identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4F6387C4DF6CE516FCE7F906FB473A39.text	4F6387C4DF6CE516FCE7F906FB473A39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dna extraction	<div><p>DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing</p><p>Most of the herbarium specimens of Croton from Sumatra are of very old age, from the late 19th century until 1980, and in a degraded state due to outdated collection and drying methods. Therefore, the extraction method and primers used were chosen for the highest chance of yield instead of the best quality. Initial DNA extraction of the Sumatran material was done using small (c. 1 cm 2) pieces of leaves from herbarium specimens, using the CTAB DNA extraction method (Doyle &amp; Doyle 1987). Due to the age and state of the material, ITS was sequenced in two parts. First ITS1 with primers M13F-17SE and M13R-5.8I1 and secondly ITS2 with primers M13F-5.8I2 and M13R-26SE (Sun et al. 1994). Amplifications for ITS were conducted in a total volume of 25 µL containing 1 µL template 20 × diluted DNA, 13.4 µL mQ water (Ultrapure, Uithoorn, The Netherlands), 5 µL 5 × PCR buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, USA), 1 µL 25mM MgCL 2 (Qaigen, Valencia, USA), 1 µL 10 mg /ml BSA (Promega, Madison, USA), 1.3 µL of each primer with a concentration of 10 pMol/uL, 0.5 µL 2.5 mM dNTP and 0.5 µL Phire Green Hot Start II DNA Polymerase (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham USA). Amplification conditions included an initial denaturation of 60 s at 98 °C, followed by 40 cycles of 10 s denaturation at 98 °C, 10 s annealing at 52 °C, and 20 s extension at 72 °C, followed by a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. A disadvantage of this method is that the 5.8S region between the two ITS regions is not sequenced. For the trn L-F region, the primers used were M13F- trn L-g and M13R- trn L-h (Taberlet et al. 2007) which are renowned for amplifying old and degraded material due to the small size of the target fragment (~100 bp). These proved to be too small and did not contain any phylogenetic information at the species level and are thus ignored in the Bayesian analysis. High throughput Sequencing took place at Baseclear (Leiden, the Netherlands).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF6CE516FCE7F906FB473A39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF6AE51DFCE7FEE6FED43835.text	4F6387C4DF6AE51DFCE7FEE6FED43835.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton argyratus Blume	<div><p>2. Croton argyratus Blume — Fig. 3d–f</p><p>Croton argyratus Blume (1826) 602 (‘ argyratum ’); Müll.Arg. (1866) 526; Hook.f. (1887) 385; J.J.Sm. (1910) 336; Merr. (1921a) 336; (1923) 425; Ridl.(1924) 260, p.p. (‘ argyratum ’); Gagnep.(1925) 277;Merr.(1926) 381; (1929) 156; Burkill (1935) 688; M.R.Hend. (1939) 70; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 476; Airy Shaw (1972a ‘ 1971 ’) 243; Whitmore (1973) 85; Airy Shaw (1975) 90; (1976) 385; (1980a) 616; (1981a) 284; (1982a) 14; (1983) 17; Corner (1988) 283, text-f.81; Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr. (1997 ‘1992’) 22,f. 1, map 1; Esser (2005) 193, f. 45,plate X: 2; Esser &amp; Veldkamp (2008) 169, f. 1d–f; Chakrab.(2019) 629. — Croton argyratus Blume var. genuinus Müll. Arg. (1866) 526,nom. inval. — Oxydectes argyrata (Blume) Kuntze (1891) 611. — Lectotype (designated by Esser &amp; Veldkamp 2008): Blume s.n. (lecto L [L0233566]!;possible isolecto A [00106971]!,BM [BM000630468]! as no. 230, P n.v.), Indonesia, Java. Airy Shaw (1980a) appointed Blume s.n. (BO) ‘in sylvis montium calcareorum Provinciarum occidentalium Javae’ as type, but that text is copied from Blume (1826), and does not appear as such on labels, therefore no specific specimen was mentioned and thus no lectotypification).</p><p>Croton bicolor Roxb. [(1814) 69,nom.nud.], (1832) 680. — Oxydectes bicolor (Roxb.) Kuntze (1891) 611. — Lectotype (designated by Chakrabarty &amp; Balakrishnan 1997: 22): Icones Roxburgianae 2558 (lecto CAL (2561 on drawing); isolecto K (2551 on drawing)), Indonesia, Sumatra, probably Bengkulu, Fort Marlborough.</p><p>Croton zollingeri Miq. (1859) 381. — Lectotype (designated here): Zollinger 963­Z (lecto U [U 007936]!, as Unknown s.n.; isolecto A [0010017]!), Indonesia, Java.</p><p>Croton argyratus Blume var. hypoleucus Müll.Arg. (1864) 483; (1866) 526. — Lectotype (designated by Esser &amp; Veldkamp 2008): Motley 758 (lecto K [K000959191]!), Borneo, Banjarmasin.</p><p>Croton argyratus Blume var. brevipes Müll.Arg. (1866) 527. — Lectotype (designated by Esser &amp; Veldkamp 2008): Zollinger 3212 (lecto G-DC [G00311485]!; isolecto A [00047510]!, G [G00434384]!, [G00434386]!), Indonesia, Java.</p><p>Croton argyratus Blume var. gracilis Müll.Arg. (1866) 527. — Lectotype (designated by Esser &amp; Veldkamp 2008): Zollinger 3809 (lecto G-DC [G00311486]*; isolecto BM [BM000630468]!, CAL [CAL0000023639]*, G [G00434385]!, W [1889-0074726]!), Indonesia, Bali.</p><p>Croton avellaneus Croizat (1942b) 498. — Type: BS (Ramos &amp; Edaño) 43977 (holo A [00047539]!; iso BM!, G!, W [1930-0001714]!), Philippines, Sulu Archipelago, Tawitawi .</p><p>Trees, to 30 m tall, dbh to 40 cm; young branchlets densely pubescent, slightly glabrescent. Outer bark smooth, dark grey; inner bark white to pink. Indumentum consisting of stellate to stellate-lepidote, hyaline trichomes with a small brownish centre on leaves and sepals, creamish brown trichomes on leaf veins and capsules, 0.2–0.4 mm diam, flat, often with a central porrect radius, with 15–25 free to slightly fused radii. Stipules filiform to subulate, (3–)8–20(–25) by 0.3–2 mm, densely pubescent on both sides, caducous. Leaves alternate; petiole (2–)4–12(–15) cm long, sulcate, slightly grooved above, densely pubescent; glands as flat discs lateral on the very base of the midrib, 1–1.5 mm diam, sessile, often hard to spot; blade elliptic to slightly ovate, 9–22 by 5.5–10 cm, 1.5–2.3(–2.9) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base obtuse to rounded with very base distinctly cordate and slightly peltate, margin entire to subserrate, apex acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side completely and densely silvery-pubescent without visible surface and not glabrescent, brownish trichomes only on the largest veins and on immature leaves; venation distinct, sunken above, raised below, very indistinct to distinct with 3 or 5 prominent basal veins, secondary veins 8–10 pairs, higher order nerves distinct. Inflorescences 1(–3) per node, 10–22(–30) cm long, bisexual (occasionally one sex only), densely pubescent all over, basally 7–17(–26) pistillate flowers, rarely 1–2 staminate flowers in the same cymule of a pistillate flower, apically 1–3 staminate flowers per node; bracts ensiform to triangular-ovate, 1.3–2 by 0.5–0.8 mm, densely pubescent outside, inside subglabrous, caducous. Staminate flowers 5–6.5 mm diam; pedicel 4–6 mm long, round, densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, c. 2.5 by 0.5 mm, outside densely pubescent; petals oblong, c. 2.8 by 1 mm, outside glabrous to slightly lanate; stamens 11–15, filaments 3–4 mm long, anthers 1–1.5 by 0.2–0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 8–9 mm diam; pedicel 4–6 mm long (up to 12 mm in fruit), sulcate, densely pubescent; sepals elliptic, 4–6 by 2–3 mm, apex obtuse (to acute), outside densely pubescent, inside slightly lanate, much longer than ovary; petals elliptic, c. 3 by 1.5 mm, apex acute, outside densely pubescent, inside with scattered trichomes, margin lanate, usually absent; ovary globose, 2– 3 by 2 – 3 mm, densely yellowish brown pubescent; style less than 0.4 mm long, densely pubescent; stigmas 6–8 mm long, once divided to 5–7.5 mm from apex, pubescent near base. Capsules globose (sometimes near obovoid), (10–) 13–19 mm high by (10–) 12–18 mm diam, not sulcate, densely pubescent; pericarp very thick (1–2 mm) and woody; columella 12–15 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, flattened, 11–14 by 8–11 mm, glabrous, with a very small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Malesia: Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Riau, Jambi, Sumatera Selatan, Lampung), Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Open areas, hill slopes and partly dis- turbed places in evergreen primary forest, secondary forest or mountain forest, at rocky streams and roadsides. Altitude: sea level to 1200 m. Flowering:April –June, September, December; fruiting: August–November, January.</p><p>Affinities — Croton section Argyrati (Van Ee et al. 2015) .</p><p>Vernacular names — Kayu bulan (Burkill 1935), Kayu Pos- kas (Sumatera Utara), Kayu si marattimang (Sumatera Utara), Dada kedih (Aceh), Giyak putih (Lampung), Setima (Burkill 1935).</p><p>Uses — Wood seemingly of little value, but in some areas of the Malay Peninsula used for building, or to keep fires going (Andaman Islands) as it smoulders for a long time. Decoctions of leaves and stem are used to cure diarrhoea, also given after childbirth (Burkill 1935).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF6AE51DFCE7FEE6FED43835	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF64E51DFFA8FACEFBAB39A2.text	4F6387C4DF64E51DFFA8FACEFBAB39A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton beccarii J. Beyer 2023	<div><p>3. Croton beccarii J.Beyer, sp. nov.</p><p>Resembling C. laevifolius vegetatively but differing in stipule shape and width (filiform, 0.3–0.5 mm wide in C. beccarii vs subulate, 0.5–1 mm wide in C. laevifolius), leaf indument (abaxially scattered trichomes in C. beccarii vs (sub)glabrous in C. laevifolius); also C. beccarii has shorter inflorescences (2–7 cm long vs 5–23 cm long), densely pubescent sepals and pedicels in pistillate flowers, and densely pubescent small, globose, hardly sulcate capsules (4–5 mm diam), while C. laevifolius has overall more glabrous inflorescences and larger distinctly 3-lobed obovoid capsules (5–8(–13) mm high by 4–7 mm diam) with scattered trichomes. — Type: Beccari PS 973 (holo L [L.2203857]!,iso FI-B!), Indonesia, Sumatera Barat,Sungei Bulu, Sept.1878.