taxonID	type	description	language	source
4B4787D666621814376B3F133DF3F9C1.taxon	description	Figs 4 H – I, 6 I Diagnosis. Mandibles with small incisivus, hidden by the clypeus when observed dorsally. Procoxae conical and project ventrally. Many species have a post-humeral elytral emargination, and the mesepimeron is clearly visible in dorsal view (Krikken 1984, Cherman and Morón 2014; Fig. 6 I). Remarks. Cetoniidae are a very popular group in expositions due to their vibrant colors and significant horn variation. Many species hold ecological importance, as they act as predators of other insects, contribute to organic matter degradation (particularly decaying fallen fruit), and serve as pollinating agents (Krikken 1984). Species of Cetoniidae are typically collected using fruit baits in canopy traps when not found on natural resources. It is a cosmopolitan group of beetles, with approximately 4,500 species described within about 500 genera (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil, 84 species in 22 genera are known, distributed among five tribes in two subfamilies (Rodrigues et al. 2023). There are foundational works that can be used for identification, providing keys to the genera and species found in Brazil. These keys can also be used to identify species from other regions. Researching by tribe in Cetoniinae, we can identify only genera of the New World Cremastochelini in the works of Howden (1971), Krikken (1976, 1981), and MartÍnez (1992). Species of the genus Euphoria Burmeister, 1842, the only member of the Cetoniini present in Brazil, can be identified in Orozco (2012). For the Gymnetini, there are works by Shaughney and Ratcliffe (2015), Ratcliffe and Deloya (1992), and Ratcliffe and Micó (2001), as well as numerous studies by Ratcliffe (2005, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014 a, 2014 b, 2015 a, 2015 b, 2018, 2019). In the Trichiinae, Trigonopeltastes Burmeister & Schaum, 1840, is the only known genus of Trichiini in Brazil whose species can be identified in Howden and Joly (1998), Ricchiardi (2003), and Smith (2016). Finally, the Incaini (also referred as “ Incini ”, see Sousa and Seidel 2021) are covered in the works of Ricchiardi (2002), Seidel et al. (2018), and Sousa and Seidel (2021).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666621814377238473B44FB0A.taxon	description	Figs 4 E, 6 B Diagnosis. Shape oval or round. Antennae with 11 - antenomeres with 3 - jointed club, with all antennomeres at least partially tomentose. Clypeus often with tubercle or horn. Mandibles produced beyond apex of labrum (Howden 1955, Jameson 2002 a). Remarks. These beetles exhibit a diverse diet, including saprophagous and mycetophagous, with some adults seemingly not feeding (Jameson 2002 a, Houston and Bougher 2010). According to Jameson (2002 a), adult geotrupids can dig deep burrows in the soil and usually remain there during the day, often being active at night (also see Lawrence and Jin 2019). Geotrupidae are found worldwide, with approximately 1,100 species described within about 83 genera in three subfamilies (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil, there is only the Bolboceratinae, with 76 species in five genera (Vaz-de-Mello 2023 a; Table 2). Species of Bolboceratinae are typically collected using flight interception traps or light traps, when not found in their natural habitat (Howden 2006, Boilly and Vaz-de-Mello 2021). There are foundational works that can be used for identification of the Brazilian genera, like Howden and MartÍnez (1963) for Athyreini and MartÍnez (1976) for the non-Athyreyni. To identify the species of Bolbapium Boucomont, 1910 a recent revision in Carvalho and Vaz-de-Mello (2022) can be used. Species of Athyreus MacLeay, 1819 can be identified in Howden and MartÍnez (1978) with a new species from Brazil in Howden (2002). Parathyreus Howden and MartÍnez, 1963 can be identified in Howden (1985 a). Neoathyreus Howden and MartÍnez, 1963 can be identified in Howden (1985 b) and Boilly and Vaz-de-Mello (2021), that provided a key to species-group.