identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
502B87A1FFBA1573FFA5FBB1037DBC84.text	502B87A1FFBA1573FFA5FBB1037DBC84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aniba ecuadorica Cornejo & Loor 2022	<div><p>Aniba ecuadorica Cornejo &amp; Loor, sp. nov. — Fig. 1, 5, 6</p><p>Etymology. The name of the new species refers to the latitudinal distribution, which is about 30–40 km south from latitude zero equatorial line, and also to the country of Ecuador.</p><p>Aniba ecuadorica can be recognized by its subverticillate leaves,the blades narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, 30–60 by 6–10 cm, subcoriaceous,glabrous,secondary veins (12–)16–22 pairs, inflorescences pale-tomentellous with basal bracts 0.8–2 cm long, flowers 3–3.5 mm long, mouth of corolla c. 2 mm wide at anthesis,stamens with a protruding connective, style longer than ovary, glabrous, stigma unexpanded, obliquely cleft, pilose, and fruit ellipsoid-oblong to oblong, 3–3.7 by 1.6–2 cm. — Type: X. Cornejo &amp; A. Loor 9305 (holo GUAY), Ecuador, Manabí, reserva privada La Esperanza de Anelio Loor, 3 km after San Ramon Del Tigrillo, 15 km on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.59972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.59972/lat -0.3666667)">Via Venado</a> from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.59972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.59972/lat -0.3666667)">El Carmen</a>, wet forest, - 79.59972W - 0.3666667S, 250 m, 21 Febr. 2020 (fr) .</p><p>Tree, up to 10 m tall and 15 cm dbh, subcylindric at base. Terminal branches subcylindrical, shortly tomentellous to abundantly short-pilose; lenticels narrowly-elliptic, up to 3 mm long, scattered. Leaves subverticillate, mature blades narrowly oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic-oblanceolate, 30–60 by 6–10 cm, subcoriaceous (fresh), thinly chartaceous (dry), green to darkgreen above,opaque beneath (fresh);apex acuminate; base narrowly cuneate to attenuate; venation brochidodromous; secondary veins (12–)16–22 pairs, prominent below, sulcate above; tertiary veins reticulate, sometimes to scalariform or irregularly scalariform; glabrous on both sides; petioles 0.5–2 by 0.4– 0.8 cm, slightly channelled to flattened adaxially. Inflorescences 3–12, subterminal, triangular to narrow panicles, at the base of new growth, those in the axils of bracts below the terminal bud 10– 20 cm long, greenish white or whitish to yellowish tomentellous; bracts below terminal bud lanceolate, 0.8–2 cm long, densely short-sericeous adaxially. Pedicels 1.5–2 mm long. Flowers pyriform, 3–3.5 mm long, including the obconic tube of 1.2–1.7 mm long, mouth of corolla c. 2 mm wide at anthesis; tepals 6, erect, ovate, convex and densely strigulose throughout, minutely ciliate, the outer three 1–1.3 mm long, the inner three 0.8–1 mm long; stamens 9, 1–1.3 mm long, filaments somewhat thinner than anthers, 0.5–0.8 mm long, dorsally tomentellous, anthers 0.3–0.5 mm long, glabrous, flaps opening upwards and towards the connective, the latter protruding beyond the anther cells, first and second whorls with introrse-ventral locules, third whorl with lateral locules and two basal glands per stamen; staminodes not seen; ovary ellipsoid, 0.5–0.7 mm long, glabrous, style longer than ovary, 1.3–1.4 mm long, glabrous, stigma obliquely cleft, unexpanded, pilose. Fruit ellipsoid-oblong to oblong, 3–3.7 by 1.6–2 cm, smooth, darkpurple to opaque black at maturity (fresh), inserted at 1/2–1/3 of its basal length in the cupule; cupule red (fresh), 1.3–2 by 1.5–2.2 cm, with thick lenticels of warty appearance.</p><p>Distribution — Aniba ecuadorica is endemic to Ecuador and only known from the El Carmen canton in the Manabí region in the western part of the country (Fig. 1). The species has been collected to date from two isolated wet forest patches some 5 km apart. The species is documented to occur at around 250 m a.s.l.