identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
502287BEFF8CD530FF7BB0BE13AE3239.text	502287BEFF8CD530FF7BB0BE13AE3239.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alepocephalidae (Alepocephaliformes)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Alepocephalidae (Alepocephaliformes) (Fig. 2) </p>
            <p> Principally, two different arrangements of median caudal cartilages can be found in  Alepocephaliformes , each typical for  Alepocephalidae or  Platytroctidae . Members of  Alepocephalidae have two rather small cartilages (Fig. 2A, B): one at the dorsodistal tip of hypural 2 and one at the ventrodistal tip of hypural 3. Each cartilage supports one fin ray of the caudal fin. The hemitrichs of the respective fin rays are widely splayed and bear a peg on their inner side articulating either in lateral grooves of the CMCs or in the area between CMC and neighbouring hypural plate (Fig. 2C–E). The cartilages are concave on their anterior facet (Fig. 2D, E) where they articulate on the edges towards the diastema of hypural 2 and hypural 3, respectively. In posterior view, the cartilages are wider than the hypural plates (see Fig. 1B for orientation and measurement method). Such pegs are not unique to the fin rays articulating with CMCs, but can also be found in the one to three neighbouring fin rays, depending on the taxon. The situation with two relatively small cartilages each supporting a fin ray was principally found in all members of  Alepocephalidae studied, with only slight variations, e.g. direct articulation of fin rays on the CMCs or in-between CMC and hypural plate. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF8CD530FF7BB0BE13AE3239	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF8CD531FCC3B342131635A7.text	502287BEFF8CD531FCC3B342131635A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platytroctidae (Alepocephaliformes)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Platytroctidae (Alepocephaliformes) (Fig. 3) </p>
            <p> The situation found in  Platytroctidae clearly differs from the one in  Alepocephalidae . Here, two large cartilages are present and, accordingly, virtually bridge the diastema (Fig. 3). The upper and lower CMC almost contact each other; in this contact area they are both closely associated with the lowest fin ray of the upper caudal lobe (Fig. 3A, E, F, G). The lower CMC further supports the upper ray of the lower lobe in almost the same way as in  Alepocephalidae with the ray articulating in the area where the lower CMC meets hypural 2. The cartilages are wider in lateral dimension than the hypural plates on which they articulate with an anterior articulatory facet (Fig. 3B–D). Seen posteriorly (Fig. 3C, D), a complex three-dimensional structure becomes observable: the cartilages are kidney- or U-shaped, contacting each other on their ends. The articulating hemitrichs of the lowest fin ray of the upper caudal lobe are positioned with a medial peg, comparable to that in  Alepocephalidae , in the area where the two cartilages approach each other. This situation is principally present in all studied specimens of  Platytroctidae with only slight differences in relative size of the cartilages (Fig. 3). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF8CD531FCC3B342131635A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF8ED533FF7BB601149A3691.text	502287BEFF8ED533FF7BB601149A3691.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Argentinidae (Argentiniformes)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Argentinidae (Argentiniformes) (Fig. 5) </p>
            <p> In  Argentina silus there are two CMCs showing a clear difference in size: the lower is about double to triple the size of the upper one (Fig. 5A–D). Together they support one fin ray of the dorsal lobe positioned in between both cartilages, plus a fin ray of the lower lobe in direct contact with the ventral part of the lower CMC. Both fin rays have dorsoventrally widened bases in comparison to the neighbouring rays. The fin rays contacting the upper or lower cartilage both show prominent medially directed pegs, but these pegs are more pronounced in the ray of the upper lobe (Fig. 5E). The pegs of this fin ray originate on the dorsal margin of the hemitrichs and point to the area between the upper CMC and the cartilaginous distal part of hypural 3. This lowest fin ray of the upper lobe shows tighter connections to the upper cartilage. The cartilage is roughly rectangular in lateral view, almost round posteriorly and dorsally it becomes visible that the cartilage is convex on its distal part and concave on its proximal facet, allowing articulation on the lower corner of hypural 3 (Fig. 5C). When seen posteriorly, this upper cartilage has the same width as the hypural plates. The bases of the associated fin ray do not contact this cartilage directly: the distance between these bases is larger than the width of the cartilage. However, both cartilages are embedded in stable connective tissue. The lower cartilage is clearly wider than the hypural plates and it makes direct contact with the bases of its associated fin ray. The lower CMC is somewhat triangular to rectangular when seen laterally, dorsoventrally flattened ovoid when seen posteriorly and dorsally somewhat boomerang-shaped (Fig. 5D). This allows a stable articulation on the upper edge of hypural 2. In lateral reflected light, a strong connective tissue, maybe a ligament, becomes visible, stretching from the upper tip of the lower CMC to the upper CMC. This ‘ligament’ is about as wide as the upper CMC. In the other argentinid species studied,  A. sphyraena ,  A. kagoshimae and  Glossanodon