due to the wide plasticity of its shell, hard is to challenge this taxonomic insanity – a species exhibiting remarkable habitat tolerance, unknown dispersion patterns, and a wide range of forms and sizes. Focusing on what was referred to as H. arctica in SE Brazil up to N Argentina, a study started with samples collect- ed in the latter region, in relative deep water (Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2008). In that study was concluded that the north Argentinian deep-water population could be secluded from the H. arctica complex, as it brings an own set of anatomical characters. A formerly synonym was revalidated – H. meridionalis d′Orbigny, 1846. The present paper refers to the neighbor population, occurring in SE Brazilian coast, up to Rio Grande do Sul. It occupies a distinct niche – intertidal, associated with some local invertebrates. As no one of the H. arctica complex taxa have type locality in SE Brazil, a new taxon was necessary to be introduced. The closest type locality is Santa Helena, of H. solida Sowerby I (1834: 88), collected at 33 m depth. Most remaining species are from Northern Atlantic region (H. arctica itself has " Oceano Norvegico " as type locality – Linné, 1767: 1113), or from Indo-Pacific. Hiatellamarisqueira differsfrom H. meridionalis (Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2008) in being slightly larger (12 - 15 mm) (while the other species rarely reaches 10 mm); in mostly lacking carina in shell posterior slope (almost always present in H. meridionalis), and by the muscle scars much larger, proportionally about double than those of H. meridionalis. Anatomically, the differences in muscle size, as referred above in the shell, are evident in both adductors and foot retractors; H. marisqueira still lack developed such quantity of papillae in the siphons, as that of H. meridionalis. The palps are also proportionally larger in H. marisqueira, as well as the stomach lacks a muscular belt, and the intestine is much more intensely coiled in H. marisqueira (Narchi, 1973) if compared to H. meridionalis. An important feature of H. marisqueira, that looks exclusive if compared to all known Hiatella, including H. meridionalis (Simone & Penchaszadeh, 2008), and what is known about H. arctica (Hunter, 1949) is the conformation of the siphons. It has both siphons mostly separated from each other (Fig. 61 J, K: ex, ih). The other species they are fused almost up to their tip, being a single large tube in an external view, and both incurrent and excurrent apertures are only distinguishable at tip of this tube.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	description	Cyrtopleura angelicalis Stakowian & Simone, new species (Fig. 62) https: // zoobank. org / 0648 B 886 - E 2 EC- 4 C 95 - BD 1 B-CCDB 0 E 6 A 0864	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Paraná; São Miguel do IguaÇÚ, Baía de Paranaguá, Saco do Tambarutaca, near Port of São Miguel, 25 ° 26 ′ 07.14 ″ S 48 ° 26 ′ 51.7 ″ W [N. Stakowian col., 2018, estuarine mud].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Shell height ~ 40 % of length. Umbones between middle and anterior thirds. Sculptured by ~ 25 radial, tall threads, highly divergent anteriorly. Dorsal edge posterior to umbo wide. Infra-umbonal appendix broadly angulate (~ 40 °).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 120 mm, ~ 2.5 times longer than tall; shell height ~ 40 % of length; length ~ 2.1 × maximum inflation (Fig. 62 A). Color white, with thin, dark periostracum mainly preserved among threads. Anterior edge rounded; posterior edge bluntly pointed, almost half of anterior edge; ventral edge widely convex; all these edged undulating because of terminal prominence of radial sculpture, mainly in anterior edge. Umbones weakly prominent, located between anterior and middle thirds of dorsal edge; anterior to it rounded edge as flap of insertion of anterior adductor muscle, outer concavity; posterior to umbo similar edge flap, but ~ twice longer and lower; dorsal flaps lacking sculpture. Sculpture ~ 25 radial threads (Fig. 62 A, B, D, J), relatively uniformly spaced, interspaces ~ 3 - times each thread width; each thread composed of successive, blunt nodes; interspaces smooth, only with growth lines; 4 - 5 anterior threads more spaced and more prominent, extending further shell edge. Inner surface opaque, white (Fig. 62 C, L); anterior adductor muscle scar in umbonal region (also working as ligament and abductor muscle); posterior adductor muscle locat- ed in