identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3DBF20F901035E869B89A4EE102E7899.text	3DBF20F901035E869B89A4EE102E7899.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex asper (Mayr 1887)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex asper (Mayr, 1887)</p><p>Figs 18, 19, 20, 29</p><p>Leptothorax asper Mayr, 1887: 618. Syntype series (worker, queen, male): Brazil, Santa Catarina. [NHMW] (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0901801).</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Goniothorax): Emery 1896: 59.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) asper var. rufa Emery, 1896: 61. Syntype series (queen, worker): Brazil, Pará. [MSNG]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0904722). Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 414.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) tristani Emery, 1896: 61. Syntype series (queen, worker): Costa Rica. [MSNG]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0904724). Synonymy by Longino 2006: 136.</p><p>Leptothorax asper var. antoniensis Forel, 1912: 18. Syntype series. (worker): Colombia, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, San Antonio. [MHNG]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0909002). syn. nov.</p><p>Leptothorax asper var. sulfurea Forel, 1912: 18. Syntype series (worker): Brazil. [MHNG]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0909003). Synonymy by Kempf (1959: 414).</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Nesomyrmex): Kempf 1959: 414.</p><p>Combination in  Nesomyrmex: Bolton 2003: 272.</p><p>Worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 8) HL 0.86–1.08, HW 0.78–0.99, SL 0.68–0.84, ML 0.41–0.53, EL 0.19–0.24, PW 0.51–0.66, PTW 0.21–0.31, PPW 0.31–0.44, WL 1.05–1.38, PH 0.29–0.34, PTL 0.37–0.46, PTH 0.23–0.29, PPL 0.24–0.34, PPH 0.26–0.32, GL 0.88–1.01. CI 90–92, SI 84–87.</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guaina, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>Colombia • 1 worker; Atlántico, Usicurí, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.75198" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.0/lat 10.75198)">Vda. Luriza</a>, CIALU; 10.75198°N, 75,030 75°W; 155 m a. s. l.; 28–30 Mar. 2023; J. Camargo, H. Sierra, S. De la Hoz legs.; Winkler; CBUMAG:ENT:54657  •   1 worker; Bolívar, Turbaco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.34967&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.371944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.34967/lat 10.371944)">Finca el Huerto</a>; 10.371944°N, 75.349667°W; 102 m a. s. l.; 05 Jul. 2015; A. Sagoval, C. Cantor legs.; secondary forest; ICN 106553  . •   1 worker; Cesar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.33639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.561111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.33639/lat 9.561111)">La Jagua de Ibirico</a>; 9.561111°N, 73.336389°W; 150 m a. s. l.; 2007; F. Fernández leg.; pitfall; ICN 019802  . •   1 worker; Huila, Aipe, Cuenca Río Aipe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.30578&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.345356" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.30578/lat 3.345356)">Vda. San Isidro</a>; 3.3453561°N, 75.3057781°W; 841 m a. s. l.; 25 Nov. 2017; L. Arcila leg.; Winkler; IAvH  . •   1 worker; Valle del Cauca, Dagua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.6945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.623869" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.6945/lat 3.623869)">Cuenca Río Dagua</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.6945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.623869" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.6945/lat 3.623869)">Vda. Limonar</a>; 3.6238689°N, 75.6945069°W; 1071 m a. s. l.; 17 Aug. 2021; L. Arcila leg.; Pitfall; IAvH  . •   2 workers; Cauca, Santander de Quilichao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.5265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.1096" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.5265/lat 3.1096)">Las Chatas</a>; 3.1096°N, 76.5265°W; 909 m a. s. l.; 17 Aug. 2021; M. A. Bautista-Giraldo; I. Armbrecht legs.; meadow; CBUMAG:ENT:40121, CBUMAG:ENT:40122  .</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Some workers were collected foraging during the day on vegetation in TDF fragments in the Valle del Cauca. Additionally, one worker was collected foraging on the grassland soil using pitfall traps.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species is recognized by the set of the following characters: 11 antennomeres, clypeus sculpture ranges from smooth and shiny to longitudinally costate or reticulate, inner area of dorsal surface of mandibles finely reticulate and opaque, propodeal lobe angulate, apex blunt.  