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666621817353C3A913E14FD76.taxon	description	Figs 4 F, 6 D Diagnosis. Glaresidae are represented by small species (2.5 – 6 mm) similar to the genus Trox Fabricius, 1775 (Trogidae) (Scholtz et al. 1987). However, Glaresidae can be easily separated from Trogidae by a conspicuous characteristic of the large bulbous eyes divided by a prominent canthus (Fig. 6 D; which is absent in species of Trogidae as showing in Fig. 6 E). Remarks. Glaresidae are a monogeneric family with 92 species described worldwide (ZÍdek 2015, Keller and Skelley 2020, Schoolmeesters 2023). Glaresis Erichson, 1848 was originally classified as a genus of the Trogidae, or sometimes as Scarabaeidae, until the phylogenetic study conducted by Scholtz (1986). One year later, the group was elevated to the rank of family by Scholtz et al. (1987). The proposal made by Scholtz et al. (1987) was supported by both morphological (Browne and Scholtz 1999) and molecular (Smith 2006, Ahrens et al. 2014) phylogenies, and is followed today. Regarding the Brazilian territory, only one species, Glaresis pardoalcaidei MartÍnez, Pereira & Vulcano, 1961, has been reported from Paraná state (see Costa-Silva and Vaz-de-Mello 2023 a). It is not uncommon to find specimens of Glaresidae in Brazilian collections, indicating that G. pardoalcaidei – as well as other related new morphotypes still undescribed – has a wider geographical distribution in the country than previously thought. However, without a formal revision of the group, which needs to be urgently undertaken, this information will remain unknown to the scientific community. Specimens of Glaresidae are often found in sandy habitats such as riverbanks and dune systems (Paulsen 2016). They can be collected actively, using flight interception traps or light traps.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666611817377C3D3E3BB6FBA7.taxon	description	Fig. 4 A – D Diagnosis. Hybosoridae are a morphologically heterogeneous family. Most species are commonly recognized by the presence of a prominent mandible and antennal club formed by three antennomeres, with the basal antennomere cupuliform, sheltering the other two (Ocampo 2006 a, BasÍlio et al. 2023). The species of Ceratocanthinae do not present this antennal pattern, but they can be easily identified either by having a body capable of conglobation (Ceratocanthini) or by being very small in size (less than 6 mm) and having a transverse and deep excavation in the pronotum (Ivieolini and Scarabatermitini) (Ballerio and Grebennikov 2016). The only common characteristic to all Hybosoridae is the tarsal insertion before the apex of the protibia (BasÍlio et al. 2023). Remarks. Hybosoridae have a worldwide distribution, comprising 96 genera and about 723 species distributed in six subfamilies, one extinct (Mimaphodiinae) and five extant (Anaidinae, Ceratocanthinae, Hybosorinae, Liparochrinae, and Pachyplectrinae) (BasÍlio et al. 2023). In Brazil, there are currently 19 genera and 85 species recorded in four of the five extant subfamilies – except Liparochrinae (Table 2) (BasÍlio and Vaz-de-Mello 2023). However, the number of genera and species, both in Brazil and worldwide, has been constantly increasing. Species of Hybosoridae have been recorded in almost all Brazilian states, and it is likely that there are species of this family in the five states that lack records so far (Tocantins, PiauÍ, Rio Grande do Norte, Alagoas, and Sergipe).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666611816359A3A6C3C3CFBE8.taxon	description	Figs 4 J – L, 6 C Diagnosis. Species of Lucanidae can be easily recognizable by the strong sexual dimorphism, with males presenting extremely elongate mandibles in most cases (as showed in the Figs 4 J, 6 C), although some taxa could be confused with other Coleoptera families. In Brazil, Lucanidae can be distinguished from other Scarabaeoidea families by the presence of three (Lucaninae) to six (Syndesinae) antennal lamellae, scape as long as funicle, and antennae usually geniculate (Fig. 6 C). Tarsal claws always simple; ninth abdominal segment modified in a well-developed genital capsule; aedeagus in most cases with a permanently everted internal sac, except in the genus Psilodon Perty, 1830 (Syndesinae). Remarks. Lucanids are the most diverse family of the first lineages of Scarabaeoidea, with around 1,805 worldwide described species, 147 genera in eight subfamilies, three of which are extinct (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil there are currently 75 species representing two of the five living subfamilies (Grossi 2023). The Brazilian lucanids were first studied by Luederwaldt (1930, 1931 b, 1934 c, 1935), and after him, and before the 2000 s, four species were described in Brazil (Benesh 1937, Lacroix 1982, Bomans and Arnaud 1996). During the last 20 years, field work and studies on Brazilian stag-beetles have increased, and the family has been subject of new taxon descriptions, immature descriptions, life history approaches and reclassification of some genera (Grossi et al. 2003, Grossi and Vaz-de-Mello 2007, Grossi and Paulsen 2009, Grossi 2009, Grossi et al. 2012, Silva and Grossi 2019, Cáceres et al. 2023). Lucaninae are by far, the most diverse subfamily in Brazil and the World, comprising more than 90 % of World Lucanid fauna. While the Syndesinae encompasses only three currently described species for Brazil, there will be at least twice that number described in an ongoing revision of Psilodon. Among the Brazilian lucanid genera, Altitatiayus Weinreich, 1960, and probably Zikanius Grossi & Paulsen, 2009, and Montesinus Grossi, 2016 have underground behavior, with larvae feeding on grass roots. However, most other genera have larvae that feed on dead wood, decayed or not, and pupate in the wood, with only Psilodon pupating in the ground (see Grossi and Aguiar 2014). Genera like Leptinopterus Hope, 1838, Macrocrates Burmeister, 1847, Metadorcus Parry, 1870 Metadorcinus Kriesche, 1922, Casignetus MacLeay 1819, and Charagmophorus Waterhouse, 1895 can be collected during daylight, flying at mountain peaks, or feeding on sap flows. Other genera like Sclerostomus Burmeister, 1847 and Psilodon have nocturnal habits, being attracted to light traps.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D66660181037733AB03A53FA19.taxon	description	Figs 5 A – F, 6 H, 6 J – M Diagnosis. Melolonthids are difficult to be distinguished from other scarabaeoids because the taxon is highly diversified, usually they have the following features combined: mandibles strongly sclerotized; labrum and mandibles partially exposed or hidden by the clypeus dorsally; antennal club formed by three to seven lamellar articles, club in general as long as the funicle, lamellae with fanlike movement; abdomen with six ventrites, propygidium strongly sclerotized, junction (sometimes fused) with the corresponding sternite next to the last pair of spiracles; pygidium completely exposed or partially covered by the elytra; male genitalia bilobed or fused; body size from 3 to 170 mm (Endrödi 1966, Cherman and Morón 2014). Remarks. Melolonthidae are probably (if not) the most specious family of Scarabaeoidea, comprising approximately 18,684 described species worldwide (Schoolmeesters 2023). Of these species, 1,591 are known from Brazil (Table 2), corresponding to about 8.5 % of the global diversity of the family and representing approximately 62.8 % of the Brazilian fauna of Scarabaeoidea. Brazilian melolonthids are distributed in six subfamilies, where Melolonthinae, Rutelinae and Dynastinae have the most representatives, with 621, 476 and 396 species, respectively; the other three are Sericinae, Orphninae and Aclopinae, which encompass 75, 18 and 5 species, respectively (Vaz-de-Mello and Grossi 2023). Dynastinae comprise the group of beetles popularly called rhinoceros beetle (Ratcliffe et al. 2020). In some Brazilian regions they are known as “ cascudinho ” or “ besouro-de-chifre ” (Lenko and Papavero 1996). The subfamily is currently subdivided in eight accepted tribes (whose definitions are unstable), six of which are known from Neotropical region, all represented in Brazil: Agaocephalini, Cyclocephalini, Dynastini, Oryctini, Pentodontini and Phileurini (Endrödi 1985). The taxonomic knowledge on the Brazilian dynastines is largely fragmented in literature and the synopsis published by Endrödi (1985) remains the main work covering the