identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4B4787D666621814376B3F133DF3F9C1.text	4B4787D666621814376B3F133DF3F9C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cetoniidae Leach 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cetoniidae Leach, 1815</p>
            <p>Figs 4H–I, 6I</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Mandibles with small incisivus, hidden by the clypeus when observed dorsally. Procoxae conical and project ventrally. Many species have a post-humeral elytral emargination, and the mesepimeron is clearly visible in dorsal view (Krikken 1984, Cherman and Morón 2014; Fig. 6I).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Cetoniidae are a very popular group in expositions due to their vibrant colors and significant horn variation. Many species hold ecological importance, as they act as predators of other insects, contribute to organic matter degradation (particularly decaying fallen fruit), and serve as pollinating agents (Krikken 1984). Species of  Cetoniidae are typically collected using fruit baits in canopy traps when not found on natural resources. </p>
            <p>It is a cosmopolitan group of beetles, with approximately 4,500 species described within about 500 genera (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil, 84 species in 22 genera are known, distributed among five tribes in two subfamilies (Rodrigues et al. 2023). There are foundational works that can be used for identification, providing keys to the genera and species found in Brazil. These keys can also be used to identify species from other regions.</p>
            <p> Researching by tribe in Cetoniinae, we can identify only genera of the New World Cremastochelini in the works of Howden (1971), Krikken (1976, 1981), and MartÍnez (1992). Species of the genus  Euphoria Burmeister, 1842 , the only member of the  Cetoniini present in Brazil, can be identified in Orozco (2012). For the  Gymnetini , there are works by Shaughney and Ratcliffe (2015), Ratcliffe and Deloya (1992), and Ratcliffe and Micó (2001), as well as numerous studies by Ratcliffe (2005, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014a, 2014b, 2015a, 2015b, 2018, 2019). In the  Trichiinae ,  Trigonopeltastes Burmeister &amp; Schaum, 1840 , is the only known genus of  Trichiini in Brazil whose species can be identified in Howden and Joly (1998), Ricchiardi (2003), and Smith (2016). Finally, the Incaini (also referred as “  Incini ”, see Sousa and Seidel 2021) are covered in the works of Ricchiardi (2002), Seidel et al. (2018), and Sousa and Seidel (2021). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D666621814376B3F133DF3F9C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666621814377238473B44FB0A.text	4B4787D666621814377238473B44FB0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Geotrupidae Latreille 1802	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Geotrupidae Latreille, 1802</p>
            <p>Figs 4E, 6B</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Shape oval or round. Antennae with 11-antenomeres with 3-jointed club, with all antennomeres at least partially tomentose. Clypeus often with tubercle or horn. Mandibles produced beyond apex of labrum (Howden 1955, Jameson 2002a).</p>
            <p> Remarks. These beetles exhibit a diverse diet, including saprophagous and mycetophagous, with some adults seemingly not feeding (Jameson 2002a, Houston and Bougher 2010). According to Jameson (2002a), adult geotrupids can dig deep burrows in the soil and usually remain there during the day, often being active at night (also see Lawrence and Jin 2019).  Geotrupidae are found worldwide, with approximately 1,100 species described within about 83 genera in three subfamilies (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil, there is only the  Bolboceratinae , with 76 species in five genera (Vaz-de-Mello 2023a; Table 2). Species of  Bolboceratinae are typically collected using flight interception traps or light traps, when not found in their natural habitat (Howden 2006, Boilly and Vaz-de-Mello 2021). </p>
            <p> There are foundational works that can be used for identification of the Brazilian genera, like Howden and MartÍnez (1963) for  Athyreini and MartÍnez (1976) for the non-Athyreyni. To identify the species of  Bolbapium Boucomont, 1910 a recent revision in Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello (2022) can be used. Species of  Athyreus MacLeay, 1819 can be identified in Howden and MartÍnez (1978) with a new species from Brazil in Howden (2002).  Parathyreus Howden and MartÍnez, 1963 can be identified in Howden (1985a).  Neoathyreus Howden and MartÍnez, 1963 can be identified in Howden (1985b) and Boilly and Vaz-de-Mello (2021), that provided a key to species-group. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D666621814377238473B44FB0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666621817353C3A913E14FD76.text	4B4787D666621817353C3A913E14FD76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glaresidae Preudhomme de Borre 1886	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Glaresidae Preudhomme de Borre, 1886</p>
            <p>Figs 4F, 6D</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Glaresidae are represented by small species (2.5–6 mm) similar to the genus  Trox Fabricius, 1775 (  Trogidae ) (Scholtz et al. 1987). However,  Glaresidae can be easily separated from  Trogidae by a conspicuous characteristic of the large bulbous eyes divided by a prominent canthus (Fig. 6D; which is absent in species of  Trogidae as showing in Fig. 6E). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Glaresidae are a monogeneric family with 92 species described worldwide (ZÍdek 2015, Keller and Skelley 2020, Schoolmeesters 2023).  Glaresis Erichson, 1848 was originally classified as a genus of the  Trogidae , or sometimes as  Scarabaeidae , until the phylogenetic study conducted by Scholtz (1986). One year later, the group was elevated to the rank of family by Scholtz et al. (1987). The proposal made by Scholtz et al. (1987) was supported by both morphological (Browne and Scholtz 1999) and molecular (Smith 2006, Ahrens et al. 2014) phylogenies, and is followed today. </p>