Nesomyrmex asper presents intraspecific morphological variation in some traits throughout its distribution in the Colombian TDF. The lateral tubercles of the petiole and postpetiole are variable characteristics, both in quantity and size, between populations of the species (Fig. 18). For example, workers from populations in the Valle del Cauca (western Colombia) have no lateral tubercles on the petiole and postpetiole (Fig. 18 A) while in more northern populations such as those from La Guajira and Magdalena there are between one and three tubercles distributed asymmetrically on the sides of the petiole (Fig. 18 D, E). Analysis of  N. asper specimens across the Colombian TDF suggests that populations of this species are morphologically cohesive in terms of the diagnostic characteristics that define it, but traits such as lateral tubercles on the petiole / postpetiole show extensive phenotypic plasticity.</p><p>Our novel observations of variability in number and shape of lateral petiole and postpetiole tubercles in  N. asper contrasts with the use of presence and absence of tubercles as a diagnostic trait for some nomenclatural changes in  N. asper (Kempf 1958, 1959, 1975; Longino 2006). Longino (2006) proposed  Nesomyrmex tristani (Emery, 1896) as a junior synonym of  Nesomyrmex asper considering the similarity of the lateral processes (i. e., lateral tubercles) of the petiole between the workers of both taxa. The same author used the differentiation of the lateral processes of the postpetiole (described there as “ acuminate teeth ”: p. 136) observed between the workers of  Nesomyrmex asper var. antoniensis (Forel, 1912) and  N. asper s. str, to recognize  N. antoniensis (Forel, 1912) as a valid species. Considering the intraspecific morphological variation in the lateral tubercles of  N. asper workers, we compared this trait with the type worker of  N. antoniensis (CASENT 0909002), finding that the latter falls within the high intraspecific variability of  N. asper . Likewise, the type specimens of both  N. antoniensis (CASENT 0909002) and  N. asper (CASENT 0901801), and the workers of  N. asper present in Colombia and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (type locality of  N. antoniensis) were measured, finding that the type of  N. antoniensis (HL 0.89, HW 0.83, SL 0.72, ML 0.43) matches the morphometric range of  N. asper (HL 0.86–1.08, HW 0.78–0.99, SL 0.68–0.84, ML 0.41–0.53). Based on the evidence, we found that the morphological variation between  N. antoniensis and  N. asper is not distinct, with the form referred to as  N. antoniensis falling within the variability observed in  N. asper . Therefore, we propose  N. antoniensis as a junior synonym of  Nesomyrmex asper . The highly variable number and shape of tubercles on lateral petiole and postpetiole in  N. asper should not be used to separate taxonomic units in these species groups. Interestingly, the lateral processes of the petiole and postpetiolar node described as “ acuminate teeth ” by Longino (2006: 136) are setigerous tubercles (Fig. 19; also see Kempf 1959) and their variation in shape is due to projection and orientation relative to the body.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3DBF20F901035E869B89A4EE102E7899	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
CBF0E959A34B51279F9D39F361F67CA8.text	CBF0E959A34B51279F9D39F361F67CA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex echinatinodis (Forel 1886)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex echinatinodis (Forel, 1886)</p><p>Figs 21, 29</p><p>Leptothorax echinatinodis 
Forel, 1886: 48. Holotype (worker): Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. [NHMW] (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0909004).</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Goniothorax): Emery 1896: 59.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) aculeatinodis Emery, 1896: 60. Holotype (worker): Costa Rica, Jiménez. [MSNG]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 090475). Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 425.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) pungentinodis Emery, 1896: 2. Holotype (queen): Panama, Gulf of Darien. [MSNG]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0904726) Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 425.</p><p>Leptothorax echinatinodis r. dalmasi Forel, 1899: 55. Syntype (worker): Colombia, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, San Antonio [MHNG]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0909005). Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 425.