taxonomy of most tribes, genera and species. An up to date on the taxonomy for most taxa of the Dynastinae from Brazil is needed, mainly for greatly specious genera such as Cyclocephala Dejean, 1821 and Heterogomphus Burmeister, 1847. However, it’s worth highlighting the importance of recent taxonomic studies that produced new information regarding the Brazilian dynastines [see Sobral et al. (2018) for Aegopsis Burmeister, 1847; López-GarcÍa and Deloya (2019, 2022) for Tomarus Erichson, 1847; Sobral et al. (2019) for Colacus Ohaus, 1910; Duarte and Grossi (2020 a), and Duarte et al. (2022) for Bothynus Hope, 1837; Duarte and Grossi (2020 b) for Podischnus Burmeister, 1847; Prandi et al. (2020) for Megasoma Kirby, 1825; Costa et al. (2022) for Gibboryctes Endrödi, 1974]. Adults of Dynastinae from Neotropical region are recognized by the body usually without metallic aspect (except some members of Agaocephalini); labrum not apparent, hidden below clypeus; outer margin of mandibles mostly exposed laterally to clypeus; antennae usually with 10 antenomeres and club with three lamellae; meso- and metatarsi with both claws simple, equal, not movable, devoid of cleft, tooth or serrations; propygidium with or without stridulatory striae; sexual dimorphism usually pronounced: males of some taxa ornamented with remarkable horns that are absent or reduced in females. They are predominantly nocturnal or crepuscular when adults, being attracted to light at night (Ratcliffe et al. 2020). Some representatives of Cyclocephala are the main floral visitor of Annonaceae and Araceae in Brazil (Maia et al. 2012). The larval stages of Dynastinae usually feed on decaying plant matter, mainly wood (Ritcher 1958, Ratcliffe et al. 2020), while others feed on roots of living plants and, in some situations, they can be considered of economic importance by damaging roots of cultivated plants (Gassen 1989, Lourenção et al. 1999, Oliveira and Frizzas 2021, Oliveira et al. 2008, Cherman and Grossi 2020).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D66666181335E63B9F3C3CFC63.taxon	description	Figs 4 G, 6 A Diagnosis. The most conspicuous and useful characteristic to separate Ochodaeidae from other Scarabaeoidea family is the presence of a pectinate spur on the mesotibia (Fig. 6 A). No other family of Scarabaeoidea has this characteristic (see Paulsen and Ocampo 2012). Remarks. The Ochodaeidae are a widespread family with 159 described species in 22 genera and two extant subfamilies (one extinct; Schoolmeesters 2023). The dichotomous key provide by Paulsen and Ocampo (2012) is the unique tool to identify the South American species. For the Brazilian territory, just three species in one genus (Parochodaeus Nikolajev, 1995) are reported: Parochodaeus jatahyensis (Benderitter, 1912) from Goiás (GO), P. campsognathus (Arrow, 1904) from Mato Grosso (MT) and Rio Grande do Sul (RS), and P. cornutus (Ohaus, 1910) also from RS (Vaz-de-Mello and Costa-Silva 2023). With the exception of the study by Paulsen and Ocampo (2012), no other study has addressed the South American fauna of Ochodaeidae. Available data on the natural history of Ochodaeidae are limited (Carlson 1975). Recent studies have mentioned species of Ochodaeidae as agricultural pests of the summer truffle (Asmomycota: Tuberaceae: Tuber aestivum Vittadini, 1831) in the Galilee region, Israel (Huchet et al. 2022). In the Brazilian context, despite the economic growth in the production and trade of hypogeous fungi (e. g., truffles and / or plants with mycorrhizal associations; see Sulzbacher et al. 2012, 2019, Grupe et al. 2018), the ecological relationships between Ochodaeidae and truffle cultivation remain unknown. Based on the material we examined in South American entomological collections, species of Ochodaeidae can be collected using flight interception traps and light traps.