middle region between umbo and posterior end, close to dorsal edge, ~ 3 times longer than wide; pallial line wide, parallel to shell edge in anterior and middle region, in its region preceding posterior third suddenly turning dorsally, possessing siphonal retractor muscle scar, running as concave line up to posterior adductor muscle scar. Infra-umbonal appendix with base firmly attached, broadly angulate (~ 40 °) (Fig. 62 K, L). Metaplax (Fig. 62 E, F) with flattened ventro-posterior flap; wide, laterally expanded anterior component, with wide lateral ends and 4 divergent longitudinal folds in middle. Mesoplax (Fig. 62 G, H) entirely corneous, thin, flexible, attached almost directly to anterior adductor muscle (Fig. 62 I: aa), outline slightly triangular, ~ 1.5 times longer than wide, blunt anterior end; inner scar triangular, occupying most of posterior third area. Remaining characteristics, including anatomical description (Fig. 62 I), see Stakowian & Simone, (2021: 1 - 7, figs. 1 - 2).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet has as inspiration the species′ common name " angel wings ", as its shell looks like, from the Latins angelicalis, meaning angelic.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: From Rio Grande do Norte to Santa Catarina. Brazil. Habitat: Estuarine, intertidal level; muddy bottoms, buried in sediment up to ~ 1 m deep (Stakowian & Simone, 2021).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	description	Measurements: Holotype MZSP 143461 (Fig. 62 A-I): 105.2 by 42.0. Paratype: MZSP 166518 (Fig. 62 J-L): 100.0 by 40.8.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Cyrtopleura angelicalis, coauthored by Nicole Stakiwian, was previously identified as C. costata on the Brazilian coast. However, at the time of the publication of its anatomical description (Stakowian & Simone, 2021), several colleagues brought to our attention that the depicted shells did not entirely match those of the supposedly conspecific northern populations, specifically those from Florida and the Caribbean. One of the more emphatic colleagues was E. Petuch, who even sent a photo of a typical Floridian specimen (Fig. 62 M), highlighting that the Floridian " true " C. costata is more elongated and slender, a feature that can also be observed in Caribbean populations. He also emphasized differences in rib count and the structure of the ribs, especially at the anterior end (Petuch, personal communication). Upon studying samples from the Caribbean and Florida regions, we found that these differences were consistent, and we identified additional distinctions, as discussed below. Cyrtopleura angelicalis is thus formally introduced to the Brazilian population, coauthored by Nicole Stakowian, distinguished from C. costata by its broader valve (shell height approximately 40 % of its length, compared to approximately 30 % in C. costata). Additionally, C. angelicalis exhibits around 25 radial threads, while C. costata has roughly 35. Furthermore, the interspaces of the threads in C. angelicalis are wider, approximately three times the width of each thread, whereas in C. costata, the interspaces are narrow, equivalent to the width of the threads themselves. Moreover, the threads are more spaced out and prominent in the anterior region of C. angelicalis compared to those of C. costata. The on common patterns observed in both species. Howevinfra-umbonal appendix of C. angelicalis also differs from er, there is overlap of characters in some rare specimens, that of C. costata (Fig. 62 K), being slightly shorter and particularly in the anterior projected threads. The ideal wider, with the base forming an angle of approximate- scenario would be to investigate northern samples of ly 40 °. In contrast, the appendix of C. costata is slightly C. costata with the same degree of detail as the Brazilian narrower, with an angle of approximately 30 °, and easier C. angelicalis ones (as conducted by Stakowian & Simone, to detach, to the extent that it can be found isolated on 2021), along with DNA sequencing; undoubtedly, further beaches and was described as a peculiar capulid gastro- distinctions would emerge. pod Capulus shreevei Conrad, 1869, with the type locality on Long Island, South Carolina (Conrad, 1869: pl. 13 fig. 3, 3 a). Another synonym for C. costata is Leuconyx Superorder Anomalodesmata tyleriana H. & A. Adams, 1863, which lacks a type local- Superfamily Verticordioidea ity and has a scanty description. As no type material has Family Lyonsiellidae been located and there is no indication that this species Genus Lyonsiella Sars, 1872 was based on Brazilian samples, the best course of action Lyonsiella angulosa new species is to maintain it as a synonym of C. costata or possibly (Fig. 63) consider it a nomen dubium. https: // zoobank. org / C 869 C 843 - 38 B 7 - 4627 - BC 2 D-F 7874 BCD 3 A 0 B The distinctive characters mentioned above between C. angelicalis and C. costata obviously exhibit some de- Type: MZSP 166503, shell (right valve and fragments of gree of variation. The described distinctions are based left valve).