</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Caulomyrma): Forel 1914: 233.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) echinatinodis subsp. schmidti Menozzi, 1927: 275 Syntype series (male, queen, worker): Costa Rica, San José. [DEIB]. (AntWeb image examined, FOCOL 0198-1). Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 426.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) echinatinodis subsp. cordincola Wheeler, 1942: 205. Syntype (worker): Panama, Canal zone, Chivachiva Trail. [MCZC]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0912925). Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 426.</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Nesomyrmex): Smith 1950: 30.</p><p>Combination in  Nesomyrmex: Bolton 2003: 272.</p><p>Worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 15) HL 0.55–0.7, HW 0.49–0.65, SL 0.38–0.54, ML 0.28–0.35, EL 0.11–0.19, PW 0.30–0.45, PTW 0. 15–0.26, PPW 0.19–0.31, WL 0.63–0.91, PH 0.17–0.28, PTL 0. 20–0.34, PTH 0.16–0.25, PPL 0.19–0.35, PPH 0.17–0.25, GL 0.67–0.93. CI 89–92, SI 77–83.</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>Colombia • 1 worker; Antioquia, Santa Fe de Antioquia, Vda. El Espinal, Estación Agraria Cotové, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.831665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.561389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.831665/lat 6.561389)">Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín</a>; 6.5613889°N, 75.83166667°W; 600 m a. s. l.; 06 Oct. 2000; E. Vergara, F. Serna legs.; manual coll; UNAB  . •   1 worker; Antioquia, Santa Fé de Antioquia, Vda. El Espinal, Estación Agraria Cotové, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.82972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.5358334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.82972/lat 6.5358334)">Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín</a>; 6.5358333°N, 75.82972222°W; 515 m a. s. l.; 02 Apr. 2020; B. Arredondo leg.; MEFLG -NC 53153  . •   2 workers; Arauca, Tame, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.89426&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.360678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.89426/lat 6.360678)">La Casirba</a>; 6.360678°N, 71.894257°W; 675 m a. s. l.; 20 Mar. 2024; H. Sierra y S. De La Hoz legs.; Manual coll; CBUMAG:ENT:41658  . •   1 worker; Arauca, Tame, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.89426&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.360678" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.89426/lat 6.360678)">La Casirba</a>; 6.360678°N, 71.894257°W; 675 m a. s. l.; 19 - 21 Mar. 2024; H. Sierra y S. De La Hoz legs.; Winkler; CBUMAG:ENT:41659  . •   1 worker; Bolívar, San Jacinto, SFF los Colorados, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.116646&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.899947" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.116646/lat 9.899947)">La Yaya</a>; 9.899947°N, 75.116645°W; 280 m a. s. l.; 06 - 21 Apr. 2001; E. Deulefe leg.; Malaise trap; IAvH -E-251264  . •   9 workers; Cundinamarca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.52994&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.566113" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.52994/lat 4.566113)">Anapoima</a>; 4.566113°N, 74.529935°W; 25 Mar. 1981; I. Zenner leg.; CTNI - NC 8245-1, 8245-2, 8245-3, 8245-4, 8245-5, 8245-6, 8245-7, 8245-8, 8245-9  . •   1 worker; Cesar, Codazzi, Cgto. Casacará, Vda. Villa Matilde, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.190414&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.793531" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.190414/lat 9.793531)">RNSC Altahona-Castro</a>; 9.793531°N, 73.190414°W; 403 m a. s. l.; 22 - 24 Sep. 2023; H. Sierra, L. Ramos, R. J. Guerrero, S. De La Hoz legs.; Pitfall.; CBUMAG:ENT:41660  . •   1 worker; La Guajira, Barranca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.70462&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.878276" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.70462/lat 10.878276)">Cgto. San Pedro</a>; 10.878276°N, 72.704619°W; 422 m a. s. l.; 10 - 11 Sep. 2023; H. Sierra, S. De la Hoz, R. J. Guerrero, L. Ramos legs.; Manual coll.; CBUMAG:ENT:41662  . •   1 worker; La Guajira, Barranca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.70416&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.876713" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.70416/lat 10.876713)">Cgto. San Pedro</a>; 10.876713°N, 72.704164°W; 404 m a. s. l.; 10 - 11 Sep. 2023; H. Sierra, S. De la Hoz, R. J. Guerrero, L. Ramos legs.; Manual coll.; CBUMAG:ENT:41663  . •   1 worker; La Guajira, Barranca, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.73397&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.913786" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.73397/lat 10.913786)">Cgto. San Pedro</a>; 10.913786°N, 72.733971°W; 221 m a. s. l.; 09 - 11 Sep. 2023; H. Sierra, L. Ramos, R. Guerrero, S. De La Hoz legs.; Winkler.; CBUMAG:ENT:41661  . •   1 worker; Magdalena, Santa Marta, Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.283333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.183334/lat 11.283333)">sector Zaino, sendero 9 Piedras</a>; 11.2833333°N, 74.18333333°W; 600 m a. s. l.; C. Martínez leg.; manual coll.; ICN 106594  . •   1 worker; Sucre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.23361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.23361/lat 9.53)">Ovejas</a>; 9.53°N 75.23361111°W; 277 m. a. s. l.; 05 Apr. 2016; H. Cadena leg.; manual coll.; MEFLG -NC 48120  . •   1 worker; Sucre, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.22086&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.534611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.22086/lat 9.534611)">Ovejas</a>; 9.5346111°N, 75.22086111°W; 277 m. a. s. l.; 05 Apr. 2016; H. Cadena leg.; manual coll.; MEFLG -NC 48121  . •   3 workers; Valle del Cauca, Santander de Quilichao, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.5265&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.1096" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.5265/lat 3.1096)">Las Chatas</a>; 3.1096°N, 76.5265°W; 909 m a. s. l.; 17 Aug. 2021; M. A. Bautista-Giraldo; I. Armbrecht legs.; meadow; CBUMAG:ENT:40123, CBUMAG:ENT:40124, CBUMAG:ENT:40125  .</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Workers were collected in dry forest fragments associated with mango ( Mangifera indica L.) and Uvito ( Cordia dentata Poir.) trees. Several workers were collected foraging on the ground on secondary TDF fragments in Arauca. A single record comes from the Malaise trap inside the mature TDF in SFF Los Colorados, to the northwest of Colombia. These ants are distributed from sea level up to 909 m altitude.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Nesomyrmex echinatinodis populations throughout its distribution in Colombia (unpublished data), including those from TDF, show wide morphological variability as noted by Kempf (1959) in his discussion of this species. For example, the sculpture on the head and mesosoma may present intra and intercolonial variability, but all the ants studied here share the diagnostic traits proposed by Kempf (1959) for this species, i. e., 11 antennomeres, mesosoma at least partly dark-colored, head with frontal and vertex area partially smooth and shiny, clypeus smooth and shiny, propodeal lobe short and uniformly rounded, basal third of the first gastral tergum slightly striate, were determined as  N. echinatinodis s. str.</p><p>Nesomyrmex echinatinodis,  N. spininodis, and  N. konina sp. nov. share several traits, thus form the echinatinodis group, which can be recognized by short scapes which in repose do not reach the occipital margin, laterally serrated mesonotum, long and curved propodeal spines, propodeal lobe short and uniformly rounded., petiolar and postpetiolar node with lateral tubercles, scapes and legs lacking erect hairs.</p><p>Nesomyrmex echinatinodis has been previously recorded for the departments of Cundinamarca and La Guajira (Kempf 1959), Huila (Fernández et al. 1996), Magdalena (Fernández and Serna 2019), and Valle del Cauca (Armbrecht et al. 2001, Chacón de Ulloa et al. 2012).  Nesomyrmex echinatinodis is one of two species previously recorded for the tropical dry forest in Colombia (Valle del Cauca), extending its distribution to TDF fragments in the departments of Antioquia, Bolívar, Cundinamarca, and Sucre.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CBF0E959A34B51279F9D39F361F67CA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
6573CDD71D425FF0AF74C1A06F70EF7C.text	6573CDD71D425FF0AF74C1A06F70EF7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex iku Arredondo & Guerrero 2025	<div><p>Nesomyrmex iku sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 22, 29</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Colombia • 1 worker; Magdalena, Santa Marta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.816667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.65/lat 10.816667)">Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta</a>; 10.816667°N, 73.650000°W; IAvH -E-75014 [IAvH]  .  Paratype (n = 1). 1 worker; same data as holotype; IAvH -E-75007 (CBUMAG) .</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Colombia.