semifasciatus , the situation for the CMCs and their associated fin rays seems to equal that of  A. silus (Fig. 5F, G). In  A. kagoshimae there is a pronounced inward-directed peg at the base of the upper fin ray of the lower lobe (Fig. 5F, G). In  Glossandon semifasciatus (Fig. 5H) the two CMCs are larger, filling a significant part of the diastema. Together they support the lowest fin ray of the upper lobe. The upper fin ray of the lower lobe is placed at the contact zone of the lower CMC and hypural 2. The upper CMC is roughly boomerang-shaped in dorsal view, with blunt tips facing anteriorly; it is about 1.5 times as wide as the hypurals in posterior view. The lower CMC resembles a bar, rectangular when seen posteriorly and almost square when viewed laterally, but with tips in the anterioventral corner and an articulatory groove for the upper margin of hypural 2 in between the tips of both sides. It is slightly wider than the upper CMC in posterior view. The articulatory pegs of the lower ray of the upper lobe are quite large, extending medially in a right angle and contacting the posterior border of the upper CMC. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF8ED533FF7BB601149A3691	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF8ED532FF7BB5EA15FE36F8.text	502287BEFF8ED532FF7BB5EA15FE36F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Characiformes	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Characiformes (Fig. 4) </p>
            <p> Out of the 18 species, representing eight families, only two characid species have median caudal cartilages. However, not all investigated specimens of those two species showed such cartilages. In  Gymnocorymbus ternetzi five out of seven specimens had a very small comma-like cartilage at the lower distal edge of hypural 3 (Fig. 4A). It does not appear to be associated with the lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe, which inserts more ventral in the diastema. In  Hemigrammus erythrozonus a roundish to oval, small cartilage can be present at about the same position (Fig. 4B, C). However, in this species the lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe inserts in this area, so that the cartilage is somewhere between the bases of the hemitrichs. The hemitrichs in both species may be prolonged in anterior direction, but do not show any medially directed pegs pointing to each other. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF8ED532FF7BB5EA15FE36F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF8FD534FCD1B7EA16EA37AC.text	502287BEFF8FD534FCD1B7EA16EA37AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathylagidae (Argentiniformes)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bathylagidae (Argentiniformes) (Fig. 6) </p>
            <p> The situation in  Bathylagus euryops is like  Argentina in that the lower CMC is larger than the upper one (Fig. 6A–C). However, the size differences between the two is much more pronounced: where the lower CMC is about three to four times the width of the hypural plates and shows a complex three-dimensional structure, the upper CMC is very small, ball-like and, in some specimens, a much reduced to a hardly visible remnant (Fig. 6B, E). There is one fin ray that is dorsally in contact with hypural 3 and ventrally with the lower CMC; its large base occupies the upper half of the diastemal gap (Fig. 6C). The upper CMC is slightly variable in its position: at about the level of the upper rim of the central fin ray, at the lower edge of hypural 3 or even dorsally to that on the distal margin of hypural 3. Due to its small size, it seems that there is no direct relation to the central ray or any other rays. The lower CMC principally resembles a bracket or a crescent moon, horizontally positioned on the upper edge of hypural 2, with its tips curved dorsally (Fig. 6E). The size of the cartilage, especially the extension and curvature of the tips, varies among individuals. In two specimens there are two upper CMCs at the same dorsoventral position, forming a pair left and right of the medial plain (Fig. 6D, E). Furthermore, in one of these, and one other specimen, there is an additional small, round cartilage in the diastema anterior to the lower CMC (Fig. 6D). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF8FD534FCD1B7EA16EA37AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF88D535FCC3B7081603302B.text	502287BEFF88D535FCC3B7081603302B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Retropinnidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Retropinnidae (Fig. 8) </p>
            <p> In  Retropinna tasmanica the diastema is narrow, but the edges of hypural 2 and 3 are rounded, thus forming an indentation in the otherwise almost continuous posterior margin of the hypural plates. Posterior to the hypurals, a single CMC is present; its dorsoventral extension ranges between 50 to 100% of the height of hypural 2 (in lateral view). The CMC is rounded to slightly triangular, pointing with its tip to the diastema (Fig. 8A). It seems of minor importance for the support of fin rays; there may be some interaction with the uppermost ray of the lower lobe. A similar situation is present in a 28.0 mm SL specimen of  R. semoni : here the cartilage is more elongated in the dorsoventral direction, thus having a more pronounced triangular shape and the position is more anterior with about half of its length anterior to the posterior margin of the hypurals. It almost reaches the level of the ossified parts of the hypural plates (Fig. 8B). The dorsal and ventral facets of the triangular CMC exhibit emarginations into which the diastemal-directed edges of hypural 2 und 3 articulate. Its dorsal and ventral tips seem to be involved in the support of one fin ray each (Fig. 8B). The situation becomes more complicated with a larger specimen, i.e. 40.3 mm SL, of the same species in which two separate CMCs are present in about the same position as the single cartilage in the smaller specimen (Fig. 8C). Each cartilage is closely associated to one fin ray. Their facets directed to the hypurals are slightly concave enabling articulation. Independent of amount, size and exact position of the cartilages, their width in the horizontal plane is about the same or even slightly larger than that of the hypural plates. None of the caudal fin rays show medially directed articulatory pegs. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF88D535FCC3B7081603302B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF88D534FF7BB6DC139235F9.text	502287BEFF88D534FF7BB6DC139235F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salmoniformes	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Salmoniformes (Fig. 7) </p>
            <p> In all three studied genera representing the three families in this order, i.e.  Thymallidae ,  Coregonidae and  Salmonidae , the configuration is similar: the lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe articulates with hypural 3 and the uppermost ray of the lower lobe articulates with hypural 2 (Fig. 7A, B). In the diastema there are one or two CMCs (Fig. 7; see also Fig. 24A–I). The variation in number does not depend on the species. For example, our  T. thymallus specimens were all from the same parents and raised under the same conditions; out of 14 specimens between 30 and 97 mm SL, five had one CMC and nine had two CMCs. If only one cartilage is present, it is large, ranging from half the height of the diastema to about as high as the diastema; it is roundish or triangular with blunt edges in lateral view and upright-oval when seen posteriorly. There seems to be no relation to fin rays. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF88D534FF7BB6DC139235F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF89D535FF49B1AE14D737D5.text	502287BEFF89D535FF49B1AE14D737D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Osmeridae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Osmeridae (  Osmeriformes ) (Fig. 9) </p>
            <p> There are two CMCs in  Osmerus eperlanus . Both have about the same size, width and shape: they are crescent-shaped and have about double to triple the width of the hypural plates (Fig. 9A–G). The lower CMC might be slightly larger than the upper (Fig. 9G). However, the anatomical orientation differs: the upper CMC, lying inside the diastema on the lower distal edge of hypural 3, is almost parallel to the body axis with its tips pointing anteriorly. The lower CMC, on the distal edge of hypural 2, also lying in the diastema, is oblique to the body axis with its tips pointing anteriorventrally. The upper CMC is associated with the lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe and the lower CMC with the uppermost ray of the lower lobe. Both rays are placed directly or ventrally on the CMCs and none of the rays possess medially directed pegs (Fig. 9E). In shape, position, orientation and fin-ray association, the situation in  Hypomesus olidus (Fig. 9H–I) is very similar to that in  Osmerus . </p>
            <p> In contrast to  Osmerus and  Hypomesus , the cartilage did not stain well in  Mallotus villosus . Nevertheless, it is clearly visible that there is a single, large CMC over the complete height of the diastema (Fig. 9J). Together with the neighbouring hypural plates, this CMC supports the lowest ray of the upper lobe and the uppermost ray of the ventral lobe. The CMC is clearly wider than the hypural plates with anterodorsal and anteroventral grooves for fitting on the neighbouring hypural plates. Medially directed pegs on the articulating fin rays are absent. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF89D535FF49B1AE14D737D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF89D535FCD1B6D413DE319D.text	502287BEFF89D535FCD1B6D413DE319D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salangidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Salangidae (  Osmeriformes ) (Fig. 10) </p>
            <p> In  Salanx acuticeps and  Protosalanx chinensis two CMCs are present (Fig. 10). They are usually of similar size with the upper one only slightly smaller than the lower one. In some individuals, not depending on species, the upper CMC is very small (Fig. 10A). The cartilages are roughly triangular when seen from the posterior side with their edges bent anteriorly, thus forming a cap on the diastemal edge of hypural 2 and 3, respectively. Each CMC supports a fin ray: the lowest of the upper lobe and the upper most of the lower lobe (Fig. 10B, C). There are no medially directed pegs on the rays in the studied salangids. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF89D535FCD1B6D413DE319D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF89D537FCD1B0EC126B32DA.text	502287BEFF89D537FCD1B0EC126B32DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sternoptychidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sternoptychidae (  Stomiiformes ) (Fig. 11) </p>