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; off ItaÚnas, continental slope, 18 ° 59 ′ S 37 ° 50 ′ W, 600 - 637 m [MD 55 sta. CB 76, Bouchet, Leal & Métivier col., 27. v. 1987].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: S Atlantic species with prominent umbo as apex of high, blunt carina; outline rectangular. Micro-sculpture as radially aligned nodes.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	description	Description: Shell of ~ 10 mm; wall fragile, slightly translucent; outline slightly rectangular, 1.4 times longer than tall, 2.8 times wider than long (each valve) (Fig. 63 A-C). Umbo anterior, subterminal, very prominent; blunt, prosocline; from umbo initiating blunt carina, running obliquely towards ventral and posteri- or, separating posterior slope. Edge anterior to umbo slightly concave, edge posterior to umbo straight, bluntly angled ~ 150 ° with straight posterior edge; anterior edge rounded, slightly smaller than posterior; ventral edge vaguely convex. Sculptured by minute nodes radially aligned, ~ 8 lines per mm in middle region, apparently no concentric alignment (Fig. 63 G); each node separated from each other by average space equivalent to 3 - times its width. Hinge only in cardinal region, ~ ⅙ of shell length (Fig. 63 D); with small, low, sub-umbonal tooth; and posterior thickness flanking ligament (Fig. 63 E, F); ligament with narrow intervalvar component, and thick, oblique component (~ ⅛ of shell length) just posterior to cardinal tooth, flanking ventral edge of hinge thickness. Inns surface glossy, slightly iridescent (Fig. 63 B, D); muscular scar of difficult individualization, both adductor scars on both ends of dorsal edge; pallial line entire.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet refers to the angularity of the shell outline, from the Latin angulus.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFF94A87B8979DFF6FAE6F9E1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: So far known from the type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA9A8448943DFF6FA3FFCE1.taxon	description	Graptacme obtura Fogarolli & Simone, new species (Fig. 64 A-F) https: // zoobank. org / 41 CB 788 D- 9 EA 1 - 4011 - 8 DD 2 - 3354945 D 0 AC 4 Types: Holotype MZSP 166760, spm. Paratypes: MZSP 121837, 6 spm from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA9A8448943DFF6FA3FFCE1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: BRAZIL. Espírito Santo; Trindade oceanic island, Calheta beach, 20 ° 30 ′ 37.6 ″ S 29 ° 18 ′ 28.1 ″ W, 17 m [Protrindade Project, J. B. MendonÇa col., 26. x. 2014].	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA9A8448943DFF6FA3FFCE1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Species from Trindade oceanic island with striae and slit in posterior region longer than 11 % of shell length. Rate of increase 0,078 mm / mm of length. Strong bilabial posterior aperture.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA9A8448943DFF6FA3FFCE1.taxon	description	Description: Size about 36 mm; walls thin, translucid, color white; well curved, section circular (Fig. 64 A, B, D, E). widening smooth (tax of increase about 0.078 mm / mm of length). Sculpture absent, shell smooth, glossy; except for posterior 11 - 15 % of shell length possessing longitudinal, delicate striae in entire circumference; striae gradually disappearing anteriorly (Fig. 64 C, F). Anterior aperture rounded; peristome simple, with cutting edges. Posterior aperture with very narrow, elongated slit in ventral, sometimes in lateral surface (Fig. 64 C, F), from 11 to 15 % of shell length, sometimes longitudinal (Fig. 64 F), sometimes slightly oblique (Fig. 64 C).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA9A8448943DFF6FA3FFCE1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word obturus, meaning " plug ", an allusion to the shell format.