</p><p>Holotype worker measurements.</p><p>HL 0.86, HW 0.73, SL 0.63, ML 0.34, EL 0.18, PW 0.48, PTW 0.25, PPW 0.28, WL 1.13, PH 0.34, PTL 0.47, PTH 0.30, PPL 0.3, PPH 0.29, GL 0.91. CI 85, SI 86.</p><p>Paratype worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 1) HL 0.89, HW 0.74, SL 0.63, ML 0.35, EL 0.18, PW 0.48, PTW 0.26, PPW 0.30, WL 1.18, PH 0.35, PTL 0.48, PTH 0.30, PPL 0.32, PPH 0.29, GL 0.96. CI 85, SI 86.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Mesosomal dorsum straight. Lateral margins of pronotum rounded, converging towards mesonotum. Lateral margins of mesonotum and dorsopropodeum with slightly angled lateral projections. Lateral dorsopropodeal processes short, not covering spiracle in dorsal view.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Worker. In full-face view, head longer than wide (CI 84–85), lateral margins straight, slightly curved posterior to the eyes, continuing into occipital margin, weakly convex mesally; mandible triangular, masticatory margin of mandible with five teeth, separated from basal margin by fifth tooth; anterior clypeal margin convex, projecting above the mandibles; lateral eyes protruding, below half the length of the head, with 11 ommatidia at their greatest diameter; full-face view, frontal lobes not prominent and weakly rounded, partially covering antennal insertions; frontal carina extending to anterior margin of eye; antenna with 12 antennomeres, 3 - segmented club; scape curved at base, relatively long (SI 85–86) but not reaching the occipital margin by a distance almost twice its apical width; pedicel longer than wide, almost as long as the next three antennomeres together.</p><p>Mesosoma. In lateral view, mesosomal profile straight; in dorsal view, pronotum wider than long, maximum width towards anterior margin, the latter slightly convex; humeral angles angulate; lateral margins of pronotum curved posteriorly; in lateral view, promesonotal suture marked; in dorsal view, lateral mesonotal and dorsopropodeal projections slightly angulated; propodeal spines divergent, longer than half the distance between their apices; propodeal spiracle small, circular, projecting posterodorsally; propodeal lobe short and uniformly rounded.</p><p>Metasoma. In dorsal view, petiole trapezoidal with anterior portion narrower than posterior portion, lateral margins diverging posteriorly; in lateral view, peduncle and petiole node without apparent differentiation, forming a continuous outline, extending to dorsal face of petiole node; anterior face of petiole with anteromedial petiolar spine above petiolar spiracle; dorsal surface weakly rounded and short, continuing with a straight posterior face; anteroventral process of petiole pyramidal; in dorsal view, postpetiole oval, slightly wider than long, in lateral view postpetiole globose, taller than long.</p><p>Sculpture. Body generally opaque; body surface rugose-reticulate, excluding smooth, shiny gaster; clypeus with medial longitudinal costae; dorsal surface of mandible, scapes, and legs weakly punctate and shiny.</p><p>Pilosity and color. Dorsal surface of body with flattened erect hairs, mostly separated by a distance equal to or greater than their length, hairs as long as base of propodeal spines; in full-face view, scapes partly covered with short decumbent hairs, no erect hairs present; legs devoid of erect hairs, with sparse simple decumbent hairs restricted to apex of femur; gaster with sparse erect hairs, separated from each other by a distance twice their length. Body concolorous yellow.</p><p>Queen and male.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>No related information.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The name of this species refers to the Arhuaco people with ancestral lands close to the type locality of the species. The Arhuaco people self-identify as Iku, which translates as “ people ” in the Ika language (Tracy 1997). Iku (Arhuacos) - Guardians of life, defenders of the peaceful coexistence of men among themselves and with the forces of nature. This is a name in apposition and thus invariable.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species is only known from the type material.  Nesomyrmex iku sp. nov. is easily recognized by the shape of the straight mesosomal profile and by the lateral dorsopropodeal processes short, not covering spiracle in dorsal view. Morphologically, the closest species is  Nesomyrmex xerophilus sp. nov., but they can be differentiated mainly by the lateral projection of the frontal lobes, the latter being wider posterior to the torulus, whereas  N. iku does not have such a projection on the frontal lobes. On the other hand, in  N. xerophilus the propodeal spiracles are not visible in dorsal view, since the lateral portion of the dorsopropodeal projects above them, whereas in  N. iku the propodeal spiracles are visible in dorsal view.