            <p> Polyipnus spinosus possesses two large and prominent CMCs (Fig. 11A–C). They are somehow like an upright brick with a clear notch on the diastemal side. Thus, there are two tips facing the respective tips of the other CMC. There seems to be a strong type of connective tissue between those tips of the opposing CMCs (Fig. 11C). In posterior view the CMCs appear massive and have about double the width of the hypural plates. The lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe articulates on the dorsal third of the upper CMC; the uppermost ray of the lower lobe in contrast articulates in the area where the lower CMC meets the fused hypural 1 and 2. There are no medially directed processes on the bases of these rays. Besides the large CMCs, there are several additional small and unpaired cartilages along the distal margin of hypural 1 + 2 and 3. They are ball-like, not as wide as the hypural plates and should probably be called post-hypural cartilages following Fujita (1989) . </p>
            <p> The single adult specimen of  Argyropelecus in this study did not stain well for cartilage (Fig. 11D). However, we can present some data, because there are also two well-expressed CMCs. In this case, the upper one is larger than the lower one. The upper one is slightly bean-shaped in lateral view and brick-shaped when seen from the posterior side. The lower CMC is slightly bean-shaped laterally and ball-shaped in posterior view. Only the lower CMC has a slight notch on the diastemal side. The uppermost ray of the lower lobe articulates on the lower CMC. On the upper CMC there are two rays articulating: the lowest ray of the upper lobe on the ventral half of the CMC and the second lowest ray on the dorsal end of the CMC.  Sternoptyx appears unique in having a large cartilage bordering the diastema posteriorly and large parts of the hypurals (see below under Development of median caudal cartilages; Fig. 25G, H). </p>
            <p> In  Maurolicus muelleri there are two rather small CMCs (Fig. 11E) of which the upper one is missing in some specimens (Fig. 11F). They are comma-shaped and, in contrast to most other CMCs, positioned in the rostro-caudal plane, not extending laterally. The width of the CMCs does not exceed the width of the hypural plates. The CMCs seem to be in anatomical association with the most median rays of the caudal lobes, but these rays seem not to depend on the CMCs in terms of their attachment, which equals that of the other caudal rays on the hypural plates. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF89D537FCD1B0EC126B32DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF94D529FCC3B73E16C73749.text	502287BEFF94D529FCC3B73E16C73749.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phosichthyidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phosichthyidae (  Stomiiformes ) (Fig. 13) </p>
            <p> In  Ichthyococcus irregularis there is one single, elongated cartilage posterior to the diastemal edges of hypural 2 and hypural 3 (Fig. 13A), occupying the space of the CMCs and therewith presumably presenting a single CMC, possibly due to an ontogenetic fusion of two CMCs. In lateral view, anterior to the bean-shaped CMC, there is an accessory small, round cartilage. The dorsal and ventral edges of the CMC articulate each with a caudal fin ray. In posterior view the CMC is dumbbell-shaped and has about the same width as the hypural plate (Fig. 13B). </p>
            <p> In  Vinciguerria lucetia there is also one single cartilage occupying the space of the CMCs between hypural 2 and hypural 3 (Fig. 13C).  A major part of the diastema is filled by bony lamellar outgrowths of hypural 3. Only the posterior part of the diastema is spared by the outgrowth and houses the single CMC (Fig. 13C). It is irregularly shaped in lateral view with a horizontal area where the cartilage seems less dense. One might even think there is a dorsoventral separation. However, in posterior view it becomes obvious that there is only one single, doughnut-shaped cartilage (Fig. 13D). The outline of the hole in the cartilage shines through in lateral view and accounts for the misleading separation line and the less dense cartilage in the horizontal area. The lowermost caudal fin ray of the upper lobe articulates with the dorsal half of the cartilage, whereas the uppermost caudal fin ray of the lower lobe articulates with only the ventral margin of the cartilage. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF94D529FCC3B73E16C73749	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF95D52BFF49B6B816C33521.text	502287BEFF95D52BFF49B6B816C33521.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stomiidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Stomiidae (  Stomiiformes ) (Fig. 14) </p>
            <p> In  Astronesthes lucifer there are two prominent CMCs (Fig. 14A–D). They are like massive caps on the distal diastemal edges of hypural 2 and hypural 3 with laterally extending arms bending in the hypural direction. Thus, articulation on the margins of hypural plate 2 and 3 is facilitated by a notch in the anterior– posterior direction on the mid-parts of the cartilages, while at the same time the arms encompass the hypural plates laterally. Each CMC supports one ray that articulates with the dorsalmost part of the upper CMC and the ventralmost part of the lower CMC, respectively. In the largest specimen, 73.9 mm SL, there are two additional very small ball-like cartilages anterior to the CMCs on the diastemal margin of the hypurals (Fig. 14B). </p>