            <p> Regarding the Brazilian territory, only one species,  Glaresis pardoalcaidei MartÍnez, Pereira &amp; Vulcano, 1961 , has been reported from Paraná state (see Costa-Silva and Vaz-de-Mello 2023a). It is not uncommon to find specimens of  Glaresidae in Brazilian collections, indicating that  G. pardoalcaidei – as well as other related new morphotypes still undescribed – has a wider geographical distribution in the country than previously thought. However, without a formal revision of the group, which needs to be urgently undertaken, this information will remain unknown to the scientific community. </p>
            <p> Specimens of  Glaresidae are often found in sandy habitats such as riverbanks and dune systems (Paulsen 2016). They can be collected actively, using flight interception traps or light traps. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D666621817353C3A913E14FD76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666611817377C3D3E3BB6FBA7.text	4B4787D666611817377C3D3E3BB6FBA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hybosoridae Erichson 1847	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hybosoridae Erichson, 1847</p>
            <p>Fig. 4A–D</p>
            <p> Diagnosis.  Hybosoridae are a morphologically heterogeneous family. Most species are commonly recognized by the presence of a prominent mandible and antennal club formed by three antennomeres, with the basal antennomere cupuliform, sheltering the other two (Ocampo 2006 a, BasÍlio et al. 2023). The species of Ceratocanthinae do not present this antennal pattern, but they can be easily identified either by having a body capable of conglobation (  Ceratocanthini ) or by being very small in size (less than 6 mm) and having a transverse and deep excavation in the pronotum (Ivieolini and  Scarabatermitini ) (Ballerio and Grebennikov 2016). The only common characteristic to all  Hybosoridae is the tarsal insertion before the apex of the protibia (BasÍlio et al. 2023). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Hybosoridae have a worldwide distribution, comprising 96 genera and about 723 species distributed in six subfamilies, one extinct (  Mimaphodiinae ) and five extant (  Anaidinae , Ceratocanthinae,  Hybosorinae ,  Liparochrinae , and  Pachyplectrinae ) (BasÍlio et al. 2023). In Brazil, there are currently 19 genera and 85 species recorded in four of the five extant subfamilies – except  Liparochrinae (Table 2) (BasÍlio and Vaz-de-Mello 2023). However, the number of genera and species, both in Brazil and worldwide, has been constantly increasing. Species of  Hybosoridae have been recorded in almost all Brazilian states, and it is likely that there are species of this family in the five states that lack records so far (Tocantins, PiauÍ, Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, and Sergipe). </p>
            <p> Hybosoridae were historically classified as a subfamily of  Scarabaeidae (i.e.,  Hybosorinae and Ceratocanthinae) (Paulian 1982, Allsopp 1984, Howden and Gill 2000). However, even after  Hybosoridae being elevated to the rank of family (with Ceratocanthinae treated as a subfamily of  Hybosoridae ) and being consensually accepted, these two taxa continued to be treated as separated families (Table 1) (Paulian 1988). In 2004, morphological data from larvae and adults recovered  Hybosoridae with the inclusion of  Ceratocanthidae , which started to be treated as  Ceratocanthinae (Grebennikov et al. 2004) . This classification is currently the most accepted, and is supported by morphological (Ocampo 2006b, Ballerio and Grebennikov 2016) and molecular data (Ocampo and Hawks 2006, Grebennikov and Smith 2021). </p>
            <p> Regarding their biology, they can be necrophagous, coprophagous, fungivores, or feed on rotting wood. Many species have the habit of burying themselves, and some have stridulatory behavior. Associations with ants and termites have also been recorded (Jameson 2002b, Ocampo 2006 b, BasÍlio et al. 2023). Representatives of Ceratocanthinae and  Liparochrinae have the ability to roll their bodies into a ball (Ocampo 2006b, Ballerio and Grebennikov 2016). Dichotomous keys have been proposed to identify genera of  Anaidinae (Ocampo 2006b) , Ceratocanthinae (Paulian 1982, Ballerio and Grebennikov 2016), and Neotropical  Hybosorinae (BasÍlio et al. 2022) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D666611817377C3D3E3BB6FBA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666611816359A3A6C3C3CFBE8.text	4B4787D666611816359A3A6C3C3CFBE8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lucanidae Latreille 1804	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lucanidae Latreille, 1804</p>
            <p>Figs 4J–L, 6C</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Species of  Lucanidae can be easily recognizable by the strong sexual dimorphism, with males presenting extremely elongate mandibles in most cases (as showed in the Figs 4J, 6C), although some taxa could be confused with other  Coleoptera families. In Brazil,  Lucanidae can be distinguished from other  Scarabaeoidea families by the presence of three (  Lucaninae ) to six (  Syndesinae ) antennal lamellae, scape as long as funicle, and antennae usually geniculate (Fig. 6C). Tarsal claws always simple; ninth abdominal segment modified in a well-developed genital capsule; aedeagus in most cases with a permanently everted internal sac, except in the genus  Psilodon Perty, 1830 (  Syndesinae ). </p>