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA9A8448943DFF6FA3FFCE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Endemic from Trindade Island, Brazil.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA8A8458899D896FC1DF941.taxon	materials_examined	Type localities: S. tetraschistum: Challenger sta. 113 A: Anchorage off Fernando de Noronha, 7 - 25 fms [03 ° 57 ′ S 32 ° 24 ′ 30 ″ W, 13 - 46 m]. Polyschides xavante: Sancho Bay (3 ° 51 ′ S 32 ° 26 ′ W), Fernando de Noronha Island, Pernambuco, Brazil, 10 - 15 m. Polyschides noronhensis: Porto Beach, 03 ° 50 ′ 06.67 ″ S 32 ° 24 ′ 10.00 ″ W, 6 m. Types: S. tetraschistum holotype BMNH 1887.2.9.66; P. xavante holotype IBUFRJ 14190. Paratype: MZSP 43518; P. noronhensis holotype MZSP 88441, MZSP 32011, 3 paratypes (all examined).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA8A8458899D896FC1DF941.taxon	discussion	Remarks: A reanalysis of these gadilids, conducted in conjunction with the scaphopod specialist Carlos Henrique S. Caetano (Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro), led me to the conclusion that the three species of Polyschides with a type locality from Fernando de Noronha actually constitute a single biological entity (Fig. 65 A-G). As discussed in the original description of the three species, they are differentiated by having a very slender shell, with relatively weak central obesity (Caetano & Absalão, 2005; Simone, 2009). Among the three names (see synonymic list above), priority is given to P. tetraschistus. A challenge arises concerning the perception that the species is endemic to the Fernando de Noronha oceanic island. However, the former concept of " P. tetraschistus ″ describes a species with a more robust shell, distribut- ed from North Carolina, USA, to Buenos Aires, Argentina. The former concept of P. tetraschistus has three nominal synonyms (MolluscaBase, 2023); the oldest one is Siphonodentalium quadridentatum Dall, 1881 (Fig. 65 H), from Florida. This species can be revalidated to replace the previous concept, aiming to designate the species with a slightly more robust shell and a broader geographic range:	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA8A8478B28D9F6FF47F9A1.taxon	description	(Fig. 65 H-N)	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA8A8478B28D9F6FF47F9A1.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality: West coast of Florida, 30 fms.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
4008878EFFA8A8478B28D9F6FF47F9A1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: In the original description, Dall (1881: 36) already highlighted the distinctions between his newly described species and the previously known P. tetraschistus, particularly in terms of size and degree of obesity. These differences, along with other subtle details, prompted him to distinguish the Fernando de Noronha sample from his Floridian one. Despite these disparities, Pilsbry & Sharp (1898) remained unconvinced and considered every relatively slender, 4 - lobed posterior end species in the Western Atlantic as a single species (tetraschistus, quadridentatus, and incisus). This concept has been followed ever since, e. g., Penna-Neme (1974), Scarabino (1980). However, subsequent collections revealed a consistent set of shell characteristics in the Fernando de Noronha species, setting it apart from specimens gathered in other regions. This evidence supports its classification as an isolated, endemic species. As much that it was described as new other two times (Caetano & Absalão, 2005: P. xavante; Simone, 2009: P. noronhensis). As discussed earlier, the species with a wide distribution and a more inflated shell requires renaming through the revalidation of the oldest synonym. A study on the separation among four species of Polyschides was conduct- ed by Souza & Caetano (2020) based on morphometric analysis of the shell. They obtained an interesting result, summarized in their graphic of the fig. 3 A, showing an overlap between their examined samples of P. xavante and P. noronhensis, and a separation of the sample of P. quadridentatum (what they called P. tetrachristus). That result is congruent with the taxonomic resolution proposed here.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L. (2024): New species, misidentifications and problematic taxonomy of some Atlantic South American marine mollusks: a review. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 64: 1-104, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031, URL: https://doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2024.64.031