            <p> In  Aristostomias xenostoma (Fig. 14E, F) and  Bathophilus vaillanti (Fig. 14G, H) there are two prominent CMCs in the diastema. In both species the upper CMC is slightly smaller than the lower one and they are both roundish in lateral view. In latero-posterior view the upper CMC in  A. xenostoma resembles a bean with the slightly concave side facing hypural 3 (Fig. 14F). The lower CMC in  A. xenostoma is roughly boomerang-shaped with blunt tips facing ventrally, therewith embracing the sides of hypural 2 with its lateral arms (Fig. 14F). In  B. vaillanti the CMCs are slightly bean-shaped in posterior view, embracing the edge of hypural 2 and hypural 3 with their concave side facing anteriorly (Fig. 14H). The CMCs in  A. xenostoma and  B. vaillanti are connected by strong connective tissue (Fig. 14H). In  A. xenostoma there is no direct articulation between any caudal fin ray and the CMCs. The lowermost caudal ray of the upper lobe articulates with the ventral edge of hypural 3, whereas the uppermost caudal ray of the lower lobe articulates with hypural 2. In  B. vaillanti (Fig. 14G) the lowermost caudal ray of the upper lobe articulates with hypural 3 and the upper CMC, its proximal tip points ventrally, therewith embracing the upper CMC. The uppermost caudal ray of the lower lobe articulates with hypural 2 and the lower CMC, its proximal tip points dorsally, therewith embracing the lower CMC. There are no medial pegs on the caudal rays in  A. xenostoma and  B. vaillanti . The CMCs are only slightly overlapping the edges of the hypurals in width. Hypural 3 gains in width more dorsally; hypural 2 more ventrally and at that point the width of the CMCs and the width of the hypurals are about the same (Fig. 14D, H). </p>
            <p> There are also two CMCs present in the diastema of  Chauliodus sloani (Fig. 14I–K). They are of similar size with the upper one being slightly larger. In lateral view the lower CMC is roundish, and when seen in posterior view its shape resembles a bar or handle about double the width of a hypural plate. It seems somehow related to the upper ray of the lower lobe, but there is little connective tissue. In lateral view the upper CMC has an upright ovoid outline, but when seen from posterior side, its strongly curved, bean-like shape becomes visible. The concave part of the ‘bean’ is facing ventrally towards the diastema. Two rays are articulating on this cartilage: in its lower half the lowest ray of the upper lobe and at its dorsal tip the penultimate ray of the upper lobe. None of the fin-ray bases show medially directed pegs. </p>
            <p> In  Grammatostomias dentatus there are two small CMCs (Fig. 14L). The upper CMC is bigger than the lower one, cordate in posterior view and with the tip pointing ventrally. The lower CMC is bean-shaped in posterior view, with its concave facet directed towards hypural 2. Neither cartilage has a direct articulation with caudal fin rays. </p>
            <p> In  Eustomias obscurus the upper and lower CMCs are roundish in lateral view and V-shaped in posterior view (Fig. 14M). In the upper CMC, which is smaller than the lower one, it becomes evident in posterior view that the left and right parts of the V are separate and not fused, thus actually representing two, bilateral cartilages. The CMCs are connected by a strong ligament (Fig. 14M) and have no direct articulation with caudal fin rays. </p>
            <p> In  Photonectes albipennis there is only a single CMC (Fig. 14N), resembling the lower CMC in  Chauliodus . It is positioned like a cap on the inner distal edge of hypural 2. An association with the uppermost ray of the lower lobe seems not very tight, if present at all. </p>
            <p> CMCs are absent in  Malacosteus australis (Fig. 14O) and  Stomias boa (Fig. 14P). Here the interior most rays of the caudal lobes articulate with hypural 2 and hypural 3, respectively. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF95D52BFF49B6B816C33521	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF97D52BFCD1B4C5138936E8.text	502287BEFF97D52BFCD1B4C5138936E8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Evermannellidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Evermannellidae (  Aulopiformes ) (Fig. 16A, B) </p>
            <p> In  Coccorella atlantica there are two CMCs (Fig. 16A). In lateral view they are teardrop-shaped with the tips pointing away from each other.The upper CMC is smaller in size than the lower CMC.There is no articulation with caudal fin rays. In posterior view the CMCs are wider than the hypural plates, forming a bracket with swollen endings to the left and right and therewith forming a posteriorly facing concavity (Fig. 16B). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF97D52BFCD1B4C5138936E8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF97D52BFF49B440125C35A4.text	502287BEFF97D52BFF49B440125C35A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralepididae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paralepididae (  Aulopiformes ) (Fig. 15) </p>
            <p> In  Arctozenus risso there are two large CMCs (Fig. 15A, B). Their three-dimensional structure is complex: in lateral view they have a somewhat rectangular to irregular shape. Seen from the posterior side, they are slightly cordate with their tips pointing to, and almost contacting, each other. There seems to be strong connective tissue between those tips.As the CMCs have articulatory facets on their anterior part they look slightly bean-shaped when seen from above. The lowest ray of the upper lobe articulates in the contact area of the upper CMC with hypural 3. The uppermost ray of the lower lobe articulates on hypural 2, hardly having any contact to the lower CMC. In  Lestrolepis japonica there is only a single CMC on the distal diastemal edge of hypural 2 (Fig. 15C). It forms a cap on the hypural edge and has about the same width as the hypural plate and a small, medial, anteriorly directed tip (Fig. 15C). When seen from posterior it is somewhat cordate with its tip pointing dorsally and anteriorly (Fig. 15D). There is no association to any caudal fin ray visible. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF97D52BFF49B440125C35A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF90D52CFCC3B5EA1259373C.text	502287BEFF90D52CFCC3B5EA1259373C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chlorophthalmidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chlorophthalmidae (  Aulopiformes ) (Fig. 17) </p>