            <p> Remarks. Lucanids are the most diverse family of the first lineages of  Scarabaeoidea , with around 1,805 worldwide described species, 147 genera in eight subfamilies, three of which are extinct (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil there are currently 75 species representing two of the five living subfamilies (Grossi 2023). The Brazilian lucanids were first studied by Luederwaldt (1930, 1931b, 1934c, 1935), and after him, and before the 2000s, four species were described in Brazil (Benesh 1937, Lacroix 1982, Bomans and Arnaud 1996). During the last 20 years, field work and studies on Brazilian stag-beetles have increased, and the family has been subject of new taxon descriptions, immature descriptions, life history approaches and reclassification of some genera (Grossi et al. 2003, Grossi and Vaz-de-Mello 2007, Grossi and Paulsen 2009, Grossi 2009, Grossi et al. 2012, Silva and Grossi 2019, Cáceres et al. 2023).  Lucaninae are by far, the most diverse subfamily in Brazil and the World, comprising more than 90% of World Lucanid fauna. While the  Syndesinae encompasses only three currently described species for Brazil, there will be at least twice that number described in an ongoing revision of  Psilodon . </p>
            <p> Among the Brazilian lucanid genera,  Altitatiayus Weinreich, 1960 , and probably  Zikanius Grossi &amp; Paulsen, 2009 , and  Montesinus Grossi, 2016 have underground behavior, with larvae feeding on grass roots. However, most other genera have larvae that feed on dead wood, decayed or not, and pupate in the wood, with only  Psilodon pupating in the ground (see Grossi and Aguiar 2014). Genera like  Leptinopterus Hope, 1838 ,  Macrocrates Burmeister, 1847 ,  Metadorcus Parry, 1870 Metadorcinus Kriesche, 1922 ,  Casignetus MacLeay 1819 , and  Charagmophorus Waterhouse, 1895 can be collected during daylight, flying at mountain peaks, or feeding on sap flows. Other genera like  Sclerostomus Burmeister, 1847 and  Psilodon have nocturnal habits, being attracted to light traps. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D666611816359A3A6C3C3CFBE8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D66660181037733AB03A53FA19.text	4B4787D66660181037733AB03A53FA19.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melolonthidae Leach 1819	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Melolonthidae Leach, 1819</p>
            <p>Figs 5A–F, 6H, 6J–M</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Melolonthids are difficult to be distinguished from other scarabaeoids because the taxon is highly diversified, usually they have the following features combined: mandibles strongly sclerotized; labrum and mandibles partially exposed or hidden by the clypeus dorsally; antennal club formed by three to seven lamellar articles, club in general as long as the funicle, lamellae with fanlike movement; abdomen with six ventrites, propygidium strongly sclerotized, junction (sometimes fused) with the corresponding sternite next to the last pair of spiracles; pygidium completely exposed or partially covered by the elytra; male genitalia bilobed or fused; body size from 3 to 170 mm (Endrödi 1966, Cherman and Morón 2014).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Melolonthidae are probably (if not) the most specious family of  Scarabaeoidea , comprising approximately 18,684 described species worldwide (Schoolmeesters 2023). Of these species, 1,591 are known from Brazil (Table 2), corresponding to about 8.5 % of the global diversity of the family and representing approximately 62.8% of the Brazilian fauna of  Scarabaeoidea . Brazilian melolonthids are distributed in six subfamilies, where  Melolonthinae ,  Rutelinae and Dynastinae have the most representatives, with 621, 476 and 396 species, respectively; the other three are Sericinae,  Orphninae and  Aclopinae , which encompass 75, 18 and 5 species, respectively (Vaz-de-Mello and Grossi 2023). </p>
            <p> Dynastinae comprise the group of beetles popularly called rhinoceros beetle (Ratcliffe et al. 2020). In some Brazilian regions they are known as “cascudinho” or “besouro-de-chifre” (Lenko and Papavero 1996). The subfamily is currently subdivided in eight accepted tribes (whose definitions are unstable), six of which are known from Neotropical region, all represented in Brazil:  Agaocephalini ,  Cyclocephalini ,  Dynastini ,  Oryctini ,  Pentodontini and  Phileurini (Endrödi 1985) . The taxonomic knowledge on the Brazilian dynastines is largely fragmented in literature and the synopsis published by Endrödi (1985) remains the main work covering the taxonomy of most tribes, genera and species. An up to date on the taxonomy for most taxa of the Dynastinae from Brazil is needed, mainly for greatly specious genera such as  Cyclocephala Dejean, 1821 and  Heterogomphus Burmeister, 1847 . However, it’s worth highlighting the importance of recent taxonomic studies that produced new information regarding the Brazilian dynastines [see Sobral et al. (2018) for  Aegopsis Burmeister, 1847 ; López-GarcÍa and Deloya (2019, 2022) for  Tomarus Erichson, 1847 ; Sobral et al. (2019) for  Colacus Ohaus, 1910 ; Duarte and Grossi (2020a), and Duarte et al. (2022) for  Bothynus Hope, 1837 ; Duarte and Grossi (2020b) for  Podischnus Burmeister, 1847 ; Prandi et al. (2020) for  Megasoma Kirby, 1825 ; Costa et al. (2022) for  Gibboryctes Endrödi, 1974 ]. Adults of Dynastinae from Neotropical region are recognized by the body usually without metallic aspect (except some members of  Agaocephalini ); labrum not apparent, hidden below clypeus; outer margin of mandibles mostly exposed laterally to clypeus; antennae usually with10 antenomeres and club with three lamellae; meso- and metatarsi with both claws simple, equal, not movable, devoid of cleft, tooth or serrations; propygidium with or without stridulatory striae; sexual dimorphism usually pronounced: males of some taxa ornamented with remarkable horns that are absent or reduced in females. They are predominantly nocturnal or crepuscular when adults, being attracted to light at night (Ratcliffe et al. 2020). Some representatives of  Cyclocephala are the main floral visitor of  Annonaceae and  Araceae in Brazil (Maia et al. 2012). The larval stages of Dynastinae usually feed on decaying plant matter, mainly wood (Ritcher 1958, Ratcliffe et al. 2020), while others feed on roots of living plants and, in some situations, they can be considered of economic importance by damaging roots of cultivated plants (Gassen 1989, Lourenção et al. 1999, Oliveira and Frizzas 2021, Oliveira et al. 2008, Cherman and Grossi 2020). </p>