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666651812371D3A293ECFFD2E.taxon	description	Fig. 4 M Diagnosis. One of the greatest peculiarities of the family is the undoubtedly remarkable morphological homogeneity. Most of species share the same basic morphological plan, which is further accentuated by a very rare visible sexual dimorphism (Boucher 2006). Passalidae are represented by individuals with medium to large size (13 – 80 mm), morphologically similar to some Lucanidae. However, this group can be easily distinguished from other families of Scarabaeoidea by having the following set of characters: strongly sclerotized body, with shiny black color, dorsoventrally flattened, elytra completely covering the abdomen and distinctly striated with evident punctations; prothorax separated from the elytra by a long pedunculated mesonotum, where the visible scutellum is located anteriorly and below the frontal edge of the elytra. Prognathous head with robust and strongly sclerotized mandibles having a complex dentition system; labrum large and rigid, spatulate, prominent and retractable that slides almost entirely into the oral cavity; ligula exposed, fully sclerotized, relatively large and located in front of the mentum; hypostomal process always developed, taller and longer than in other Scarabaeoidea. Dorsal region of head provided with several integumentary structures more or less concave or convex, unique in Passalidae. Remarks. Passalidae, with about 1,000 valid species, are a relatively small group when compared to the other families of Scarabaeoidea. These wood-degrading beetles occur essentially in the Pantropical area, with a few species present in the Nearctic (Reyes-Castillo 1970, Boucher 2006).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D666651812371D3A293ECFFD2E.taxon	description	In Brazil, the composition of the family is as follows: within Passalini, there are nine genera present in the country. Passalus, the most prominent genus, boasts 36 species and four subspecies. Pertinax Kaup, 1869, follows with 17 species and one subspecies; while Paxillus MacLeay, 1819, contributes nine species. Spasalus Kaup, 1869, is represented by seven species, Rhagonocerus Kaup, 1871, by five species, and Passipassalus Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo, 1993, includes three species. Neleuops Kuwert, 1891, Ptichopus Kaup, 1869, and Toxeutotaenius Kuwert, 1896, each encompass two species. For Proculini, the largest genus is Veturius with 22 species, follow by Popilius Kaup, 1871, with seven species, and Verres Kaup, 1871 with a single species. Taxonomic knowledge about the Brazilian Passalidae fauna is dispersed in several works. However, it is possible to highlight as the main ones, the works of Luederwaldt (1931 a, 1934 a, 1934 b, 1941) which is still considered the most complete work on Brazilian Passalids, the description of Passipassalus by Fonseca and Reyes-Castillo (1993), the review of the Brazilian species of Paxillus by Mattos and Mermudes (2013), and Boucher et al. (2016) for Veturius. For summaries of local fauna and / or descriptions of new taxa there are the works of Fonseca (1988), Bevilaqua and Fonseca (2019, 2020) for Amazonian fauna and Mattos and Mermudes (2014, 2015, 2016, 2018) for the fauna of the south and southeast regions of the Atlantic Forest. With advances in research, the number of species and the level of understanding of Brazilian species will increase in the coming years.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D66664180D37763CF53EC3F97A.taxon	description	Figs 5 H – I, 6 F – G Diagnosis. Antennae with 8 or 9 antenomeres, with lamellae mobile and compactable club formed by the last three antennomeres. Clypeus and gena dorsoventrally flattened and usually forming a broad anterior surface, being separated from each other by a dorsal suture (sometimes indistinct). Mandibles in Brazilian species with incisive area membranous. Labrum and mandibles not visible, base of mandibles sometimes visible laterally. Abdomen with six ventrites. Remarks. Scarabaeidae are a cosmopolitan family with 36,009 described species (Schoolmeesters 2023). In Brazil, it is represented with 826 species and 104 genera distributed into two subfamilies (Table 2): Scarabaeinae (Fig. 5 I) and Aphodiinae (Fig. 5 H). This family is, in its majority, composed of coprophagous beetles which feed and nest directly on the faecal matter of mammals, giving them the popular name of dung beetles (Halffter and Edmonds 1982). The