            <p> In  Chlorophthalmus nigromarginatus there are two CMCs (Fig. 17). In all studied specimens these cartilages did not stain very well, i.e. even in specimens where other cartilages in the area of the caudal fin like those at the base of procurrent rays stained well, the CMCs are only poorly dyed. The upper CMC is formed like a cap at the distal lower edge of hypural 3 (Fig. 17A–C), is clearly wider than the hypural plate and appears crown-like when seen in posterior view with one central posterior and two lateral spikes (Fig. 17D). The lower CMC is roundish, placed on the upper distal edge of hypural 2 and contacts the upper CMC. In posterior view it is narrower than the upper CMC, but has about the same width as the hypurals (Fig. 17D). Ventrally, there is an articulatory facet, where it is in contact with hypural 2. The lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe articulates on the upper CMC; the uppermost ray of the lower lobe articulates in the contact area of the lower CMC and hypural 2. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF90D52CFCC3B5EA1259373C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF90D52CFF7BB5EA16D1373D.text	502287BEFF90D52CFF7BB5EA16D1373D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scopelarchidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scopelarchidae (  Aulopiformes ) (Fig. 16C, D) </p>
            <p> In  Rosenblattichthys alatus two prominent CMCs are present (Fig. 16C). In lateral view the lower is slightly oval with upright orientation and the upper one, which is larger, has a somewhat roundish to downward-pointing triangular shape. Both cartilages have articulatory facets towards their hypural plates, giving the upper CMC a bean-shaped appearance in dorsal view. In posterior view it becomes evident that the upper CMC is wider, about two times the width of the hypurals, whereas the lower, egg-shaped CMC has only hypural width (Fig. 16D). Strong connective tissue stretches between the approaching tips of the CMCs. The most median fin rays of the caudal lobes articulate in the areas where the CMCs contact the distal cartilages of the hypural plates. There are no inward-directed pegs on the bases of these rays; in contrast there are rather small laterally directed pegs, probably for the attachment of ligaments. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF90D52CFF7BB5EA16D1373D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF91D52DFCD1B4E413B236B5.text	502287BEFF91D52DFCD1B4E413B236B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aulopidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aulopidae (  Aulopiformes ) (Fig. 18D) </p>
            <p> In  Hime japonica a small cartilaginous area can be seen at the lower distal edge of hypural 3 (Fig. 18D). However, there is no indication that this cartilaginous structure represents an entity comparable to a CMC. It appears to belong directly to hypural 3, thus there are no CMCs present in this species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF91D52DFCD1B4E413B236B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF91D52DFF49B5EA12E23584.text	502287BEFF91D52DFF49B5EA12E23584.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synodontidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Synodontidae (  Aulopiformes ) (Fig. 18A–C) </p>
            <p> In our specimen of  Saurida brasiliensis there is a single, large cartilage situated on the distal diastemal edge of hypural 2, from where it tapers ventrally with a median process all along the distal margin of hypural 2 (Fig. 18A, B). The bases of the upper three caudal fin rays of the lower lobe are different from the regular caudal fin rays: a dorsally directed process of the second uppermost ray of the lower lobe fits into a notch formed by a dorsal and ventral process of the base of the uppermost ray from the same lobe. The second ray has also a ventrally tapering process that overlaps the base of the ray ventral to it (third ray counted from the diastema). The respective cartilage serves as support for these three rays. It nevertheless remains unclear if this cartilage is a CMC due to its position or even if this finding in our  S. brasiliensis specimen shows the regular condition: the same fin-ray configuration was found in our two specimens of  Saurida gracilis , but in these specimens, cartilage did not stain well, so we refrain from drawing a conclusion on the identity and bearing of this cartilage in  S. brasiliensis . </p>
            <p> In  Trachinocephalus myops a diastema is well visible, but there are no CMCs (Fig. 18C). The lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe articulates directly in the diastema, but without cartilaginous support (Fig. 18C). In  Harpadon microchir the distal part of hypural 3 has a laminar extension that restricts the diastema caudally. There are also no CMCs present. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF91D52DFF49B5EA12E23584	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF91D52EFCD1B7F915B837CF.text	502287BEFF91D52EFCD1B7F915B837CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Myctophidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Myctophidae (  Myctophiformes ) (Fig. 19) </p>