            <p> Melolonthinae are the richest subfamily in Brazil, where they are represented by 625 species in 30 genera and five tribes (Cherman and Vaz-de-Mello 2024), but also among the Scarabaeoid subfamilies, with 6,009 species worldwide (Schoolmeesters 2023). This number was even greater (Evans 2002) before the splitting of the sericines and the sericoidines mainly (Ahrens et al. 2011, 2014, ŠÍpek et al. 2016) into new subfamilies (Dietz et al. 2023, Schoolmeesters 2023). Among the five Brazilian tribes:  Macrodactylini ,  Diplotaxini , Melolonthini,  Hopliini , and Tanyproctini, the first three are the most representative (530, 51, and 37 species, respectively) and are also called the “true melolonthines”, giving their close relationship with Melolonthini (Coca-Abia 2007, Ahrens et al. 2014, Cherman et al. 2016, Costa et al. 2021). Adults of Brazilian melolonthines are characterised (Evans 2002, Cherman and Pereira 2020) by having 5–25 mm in length, dorsal surface often conspicuously setose or scaled; color mostly reddish brown or black; mandibles and labrum well developed and completely hidden from above; antennal club oval to elongate, in general thin; head and pronotum always unarmed; metatibial spurs adjacent (when present), meso- and metatarsal claws in general toothed, cleft, or serrate; abdomen with five or six ventrites fused laterally, suture sometimes visible; and pygidium exposed. Sexual dimorphism weakly developed, most males with abdomen less convex, longer antennal club and tarsi than females. Often called May beetles, June beetles, and chafers, melolonthines are generally phytophagous, with some genera of considerable economic importance (i.e.,  Phyllophaga Harris, 1827 ,  Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 , and  Plectris Le Peletier &amp; Audinet-Serville, 1828 ) (Cherman et al. 2011, 2014, Valmorbida et al. 2018, Cherman and Pereira 2020, Coutinho et al. 2022), giving the nocturnal defoliation activity of adults and rhizophagous habits of larvae (Ritcher 1966, Morón 1997, Morón et al. 1997, Evans 2002). Identification keys to Brazilian species of  Melolonthinae are sparse and fragmented, available for certain tribes (  Macrodactylini : Fuhrmann and Vaz-de-Mello 2017;  Diplotaxini : Cherman et al. 2019) or genera, such as  Plectris (Frey 1967) ,  Liogenys (Cherman et al. 2019) , and  Phyllophaga (Frey 1975) . Additional works including keys to species of  Melolonthinae occurring in agricultural environments are Cherman et al. (2013) (species from southern Brazil), Cherman and Pereira (2020) (Brazilian species), and Brumley et al. (2020) (exotic species of Australia). </p>
            <p> Rutelinae MacLeay, 1819 are the second largest subfamily of  Melolonthidae , with about 4,200 described species in the World (Jameson 1998, Hardy 1991, Jameson 2002c, Jameson and Hawkins 2005, Krajcik 2007, Jameson and Ratcliffe 2011, Morón and RamÍrez-Ponce 2012, Moore et al. 2017), and the highest species richness recorded for tropical regions (Jameson 1998). Seven tribes are currently allocated to the  Rutelinae :  Adoretini , Alvarengini,  Anatistini ,  Anomalini ,  Anoplognathini ,  Geniatini and  Rutelini (Bouchard et al. 2011) .  Anomalini and  Rutelini are recorded for the Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic and Afrotropical regions, while the  Adoretini are recorded for the Palearctic and Afrotropical regions (Ohaus 1918). As for the  Alvarengiini , records in Brazil are restricted to Bahia and Paraná states (Bento 2019).  Anatistini is recorded in the Neotropical region;  Anoplognathini is recorded for Australia and the Neotropical region; and  Geniatini has records only in the Neotropical region (Ohaus 1918). In the Neotropical region, about 1,352 species of  Rutelinae are recorded (Morón et al. 1997, Moron 2004, Villatoro and Jameson 2001, Villatoro 2002, Jameson and Hawkins 2005, Jameson 2008, Soula 2011, Filippini et al. 2016, Ferreira et al. 2017, Hawks 2017, Moore et al. 2017, Seidel et al. 2017, Sierra 2017, Ferreira et al. 2019, Ferreira and Grossi 2022, Ferreira et al. 2022), of which 476 species and 103 subspecies allocated in 58 genera are recorded for Brazil (Ferreira and Grossi 2023). Adults of Brazilian rutelines are for the most part very shiny, metallic blue, green, brown or reddish gold, and can vary from intense and shiny black to metallic gold, with a series of contrasting and iridescent combinations (Morón et al. 1997).  