</p><p>Preliminary IUCN (2019) conservation assessment — The EOO of Aniba ecuadorica is estimated to be just 12 km 2 (less than the 100 km 2 upper limit for Critically Endangered status under the criterion B1) and its minimal AOO is estimated to be 12 km 2 (just above the upper limit for the Critically Endangered status (&lt;10 km 2) under the criterion B2). Aniba ecuadorica is endemic to the canton of El Carmen in the Manabí province, and has not been collected in a protected area. It does occur, however, in two privately owned forest patches less than 5 km apart (Fig. 1). The species is known from four specimens (collected in 2020 and 2021) representing one ‘location’ (sensu IUCN 2019), within the limit of the Critically Endangered status. As the wet forests of the province of Manabí are severely fragmented and under steady pressure by the expansion of agricultural and cattle farming frontiers we project a continuous decline of mature individuals. Aniba ecuadorica is therefore assigned a preliminary status of CR B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).</p><p>Phenology — Flowering: January, February and November; fruiting: January to March and September.</p><p>Paratypes. ECUADOR, Manabí, Reserva privada La Esperanza de Anelio Loor, 3 km after <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.59972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.59972/lat -0.3666667)">San Ramon Del Tigrillo</a>, 15 km on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.59972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.59972/lat -0.3666667)">Via Venado</a> from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.59972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.59972/lat -0.3666667)">El Carmen</a>, - 0.3666667S, - 79.59972W, 250 m, 21 Feb. 2020 (fl), X. Cornejo &amp; A . Loor 9318 (!- GUAY); Canton El Carmen, private forest fragment, c. 7 km after <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.61626&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.409894" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.61626/lat -0.409894)">San Ramon Del Tigrillo</a>, 22 km on Via Venado from El Carmen city, - 0.409894S, - 79.616256W, 207 m, 15 Sept. 2020 (fr), T. L. P . Couvreur &amp; A . Loor 127 4 (!- GUAY, QCA, WAG); Reserva privada La Esperanza de Anelio Loor, 3 km after <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.60837&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3779" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.60837/lat -0.3779)">San Ramon Del Tigrillo</a>, 15 km on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.60837&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.3779" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.60837/lat -0.3779)">Via Venado</a> from El Carmen, - 0.37790S, - 79.60837W, 218 m, 14 Nov. 2021 (fl), T. L. P . Couvreur, A . Loor, A . Lozinguez 1522 (!- GUAY, P, QCA, WAG) .</p><p>Notes — Aniba ecuadorica differs from A. magnifica from the wet forest of western Ecuador by the narrower inflorescences (vs broader, triangular panicles with more developed secondary and tertiary branches), flowers with outer tepals shorter (1–1.3 vs 1.9–2.1 mm long), and fruits with a red calyx at maturity (vs brown, see Palacios 2018, Fig. 5e). Aniba ecuadorica resembles A. hostmanniana (Nees) Mez from Venezuela and Guianas to the Amazonia of Peru and Brazil (Kubitzki &amp; Renner 1982), but differs from the latter by the rusty tomentose branches, leaves subcordate, rounded or obtuse at the base, smaller flowers (3–3.5 vs 15–18 mm long) and larger fruits (3–3.7 vs 1.5–2.5 cm).</p><p>Annonaceae</p><p>We provide a tentative dichotomic key to the species of Guatteria found in western Ecuador (west of the Andes). We did not include G. punctata because this species is morphologically very variable with a large geographic distribution in its latest species concept, making it hard to key out (Maas et al. 2015). However, this species has the following characters that could be helpful for identification: leaves not verruculose and generally coriaceous; secondary veins impressed above; petiole without a revolute margin, flowering pedicels 10–35 mm long, densely to sparsely covered with appressed, semi-erect or erect hairs, the ellipsoid to subglobose monocarps stipitate being between 6–30 mm long. We include in the below key the species G. scalarinervia D.R.Simpson, which is a mainly Amazonian species but with a single known collection in western Ecuador (Øllgaard 57277 (U!); Carchi, Maas et al. 2015). Identifications should be confirmed by checking Maas et al. (2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502B87A1FFBA1573FFA5FBB1037DBC84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Couvreur, T. L. P.;Cornejo, X.;Zapata, J. N.;Loor, A.	Couvreur, T. L. P., Cornejo, X., Zapata, J. N., Loor, A. (2022): Two new magnoliid (Annonaceae, Lauraceae) tree species from Manabí, western Ecuador. Blumea 67 (2): 97-108, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2022.67.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2022.67.02.02