</p><p>Trees or shrubs, young branchlets densely pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of creamy to amber stellate trichomes with a darker centre, 0.1–0.3 mm diam, flat to slightly erect, often with a short central porrect radius and 10– 20 free radii. Stipules filiform to subulate, 2–6(–8) by 0.3–0.5 mm, densely pubescent on both sides, caducous. Leaves pseudo-verticillate; petiole 0.5–3.5 cm long, grooved above, with scattered trichomes to slightly pubescent (denser at very base and very apex); glands elevated to slightly stalked discs, lateral on the very apex of the petiole, 0.3–0.5 mm diam, elevation/stalk 0.1–0.4 mm high; blade elliptic, 7–15 by 3–7 cm, 1.6–2.6(–3) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base obtuse to acute, margin slightly serrulate to subentire, teeth 4–6 mm apart, without apical trichomes nor marginal glands, apex acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side with scattered trichomes (denser near base and large veins), epidermis visible; venation distinct, sunken above, not triplinerved, secondary veins 7–11 pairs, higher order nerves slightly indistinct. Inflorescences 1–2(–5) per apical whorl, 2–7 cm long, erect, basally 1–18 pistillate flowers, rarely 1 or 2 staminate flowers at the same node as a pistillate flower, apically 1– 2 staminate flowers per node; bracts triangular-ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.2 mm, slightly pubescent on both sides, with a patch of simple trichomes on apex, caducous. Staminate flowers 3.5–4 mm diam; pedicel 1– 2 mm long, round to slightly flattened, slightly pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm, outside with scattered trichomes to slightly pubescent; petals oblong, c. 1.7 by 0.5 mm, outside glabrous; stamens c. 11, filaments 1–2 mm long, anthers c. 0.4 by 0.4. Pistillate flowers 3.5–4 mm diam; pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, 2–2.5 by 0.8–1.5 mm, slightly longer than ovary, outside densely pubescent, glabrescent near apex and margin, with a patch of very short simple trichomes on apex; petals absent; ovary 3-lobed, globose, c. 2 by 2 mm long, sulcate, very densely yellowish pubescent to almost hispid; style nearly absent to 0.2 mm long, densely pubescent; stigmas c. 2.3 mm long, fused at base, once divided to c. 2 mm from apex. Capsules globose, 4–5 mm diam, rough, hardly sulcate, very densely yellowish pubescent; pericarp very thin (c. 0.1 mm). Seeds probably obovoid, c. 3.5 by 2 mm, glabrous, likely carunculate.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Sumatra (Sumatera Barat).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Flowering: September.</p><p>Affinities — Unknown, as molecular data are lacking, but morphologically highly similar to C. laevifolius (which is also not included in the phylogeny) and other species within the ‘ Riau pocket’ clade (Fig. 1: group I 4), based on the lack of colleters and similarities in trichomes and leaf shape.</p><p>Note — The description of seeds and capsules is based on very limited material, only three capsules were present and one seed, all very distorted.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF64E51DFFA8FACEFBAB39A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF64E51EFCE7FB7DFACD3C00.text	4F6387C4DF64E51EFCE7FB7DFACD3C00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton cascarilloides Raeusch.	<div><p>4. Croton cascarilloides Raeusch.</p><p>Croton cascarilloides Raeusch. (1797) 280; Merr. (1934) 60, non Geiseler (1807); (1935) 234; Croizat (1942a) 46; Airy Shaw (1963) 344; (1972a ‘1971’) 244; Whitmore (1973) 84; Airy Shaw (1975) 91; (1981a) 284;(1982a) 14; (1983) 18; Esser (2005) 197; B.T. Li &amp; Esser (2008) 260. — Croton punctatus Lour. (1790) 581 (‘ punctatum ’), nom. illeg., non Jacq. (1786); Müll.Arg. (1866) 565; Gagnep. (1925) 290. — Lectotype (first step, appointing herbarium: Merrill 1935: 34; second step, appointing sheet, designated here): Loureiro s.n. (lecto BM [BM000926610]!; isolecto BM [BM000926609]!), Cochinchine (= southern Vietnam).</p><p>Croton polystachyus Hook. &amp; Arn. (1838) 270, nom. illeg., non C. polystachyus Spreng.(1826) 868. — Type: Beechey s.n. (holo K [K000959133]*), Loo Choo Islands (Ryukyu Islands). Hooker &amp; Arnott refer to Willdenow (meaning Sprengel) with a question mark, but as C. polystachus Spreng. (not polystachyus) is from Brazil, the name is here considered as the introduction of a new name/species.</p><p>Croton cumingii Müll.Arg.(1865) 101;(1866) 566; Craib (1911) 463;(1912)190; Merr.(1923) 426;Ridl. (1924) 261; Gagnep. (1925) 264;M.R.Hend. (1939) 30, 70. — Oxydectes cumingii (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze (1891) 611. — Lectotype (designated here): Cuming 1384 (lecto G [G00434383]!; isolecto A [00099662] packet!, BM [BM000926594]!, E!, GDC [G00311739]!, GOET [GOET003339]!, [GOET003340]!, [GOET003341]!, K [K0009591761]!, [K000959177]!,KIEL!,L[L0016148]!,[L0062226]!,[L0062227]!,[L0062228]!, NY n.v., W 3 sheets!), Philippines, Luzon, Prov. Albay.</p><p>Croton cumingii Müll.Arg. var. angustifolius Gagnep. (1925) 264. — Lectotype (designated here): Poilane 1725 (lecto A [A00105618]!; isolecto A [A[00105617 p.p.]!, BM!, E [E00327461]!, K!, NY [00452493]!), Vietnam, Prov. Thanh-hoa, à La-han.</p><p>Croton pierrei Gagnep. (1922 ‘1921’) 558; (1925) 265. — Lectotype (designated here): Pierre 6233 (lecto P [P00109484]!; isolecto A [00072716]!,BM [000551499]*, as Pierre s.n., E [E00327460]!, G [G00358191]*, as Pierre s.n., GH [00099664]!, NY [00262986]!, as Pierre s.n, P [P00109485]!), Cochinchine,Prov.deTy-ninh,MontDeonba(perhapsalsoinK(K000959153)*, as Pierre s.n., but locality missing). Remaining syntypes: Harmand 631 (P!), Vietnam, Nui-cam; Thorel s.n. (A!, P!), Laos, La-khon.</p><p>Croton cascarilloides Raeusch. var. pilosus Y.T. Chang (1983) 171. — Type: ZX Zhang &amp; SL Wang 4051 (holo KUN n.v.), China, Guangxi.</p><p>Shrubs or small trees, to 5 m tall, dbh to 12 cm; young branch-lets densely pubescent, hardly glabrescent. Outer bark thin, smooth, dark grey. Indumentum consisting of lepidote, hyaline trichomes with a yellow brownish centre to completely brown, scattered (on leaves) to dense (floral parts and stems), 0.3–0.6 diam, flat, circular, with c. 60–80 fused radii (less on adaxial side of leaf). Stipules ensiform, 3–6 by 0.5–1.2 mm long, densely pubescent on both sides, caducous. Leaves alternate in lower parts, pseudo-verticillate apically with 2–4(–6) leaves per ‘whorl’; petiole (0.5–) 1–5 cm long, sulcate, grooved above, densely pubescent; glands as flat discs lateral on the base of abaxial midrib, 0.4–1 mm diam, sessile; blade elliptic, (6–)8–22 by 2.5–8 cm, (2–)2.6–3.4 times longer than wide, chartaceous, base rounded to subcordate, margin entire, apex acuminate (occasionally acute to obtuse), adaxial side pubescent in young leaves to (sub)glabrous in old leaves, abaxial side completely and densely silvery-pubescent without visible surface, not glabrescent, scattered darker trichomes visible as distinct dots; venation with a very distinct main vein, sunken above, not triplinerved, secondary veins 9–15 pairs, higher order nerves very indistinct. Inflorescences 1(–2) per node, 0.5–2 cm long, densely brownish pubescent throughout, not glabrescent, with very few flowers, erect, basally 1– 3 pistillate flowers, apically 2 – 6 staminate flowers, the medium part sometimes with scars only (flowers caducous), staminate flowers never at the same node as a pistillate flower; bracts triangular, 1.5–3 by 1–1.5 mm, densely pubescent on both sides, eglandular, soon caducous. Staminate flowers c. 4 mm diam; pedicel 0.5–1.5 mm long, round, densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, c. 2 by 1.5 mm, silverly brown to dark brown, completely pubescent; petals oblong, c. 2 by 1 mm, glabrous outside, lanate on margin and apex; stamens 11–16, free, filaments c. 1.5 mm long, anthers c. 1 by 0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 5 mm diam; pedicel 1.5–3 mm long, round, densely pubescent; sepals elliptic, 2– 3 by 1–2 mm, densely pubescent, larger than ovary; petals absent; ovary globose, c. 1.5 by 2 mm, densely pubescent; styles less than 0.5 mm long; stigmas 3–3.5 mm long, fused at the very base, divided twice to 1–2 mm from apex. Capsules obovoid, clearly 3-lobed, almost as 3 individual capsules, 5–6 by 6–6.5 mm, sulcate, apex pressed inwards, densely pubescent; pericarp inside with scattered trichomes; columella 4–5 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, 4.5–5.5 by c. 4 mm, slightly flattened, very rough, glabrous except for a few stellate trichomes near the attachment, with a small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Japan (Ryukyu Islands), Taiwan,S China, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Aceh, Sumatera Barat), Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary dry evergreen or mixed evergreen/deciduous forest, bamboo-hardwood forest, secondary forest, on rocky slopes, hills, also along streambanks, usually shaded; collected on limestone, sandstone, clayey substrate. Altitude: sea level to 600 m. Flowering and fruiting the whole year through.</p><p>Affinities — The specimens present in our analysis and in that of Van Ee et al. (2015) showed a monophyletic species clade (Fig. 1: group H), part of a large polytomy with African, Asian, Australian and Pacific taxa. This species is not yet classified in any section, though Webster (1993) suggested either C. sect. Anisophyllum or C. sect. Monguia .</p><p>Uses — Bark and roots are used as an antipyretic (Esser 2005).</p><p>Notes — 1. Only one specimen from Sumatra was with fruit, therefore Thai specimens were used for describing the capsules and seeds .</p><p>2. An isotype of C. vidalii Airy Shaw ( Vidal y Soler 555 in A [00100144]!) is C. cascarilloides, but the holotype (K [K000959255]*) and another isotype (L [L.2212494]!) are most certainly not C. cascarilloides and indeed C. vidalii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF64E51EFCE7FB7DFACD3C00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF67E518FCE7FE98FAE43C00.text	4F6387C4DF67E518FCE7FE98FAE43C00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton caudatus Geiseler	<div><p>5. Croton caudatus Geiseler — Fig. 2b, 4</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler (1807) 73; Müll.Arg (1866) 599; Hook.f. (1887) 388; S. Moore (1925) 100; J.J.Sm. (1910) 352; Merr. (1921a) 336; (1923) 425; Gagnep.(1925) 286; Burkill (1935) 689 (‘ caudatum ’); Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 477; Airy Shaw (1972a ‘ 1971 ’) 245; Whitmore (1973) 85; Airy Shaw (1975) 92; (1981a) 284; Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr. (1997 ‘1992’) 37, map 2; Philcox (1997) 94; Esser (2005) 198; P.T. Li &amp; Esser (2008) 262; Chakrab. (2019) 3629. — Croton caudatus Geiseler var. genuinus Müll.Arg. (1866) 599, nom. inval. — Croton caudatus Geiseler var. caudatus: Kurz (1877) 375. — Oxydectes caudata (Geiseler) Kuntze (1891) 611. — Lectotype, designated by Chakrabarty &amp; Balakrishnan 1997): Rottler s.n. (lecto C [C 10011161]!), India orientalis.