Rutelinae are characterized by elongated and robust oval body, convex back, 3–30 mm in length; labrum weakly produced beyond apex of clypeus, except in  Anomalacra Casey, 1915 (  Anomalini ); antennae with 8–10 antennomeres; scutellum exposed; transverse procoxa; mesotibia with two spurs at apex, adjacent; tarsal claws independently movable, unequal in length and often weakly divided at apex; and exposed pygidium (Ohaus 1934, Machatschke 1965, Morón et al. 1997, Jameson 2002c). Adults are strictly phytophagous and some play an important ecological role in the pollination of some plant species; the larvae are saprophytic and contribute directly to the decomposition process of dead organic matter deposited inside the forests, as well as to nutrient cycling (Hardy 1991, Morón et al. 1997, Paucar-Cabrera 2003). Some species feed on the roots of plants of economic importance (i.e.,  Leucothyreus MacLeay, 1819 and  Paranomala Casey, 1915 ) (Ritcher 1958, Jameson et al. 2003, Jameson and Howkins 2005). Despite the biological, ecological and diversity importance of rutelines, there are still gaps in the taxonomic knowledge of the group (Morón et al. 1997). In some of the tribes, most of the genera do not have identification keys for the species (i.e.,  Geniatini ). However, important studies have been conducted on the group in recent years, especially in Brazil, including: (i) Systematic reviews in  Alvarengiini (Bento 2019) , in  Geniatini to  Eunanus Ohaus, 1909 (Ferreira et al. 2024),  Evanos Castelnau, 1840 (Grossi and Vaz-de-Mello 2018),  Lobogeniates Ohaus, 1917 (Ferreira unpublished data) and  Rhizogeniates Ohaus, 1909 (Ferreira et al. unpublished data), and in  Rutelini to  Byrsopolis Burmeister, 1844 (Medeiros et al. 2022) and  Oplognathus MacLeay, 1819 (Carvalho et al. 2021); (ii) Species descriptions with identification keys in  Rutelini to  Chlorota Burmeister, 1844 (Medeiros and Grossi 2020),  Homonyx Guérin-Méneville, 1839 (Ferreira et al. unpublished data),  Macraspis MacLeay, 1819 (Medeiros et al. 2019, Bento and Grossi 2021),  Moronius Grossi &amp; Vaz-de-Mello, 2015 (Carvalho and Grossi 2018),  Pelidnota MacLeay, 1819 (Ferreira et al. 2017, 2018, 2021, 2022, Ferreira and Grossi 2022) and in  Geniatini to  Trizogeniates Ohaus, 1917 (Ferreira et al. 2019); and (iii) proposition of phylogenetic hypotheses in  Geniatini ,  Lobogeniates (Ferreira unpublished data),  Rhizogeniates (Ferreira et al. unpublished data) and  Geniates Kirby, 1818 (Bento et al. unpublished data). </p>
            <p> Sericinae are being considered a subfamily since phylogenetics hypotheses show a series of tribes (i.e., Sericini,  Sericoidini , and  Athliini (Ahrens 2006, Smith et al. 2006, Smith and Evans 2018 )) clustered together, which were traditionally recovered within  Melolonthinae (Ahrens et al. 2011, 2014, Gunter et al. 2016, Dietz et al. 2023). This subfamily comprises 5,322 species (Schoolmeesters 2023): the “true sericines”, 4,000 species worldwide (Eberle et al. 2017), and the other 1,322 called the“Southern World”  Melolonthinae , giving their distribution over the Southern Hemisphere (Ahrens et al. 2014, Eberle et al. 2014). Some authors also consider the latter group as another subfamily,  Sericoidinae (Dietz et al. 2023, Schoolmeesters 2023). American Sericini have recently been assessed thoroughly (Pacheco et al. 2020, 2021, 2022a, 2022b, 2022c, 2023, Pacheco and Ahrens 2023), as well as the sericoidines (Costa et al. 2020, 2021). In Brazil, Sericinae are represented by 75 species in three tribes: Sericini, with 50 species;  Sericoidini , with 23 species; and  Athliini with two species. The species richness of this subfamily in the Neotropical region and especially in Brazil is still quite underestimated, and numerous species await description (FC Costa and TL Pacheco, personal communication). Available keys to American Sericinae are still scattered and out-of-date in most cases. For Brazilian Sericini, there are up-to-date identification keys to  Symmela Erichson, 1835 (Pacheco et al. 2022c) and to  Raysymmela Saylor, 1947 species (Pacheco et al. 2022b); Frey (1973) to  Astaena Erichson, 1847 species. For the Brazilian  Sericoidini, Frey (1973) is used for some  Blepharotoma Blanchard, 1850 species , and there is a key to  Ovomanonychus Costa, Cherman &amp; Iannuzzi, 2020; while a key to  Manonychus Moser, 1919 is being currently elaborated (FC Costa, personal communication). A key to  Athliini is available in Smith and Evans (2018). </p>
            <p> Aclopinae are a poorly known group of scarab beetles distributed in Australia and South America (Neita-Moreno et al. 2019).  Aclopus Erichson, 1835 is the only genus of the subfamily recorded in Brazil, where five species are known, all distributed in central and southern regions (Ocampo and Mondaca 2012, Neita-Moreno et al. 2019). Apparently, there are no keys to identify species of  Aclopus . Allsopp (1981, 1983), Ocampo and Mondaca (2012) and more recently Neita-Moreno et al. (2019) provided identification keys to genera and species of South American and Australian  Aclopinae , but  Aclopus was not included. Immature stages and natural history of the  Aclopinae members are also unknown. </p>
            <p> Orphninae are widely distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the southern continents (Frolov 2012). Four genera are known from Brazil:  Aegidiellus Paulian, 1984 ;  Aegidinus Arrow, 1904 ;  Aegidium Westwood, 1845 ; and  Paraegidium Vulcano, Pereira &amp; MartÍnez, 1966 . All Brazilian  Orphninae genera were studied in recent taxonomic revisions and contributions: see Colby (2009) and Frolov et al. (2019) for  Aegidinus ; Frolov et al. (2017a) for  Aegidium ; Frolov et al. (2017b) for  Paraegidium , and Frolov et al. (2017c) for  Aegidiellus . Regarding the immature stages of the Brazilian orphnines, only those of  Paraegidium costalimai Volcano, Pereira and Martinez, 1966 are known (Sousa and Fuhrmann 2020). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D66660181037733AB03A53FA19	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D66666181335E63B9F3C3CFC63.text	4B4787D66666181335E63B9F3C3CFC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochodaeidae Streubel 1846	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ochodaeidae Streubel, 1846</p>
            <p>Figs 4G, 6A</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. The most conspicuous and useful characteristic to separate  Ochodaeidae from other  Scarabaeoidea family is the presence of a pectinate spur on the mesotibia (Fig. 6A). No other family of  Scarabaeoidea has this characteristic (see Paulsen and Ocampo 2012). </p>