502B87A1FFB8157EFCFCFA09050BBA1D.text	502B87A1FFB8157EFCFCFA09050BBA1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Guatteria esperanzae Couvreur, J. N. Zapata & Loor 2022	<div><p>Guatteria esperanzae Couvreur, J.N.Zapata &amp; Loor, sp. nov. — Fig. 1, 7, 8</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after the privately owned La Esperanza reserve near El Carmen where this species was first collected and the type locality (see Introduction).</p><p>Guatteria esperanzae resembles G. darienensis (known from the northern Chocó region of Colombia and Panama) by the shape of its leaves being narrowly elliptic with prominent secondary veins above, the generally single flower in the axis of foliate leaves and the size (9–11 by 4–6 mm in G. esperanzae) and shape (ellipsoid with an acute apex) of the monocarps.However, it differs by its much shorter pedicel (15–18 mm vs 30–75 mm long), the petals maturing red vs yellow in G. darienensis, and the stipes being shorter in G. esperanzae (6–9 mm vs 7–15 mm). — Type: T.L.P. Couvreur &amp; A. Loor 1271 (holo QCA(QCA244028);iso P,WAG (WAG.1973005,WAG.1973006, WAG.1973007)), Ecuador, Manabí, Reserva privada La Esperanza de Anelio Loor, 3 km after San Ramon Del Tigrillo, 15 km on Via Venado from El Carmen, lowland rain forest, - 0.385365S - 79.61967W, 14 Feb. 2020 (fl, fr).</p><p>Tree 4–9 m tall, 8–15 cm dbh, one primary stem and sometimes several secondary trunks emerging from the base, trunk grey; young twigs sparsely covered with appressed hairs soon becoming glabrous. Petiole 5–8 mm long, 3–5 mm diam, canali- culated but not winged, blackish when dry, glabrous; leaf lamina narrowly elliptic, 19–25 by 6.5–9 cm; 2.2–3.1 times longer than wide, chartaceous, shiny above, glabrous above, not verruculose, bullate, sparsely covered with appressed hairs below, mainly along midrib; base acute or attenuate; apex acuminate, acumen 20–24 mm long, margins not revolute; primary vein impressed above, forming a small channel, distinct and raised below; secondary venation brochidodromous, 16–19 veins on either side of primary vein, looping 4–6 mm from margin; tertiary venation reticulate, raised and very prominent below. Flowers axillary, solitary on leafless branches or in the axils of leaves; bracts caducous, not seen; flowering pedicels 15–18 mm long, 1– 2 mm diam, blackish, densely covered with appressed hairs, articulated; flower buds spherical, slightly flattened at top; sepals ovate-triangular, 4–5 by 5–7 mm, densely covered with appressed pale brown hairs on both sides, apical part of sepals recurved in vivo, green in vivo; outer and inner petals similar in size and shape, ovate, 11–21 by 9–14 mm, densely covered with appressed pale brown hairs outside, glabrous but with appressed pale brown hairs towards the apex inside, margins folded outwards in vivo, colour varying from green to yellow turning red when mature. Stamens 180–190, c. 2 mm long, connective shield papillate, orange in vivo. Carpels 30–35, c. 3 mm long, covered with erect, golden brown hairs; stigma umbonate, pubescent, red in vivo at maturity. Monocarps 16–30, ellipsoid, 9–11 by 4–6 mm, sparsely covered with appressed hairs to glabrous, apex acute, white to pinkish when immature turning red to black when mature; stipes 6–9 mm long, sparsely covered with appressed hairs, white in vivo when immature, turning light red in vivo when mature; seed 1 per monocarp, ellipsoid, 7–8 by 4–5 mm, rugose, reddish brown in vivo, black when dried.