            <p> In the myctophids  a major part of the diastema is filled by bony lamellar outgrowths of the neighbouring hypurals, mainly of hypural 3. However, the posterior part of the diastema is not closed by these outgrowths. All studied members of the family  Myctophidae have two well-expressed CMCs in this posterior part of the diastema (Fig. 19A, C, D, F). In  Benthosema glaciale the CMCs are, in posterior view, bracket- to W-shaped with their exterior tips facing towards each other (Fig. 19B). There is a band of strong connective tissue between these tips of the upper and lower CMC (Fig. 19B). The cartilages are relatively wide, more than three times the hypural width. Their middle parts articulate with the diastemal edges of hypural 2 and hypural 3, respectively. The most interior rays of the caudal lobes are placed close to the bases of the CMCs, but there seems to be no tight connection. These rays have only low medially directed bulges equalling those of the other rays. Specialized articulatory pegs are absent. </p>
            <p> The situation is principally the same in other myctophid species (Fig. 19C–F). In  Lampadena speculigera there are small medially directed pegs in the interior-most fin rays of the caudal lobes. In  Lampanyctus crocodilus the tips of the bracketshaped CMCs are elongated bridging  a major part of the diastema (Fig. 19D, E). In  Diaphus watasei and  Symbolophorus veranyi (Fig. 19F) the CMCs are triangular in lateral view. In some specimens (not depicted here), there are very small bean-shaped accessory cartilages directly anterior to the CMCs. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF91D52EFCD1B7F915B837CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF92D52EFCC3B63213893150.text	502287BEFF92D52EFCC3B63213893150.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anomalopidae (Trachichthyiformes)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Anomalopidae (Trachichthyiformes) (Fig. 21A–C) </p>
            <p> In  Anomalops katoptron there are two wellexpressed CMCs (Fig. 21A, B). Both are rather simple in their shape, just cap-like with a notch for their articulation on the hypurals. In posterior view they are like a bar and have about double the width of the hypural plates (Fig. 21C). The lower CMC is slightly larger than the upper one. The lowest ray of the upper caudal lobe articulates in the area, where the upper CMC sits on hypural 3. The uppermost ray of the lower lobe articulates on hypural 2 slightly distant from the lower CMC and thus this CMC seems not to be involved in supporting fin rays. There are no medially directed pegs on the bases of the central fin rays. We did not find CMCs in the other trachichthyiform families studied:  Trachichthyidae ,  Diretmidae (Fig. 21F),  Anoplogastridae and  Monocentridae . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF92D52EFCC3B63213893150	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF92D52EFF7BB13D138F36F5.text	502287BEFF92D52EFF7BB13D138F36F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neoscopelidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Neoscopelidae (  Myctophiformes ) (Fig. 20) </p>
            <p> In  Neoscopelus two CMCs are present, being less complex and smaller (Fig. 20) than in myctophids (Fig. 19). The upper CMC is positioned like a cap on the posterior-ventral edge of hypural 3. It is slightly bean-shaped when seen laterally, with its concave side facing the hypural edge (Fig. 20A, B); when seen dorsally it is about one and a half times the width of a hypural plate and is cordate with its tip pointing caudally in between the bases of the lower ray of the upper caudal lobe. In posterior view the upper CMC is handlebar-shaped with enlarged rounded ends resulting in concave facets on the dorsal and ventral side (Fig. 20C). This cartilage clearly supports the base of the lower ray of the upper lobe. The lower CMC is only slightly wider than the upper one (Fig. 20C). In lateral view it is roundish with its ventral facet slightly flattened where it sits on the posteriordorsal margin of hypural 2 (Fig. 20B). Seen from dorsal or posterior it is bar-like (Fig. 20C). The upper ray of the lower caudal lobe articulates in the area where the lower CMC contacts hypural 2. There are no explicit medially directed pegs on the bases of the caudal fin rays present; only the dorsal margin of the base of the lowermost ray of the upper lobe bends peg-like medially towards the contact zone of the upper CMC with hypural 3. In the smaller of the two investigated specimens there was an additional, but very small cartilage anterior to the lower CMC, on the dorsal margin of hypural 2. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF92D52EFF7BB13D138F36F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF93D52FFF49B5EA13863521.text	502287BEFF93D52FFF49B5EA13863521.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Berycidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Berycidae (  Beryciformes ) (Fig. 21D, E) </p>
            <p> Beryx splendens shows two CMCs (Fig. 21D, E) of which the lower is larger and well-visible. The shape of both CMCs resembles those found in  Anomalops , only the upper CMC is slightly smaller and positioned between the bases of the lowest rays of the upper lobe. The bases possess inward-directed pegs, but they do not contact the CMC. The lower CMC is not closely associated with the upper ray of the lower lobe. Along the distal margin of the hypural plates a strong band of connective tissue runs from the dorsal and ventral sides to the diastema, where they bend anteriorly. The CMCs are positioned in the thickened ends of these strands. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF93D52FFF49B5EA13863521	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