            <p> Remarks. The  Ochodaeidae are a widespread family with 159 described species in 22 genera and two extant subfamilies (one extinct; Schoolmeesters 2023). The dichotomous key provide by Paulsen and Ocampo (2012) is the unique tool to identify the South American species. For the Brazilian territory, just three species in one genus (  Parochodaeus Nikolajev, 1995 ) are reported:  Parochodaeus jatahyensis (Benderitter, 1912) from Goiás (GO),  P. campsognathus (Arrow, 1904) from Mato Grosso (MT) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), and  P. cornutus (Ohaus, 1910) also from RS (Vaz-de-Mello and Costa-Silva 2023). With the exception of the study by Paulsen and Ocampo (2012), no other study has addressed the South American fauna of  Ochodaeidae . </p>
            <p> Available data on the natural history of  Ochodaeidae are limited (Carlson 1975). Recent studies have mentioned species of  Ochodaeidae as agricultural pests of the summer truffle (Asmomycota:  Tuberaceae :  Tuber aestivum Vittadini, 1831 ) in the Galilee region, Israel (Huchet et al. 2022). In the Brazilian context, despite the economic growth in the production and trade of hypogeous fungi (e.g., truffles and/ or plants with mycorrhizal associations; see Sulzbacher et al. 2012, 2019, Grupe et al. 2018), the ecological relationships between  Ochodaeidae and truffle cultivation remain unknown. Based on the material we examined in South American entomological collections, species of  Ochodaeidae can be collected using flight interception traps and light traps. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D66666181335E63B9F3C3CFC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666651812371D3A293ECFFD2E.text	4B4787D666651812371D3A293ECFFD2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Passalidae Leach 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Passalidae Leach, 1815</p>
            <p>Fig. 4M</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. One of the greatest peculiarities of the family is the undoubtedly remarkable morphological homogeneity. Most of species share the same basic morphological plan, which is further accentuated by a very rare visible sexual dimorphism (Boucher 2006).  Passalidae are represented by individuals with medium to large size (13–80 mm), morphologically similar to some  Lucanidae . However, this group can be easily distinguished from other families of  Scarabaeoidea by having the following set of characters: strongly sclerotized body, with shiny black color, dorsoventrally flattened, elytra completely covering the abdomen and distinctly striated with evident punctations; prothorax separated from the elytra by a long pedunculated mesonotum, where the visible scutellum is located anteriorly and below the frontal edge of the elytra. Prognathous head with robust and strongly sclerotized mandibles having a complex dentition system; labrum large and rigid, spatulate, prominent and retractable that slides almost entirely into the oral cavity; ligula exposed, fully sclerotized, relatively large and located in front of the mentum; hypostomal process always developed, taller and longer than in other  Scarabaeoidea . Dorsal region of head provided with several integumentary structures more or less concave or convex, unique in  Passalidae . </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Passalidae , with about 1,000 valid species, are a relatively small group when compared to the other families of  Scarabaeoidea . These wood-degrading beetles occur essentially in the Pantropical area, with a few species present in the Nearctic (Reyes-Castillo 1970, Boucher 2006). </p>
            <p> Passalidae are subdivided into two subfamilies:  Aulacocyclinae (Indo-Malo-Australian) and  Passalinae (Pantropical) (Boucher 2006) . With regard to the American  Passalinae , the group is represented by two American endemic tribes: Proculini with 20 genera and  Passalini with 14 genera, together comprising about 50% of global passalid diversity (Boucher 2006, Beza-Beza et al. 2020, Jiménez-Ferbans et al. 2022). In the Brazilian territory,  Passalidae are the third most diverse family with about 110 species (Table 2) belonging to 12 genera, three from Proculini and nine from  Passalini (Bevilaqua and Vaz-de-Mello 2023). </p>
            <p> The most specious and contentious genus within the family is  Passalus Fabricius, 1792 , which is undeniably polyphyletic (Boucher 2015, Bevilaqua and Fonseca 2020). The lack of clear delimitation further exacerbates the disparity in species numbers within this genus compared to other genera in the family. Although a more recent proposal for the classification of  Passalini and  Passalus , based on a phylogenetic analysis incorporating morphological and molecular characters has been put forth (Jiménez-Ferbans et al. 2022), we adhere to the hypotheses proposed by Boucher (2015). These hypotheses validate some genera previously treated as synonyms or as a subgenus of  Passalus , which remains a polyphyletic genus awaiting further division.  Veturius Kaup, 1871 , the second most diverse genus in the family, is indeed the largest monophyletic group at the genus level (Boucher 2006, Boucher and Salazar 2018). </p>
            <p> In Brazil, the composition of the family is as follows: within  Passalini , there are nine genera present in the country.  Passalus , the most prominent genus, boasts 36 species and four subspecies.  Pertinax Kaup, 1869 , follows with 17 species and one subspecies; while  Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 , contributes nine species.  Spasalus Kaup, 1869 , is represented by seven species,  Rhagonocerus Kaup, 1871 , by five species, and  Passipassalus Fonseca &amp; Reyes-Castillo, 1993 , includes three species.  Neleuops Kuwert, 1891 ,  Ptichopus Kaup, 1869 , and  Toxeutotaenius Kuwert, 1896 , each encompass two species. </p>
            <p> For Proculini, the largest genus is  Veturius with 22 species, follow by  Popilius Kaup, 1871 , with seven species, and  Verres Kaup, 1871 with a single species. </p>