</p><p>Distribution — Guatteria esperanzae is endemic to Ecuador and only known from the El Carmen canton in the Manabí region (Fig. 1). To date it has been collected in several forest fragments around La Esperanza. One sterile collection (T.L.P. Couvreur 1250) from a forest patch in the Tinalandia Hosteria (Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas) might also belong to this species based on the similarity of its leaves. More fertile material is needed to confirm its presence in Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas region.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — The species grows in lowland rain forests on tierra firme soils and documented to occur between 200 and 320 m a.s.l. Up to 15 mature individuals are documented from the La Esperanza reserve.</p><p>Preliminary IUCN conservation assessment — The EOO of Guatteria esperanzae is estimated to be 27 km 2 (much smaller than the 5000 km 2 upper limit for Endangered status under the criterion B1) and its minimal AOO is estimated to be 20 km 2 (much smaller than the 500 km 2 upper limit for Endangered status under the criterion B2). Guatteria esperanzae is, to date, endemic to the canton of El Carmen in the Manabí province, and has not been collected in a protected area. It does occur, however, in several privately owned forest patches less than 15 km apart (Fig. 1). The species is known from seven specimens (collected between 2018 and 2021) representing one subpopulation and five ‘locations’ (sensu IUCN 2019, see Materials and Methods), within the limit of the Endangered status. Moreover, in La Esperanza reserve around 15 individuals have been located and are tracked for phenological studies (Anelio Loor, pers. obs.). As the wet forests of the province of Manabí are severely fragmented and under steady pressure by the expansion of agricultural and cattle farming frontiers we project a continuous decline of mature individuals, locations and EOO or AOO. Guatteria esperanzae is therefore assigned a preliminary status of EN B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v).</p><p>Phenology — Flowering: February, September and December; fruiting: June, September and December.</p><p>Paratypes. ECUADOR, Manabí,Reserva privada La Esperanza,3 kmafter</p><p>San Ramon Del Tigrillo, 15 km on Via Venado from El Carmen, - 0.374621S</p><p>- 79.604718W, 205 m, 15 July 2018 (st), T. L. P . Couvreur, A . Loor, R. J . Montúfar &amp; S. P . Escobar 1189 (!- P, QCA, WAG); Reserva privada La Esperanza, 3 km after San Ramon Del Tigrillo, 15 km on Via Venado from El Carmen , - 0.374621S - 79.604718W, 205 m, 19 Feb.2020 (fl), T. L. P . Couvreur &amp; A . Loor 1267 (!- GUAY, P, QCA, WAG); private forest fragment, c. 7 km after San Ramon Del Tigrillo, 22 km on Via Venado from El Carmen city , - 0.411619S - 79.616165W, 209 m, 15 Sept. 2020 (fr), T. L. P . Couvreur &amp; A . Loor 1275 (!- P, QCA, WAG); 2 km south of El Mono (N38 road) , - 0.38308S - 79.70758W, 317 m, 8 June 2021 (st), T. L. P . Couvreur, A . Loor &amp; N . Zapata 1400 (!- P, QCA, WAG); some 5 km southeast of El Mono village (N38 road) ,- 0.37745S - 79.66074W, 215 m, 9 June 2021 (fr), T. L. P . Couvreur, A . Loor &amp; N . Zapata 1417 (!- P, QCA, WAG); Reserva privada of Don Horacia, c. 12 km after San Ramon Del Tigrillo, c. 25 km on Via Venado from El Carmen , - 0.406767S - 79.650801W, 300 m, 29 Dec. 2021 (fl.), T. L. P . Couvreur, A . Loor &amp; L. J. V . Couvreur 1523 (!- QCA, WAG) .</p><p>Notes — Guatteria esperanzae is distinguished from the other species in the region (see key too) by its large (&gt; 19 cm long) membraceous leaves, with a distinct acumen (&gt; 2 cm long), bullate above with a prominent secondary and tertiary venation below, its flowers with a medium sized pedicel (15–18 mm long), deep red petals at maturity, and it fruits with numerous monocarps that are red turning black at maturity. The red petals at maturity have rarely been reported for Guatteria (Maas et al. 2015, P. Maas pers. comm.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/502B87A1FFB8157EFCFCFA09050BBA1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Couvreur, T. L. P.;Cornejo, X.;Zapata, J. N.;Loor, A.	Couvreur, T. L. P., Cornejo, X., Zapata, J. N., Loor, A. (2022): Two new magnoliid (Annonaceae, Lauraceae) tree species from Manabí, western Ecuador. Blumea 67 (2): 97-108, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2022.67.02.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2022.67.02.02