502287BEFF93D522FCD1B47516A93238.text	502287BEFF93D522FCD1B47516A93238.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polymixiidae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Polymixiidae (Fig. 22) </p>
            <p> In  Polymixia there is a small cartilaginous nodule with few, neighbouring, very small, roundish or irregular cartilages on the distal diastemal edge of hypural 3 (Fig. 22B). Furthermore, there is a minute cartilaginous patch on the distal diastemal edge of hypural 2 (Fig. 22A). These cartilaginous patches are in very close contact with the hypurals and do not form well-defined entities. </p>
            <p>SIZE OF DIASTEMA AND PRESENCE OF MEDIAN CAUDAL CARTILAGES</p>
            <p>Some species show highly specialized caudal fins without any diastemal gap. However, most species have a diastema, but not necessarily cartilaginous structures in that area. Thirty-two individuals of 27 species with CMCs and 25 individuals of 25 species without CMCs were measured to examine the size relationships of the diastema and its cartilages, if present (Fig. 23; see Fig. 1 for measuring method). In specimens with CMCs, the size of the diastema ranged between 2.7 and 23.4% of the total hypural height, with an average of 13.0%. In specimens without CMCs, the diastemal gap ranged from 8.0 to 29.7%, with an average of 15.9%. There is no functional relationship between size of the diastema and presence/absence of CMCs among teleosts.</p>
            <p>DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIAL CAUDAL CARTILAGES</p>
            <p> Little information on the development of CMCs can be currently presented. Most information is available for salmoniform species (Fig. 24A–I). Here, the single or two CMCs develop relatively late in comparison to other elements of the caudal fin. All hypurals are at least partly ossified before the first traces of CMCs appear (Fig. 24B, E, H). This happens in  Salmo and  Thymallus shortly before the ural centra form. In  Coregonus the two ural centra are already present when the first trace of a CMC appears (Fig. 24H). First appearance of CMCs happens in  Coregonus at about 27–30 mm SL, in  Thymallus and  Salmo between 19 and 25 mm SL. The CMCs form as a new structure in the diastema and do not originate as part of the hypural cartilages. They start as a small cartilage that grows during ontogeny (Fig. 24B, C, E, F, H, I) until they reach their assumed final size, shape and place in the larger specimens depicted here. In cases where only one CMC develops, it appears in the ventral part of the diastema, close to the edge of hypural 2. </p>
            <p> The development of CMCs in  Osmerus is similar (Fig. 24J, K): they appear relatively late in comparison to other caudal fin elements. In  Arctozenus risso juveniles of about 30 mm SL, the lower CMC is present in some specimens (Fig. 24L), but not in all. It is formed as a simple bar embraced by the bases of the left and right hemitrich of the uppermost ray of the lower lobe. In many specimens of about the same size, no CMC is present, whereas in few, the upper CMC is present as a small ball between the bases of the lowest ray of the upper lobe. </p>
            <p> In the stomiid  Photostomias the lower CMC appears between 21 and 32 mm SL (Fig. 25A, B) and it develops before the upper CMC (Fig. 25B). At this stage all hypurals are preformed of cartilage, but show no sign of ossification yet. There is one cartilaginous epural and the ossified uroneural, but there are no ossified vertebral centra. In a 92 mm SL specimen, all hypurals, caudal vertebrae and the single epural (with the tips still cartilaginous) are ossified, and two prominent CMCs are present in the diastema (Fig. 25C). We lack intermediate developmental stages to determine the exact size at which the upper CMC appears. The same development of the CMCs during early ontogeny was observed in  Astronesthes niger and  Eustomias sp. (not illustrated here). In the phosichthyid  Vinciguerria there is just a single CMC. This cartilage is present in a 9 mm SL specimen (Fig. 25D). At this stage the hypurals have just started to ossify, but no ural centra are formed yet. In the sternoptychid genus  Argyropelecus , the lower CMC develops before the upper CMC. At this stage (9.9 mm SL; Fig. 25E) the hypurals, the parhypural and one ural centrum have already partly ossified. In our 13.3 mm SL specimen all caudal vertebrae have formed and the upper CMC is also present (Fig. 25F). In the sternoptychid genus  Sternoptyx there is one single, enlarged CMC. Our smallest specimen (8.8 mm SL) already shows this single cartilage (Fig. 25G). At this stage the urostyle and hypurals already started to ossify. In a 9.5 mm SL specimen the single CMC has elongated in dorsoventral direction (Fig. 25H). </p>
            <p> For the other investigated groups there is almost no information on the development available. In the smallest alepocephaliforms, sternoptychids and bathylagids available in this study, the CMCs are already present. In the smaller specimens of  Polyipnus spinosus , the CMCs show a simpler, almost ball-like shape without the typical notch on the diastemal side found in bigger specimens. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502287BEFF93D522FCD1B47516A93238	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moritz, Timo;Buchert, Jan;Schnell, Nalani K	Moritz, Timo, Buchert, Jan, Schnell, Nalani K (2019): Unexpected diversity of median caudal cartilages in teleosts. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (3): 599-632, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zly094, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/3/599/5316022