subfamilies can be determined by the following combination of characters: Scarabaeinae mesocoxae are usually separated by a distance greater than or equal to their width and the metatibiae generally presents only one apical spur; on the other hand, Aphodiinae mesocoxae are usually separated by a distance smaller than their width and the metatibiae generally presents two apical spurs. Scarabaeinae usually have the propygidium and pygidium exposed, while in Aphodiinae the propygidium is completely covered by the elytra and the pygidium is partially covered. Other differences can be found in the reproductive system: females of Scarabaeinae have only one ovary with one ovariole, while females of Aphodiinae have two ovaries each with six ovarioles.	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D66664180D37763CF53EC3F97A.taxon	description	The knowledge on the Aphodiinae has improved considerably in recent years with many groups being reviewed. The Italians, Marco and Giovanni Dellacasa, have reviewed many groups in Aphodiini, thus, it is recommended to consult these authors when studying this tribe (see Dellacasa et al. 2001, 2011, 2012). Many groups of Eupariini have also been reviewed (see Stebnicka 2009), including Ataenius Harold, 1867, the most specious genus in the New World with at least 190 described species (Stebnicka 2007 b). In Brazil, 55 species of Ataenius are recognized, representing approximately 37 % of the Aphodiinae known in Brazil (Vaz-de-Mello 2023 b). Ten of the 11 species groups of Ataenius are present in Brazil and keys for these groups or for species within each species group can be found in Stebnicka’s works (2001 b, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 c, Stebnicka and Lago 2005). Psammodiini in Brazil have no recent taxonomic revisions; the last study was conducted by Gordon and Pittino (1992). For the identification of genera and species of Neotropical Odontolochini, Skelley (2007 b) is recommended. For the Rhyparini, only two genera are present in Brazil: Aschnarhyparus Makhan, 2006 and Termitodius Wasmann, 1894; both genera have been briefly reviewed by Skelley (2007 a) and Skelley et al. 2022). Whereas, the subfamily Scarabaeinae is a highly diverse group, comprising approximately 6,840 species distributed worldwide (Schoolmeesters 2023). They are primarily coprophagous, with some exhibiting secondary necrophagy or saprophagy (Halffter and Edmonds 1982). These beetles typically have an oval-shaped body, with species ranging from 1.9 mm (e. g., Degallieridium lilliputanum Vaz-de-Mello, 2008) to more than 50 mm in length – e. g., Coprophanaeus ensifer (Germar in Wiedemann and Germar, 1821). The genera and subgenera of Neotropical Scarabaeinae can be identified using the multilingual dichotomous key available in Vaz-de-Mello et al. (2011). In Brazil, there are 784 described species of Scarabaeinae in 68 genera (Vaz-de-Mello 2023 b). However, this number is subject to change as ongoing taxonomic research on scarab beetles progresses. Despite numerous taxonomic studies conducted in recent years on various groups, such as Sylvicanthon Halffter & MartÍnez, 1977 (Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello 2018), Scybalocanthon MartÍnez, 1948 (Silva and Valois 2019), Canthon (Pseudepilissus) MartÍnez, 1954 (Vieira et al. 2020), Canthon (Peltecanthon) Pereira, 1953 (Nunes et al. 2020 a); Canthon (Goniocanthon) Pereira & MartÍnez, 1956 (Nunes et al. 2019); Dichotomius (Homocanthonides) Luederwaldt, 1929 (Maldaner et al. 2018), Deltochilum (Deltohyboma) Lane, 1946 (González-Alvarado and Vaz-de-Mello 2021), Agamopus Bates, 1887 (Costa-Silva et al. 2022), and Dichotomius (Cephagonus) Luederwaldt, 1929 (Nunes and Vaz-de-Mello 2020 b) – see Cupello et al. 2023 for a comprehensive list. Many highly specious and problematics groups such as Uroxys Westwood, 1842, Canthidium Erichson, 1847 and Ateuchus Weber, 1801 are still considered taxonomical gaps and are in need of revisions (Cupello et al. 2023). As a result of this growing effort in understanding the New World diversity of Scarabaeinae, the number of revisions and the discovery of new species has grown steadily over the last three