            <p> Taxonomic knowledge about the Brazilian  Passalidae fauna is dispersed in several works. However, it is possible to highlight as the main ones, the works of Luederwaldt (1931a, 1934a, 1934b, 1941) which is still considered the most complete work on Brazilian Passalids, the description of  Passipassalus by Fonseca and Reyes-Castillo (1993), the review of the Brazilian species of  Paxillus by Mattos and Mermudes (2013), and Boucher et al. (2016) for  Veturius . For summaries of local fauna and/or descriptions of new taxa there are the works of Fonseca (1988), Bevilaqua and Fonseca (2019, 2020) for Amazonian fauna and Mattos and Mermudes (2014, 2015, 2016, 2018) for the fauna of the south and southeast regions of the Atlantic Forest. With advances in research, the number of species and the level of understanding of Brazilian species will increase in the coming years. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D666651812371D3A293ECFFD2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D66664180D37763CF53EC3F97A.text	4B4787D66664180D37763CF53EC3F97A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scarabaeidae Latreille 1802	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802</p>
            <p>Figs 5H–I, 6F–G</p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Antennae with 8 or 9 antenomeres, with lamellae mobile and compactable club formed by the last three antennomeres. Clypeus and gena dorsoventrally flattened and usually forming a broad anterior surface, being separated from each other by a dorsal suture (sometimes indistinct). Mandibles in Brazilian species with incisive area membranous. Labrum and mandibles not visible, base of mandibles sometimes visible laterally. Abdomen with six ventrites.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Scarabaeidae are a cosmopolitan family with 36,009 described species (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil, it is represented with 826 species and 104 genera distributed into two subfamilies (Table 2):  Scarabaeinae (Fig. 5I) and  Aphodiinae (Fig. 5H). This family is, in its majority, composed of coprophagous beetles which feed and nest directly on the faecal matter of mammals, giving them the popular name of dung beetles (Halffter and Edmonds 1982). </p>
            <p> The subfamilies can be determined by the following combination of characters:  Scarabaeinae mesocoxae are usually separated by a distance greater than or equal to their width and the metatibiae generally presents only one apical spur; on the other hand,  Aphodiinae mesocoxae are usually separated by a distance smaller than their width and the metatibiae generally presents two apical spurs.  Scarabaeinae usually have the propygidium and pygidium exposed, while in  Aphodiinae the propygidium is completely covered by the elytra and the pygidium is partially covered. Other differences can be found in the reproductive system: females of  Scarabaeinae have only one ovary with one ovariole, while females of  Aphodiinae have two ovaries each with six ovarioles. </p>
            <p> Aphodiinae comprises more than 3,500 species of generally small (1.5–8.0 mm) and saprophagous beetles (Stebnicka 2001 a, Schoolmeesters 2023). Their biology is extremely diverse with some groups being found associated with mammal dung, under wood-bark, or fungi, while some species have been reported feeding on the dung of beetles such as  Passalidae and few genera can even be found associated with social insects (Chapin 1940, Stebnicka 2001a, 2007a, 2007b). </p>
            <p> In Brazil,  Aphodiinae is represented by 145 species, 40 genera, and five tribes:  Aphodiini ,  Eupariini ,  Odontolochini ,  Psammodiini , and  Rhyparini (Vaz-de-Mello 2023b). A key for New World genera of  Aphodiinae has been written by Skelley (2008), and an identification guide with an updated key for genera in Brazil is under development by one of the authors (E. Gama unpublished data) </p>
            <p> The knowledge on the  Aphodiinae has improved considerably in recent years with many groups being reviewed. The Italians, Marco and Giovanni Dellacasa, have reviewed many groups in  Aphodiini , thus, it is recommended to consult these authors when studying this tribe (see Dellacasa et al. 2001, 2011, 2012). Many groups of  Eupariini have also been reviewed (see Stebnicka 2009), including  Ataenius Harold, 1867 , the most specious genus in the New World with at least 190 described species (Stebnicka 2007b). In Brazil, 55 species of  Ataenius are recognized, representing approximately 37% of the  Aphodiinae known in Brazil (Vaz-de-Mello 2023b). Ten of the 11 species groups of  Ataenius are present in Brazil and keys for these groups or for species within each species group can be found in Stebnicka’s works (2001b, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007c, Stebnicka and Lago 2005).  Psammodiini in Brazil have no recent taxonomic revisions; the last study was conducted by Gordon and Pittino (1992). For the identification of genera and species of Neotropical  Odontolochini, Skelley (2007b) is recommended. For the  Rhyparini , only two genera are present in Brazil:  Aschnarhyparus Makhan, 2006 and  Termitodius Wasmann, 1894 ; both genera have been briefly reviewed by Skelley (2007a) and Skelley et al. 2022). </p>
            <p> Whereas, the subfamily  Scarabaeinae is a highly diverse group, comprising approximately 6,840 species distributed worldwide (Schoolmeesters 2023). They are primarily coprophagous, with some exhibiting secondary necrophagy or saprophagy (Halffter and Edmonds 1982). These beetles typically have an oval-shaped body, with species ranging from 1.9 mm (e.g.,  Degallieridium lilliputanum Vaz-de-Mello, 2008) to more than 50 mm in length – e.g.,  Coprophanaeus ensifer (Germar in Wiedemann and Germar, 1821). The genera and subgenera of Neotropical  Scarabaeinae can be identified using the multilingual dichotomous key available in Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011). </p>