</p><p>Croton racemosus Burm.f.(1768) 206 (‘306’), nom. rej. — Lectotype (designated by Esser 2001): Anonymous (Herb. Houttuyn) s.n. (lecto G!), Sri Lanka.</p><p>Croton aromaticus Gaertn. (1791) 119 (‘ aromaticum ’), nom. illeg., non L. (1753). — Type: Not indicated.</p><p>Croton denticulatus Blume (1826) 603 (’ denticulatum ’), nom. illeg., non Geiseler (1807); Miq. (1861) 180, 452. — Lectotype (designated here): Unknown s.n. (lecto L [L.2210974]!), (Java,) Nussa Kambang.</p><p>Crotondrupaceus Roxb.[(1814)69,nom.nud.(‘drupaceum ’)](1832)683(‘drupaceum ’). — Lectotype (designated by Chakrabarty 2019): Roxburgh s.n. (BM [BM000951447]*).</p><p>Croton malvifolius Griff. (1848) 200. — Lectotype (designated here): Griffith 2518 (lecto BM [BM000951453]*), Boutan (= Bhutan). Other syntype: Griffith 1166 (GH [00099667]!), Bootan (= Bhutan).</p><p>Croton sumatranus Miq. (1859) 381. — Oxydectes sumatrana (Miq.) Kuntze (1891) 613. — Lectotype (designated here): Anonymous (likely Zollinger) s.n. (lecto U [U007934]!), Indonesia, Sumatra,Lampong (fragment).Another fragment, Zollinger 642 (A [00047516]!) was also indicated as duplicate, but Zollinger 642 is the type collection of C. caudatus var. oblongifolius (see next).</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. denticulatus Müll.Arg.(1866) 599. — Lectotype (designated here): Hooker &amp; Thomson s.n., s.d. (holo GDC [G00311925]*), Assam.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. oblongifolius Müll.Arg.(1866) 600. — Lectotype (designated here): Zollinger 642 (lecto GDC [G00311913]*; isolecto A [00047516]*,[00106972]!,GDC[G00311912]!,[G00311921]!,G [G00434381]!, [G00434382]!, L [L 0234052]!), Indonesia, Java.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. hispidus Hook.f.(1887) 389 (‘ hispida ’). — Type: not indicated.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. ruminatus Hook.f. (1887) 389 (‘ ruminata ’). — Lectotype (designated here): Griffith s.n., 1845 (lecto K [K000246831]*), India, Khasia Hills.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. globosus Hook.f. (1887) 389 (‘ globosa ’). — Type: not indicated.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. tomentosus Hook.f. (1887) 389 (‘ tomentosa ’). — Lectotype (designated here): Griffith s.n. (lecto K [K000246826]*), India, Assam; other syntype: Wallich num. list no. 8938 (BM!, CAL [CAL0000023625]*, K!, K-W!), India, Silhet.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. malaccanus Hook.f. (1887) 389 (‘ malaccana ’); Ridl. (1924) 259. — Lectotype (designated here): Griffth KD 4775 (lecto CAL [CAL0000023572]*; isolecto: K [K000246829]* without number, [K000246830]* without number, [K000959168]* without number, [K000959169]* without number, [K000959170]*, M [M-0241964]!, GDC [G00311922]!, GH [00099677]! without number, [00100129]! without number, W!, ZT!), Myanmar. Other syntype: Maingay KD 1376 (CAL [CAL0000023573]*, GH [00047511]!, L [L0233998]!, P!), Malaysia.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. harmandii Gagnep.(1925) 286. — Lectotype (designated here): Couderc s.n. (P [P00610256]*), Cambodia, Vat-Preah. Other syntypes: Harmand s.n. (A [00047489]!, K [K000959152]*), Cochinchine, delta du Mè-Không; Pierre s.n. (P n.v.) Cochinchine, Prov. de Bien-hoa.</p><p>Croton caudatus Geiseler var. obovoideus N.P.Balakr. &amp; Chakrab. (1985 ‘1983’) 190, f. 1. — Type: Sebastine 25343A (holo MH, n.v.; isotypes MH [MH 00001136 *, MH 00001133 *, MH00001135 *, MH00001134 *), India, Kerala, Kottayam Dist., Velara .</p><p>Croton laccifer auct. non L.: Airy Shaw (1972a ‘ 1971 ’) 248.</p><p>Straggling shrubs, woody climbers or lianas, to 12(–25) m long; young branchlets densely pubescent, slowly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of yellowish brown stellate-dendritic trichomes, with often a long central porrect radius, (0.1–) 0.3– 1.2 mm diam, with 6–13 free radii. Stipules filiform, 4–9 by 0.1–0.5 mm, sightly to densely pubescent on both sides, caducous. Leaves alternate; petiole 1–3.5(–5) cm long, round to slightly grooved above, densely to slightly pubescent; glands 1–2 (rarely 3–4) pairs of distinctly stalked discs, lateral on the very base of the abaxial midrib, 0.3–0.8(–1) mm diam, stalk 0.6–1(–2) mm long, additional smaller marginal glands common, 0.2–0.5 mm diam, stalk 0.1–0.6(–1) mm long (Fig. 2b); blade ovate to elliptic, 4–11 by 2.2–6.6 cm, 1.1–2.1(–2.5) times longer than wide, membranous to chartaceous, base cordate, sometimes nearly rounded, margin (double-)serrate to subentire, apex acute to acuminate, distinctly brownish pubescent on both sides (very variable in density), on veins more dense than in between, adaxial side less densely pubescent than abaxial side, leaf surface always visible; venation very distinct, sunken above, actinodromous with 3 or 5 prominent basal veins, secondary veins 4–7 pairs, higher order nerves reticulate. Inflorescences thyrsoid, 1–3 per node, 6 –18 cm long, bisexual (occasionally only staminate flowers), densely pubescent all over, basally 6–21 pistillate flowers, apically 1–2(–3) staminate flowers per node; bracts filiform, 2–3 by 0.1–0.2 mm, eglandular (very rarely with a small but distinct stalked gland), outside pubescent, inside subglabrous, soon caducous. Staminate flowers 4–5.5(–7) mm diam; pedicel 3–8 mm long, round, densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, 2–3 by 1.2–2 mm, outside densely pubescent, lanate on margin and apex, inside glabrous; petals oblong to slightly obovate, 2.5–3 by 0.7–1(–1.5) mm, outside glabrous to slightly lanate, inside glabrous to slightly lanate; stamens 18– 30, filaments 2–4 long, anthers 0.5–1 by 0.3–0.5, free. Pistillate flowers 6– 8 mm diam; pedicel 1–2 mm long (up to 4 mm in fruit), densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, 3–4 by 1.5–3.5 mm, outside slightly pubescent, inside (sub)glabrous, with a patch of simple trichomes on apex, sometimes margin with small glandular bumps, slightly longer than ovary; petals absent; ovary globose, c. 3 by 3 mm, densely yellowish hispid; style absent; stigmas 4–6 mm long, once divided to 3.9–5.9 mm from apex, slightly pubescent near base. Capsules globose, 12–20 mm high by 12–22(–25) mm diam, not sulcate, rough to slightly muriculate, densely brownish pubescent; pericarp woody, 0.5–1.3(–2) mm thick; columella 10–13 mm long. Seeds globose, partly flattened, 8 –10 by 8 –11 mm, with scattered trichomes to slightly pubescent, carunculate.</p><p>Distribution — Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China (Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Aceh, Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat,Sumatera Selatan,Banka-Belitung), Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands; Australia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In peat swamp forest, deciduous and evergreen forest, secondary forests and thickets, along rivers and streams.Altitude: sea level to 700 m. Flowering and fruiting the whole year through.</p><p>Affinities — The sole member of Croton section Caudati (Van Ee et al. 2015) .</p><p>Uses — Mainly medicinal, a root decoction is used for purg- ing the intestines, also used when the person has a cold or is feverish, in combination with Plumbago the decoction can act as abortifacient. The leaves can also be used as poultice with fevers. Twigs are used in basketry (all Burkill 1935). In Indonesia, dried bark is used to relieve stomach disorders (Esser 2005).</p><p>Notes — 1. Highly diverse in density of indumentum and size and amount of muricae on the capsules. Only one Sumatran collection with a pistillate flower, therefore material from the Malay Peninsula was also used. Only specimen Elbert s.n. (L.2211126) has a small gland on two floral bracts.</p><p>2. The type sheets of Croton caudatus var. obovoideus, Sebastine 25343 at MH, were later numbered B– D by Chakrabarty, but these are not part of the original collection numbers, all sheets are clearly duplicates of the same gathering.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF67E518FCE7FE98FAE43C00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF61E519FCE7FE98FDFF3C1F.text	4F6387C4DF61E519FCE7FE98FDFF3C1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton coriifolius Airy Shaw	<div><p>6. Croton cf. coriifolius Airy Shaw</p><p>Croton cf. coriifolius Airy Shaw (1974a) 311. — Type: Haviland ‘c.l.r.h.’ (holo K [K000959189]*, iso SING!), Borneo, Sarawak, First Division, Matang.</p><p>Woody, probably tree or shrub, size unknown; young branchlets densely pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of only stellate trichomes, yellowish to brown in the centre with whitish to yellowish radii, 0.1–0.4 mm diam (up to 0.6 mm on pistillate flowers), flat, often with a short central porrect radius, with 8–20(–30) free to rarely slightly fused radii. Stipules subulate to narrowly triangular, 2–4(–6) by 0.4–0.8 mm, subglabrous to slightly pubescent on both sides. Leaves pseudo-verticillate (occasionally almost alternate in lower parts); petiole 0.5–3.5 cm long, grooved above, sulcate, densely pubescent when young, soon glabrescent, (sub)glabrous when old; glands lateral on the very apex of the petiole, sessile, hardly elevated, 0.8–1.5 mm diam; blade narrowly elliptic to slightly obovate, 5.5–20 by 1.5–5 cm, (2.2–)2.7–4 times longer than wide, chartaceous to subcoriaceous (rarely membranous), base attenuate to cuneate (sometimes almost obtuse at very base), margin (sub)serrate, teeth 3–6 mm apart, often slightly revolute, without apical trichomes or glands, apex attenuate to acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side slightly lighter when dried, with scattered trichomes when young (especially on midrib), later (sub)glabrous, epidermis well visible; venation distinct, not triplinerved, midrib sunken above, secondary veins 9–13 pairs, higher order nerves visible to distinct. Inflorescences terminal, 1–3(–5) per whorl, 6–19 cm long, (sub)glabrous, basally 8–20(–30) pistillate flowers, never staminate flowers at the same node as pistillate flowers, apically 1–3 staminate flowers per node; bracts triangular, 1–2.2 by 0.3–0.8 mm, (sub)- glabrous except for patch of simple trichomes on apex. Staminate flowers 2.5–3 mm diam; pedicel 2–3 mm long, round to slightly flattened, glabrous; sepals ovate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm, fused at base, outside glabrous; petals oblong, c. 1.6 by 0.3 mm, glabrous outside;stamens 8–11, free,filaments 1.7–2.2(–3.3) long, anthers c. 0.3 by 0.2 mm. Pistillate flowers 3.5–4.5 mm diam; pedicel 1–2 mm long (up to 3 mm in fruit), with scattered trichomes; sepals ovate, 1.8–3 by 1–1.5 mm, longer than ovary, outside with scattered trichomes, patch of simple trichomes on apex;petals absent;ovary obovoid to round,1.1–2by 1.2–1.6 mm, slightly sulcate, very densely whitish pubescent; style c. 0.3 (–0.5) mm long; stigmas 2.5–3.5 mm long, once divided, to 2–3 mm from apex. Capsules obovoid, 3–4 mm high, 3–5 mm diam, sulcate, apex slightly depressed, with scattered but distinct trichomes. Seeds unknown (on Borneo, type specimen: c. 4 mm wide), likely with a small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Sumatra (Sumatera Utara, Riau, Jambi, Sumatera Seletan), Borneo (Sarawak).