decades (Cupello et al 2023). One of the key factors promoting these taxonomic advances is the interest in using the group as bioindicators by ecologists focused on conservation biology (see Cupello et al 2023 for more information). This new interest not only pushed taxonomists to provide reliable identifications and identification tools for researchers from other fields (e. g., ecologists) but also the growing number of specimens collected by these professionals provide taxonomists with the means for resolving some major taxonomic gaps (Cupello et al 2023). Typically, Scarabaeinae are collected using pitfall traps baited with mammalian dung (i. e., cattle, human and pig), mushroom, decaying fruits as well as decaying carrion (Halffter and Matthews 1966, Costa-Silva et al. 2018, Raine and Slade 2019). Recent studies have shown that flight interception is an efficient method for dung beetles, given their strong flying abilities, and some species are only sampled through pitfall or flight interception traps, with these two collection methods being complementary (Puker et al. 2020, Ong et al. 2021, Bach et al. 2023).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
4B4787D6667B180D35873EE83BA2F9CA.taxon	description	Figs 5 G, 6 E Diagnosis. Adults of Trogidae differ from other Scarabaeoidea families by presenting an abdomen with five ventrites and the dorsal surface of elytra with tubercles. Only few exceptions exist within trogids, such as Omorgus (Haroldomorgus) batesi (Harold, 1872), where the tubercles are absent; for further details, refer to Costa-Silva et al. (2021). Trogidae species share a morphological resemblance with Glaresidae species. Nevertheless, these two families can be distinguished by the absence of eyes divided by a canthus in Trogidae (Fig. 6 E), a feature that is present in Glaresidae (see Scholtz 1986 and Strümpher et al. 2016 for more detailed information; Fig. 6 D). Remarks. Trogidae are a cosmopolitan family with approximately 340 described species in five genera and two extant subfamilies (ZÍdek 2017, also see Strümpher et al. 2016 for an overview of the family). For Brazil, the trogids are a welldocumented group consisting of 17 species belonging to two genera: Polynoncus Burmeister, 1876, and Omorgus Erichson, 1847 (Costa-Silva and Vaz-de-Mello 2023 b). The Brazilian fauna of Omorgus was recently reviewed by Costa-Silva et al. (2021), who reported seven species in two subgenera (the widespread Omorgus and the monotypic Haroldomorgus Scholtz, 1986). The genus Polynoncus, endemic from South America, was recently reviewed by Costa-Silva et al. (2024), where 38 described species were recognized (Scholtz 1990, Costa-Silva and Diéguez 2020, Costa-Silva et al. 2024), with 10 reported from Brazil (Vaurie 1962, Scholtz 1990, ZÍdek 2017, Costa-Silva and Vaz-de-Mello 2023 b). A dichotomous key and high-resolution photographs of types of Polynoncus and Brazilian Omorgus can be found in Costa-Silva et al. (2024) and Costa-Silva et a. (2021), respectively. The morphological description of trogid larvae is a poorly explored field of study. According to ZÍdek (2017), only four larvae description are known to South America, being only two from Brazil: Omorgus suberosus (Fabricius, 1775) and O. persuberosus (Vaurie, 1962) – see Scholtz (1993). Species of Trogidae are typically collected throughout the year using various methods such as pitfall traps baited with decaying organic matter, light traps, flight interception traps (FIT), or by actively searching under animal carcasses (the former for larvae and adults).	en	Costa-Silva, Vinícius da, Ferreira, André da Silva, Bordin, Bruna R., Basílio, Daniel S., Rodrigues, Diego F., Gama, Emanuel R. R., Fuhrmann, Juares, Mariano, Júlia, Bevilaqua, Marcus, Cherman, Mariana A., Duarte, Paulo R. M., Grossi, Paschoal C., Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z. (2024): Brazilian Scarabaeoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) in the Taxonomic Catalogue of the Brazilian Fauna, with a key for families and subfamilies. Zoologia (e 23075) 41: 1-37, DOI: 10.1590/S1984-4689.v41.e23075, URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-4689.v41.e23075