            <p> In Brazil, there are 784 described species of  Scarabaeinae in 68 genera (Vaz-de-Mello 2023b). However, this number is subject to change as ongoing taxonomic research on scarab beetles progresses. Despite numerous taxonomic studies conducted in recent years on various groups, such as  Sylvicanthon Halffter &amp; MartÍnez, 1977 (Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello 2018),  Scybalocanthon MartÍnez, 1948 (Silva and Valois 2019),  Canthon (Pseudepilissus) MartÍnez, 1954 (Vieira et al. 2020),  Canthon (Peltecanthon) Pereira, 1953 (Nunes et al. 2020a);  Canthon (Goniocanthon) Pereira &amp; MartÍnez, 1956 (Nunes et al. 2019);  Dichotomius (Homocanthonides) Luederwaldt, 1929 (Maldaner et al. 2018),  Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) Lane, 1946 (González-Alvarado and Vaz-de-Mello 2021),  Agamopus Bates, 1887 (Costa-Silva et al. 2022), and  Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt, 1929 (Nunes and Vaz-de-Mello 2020b) – see Cupello et al. 2023 for a comprehensive list. Many highly specious and problematics groups such as  Uroxys Westwood, 1842 ,  Canthidium Erichson, 1847 and  Ateuchus Weber, 1801 are still considered taxonomical gaps and are in need of revisions (Cupello et al. 2023). As a result of this growing effort in understanding the New World diversity of  Scarabaeinae , the number of revisions and the discovery of new species has grown steadily over the last three decades (Cupello et al 2023). </p>
            <p>One of the key factors promoting these taxonomic advances is the interest in using the group as bioindicators by ecologists focused on conservation biology (see Cupello et al 2023 for more information). This new interest not only pushed taxonomists to provide reliable identifications and identification tools for researchers from other fields (e.g., ecologists) but also the growing number of specimens collected by these professionals provide taxonomists with the means for resolving some major taxonomic gaps (Cupello et al 2023).</p>
            <p> Typically,  Scarabaeinae are collected using pitfall traps baited with mammalian dung (i.e., cattle, human and pig), mushroom, decaying fruits as well as decaying carrion (Halffter and Matthews 1966, Costa-Silva et al. 2018, Raine and Slade 2019). Recent studies have shown that flight interception is an efficient method for dung beetles, given their strong flying abilities, and some species are only sampled through pitfall or flight interception traps, with these two collection methods being complementary (Puker et al. 2020, Ong et al. 2021, Bach et al. 2023). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D66664180D37763CF53EC3F97A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D6667B180D35873EE83BA2F9CA.text	4B4787D6667B180D35873EE83BA2F9CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trogidae MacLeay 1819	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Trogidae MacLeay, 1819</p>
            <p>Figs 5G, 6E</p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Adults of  Trogidae differ from other  Scarabaeoidea families by presenting an abdomen with five ventrites and the dorsal surface of elytra with tubercles. Only few exceptions exist within trogids, such as  Omorgus (Haroldomorgus) batesi (Harold, 1872) , where the tubercles are absent; for further details, refer to Costa-Silva et al. (2021).  Trogidae species share a morphological resemblance with  Glaresidae species. Nevertheless, these two families can be distinguished by the absence of eyes divided by a canthus in  Trogidae (Fig. 6E), a feature that is present in  Glaresidae (see Scholtz 1986 and Strümpher et al. 2016 for more detailed information; Fig. 6D). </p>
            <p> Remarks.  Trogidae are a cosmopolitan family with approximately 340 described species in five genera and two extant subfamilies (ZÍdek 2017, also see Strümpher et al. 2016 for an overview of the family). For Brazil, the trogids are a welldocumented group consisting of 17 species belonging to two genera:  Polynoncus Burmeister, 1876 , and  Omorgus Erichson, 1847 (Costa-Silva and Vaz-de-Mello 2023b).The Brazilian fauna of  Omorgus was recently reviewed by Costa-Silva et al. (2021), who reported seven species in two subgenera (the widespread  Omorgus and the monotypic Haroldomorgus Scholtz, 1986). The genus  Polynoncus , endemic from South America, was recently reviewed by Costa-Silva et al. (2024), where 38 described species were recognized (Scholtz 1990, Costa-Silva and Diéguez 2020, Costa-Silva et al. 2024), with 10 reported from Brazil (Vaurie 1962, Scholtz 1990, ZÍdek 2017, Costa-Silva and Vaz-de-Mello 2023b). A dichotomous key and high-resolution photographs of types of  Polynoncus and Brazilian  Omorgus can be found in Costa-Silva et al. (2024) and Costa-Silva et a. (2021), respectively. </p>
            <p> The morphological description of trogid larvae is a poorly explored field of study. According to ZÍdek (2017), only four larvae description are known to South America, being only two from Brazil:  Omorgus suberosus (Fabricius, 1775) and  O. persuberosus (Vaurie, 1962) – see Scholtz (1993). </p>
            <p> Species of  Trogidae are typically collected throughout the year using various methods such as pitfall traps baited with decaying organic matter, light traps, flight interception traps (FIT), or by actively searching under animal carcasses (the former for larvae and adults). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4B4787D6667B180D35873EE83BA2F9CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da;Ferreira, André da Silva;Bordin, Bruna R.;Basílio, Daniel S.;Rodrigues, Diego F.;Gama, Emanuel R. R.;Fuhrmann, Juares;Mariano, Júlia;Bevilaqua, Marcus;Cherman, Mariana A.;Duarte, Paulo R. M.;Grossi, Paschoal C.;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