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Altitude c. sea-level to 50 m. Flowering: March, April, October; fruiting: February.</p><p>Affinities — Part of the ‘ Riau pocket’ clade (Fig. 1: group I 4).</p><p>Vernacular name — Tjongheul (Jambi).</p><p>Note — Very limited material from Sumatra was found and none of the specimens had both staminate and pistillate flowers. Croton coriifolius is described from Borneo, where it only occurs in kerangas (heath) forests (low and species-poor forest on poor sandy soil; the last author has been there and has seen it). It is unclear where the Sumatran material was collected, and kerangas forest is not known from Sumatra (with the excep- tion of Banka and Biliton Islands), thus the identification of the Sumatran material has to be treated with caution (hence the cf. with the name). Many taxa have thicker leaves under the acid kerangas conditions, therefore Airy Shaw (1974a) indicates that this species might be a sclerophyllous ecotype of C. oblongus, which is a very doubtful species (see Discussion).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF61E519FCE7FE98FDFF3C1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF60E519FFA8FE98FBE83C46.text	4F6387C4DF60E519FFA8FE98FBE83C46.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton gageianus P. T. Li 1994	<div><p>7. Croton gageianus P.T.Li</p><p>Croton gageianus P.T. Li (1994) 131. — Croton lucidus Gage (1922) 236, nom.illeg.,non L. (1759, ‘ lucidum ’). — Lectotype (indirectly designated by Li 1994 as holotype, here the second lectotypification of the sheet): Ridley 12176 (lecto K [K000959158]*; isolecto SING!), Malay Peninsula, Johor, Gunong Pulai. Other syntype: Ridley 12194 (SING!), Malay Peninsula, Johor, Gunong Pulai.</p><p>Shrubs or treelets, to 5 m tall, young branchlets densely pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of only whitish hyaline stellate trichomes, with a yellowish centre, 0.4–0.9 mm diam on leaves, 0.2–0.7 mm diam on stems and inflorescences, flat, with a short central porrect radius, with (11–)15–25(–30) free radii. Stipules triangular-ovate, c. 1.1 by 0.4 mm long, densely pubescent on both sides, caducous and usually absent. Leaves pseudo-verticillate; petiole 0.5–2(–3.5) cm long, deeply grooved above, subglabrous to densely pubescent; glands as slightly stalked discs lateral on the midrib base, diam 0.3–0.7 mm, stalk 0.1–0.3 mm long; blade narrowly elliptic, 7–25 by 2–5.5 cm, (3.1–)3.4–5.2 times longer than wide, membranous, base attenuate with very base often obtuse to rounded,margin (sub)entire, apex acute to acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side slightly to densely pubescent but with surface always visible between the trichomes; venation distinct, sunken above, not to indistinctly triplinerved, secondary veins 6 –8 pairs, higher order nerves often hard to see especially on abaxial side. Inflorescences 1(–3) per node, 3–5.5 cm long, erect, slightly pubescent all over, basally 1–3 pistillate flowers, apically 1–2 staminate flowers; bracts triangular-ovate c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, slightly pubescent on both sides, soon caducous. Staminate flowers c. 3 mm diam; pedicel 1–2 mm long, round, densely pubescent; sepals elliptic, c. 1.8 by 0.8 mm, outside densely pubescent, inside glabrous; petals elliptic, c. 1.4 by 0.4 mm, outside glabrous, inside lanate; stamens c. 11, immature. Pistillate flowers c. 3 mm diam; pedicel c. 2 mm long, sulcate, densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, c. 2 by 1 mm, longer than ovary, outside densely pubescent, inside glabrous; petals absent; ovary globose, c. 1.3 by 1.3 mm long, slightly sulcate, densely yellowish hispid; style absent; stigmas c. 3 mm long, once divided to c. 2.5 mm from apex, glabrous. Capsules globose, c. 5 by 6 mm, slightly sulcate, with scattered trichomes; pericarp c. 0.5 mm thick; columella 4–5 mm long. Seeds globose to slightly obovoid, c. 5 by 4 mm, glabrous, with a small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Atjeh, Sumatera Barat, Bengkulu).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary lowland (Dipterocarp) rain- forest, found on ridges and alluvial soil. Altitude: 100– 700 m. Flowering: June; fruiting: February.</p><p>Affinities — Riau pocket group (Van Ee et al. 2015), part of a polytomy (Fig. 1: group I 4), thus close affinities are unknown.</p><p>Notes — 1. Gage (1922) made a later homonym for a Linne- an name (Linnaeus 1759) and mentioned two syntypes, Ridley 12176 and Ridley 12194 (SING). Li (1994) restored the error by using a new name. He regarded Ridley 12176 as the holotype, thus indirectly creating a lectotype.</p><p>2. Only six specimens (of which one as uncertain) were seen, of them only one specimen had a pistillate flower, one with a fruit, one with seed and one with an almost matured staminate flower, which was too fragile to measure the stamens.</p><p>3. Outside L only known from three collections, of which two collections are named by Gage (1922) and Li (1994), Ridley 12176 &amp; 12194, both from the Malay Peninsula, Johor, Gunong Pulai. Besides these two Ridley collections there are also Sinclair 7277 (E [E00201750]*, US [01246063]*) and Sinclair SFN 39510 (SING*), Malay Peninsula, Gunong Pulai (summit). The specimen at US is incorrectly placed under Croton lucidus L. (in error for C. lucidus Gage).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF60E519FFA8FE98FBE83C46	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF60E51AFCE7FEDEFED839E0.text	4F6387C4DF60E51AFCE7FEDEFED839E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton griffithii Hook. f.	<div><p>8. Croton griffithii Hook.f.</p><p>Croton griffithii Hook.f. (1887) 392; Ridl. (1924) 261; Burkill (1935) 689; Airy Shaw (1972a ‘ 1971 ’) 246; Esser (2002b) 42; (2005) 205. — Oxydectes griffithii (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891) 614. — Lectotype (designated by Esser 2002b: 42): Griffth KD 4781 (lecto K, 2 sheets [K000959159]!, K000959160]!), Malaysia, Malacca.Both K sheets are the same collection (labeled sheet 1 and 2) and together can be regarded as the lectotype.Other syntypes: Griffith KD 4778 (K [K000959159!], K000959160!]), Malaysia, ‘Malacca’; King’s Collector 1115 (G!, K!, L!), Malaysia, Perak; King’s Collector 4484 (CAL [CAL0000023613]*,K!), Malaysia, Perak; King’s Collector 4629 (CAL [CAL0000023608]*), Malaysia, Perak; King’s Collector 4820 (CAL [CAL0000023605*]), Malaysia, Perak, Goping; King’s Collector 6157 (K!, WU!), Malaysia, Perak; Maingay 1406 (CAL [CAL0000023612*], K!), Malacca; Scortechini s.n. (CAL [CAL0000023611*], K!, SING!), Malaysia, Perak; Scortechini 1423 (CAL [CAL0000023610*], Malaysia, Perak; Wallich numer. list 7754 (K-W!), Singapore; Wallich numer. list 7967 (K-W, n.v.), Singapore.</p><p>Croton confusus Gage (1922) 237 (‘ confusum ’). — Syntypes: Curtis 1585 (A [00106965]!, K!, SING!), Malaysia, Penang, Moniots Road; Hullet s.n. (SING, n.v.), Singapore, Sungei Bei; King’s collector 5452 (n.v.), Malaysia, Perak, Larut; Ridley 3170 (CAL [CAL0000023570 *], SING, n.v.), Malacca, Mount Ophir and Gunong Ledaung; Ridley 3446 (SING, n.v.), Singapore, Changi; Ridley 7642 (SING, n.v.), Malaysia, Selangor, Guning Bua; Ridley 10404 (SING, n.v.), Singapore, Bukit Timah; Ridley 10860 (SING, n.v.), Singapore, Bukit Timah; Ridley 12561 (SING, n.v.), Singapore, Woodlands; Ridley s.n. (n.v.) Singapore,Botanic Garden. (When the species is revised in its full distribution, then a lectotype should be designated).</p><p>Croton laevifolius auct. non Blume: Whitmore (1973) 85, p.p. excl. C. laevifolius; Corner (1988) 284, p.p. excl. C. laevifolius .</p><p>Shrubs or trees,to 18 m tall (up to 26 m in Borneo),diam to 90 cm; young branchlets densely pubescent, glabrescent (later than most other Croton species). Outer bark smooth but brittle and patchy, light greyish brown. Indumentum consisting of only whitish hyaline stellate trichomes with a yellowish centre, 0.1–0.4 mm diam (up to 0.6 mm on developing ovaries), flat but often with a very short central porrect radius, with 11–17 free radii. Stipules subulate to ensiform, (1.5–)2.5–5 by 0.4–1 mm, densely pubescent on both sides, caducous to quite persistent. Leaves alternate to apically crowded or almost whorled, 2 –6 per pseudo-whorl; petiole (0.5–) 2–11 cm long, grooved above, very thick (up to 4 mm diam), with scattered trichomes to slightly pubescent; glands abaxially as flat discs lateral on the very base of the midrib, (0.3–) 0.7–1.5 mm diam, sessile, not to distinctly elevated; blade elliptic, (8.5–)10–26 by (3–) 5–12 cm, (1.7–)2–3(–3.8) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base rounded to obtuse (rarely subcordate or attenuate), margin subentire (to shallowly serrate especially in young leaves, teeth without trichomes or glands apically), apex acute to acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side of old leaves densely whitish pubescent (with epidermis visible) to subglabrous, epidermis visible, in young leaves completely whitish pubescent with surface hardly visible, sometimes more densely pubescent at the very base of the midrib; venation distinct, sunken above, basally not triplinerved, secondary veins (6–)11–15. Inflorescences both terminal and axillary, 8– 30 cm long, with scattered trichomes, basally 6–15 pistillate flowers, often 1–3 staminate flowers on the same node of a pistillate flower,apically 1–3 staminate flowers per node; bracts triangular-ovate, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, both sides subglabrous, with a patch of simple trichomes at the apex, eglandular, quite persistent. Staminate flowers c. 4 mm diam; pedicel 1.5–4(–6) mm long, round to flattened, subglabrous (to slightly pubescent); sepals triangular-ovate, 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm, fused at base, dark around base, hyalinewhitish near apex, outside with scattered trichomes to subglabrous; petals oblong, 1.5–2 by 0.3–0.5 mm, outside glabrous; stamens 8 –12, filaments 2–3 mm long, anthers c. 0.6 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 3–4 mm diam; pedicel 1–3 mm long, not sulcate, slightly to densely pubescent; sepals triangular, 1.5–2 by 1–1.5 mm, outside densely to slightly pubescent, denser near base, with a patch of simple trichomes at the apex, as long as ovary; petals absent; ovary globose to obovoid, 1.5–2 by 1.5–2 mm, deeply sulcate, densely pubescent; style absent; stigmas 3–4.5 mm long, once divided to 1.5–3 mm from apex. Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 5–8 mm high, diam 7–14 mm, extremely sulcate when dry, with scattered trichomes; pericarp strong and thick (c. 0.8 mm); columella c. 8 mm long. Seeds ovoid but flattened on inner side, 7–9 by 5–6 mm, glabrous, with a small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Thailand, Malesia: Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, Pahang, Terengganu, Johor), Sumatra (Sumatera Barat (Siberut), Kepulauan Riau (Singkep)), Borneo.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In evergreen forest and along streams, on granite bedrock.Altitude: 40– 850 m. Flowering: February– April; fruiting: July, August.</p><p>Affinities — Riau pocket group (Van Ee et al. 2015; clade I 4 in Fig. 1).</p><p>Uses — A decoction of the leaves is used in Malaysia as bath after childbirth (Esser 2005).</p><p>Notes — 1. The leaves usually dry into a typical yellowish brown colour. The species is not known from the main island of Sumatra; one specimen is known from Pulau Singkep (one of the Riau islands) and the other from Pulau Siberut (Mentawai islands, west of Sumatra). Other specimens examined are from Sarawak and Malay Peninsula.</p><p>2. Three specimens were wrongly determined as C. erythrostachys . The main differences between these two species are that C. erythrostachys has marginal leaf glands on a long stalk and large trichomes (0.6–07 mm diam) with 9–10 radii spreading in all directions. The flowers and capsules of C. griffithii are smaller and less hairy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF60E51AFCE7FEDEFED839E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF63E51AFFA8FAB8FC2A387A.text	4F6387C4DF63E51AFFA8FAB8FC2A387A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton heterocarpus Mull. Arg.	<div><p>9. Croton heterocarpus Müll.Arg. — Fig. 2a</p><p>Croton heterocarpus Müll.Arg. (1866) 621; Hallier f. (1911) 7; Merr. (1921a) 337;(1923) 425;Ridl.(1924) 262 (‘ heteropetalum ’); Merr.(1926) 382; Whitmore (1973) 85; Airy Shaw (1975) 93; (1981a) 285;(1983) 18; Corner (1988) 284. — Oxydectes heterocarpa (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891) 612. — Lectotype (designated here): Zollinger 3982 (lecto L [L 0234540]!, Herb. Hasskarl; isolecto G-DC [G00312279]!, W [W 1889-0024627]!, [W 1889-0024628]!), Sumatra, Prov. Lampong, River Toelang Bawang.</p><p>Croton ardisioides Hook.f. (1887) 393;Merr. (1909) 278. — Oxydectes ardisiodes (Hook.f.) Kuntze (1891) 614. — Lectotype (designated here): Griffith KD 4783 (lecto K [K000959156]*; isolecto CAL [CAL0000023600]*, GH [00100136]!, P [P00623696]!), Malacca. Other syntype Griffith s.n. (CAL [CAL0000023620]*, K [K000959157]*, P [P00623695]!), Malacca. (Hooker (1887) indicates as collecting locality Borneo, but all specimens show Malacca).</p><p>Trees, to 12 m tall, diam to 35 cm; young branchlets densely pubescent,soon glabrescent,scar tissue very common on branches and between whorls of leaves. Outer bark smooth, brownish. Indumentum consisting of yellowish brown stellate trichomes, 0.2–0.4 mm diam, flat, with c. 10–25 free radii, and patches of erect simple trichomes, c. 0.5 mm long. Stipules ensiform to triangular, 2–4 by 0.5–1 mm, densely pubescent on both sides. Leaves alternate in lower parts, pseudo-whorled apically, with every branch ending with a whorl of leaves and inflorescences; petiole 0.5–2 cm long, round at base, upwards soon flattened to apically with an adaxial sharp groove, trichomes scattered; glands adaxially on the very apex of the petiole, sessile but slightly elevated (less than 0.5 mm high), 0.3–0.6 mm diam (Fig. 2a); blade obovate (to elliptic), 2.5–10(–12) by 1.2– 4.1 cm, 1.9–3 times longer than wide, membranous to chartaceous, base attenuate to cuneate, margin serrate to slightly crenate, teeth 2–5(–7) mm apart, patches of erect trichomes on apex of teeth, apex acute to nearly rounded, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side subglabrous with very few scattered trichomes, glabrescent, epidermis well visible; venation distinct, sunken above, basally not triplinerved, secondary veins 6 –10 pairs, higher order veins visible. Inflorescences 2–4 per node, 5–20 cm long, erect, greenish white, basally 6–14 pistillate flowers, staminate flowers never on same node as pistillate flowers; bracts triangular-ovate, c. 1 by 1 mm, eglandular, glabrous except for patch of simple trichomes on apex, quite persistent. Staminate flowers c. 3 mm diam; pedicel c. 1 mm long, round to slightly flattened, sulcate, glabrous; sepals ovate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm, subglabrous outside; petals oblong, c. 1.2 by 0.4 mm, outside glabrous, inside and margin lanate; stamens 8 –12, free, filaments c. 2 mm long, anthers c. 0.5 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 3 mm diam; pedicel 0.5–1 mm long, subglabrous; sepals oblong to ovate, 1.5–2 by c. 1 mm (up to 2.5 by 1.5 mm in fruit), fused at the very base, subglabrous but on the very apex a patch of simple trichomes, slightly longer than ovary; petals absent; ovary globose, 1–1.5 by 1–1.5 mm, very densely yellowish pubescent; style less than 0.1 mm long; stigmas 2–2.5 mm long, free and thickened at base, once divided to 1.5–2 mm from top. Capsules obovoid, c. 5 mm high, c. 5 mm diam, slightly sulcate, surface rough, with scattered trichomes, green (immature); pericarp c. 0.5 mm thick; columella c. 5 mm long. Seeds obovoid, flattened on inner side, c. 3 by 3 mm, glabrous, carunculate.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Sumatera Utara, Lampung), Borneo, Philippines, Moluccas.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary forest, mangroves, swamp forests and on riverbanks, always near water. Altitude: sea level to 90 m. Flowering: unknown for Sumatra; fruiting: August .</p><p>Affinities — Croton section Furcaria (Webster 1993) . Croton heterocarpus groups together with C. macrocarpus (Fig. 1: group I 1), which might also be classified in this section, though the sections of Webster (1993) are not always recognized after phylogenetic analyses.</p><p>Vernacular names — Borneo: Djingah berkosah.</p><p>Uses — Roots are used as medicine in Sabah (N Borneo, Neil 7064).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF63E51AFFA8FAB8FC2A387A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF63E51BFCE7FA02FED93852.text	4F6387C4DF63E51BFCE7FA02FED93852.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton hirtus L'Her.	<div><p>10. Croton hirtus L’Hér.</p><p>Croton hirtus L’Hér. (1784) 17, t. 9; J. Sinclair (1956) 1, f. 1; G.L.Webster &amp; D.G.Burch (1967) 262; Whitmore (1973) 84; Philcox (1997) 88; Esser (2005) 206. — Brachystachys hirta (L’Hér.) Klotzsch (1843a) 47. — Croton glandulosus L. var. hirtus (L’Hér.) Müll.Arg. (1866) 684; Airy Shaw (1981a) 284;Chakrab.&amp; N.P.Balakr.(1997 ‘1992’) 48. — Oxydectes glandulosa (L.) Kuntze var. hirta (L’Hér.) Kuntze (1891) 614. — Croton glandulosus L. subsp. hirtus (L’Hér.) Croizat (1948) 401. — Type: Richard s.n. (holo P [P00623551]*; iso P [P00623550]*), French Guiana.</p><p>[For other synonyms see Plants of the World Online (http://www.plantsoft- heworldonline.org/) except for Podostachys hirta (L’Hér.) Klotzsch (see note).]</p><p>Erect, annual herbs, to 40 cm high; whole plant with hispid, irritating trichomes. Indumentum consisting of stellate-porrect, whitish to pale brownish trichomes, 0.6–1.5 mm diam on leaves, up to 3 mm diam on stems, flat but usually with distinctly longer central porrect radius, with 6–12 (on adaxial side often only 2–6) free radii. Stipules filiform, 4–7 by 0.2–0.5 mm, with scattered trichomes, quite persistent. Leaves alternate below, but crowded to pseudo-verticillate on apical branches; petiole 0.5–2(–4) cm long, flattened, slightly sulcate, hispid; glands as stalked discs lateral-abaxial on the petiole/blade junction, stalk 0.5–1.5 mm long, 0.2–0.4 mm diam; blade ovate, 1.9–5.4 by 1.1–4.1 cm, 1.1–2.1 times longer than wide, chartaceous, base rounded to obtuse, margin double serrate, apex acute, adaxial side with scattered trichomes to slightly hispid, abaxial side densely hispid; venation distinctly triplinerved, indistinct and sunken on adaxial side, distinct on abaxial side; secondary veins 3–5 pairs, not looped and closed near margin. Inflorescensces thyrsoid, 2–5 cm long, erect, basal 2–7(–12) nodes with a pistillate flower, never staminate flowers in the same cymule of a pistillate flower; bracts filiform, 1.5–4 by 0.1– 0.3 mm, scarcely hispid, with 1–3 pairs of filiform, gland-tipped, free or partly fused lobes at base. Staminate flowers c. 2 mm diam; pedicel c. 1 mm long, slightly flattened, hispid; sepals ovate, c. 1 by 0.5 mm, hyaline, outside pubescent, with a patch of simple trichomes on apex; petals oblong, c. 1 by 0.3 mm, hyaline, outside glabrous, inside slightly lanate; stamens 10 or 11, filaments 0.5–1 mm long, slightly fused at base, subglabrous, anthers c. 0.4 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers c. 2 mm diam but soon to 5–7 mm diam; pedicel c. 0.3 mm long (up to 2 mm in fruit), hispid; sepals obovate, c. 1.5 by 0.5 mm, soon elongating to 3.5–4 by 1–1.5 mm (up to 7 by 2 mm in capsules), fused at the base, spreading at the apex, hispid outside, glabrous inside, longer than ovary; petals absent; ovary globose, c. 2 by 2 mm, hispid; stigmas c. 1.5 mm long, once divided to c. 1.4 mm from apex. Capsules subglobose, 3–4.5 by 2.5–4 mm, smooth, slightly sulcate, sparsely pubescent; pericarp very thin (c. 0.1 mm); columella 2.5–3 mm long. Seeds globose, slightly flattened, c. 3 by 2 mm, variously mottled, shiny but minutely reticulate-foveolate, carunculate.</p><p>Distribution — Native to C and S America; introduced and naturalizing in W and E Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, throughout Malesia including Sumatra (Sumatera Selatan).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Weed on waste places, old plantations, roadsides. Altitude: sea level to 100 m. Flowering and fruiting: February, March, June.</p><p>Affinities — Croton section Geiseleria subsection Geiseleria (Riina et al. 2021) .</p><p>Note — Podostachys hirta (L’Hér.) Klotzsch (1841: 194) is mentioned by Plants of the World Online (http://www.plant- softheworldonline.org/) as a synonym, but Klotzsch indicates it as his own species (a nomen nudum) and there is no reference to L’Héritier de Brutelle, therefore, the name is not considered here to be a synonym.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF63E51BFCE7FA02FED93852	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF62E51BFFA8FA2DFB053A3D.text	4F6387C4DF62E51BFFA8FA2DFB053A3D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton laevifolius Blume (Blume 1826	<div><p>11. Croton laevifolius Blume</p><p>Croton laevifolius Blume (1826) 603 (‘ laevifolium’); Müll.Arg. (1866) 619; J.J.Sm.(1910) 341;Merr.(1921a) 337; Corner (1939) 294; Whitmore (1973) 85. — Lectotype (designated here): Blume 1473 (lecto L [L.2203878]!; isolecto L [L. 2203879]!), Indonesia, Java.</p><p>Croton diadenus Miq.(1861) 451,180 (‘ diadenum ’), p. 451 contains description and type,p. 180 vernacular name. — Type: Teijsmann HB 3499 (holo U [U 0001893]!, likely iso G-DC (without number) [G00312289]!), Indonesia, Bangka, prope Djebus.</p><p>Croton korthalsii Müll.Arg. (1866) 527. — Type: Korthals s.n. (holo L [L.2203684]!), Indonesia, Borneo .</p><p>Mallotus minahassae Koord. (1898) 626. — Lectotype (designated here): Koorders 196453 (lecto L [L.2203657]!), [Indonesia,] Celebes, Prov. Minahasa, Menado, 1895.</p><p>Croton oreoborneicus Croizat (1942b) 496. — Type: Agama 568 (holo A [A00047515]!), British North Borneo.</p><p>Croton oblongus auct. non. Burm.f: Merr. (1921b) 361 (‘ oblongum ’); (1929) 156, p.p.; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 476, p.p.; Airy Shaw (1975) 94, p.p.; (1981a) 285, p.p.; (1982a) 15, p.p.; Govaerts et al. (2000) 449, p.p. See note.</p><p>Treelets, 3–8 m tall, diam c. 6 cm, young branchlets slightly pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate trichomes only, yellowish brown in the centre with whitish radii, 0.1–0.4 mm diam, often with a central porrect radius, with 11–20 free to basally slightly fused radii. Stipules subulate, 2–5(–7) by 0.5–1 mm, outside slightly pubescent (occasionally subglabrous), inside densely pubescent (occasionally subglabrous), quite persistent to caducous. Leaves alternate to pseudo-verticillate; petiole 1–5 cm long, deeply grooved above, subglabrous; glands abaxially (sometimes almost adaxially) on the very apex of the petiole, sessile but elevated to slightly stalked, 0.3–0.6(–1) mm diam, stalk 0.1–0.5(–1) mm high; blade obovate to elliptic (rarely ovate), 5–17 by 3–7 cm, 1.7–3 (–3.5) times longer than wide, chartaceous, base cuneate to obtuse, margin slightly serrate (teeth without trichomes or glands) to almost entire, apex acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side lighter when dried, subglabrous to glabrous, epidermis visible; venation distinct, sunken above, basally not triplinerved, secondary veins 7–10 pairs, higher order veins reticulate. Inflorescences terminal to axillary (always near apex), (1–)2–6 per apical node, 5–23 cm long, erect, basally (2–)5–20(–26) pistillate flowers, sometimes completely staminate, rarely 1–3 staminate flowers at same node as a pistillate flower, apically 1–3(–5) staminate flowers per node; bracts triangular-ovate, 0.8–2 by 0.4–1 mm, glabrous to slightly pubescent, often with a small patch of simple trichomes on apex, quite persistent (especially with staminate flowers). Staminate flowers 3–3.5 mm diam; pedicel 0.8–3 mm long, round, glabrous to subglabrous; sepals ovate, 1.2–2 by 0.9–1.2 mm, fused at base, glabrous to subglabrous; petals oblong, 1.7–2.1 by 0.3–0.5(–1) mm, always slightly longer than sepals, glabrous except for small patch of simple trichomes on apex; stamens 10 or 11, free, filaments 1.5–2 mm long, anthers c. 0.5 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 3–4.5 mm diam; pedicel 1–3 mm long (up to 4 mm in fruit), glabrous to slightly pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, 1.8–2 by 1–1.5 mm, fused at very base, longer than ovary, with scattered trichomes (denser near base) to glabrous except for a small patch of simple trichomes at the apex; petals oblong, c. 1.2 by 0.3 mm, usually absent; ovary obovoid, c. 1.5 by 1.5 mm, deeply sulcate, very densely yellowish pubescent, style 0.2–0.4 mm long; stigmas 2–3 mm long, thickened at base, once divided to 1.5–2 mm from apex. Capsules distinctly 3-lobed, obovoid, 5–8(–13) mm high by 4–7 mm diam, sulcate, apex slightly depressed, with scattered but distinct trichomes; pericarp 0.3–0.5(–1) mm thick; columella 4–6 mm long. Seeds obovoid to almost prolate, 5–6(–8) by 3–4(–6.5) mm, glabrous, with a small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Sumatra (Sumatera Barat, Riau, Sumatera Selatan, Banka-Belitung), Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In rather open primary or secundary forest. On clayey, sandy soil or granitic sand. Altitude: 0–1000 m. Flowering: August–January, April; fruiting: May.</p><p>Affinities — No sequence data are available, but morphologically highly similar to species in the ‘ Riau pocket’ clade (Fig. 1: group I 4), based on the lack of colleters and similarities in trichomes and leaf shape.</p><p>Vernacular names — Kelangin (Banka-Belingtung).</p><p>Note ― Croton laevifolius is considered to be a synonym of C. oblongus (see Discussion; e.g., Airy Shaw1982a). Croton oblongus forms a species complex from which various species could be split off for Sumatra. This complex needs further study in the remaining distribution area.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF62E51BFFA8FA2DFB053A3D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF62E504FCE7F8C0FE2F3552.text	4F6387C4DF62E504FCE7F8C0FE2F3552.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton macrocarpus Ridl.	<div><p>12. Croton macrocarpus Ridl. — Fig. 2d</p><p>Croton macrocarpus Ridl. (1925) 332 (non Rchb. ex Müll.Arg. (1866) 698, nom. nud.). — Croton grandifructus Radcl. - Sm. &amp; Govaerts (1997) 187, nom. superfl., see note 2. — Lectotype (designated here): I.H. Burkill 6519 (lecto K [K000959163]*;isolecto A [00105623]*), Malaysia, Selangor, Telok Forest Reserve, Klang.</p><p>Treelets, c. 6 m tall, dbh c. 10 cm; young branchlets densely pubescent,hardly glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of creamy to amber stellate trichomes with a darker brown centre, 0.3–0.6 mm diam (up to 1.2 mm on ovary), often slightly porrect, with one short central radius and 6–12 free radii. Stipules ensiform to subulate, 5–8 by 0.5–0.8 mm, densely pubescent on both sides, soon caducous. Leaves alternate; petiole (3–) 6–13 cm long, round, slightly sulcate, at most slightly grooved above, densely to slightly pubescent; glands 1 or 2 pairs of distinctly stalked discs, lateral abaxially on the very apex of the petiole, 0.5–1 mm diam, stalk 0.3–1 mm long (Fig. 2d), additional smaller marginal glands common, 0.3–0.6 mm diam, stalk 0.2–0.5 mm long; blade elliptic, 15–30(–35) by 5–10 cm, 2.8–3.6 times longer than wide, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, base subcordate, margin (sub)serrate, teeth 2–6 mm apart, apex acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, but midrib pubescent, abaxial side slightly to densely pubescent, surface always visible except in very young leaves; venation distinct, raised on both sides, basally not to indistinctly triplinerved, secondary veins 13–17 pairs, higher order veins distinct on both sides. Inflorescences 1–4 per node, 11–35 cm long, erect, densely pubescent all over, basally 20– 30 pistillate flowers, rarely 1–2 staminate flowers in the cymule of a pistillate flower, apically 1–4 staminate flowers per node; bracts narrowly triangular, 2–3.5 by 0.5–1.5 mm, outside with scattered trichomes, with a patch of simple trichomes on apex, inside glabrous, soon caducous. Staminate flowers 5–6 mm diam; pedicel 3–9(–11) mm long, round, densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate, c. 2.5–3 by 1.5–2 mm, outside pubescent near base to glabrous near apex, inside glabrous; petals oblong, 2–2.3 by 0.7–1 mm, outside glabrous; stamens c. 15, free, filaments 3–4 mm long, anthers c. 1 by 0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 10 –13 mm diam; pedicel c. 4 mm long (to 10 mm in fruit), sulcate, densely pubescent; sepals triangular-ovate to narrowly triangular, 4.5–6 by 2– 3 mm, outside densely to slightly pubescent, with a patch of short simple trichomes on apex, much longer than ovary; petals triangular-ovate to ensiform, 2–2.5 by 0.4–0.7 mm, outside densely pubescent, hispid on margin and apex, not caducous; ovary globose, 3.5–5 by 3–4 mm, densely yellowish hispid, style absent, stigmas c. 7 mm long, once divided to c. 5.5 mm from apex, slightly pubescent near base. Capsules cylindrical globose, slightly trilobate, c. 28 mm high, c. 22 mm diam, sulcate, densely pubescent; pericarp very thick (c. 1.5 mm) and woody; columella c. 23 mm long. Seeds obovoid, heavily flattened, c. 19 by 13 mm, with a groove on the inside, glabrous, carunculate.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Aceh).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Partly logged-over forest, dry land forest on rolling hills, yellow-red loamy soil. Altitude: c. 30– 40 m. Flowering: August; fruiting: August.</p><p>Affinities — Related to C. heterocarpus (Fig. 1: group I 2) and should be classified in C. section Furcaria (Webster 1993), though that section still has to be corroborated phylogenetically.</p><p>Notes — 1. Only one collection from Sumatra (de Wilde &amp; de Wilde­Duyfjes 20590, L) and one from the Malay Peninsula (Burkill 6519, A, K).</p><p>2. Radcliffe-Smith &amp; Govaerts (1997) assumed that Müller’s name (1866) was correct and regarded Ridley’s name (Ridley 1925) as a later incorrect homonym. However, Müller only noted the name without a description, which makes it an invalid name. Therefore, Ridley’s name is correct and Radcliffe-Smith &amp; Govaerts created a superfluous name (see Esser 2002a: 21).</p><p>3. Two sequences, duplicates of the same collection, were used in the phylogenetic analysis.These showed up as a trichotomy in the cladogram (Fig. 1) with one specimen of C. heterocarpus . However, the branches leading to the two entries of C. macrocarpus are very short, which proves that they belong to the same specimen indeed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF62E504FCE7F8C0FE2F3552	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF7DE506FCE7FF06FF70388E.text	4F6387C4DF7DE506FCE7FF06FF70388E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton scalaeus J. Beyer 2023	<div><p>13. Croton scalaeus J.Beyer, sp. nov. — Fig. 5</p><p>Lepidote trichomes present instead of stellate trichomes on the leaves and stems, differing from other species with lepidote trichomes ( C. adumbratus, C. argyratus and C. cascarilloides) in the not completely covered abaxial leaf side (still epidermis visible in C. scaleus). Differs from C. cf. coriifolius based on larger and differently shaped stipules and small stalked leaf glands, whereas C. cf. coriifolius has larger and sessile leaf glands. Differs from C. laevifolius in the stellate trhichomes of up to 20 free radii, whereas the lepidote trichomes of C. scalaeus have more, 2–40, completely fused radii. The number of secondary veins in leaves of C. scalaeus is much higher than in the other species. — Type: Haviland &amp; Hose 1846 (holo L [L.2212508]!; iso L [L.2212509]!), Malaysia, Sarawak,1st division,Kuching, 22 Feb.1952.</p><p>Paratypes: Buwalda 6681 (L [L.2203308]!), Indonesia, Sumatra, Riau, road from Sungei Berapit to Pekan Heran; George et al. S 58358 (L[L.2210922!]), Malaysia, Borneo, Sarawak, Sri Aman Div., Selepong Lop, Rumah Ungin; Pereira et al. 835 (L [L.2210921]!), Malaysia, Borneo, Sabah, Keningau, Nabawan, near Mukim Labau; Yates 2227 (L [L.2203859]!), Indonesia, Sumatra, Sumatera Utara,Asahan, Kwala Masihi.</p><p>Woody, shrubs or trees; young branchlets slightly pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of lepidote trichomes on stems and leaves, 0.1–0.3 mm diam, flat, with 20–40 (very hard to count) fused radii, and stellate to stellate-lepidote trichomes on inflorescences, 0.2–0.3 mm diam, flat, with 8–15 free to slightly fused radii. Stipules linear, 3–8 by 0.5–1 mm, with scattered trichomes to slightly pubescent, caducous. Leaves pseudo-verticillate; petiole 1–4 cm long, deeply grooved above, with scattered trichomes; glands lateral on the very apex of the petiole, slightly stalked to sessile but elevated, 0.4–0.8 mm diam, stalk 0.1–0.5 mm long; blade elliptic to slightly obovate, 7.5–13.5 by 3–6 cm, 2–2.6 times longer than wide, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, symmetric, base attenuate to obtuse but with very base attenuate, margin subentire, with hair patches or glands, apex acuminate, adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side with scattered trichomes near base, apically subglabrous, epidermis visible; venation distinct, sunken above, basally not triplinerved, secondary veins 9–13 pairs, higher order veins distinct below. Inflorescences 1–4 per node, 6 –22 cm long, erect, basally up to 20 pistillate flowers, apically 1– 5 staminate flowers per node; axis sulcate, subglabrous; bracts triangular-ovate, c. 1.5 by 0.5 mm, (sub)glabrous except for patch of simple trichomes on apex, caducous. Staminate flowers 3–4 mm diam; pedicel c. 2 mm long, round, glabrous; sepals triangular-ovate, c. 2 by 1 mm, outside; petals oblong, c. 2.2 by 0.5 mm, lanate on margin near apex, trichomes point- ing inwards; stamens c. 11, free, filaments 2.5–3.5 mm long, anthers c. 0.5 by 0.3 mm. Pistillate flowers 3–3.5 mm diam; pedicel 2– 3 mm long, with scattered trichomes; sepals triangular-ovate, 1.5–1.8 by 1–1.5 mm, longer than ovary, (sub)- glabrous except for a small patch of simple trichomes on apex; petals absent; ovary obovoid, c. 2 by 2 mm, deeply sulcate, slightly to densely pubescent; style absent; stigmas c. 1.5 mm long, apically once divided to c. 1 mm from apex, glabrous. Capsules 3-lobed, obovoid, 3– 6 by 3– 6 mm, lobes conchiform, deeply sulcate, with scattered trichomes, apex depressed; pericarp c. 0.2 mm thick; columella c. 5 mm. Seeds ellipsoid, 5–6 by 3.5–4.5 mm, glabrous, with a small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Sumatra (Sumatera Utara, Riau), Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Primary and secondary forest, kerangas. Altitude: close to sea level. Flowering: September, February, April; fruiting: September.</p><p>Affinities — Unknown, as the sequence data are lacking, but morphologically highly similar to the species in the ‘ Riau pocket’ clade (Fig. 1: group I 4), based on the lack of colleters and similarities in trichomes and leaf shape.</p><p>Vernacular name — Ambin bua (Riau).</p><p>Note — The description is only based on two specimens from Sumatra, both with sparse inflorescences, and four specimens from Borneo. Distinctly different from other species in the C. oblongus complex by the presence of lepidote trichomes with a high number of fused radii instead of stellate trichomes with free radii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF7DE506FCE7FF06FF70388E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF7FE506FFA8FA09FA1E3A2E.text	4F6387C4DF7FE506FFA8FA09FA1E3A2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton simalurensis J. Beyer 2023	<div><p>14. Croton simalurensis J.Beyer, sp. nov. — Fig. 6</p><p>Characteristic for C. simalurensis are stalked leaf glands placed abaxially at the very base of the leaf, close to but not on the midrib; scattered but distinct trichomes on abaxial leaf side; large densely pubescent 3-lobed oblate capsules. Croton simalurensis was confused with C. laevifolius but can easily be distinguished by the location of leaf glands, as C. laevifolius has them on the apex of the petiole instead of the leaf blade. — Type: Achmad 298 (holo L [L.2203305]!; iso U [U.1256144]!), Indonesia, Sumatra, Aceh, Simaloer (Simeulue).</p><p>Paratypes: Achmad 99 (U [U.1256142]!); Achmad 286 (L [L.2203303]!, U [U.1256145]!); Achmad 299 (L [L.2203304]!, U [U.1256143]!); Achmad 482 (L [L.2203861]!); Achmad 870 (L [L.2203858]!); Achmad 1100 (U [U.1256146]!); Achmad 1780 (L [L.2203850]!),all Achmad collections from: Indonesia, Sumatra, Simaloer; Rahmat Si Boeea 9364 (L [L.2203848]!), Indonesia, Sumatra East Coast, Asahan, Aek Moente; Rahmat Si Boeea 9519 (L [L.2203849]!), Indonesia, Sumatra East Coast, Asahan, Tor Ma- toetoeng; Rahmat Si Boeea 10029 (L [L.2203846]!), Indonesia, Sumatra East Coast, Asahan, Tomoean Dolok .</p><p>Woody, probably shrubs or trees; young branchlets densely pubescent, only partially glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of stellate trichomes, yellowish brown in the centre with whitish radii, 0.3–0.6 mm diam (0.1–0.6 mm diam on stems and capsules), flat (sometimes not flat on stems), with a central porrect radius, with (8–)15–25 free (or fused) radii. Stipules ensiform to subulate (occasionally narrowly triangular), 3–7(–9) by (0.4–) 0.8–1.5 mm, densely pubescent on both sides. Leaves alternate; petiole (0.5–) 1–5 cm long, slightly grooved above, with scattered but distinct trichomes to puberulous; glands abaxially at the very base of the leaf, close to but not on the midrib,slightly to distinctly stalked discs, (0.4–) 0.6–1 mm diam, stalk 0.1–0.3 mm long; blade elliptic to obovate, 5.5–18 by 2.7–7.5 cm, 1.7–2.8 times longer than wide, chartaceous, base cuneate to obtuse, sometimes nearly rounded, margin in young leaves subserrate, soon almost entire, never with trichomes or glands at teeth, apex acuminate (rarely obtuse to rounded), adaxial side glabrous, abaxial side lighter than adaxial side when dried, trichomes scattered but distinctly pubescent (with surface always visible), more densely pubescent on the midrib and near the base, hardly glabrescent; venation distinct, sunken above, basally not triplinerved, secondary veins 8 –10 pairs, higher order veins distinct below. Inflorescences 1(–4) per apical node, (7–) 10–20 cm long, erect, basally 3–9 pistillate flowers, often 1 or 2 staminate flowers on same node as a pistillate flower, apically 1–4 staminate flowers per node; bracts triangular-ovate, 1.5–2.5 by 0.8–1.2 mm, subglabrous except for patch of simple trichomes on apex, quite persistent. Staminate flowers 3–4 mm diam; pedicel 1.5–4 mm long, round, with scattered trichomes to glabrous; sepals ovate, c. 2 by 1.5 mm, fused at base, subglabrous outside; petals oblong, c. 2 by 0.5 mm, outside glabrous; stamens 10–12, free, filaments 2.5–3.5 mm long, anthers c. 0.7 by 0.4 mm. Pistillate flowers 5 –6 mm diam; pedicel 3 – 6 mm long with scattered but distinct trichomes to puberulous; sepals ovate to elliptic, c. 3 by 2 mm, fused at very base, apex acute, outside puberulous near base to glabrous near apex, with patch of simple trichomes on apex, inside glabrous, longer than ovary; petals filiform, c. 2 by 0.1 mm, usually absent; ovary globose, c. 2 by 2 mm, very densely yellowish pubescent, style less than 0.1 mm long; stigmas 2.5–4 mm long, thickened at base, once divided to 1.5–3 mm from apex. Capsules distinctly 3-lobed, oblate, 7–9 mm high by 10–12 diam, lobes conchiform, heavily sulcate, surface rough, densely pubescent, apex slightly depressed; pericarp 0.4–0.6 mm thick; columella 6–7 mm long. Seeds ovoid, c. 6 by 5 mm, glabrous, carunculate.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Endemic to Sumatra (Aceh (Simalur Isl.), Sumatera Utara).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Altitude: to 1000 m. Flowering: January, March, June–August; fruiting: March, June, November.</p><p>Affinities — Riau pocket group (Van Ee et al. 2015).</p><p>Vernacular names — Dulu Dulu, Lasa-Lasa (Simalur); Kajoe depdep batoe (Rahmat Si Boeea 9364); Kayu Polir Aek (Sumatera Utara).</p><p>Notes — 1. No ecological information is known from the collections of Sumatra, where it was mainly collected on Simalur island.</p><p>2. The capsules can be affected by insects and become galled, being larger and seemingly more than 3-locular.Affected capsules are also less pubescent than regular ones and they are more oblate in shape. Highly affected capsules often have 1 to 3 holes in their pericarp possibly made by the insects.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF7FE506FFA8FA09FA1E3A2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF7FE507FCE7F8E9FBC83FC8.text	4F6387C4DF7FE507FCE7F8E9FBC83FC8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton tiglium	<div><p>15. Croton tiglium L.</p><p>Croton tiglium L. (1753) 1004; Müll.Arg. (1866) 600; Hook.f. (1887) 393; Merr. (1921a) 337; (1923) 427; Ridl. (1924) 262; Gagnep. (1925) 285; Merr. (1926) 382; Burkill (1935) 690; Merr. (1935) 236; Backer &amp; Bakh.f. (1963) 477; Airy Shaw (1972a ‘ 1971 ’) 250; Whitmore (1973) 84, in obs.; Airy Shaw (1975) 95; (1981a) 285; (1982a) 15; (1983) 20; Corner (1988) 284; Chakrab. &amp; N.P.Balakr. (1997 ‘1992’) 72, map 3; Philcox (1997) 94; Esser (2005) 222; P.T. Li &amp; Esser (2008) 262; Chakrab. (2019) 3630. — Tiglium officinale Klotzsch (1843b) 418. — Oxydectes tiglium (L.) Kuntze (1891) 614. — Croton officinalis (Klotzsch) Alston (1931) 264, nom. illeg., superfl. — Lectotype (first step designated by Chakrabarty &amp; Balakrishnan 1997;second step by Philcox 1997): Herb.Hermann 2: 6, no. 343 (lecto BM [BM000621766]*), Sri Lanka.Other original material: BM [BM000621766]* (Herb. Hermann 2: 76, no.343), [BM000621811]* (Herb.Hermann 3: 6, no. 343), [BM000628053]* (Herb. Hermann 4: 10 no. 343]), Sri Lanka.</p><p>Croton glandulosus Blanco (1837) 754 (‘glandulosum ’), nom.illeg., superfl., non L. (1759). — Croton muricatus Blanco (1845) 518,nom. illeg.,superfl., non Vahl (1807); (1879) 154, t. 383. — Oxydectes blancoana Kuntze (1891) 610. — Neotype (designated here): Merrill Species Blancoanae 308 (neo L [L.2212332]!), Philippines, Luzon, Camarines Prov. See also Merrill (1918: 220).</p><p>Croton jatrophifolius Müll.Arg. (1866) 600 (as ‘ jatrophaefolius ’). — Oxydectes jatrophifolia (Müll.Arg.) Kuntze (1891) 612. — Type: Anonymous s.n. (holotype G-DC [G00311911]!), Indonesia, Banda (misformed). Syn. nov.</p><p>Croton tiglium L. var. globosus J.J.Sm. (1910) 349. — Lectotype (designated here): Koorders 14426 (lecto L [L.2212249]!; isolecto L [L.2212250]!, U [U.1256074]!), Java, Prov. Besoeki, Pantjoer Idjen, 1000 m. Syn. nov.</p><p>For other synonyms see World Flora Online (http://www.plantsoftheworl- donline.org/); more will be incorporated when other regions of Malesia are treated.</p><p>Shrubs or trees, to 6 m tall, diam to 15 cm; young branchlets with scattered trichomes, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting only of yellowish stellate trichomes, 0.2–0.9 mm diam on leaves, up to 0.5 mm on stems, flat, often with a short central porrect radius, with 9–15 free radii. Stipules filiform to ensiform, (0.5–)1.5–3(–4) mm long, densely pubescent on both sides to subglabrous, caducous. Leaves alternate; petiole 3–8(–10) cm long, hardly to shallowly grooved above, with scattered trichomes to subglabrous; glands always lateral on the basal leaf margin close to but not on the midrib, 0.5–1 mm diam, sessile to slightly stalked (always less than 0.5 mm long), marginal teeth often topped by colleters; blade ovate (to elliptic), 6–18.5 by 4–9 cm, (1.7–)1.9–2.3 times longer than wide, membranous, base obtuse with very base attenuate, margin slightly serrate to subentire, teeth 3– 6 mm apart, without glands, apex mostly acuminate, sometimes acute, abaxial side slightly lighter then adaxial side when dry, with scattered trichomes to subglabrous on both surfaces, sometimes more densely pubescent at the very base of the bigger veins, epidermis visible; venation very distinctly triplinerved, actinodromous, with 3(–5) prominent basal veins, secondary veins 4–6 pairs. Inflorescences thyrsoid, 1–3 per whorl, (4–) 7–13 cm long, erect, basally 4–10 pistillate flowers, sometimes 1 or 2 staminate flowers at the same node as a pistillate flower, apically 1–3 staminate flowers per node; axis with scattered trichomes to subglabrous; bracts triangular-ovate, 2–4 by 0.5–1 mm (staminate ones smaller than pistillate ones), quite glabrous, eglandular, caducous to persistent. Staminate flowers 4–4.5 mm diam; pedicel 3–5 mm long, subglabrous; sepals triangular-ovate, c. 2.5 by (1.5–) 2 mm, subglabrous outside; petals oblong, c. 2 by 1 mm, glabrous outside; stamens 15–20, free, filaments 1–3.5 mm long, anthers c. 0.6 by 0.5 mm. Pistillate flowers 6– 8 mm diam; pedicel 3–5 mm long, densely pubescent; sepals triangular, 2.5–3.5 by 1–2 mm, fused at base, apically spreading, slightly longer than ovary or as high, outside subglabrous, with a patch of simple trichomes on the very apex; petals absent; ovary distinctly 3-locular, globose to slightly ovoid, 3–4 by 2–3 mm, densely pubescent; stigmas 4–6 mm long, once divided to 3–4 mm from apex. Capsules 3-lobed, prolate, 18–25 by c. 15 mm, sulcate, surface with scattered trichomes to subglabrous; pericarp fragile and thin (less than 1 mm thick); columella c. 17 mm long. Seeds prolate, one side slightly flattened, c. 13 by 8 mm, glabrous, with small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Naturally occurring in Sri Lanka, India, through SE Asia to China, and in Malesia from the Malay Peninsula to the Philippines and the Moluccas, though it is often not possible to ascertain if a specimen was collected in the wild (check https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org: names:343631-1; last visited on 5 August 2022). Cultivated and introduced in North America and Africa. On Sumatra in Sumatera Utara, Sumatera Barat, Jambi.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Mostly in evergreen secondary forest. Altitude: sea level to 1100 m. Flowering: May–October; fruiting: May–August.</p><p>Affinities — Croton section Croton (Van Ee &amp; Berry 2010b) .</p><p>Vernacular names — Simalakian (Burkill 1935); Croton oil plant (English).</p><p>Uses — Burkill (1935): Seeds or oil of seeds is used in very low doses (at most 1 seed or 1 drop) as purgatives, but very poisonous (blistering mouth and intestines if too much, blistering and inflamating skin); therefore also used for poisoning humans, and in hunting to stupefy fish or to make poison arrows (bark and leaves also suitable for that purpose). The seed oil can also be used for illumination, but only outdoors as the fumes are poisonous, same if the wood is used as firewood. Still, in former times planted for the seed oil, which was exported to Europe; today the market is limited to some medical treatments, especially for skin peeling.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF7FE507FCE7F8E9FBC83FC8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
4F6387C4DF7EE500FCE7FD55FEE63A3C.text	4F6387C4DF7EE500FCE7FD55FEE63A3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Croton viridifolius J. Beyer 2023	<div><p>16. Croton viridifolius J.Beyer, sp. nov. — Fig. 2c, 7</p><p>Unique on Sumatra are the small and narrow leaves (2.5–7.2 by 0.7–2.2 cm), the few (4–6) secondary veins, the light green colour after drying, the short inflorescences (only 0.5–2.5 cm long) and very narrow pistillate sepals. — Type: Kleinhoonte 460 (holo L [L.2212218]!), Indonesia, Sumatera Barat, Sarasah Bunta .</p><p>Shrubs or trees; young branchlets densely pubescent, soon glabrescent. Indumentum consisting of whitish to yellowish brown stellate trichomes, 0.2–0.4 mm diam, flat, often with a short central porrect radius, with 15–25 free to slightly fused radii (occasionally completely fused on stems). Stipules triangular-ovate to ensiform, 0.6–2 by 0.2–0.8 mm, densely pubescent on both sides, caducous. Leaves alternate to apically crowded; petiole 0.3–1(–1.5) cm long, deeply grooved above, with scattered trichomes to slightly pubescent; glands as slightly stalked discs abaxially at the very base of the leaf (Fig. 2c), close to but almost never on the midrib base, diam 0.2–0.4 mm, stalk 0.1–0.2 mm long; blade narrowly elliptic, 2.5–7.2 by 0.7–2.2 cm, 2.4–4.2 times longer than wide, chartaceous, symmetric, base obtuse, margin entire, flat (to slightly revolute), without glands, apex acute to obtuse, adaxially initially with scattered trichomes (more dense near large veins), glabrescent, abaxially with scattered distinct trichomes, epidermis visible; venation distinct, basally slightly to not triplinerved, secondary veins 4–6 pairs. Inflorescences thyrsoid, solitary per apical node, unisexual, 0.5–2.5 cm long; bracts triangular-ovate, c. 0.5 by 0.5 mm, slightly pubescent, caducous. Staminate flowers c. 3 mm diam; pedicel 1– 2 mm long, round, subglabrous; sepals triangular-ovate, 1–1.5 by 0.5–1 mm, subglabrous outside, with a patch of simple trichomes on apex; petals ensiform, c. 1.8 by 0.3 mm, outside glabrous, lanate on margin and inside; stamens 10 or 11, free, filaments c. 1.5 mm long, anthers c. 0.4 by 0.5 mm, connective pilose. Pistillate flowers c. 3 mm diam; pedicel 1–2 mm long, sulcate, densely pubescent; sepals triangular, c. 1.4 by 0.8 mm, fused at the base, spreading at the apex, outside slightly pubescent (denser near base), with a patch of simple trichomes on apex, as high as to slightly shorter than ovary; petals absent; ovary 3-lobed, subglobose, c. 1.2 by 1.4 mm, densely yellowish pubescent; style absent; stigmas c. 2 mm long, fused at base, once divided to c. 1.6 mm from apex. Capsules unknown, columella c. 4.5 mm long. Seeds young, likely with small caruncle.</p><p>Distribution — Malesia: Endemic to Sumatra (Sumatera Barat).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Habitat unknown. Altitude: c. 500 m. Flowering and fruiting: only known from August.</p><p>Affinities — Riau pocket group (Van Ee et al. 2015).</p><p>Notes — 1. Only known from one specimen, originally identified by Van Steenis as Croton verreauxii Baill. But the specimen shows limited to no similarity with the Australian specimens of C. verreauxii .</p><p>2. Most similar species are C. gageianus (also having short inflorescences and a narrow leaf blade) and C. simalurensis (due to similar indumentum and location of leaf glands) but C. viridifolius can easily be distinguished by the small leaves and few secondary veins.</p><p>3. The inflorescences appear as unisexual, but this is likely typical for this specimen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F6387C4DF7EE500FCE7FD55FEE63A3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Beyer, J.;Esser, H. - J.;Eurlings, M. C. M.;Welzen, P. C. van	Beyer, J., Esser, H. - J., Eurlings, M. C. M., Welzen, P. C. van (2023): A revision of the genus Croton (Euphorbiaceae) in Sumatra (Indonesia). Blumea 68 (1): 1-25, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.01