</p><p>Another species with similar morphology is  N. brasiliensis . When comparing the type workers of  N. iku (IAvH -E-75014, IAvH -E-75007) with the type ones of  N. brasiliensis (MZSP 87370, MZSP 87374) we found that both species share a straight mesosomal profile, petioles and postpetioles lacking tubercles and body concolorous yellow. However, they differ in several features: The antennal flagellum of  N. iku has 12 antennomeres, while  N. brasiliensis has 11; additionally, the sculpture of the frontal area in  N. brasiliensis is foveated in contrast to the frontal area striated in  N. iku . Other distinguishing characteristics include the length of the propodeal spines, and the size and shape of the antennal scapes. A more extensive discussion on the similarity of  N. brasiliensis,  N. iku, and  N. xerophilus will be possible when more material can be analyzed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6573CDD71D425FF0AF74C1A06F70EF7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
B5A743066B13534EB7B3D9F3B0DC4E69.text	B5A743066B13534EB7B3D9F3B0DC4E69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex konina Arredondo & Guerrero 2025	<div><p>Nesomyrmex konina sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 23, 29</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Colombia • 1 worker; Arauca, Tame, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.89426&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.359289" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.89426/lat 6.359289)">Parcela del Humboldt</a>; 6.359289°N, 71.894258°W; 675 m a. s. l.; 19 Mar. 2024 – 21 Mar. 2024; H. Sierra, S. de La Hoz legs.; Winkler; CBUMAG:ENT:35951 [CBUMAG]  .  Paratypes (n = 4). Colombia • 3 workers; same data as holotype; CBUMAG:ENT:40035, CBUMAG:ENT:40036, CBUMAG:ENT:41654 (CBUMAG) . •   1 worker; Cundinamarca, Medina, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.426834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.512722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.426834/lat 4.512722)">Vda. Periquito</a>; 4.512722°N, 73.426833°W; 1043 m a. s. l.; 07–21 Feb. 2019; MPUJ_ENT 0064660 (MPUJ)  .</p><p>Holotype worker measurements.</p><p>HL 0.66. HW 0.57, SL 0.44, ML 0.26, EL 0.16, PW 0.4, PTW 0.19, PPW 0.25, WL 0.76, PH 0.24, PTL 0.23, PTH 0.2, PPL 0.21, PPH 0.21, GL 0.66. CI 86, SI 77.</p><p>Paratype worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 3). HL 0.66–0.67, HW 0.57–0.58, SL 0.44–0.46, ML 0.25–0.28, EL 0.15–016, PW 0.39–0.4, PTW 0.17–0.19, PPW 0.24 – 0.25, WL 0.75–0.77, PH 0.21–0.26, PTL 0.21–0.24, PTH 0.19–0.2, PPL 0.18–0.21, PPH 0.20–0.21, GL 0.66–0.69. CI 86, SI 77–79.</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Colombia.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dorsal surface of head and clypeus smooth and shiny. Clypeus without longitudinal median carina. Mesosome with slightly impressed longitudinal striation. Dorsal surface of mesosoma, petiole and postpetiole opaques. Legs and antennal scapes smooth and shiny. Basal third of first gastral tergum smooth and shiny.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Worker. In full-face view, head slightly longer than wide (CI 86), slightly narrow anterior to the eyes, posterolateral corners rounded, occipital margin weakly convex to straight; mandible triangular, inner mandibular margin with five teeth; anterior margin of clypeus weakly convex, projecting over mandibles; lateral eyes, with 10 ommatidia at greatest diameter, Posterior margin barely reaching midline of head length; frontal lobes straight, slightly expanded laterally, antennal insertions slightly exposed; front carina extending to anterior margin of eye; antenna of 11 antennomeres; scapes relatively short (SI 77), not extending past occipital margin, curved from base to mid-length; pedicel longer than wide, and nearly as long as next two antennomeres together; antennal club of three antennomeres.</p><p>Mesosoma. In lateral view, mesosomal profile convex; in dorsal view, pronotum broader than long, greater width medially, anterior margin of pronotum slightly convex, humeral angle slightly angulated; in lateral view, promesonotal suture present, absent dorsally; lateral mesonotal projection rounded; lateral dorsopropodeal processes long, covering propodeal spiracle in dorsal; propodeal spines sharped divergent, as long as half the distance between their apices; in lateral view, propodeal spines forming an acute angle; propodeal spiracle small, circular, projecting posterodorsally; propodeal lobe short and uniformly rounded.</p><p>Metasoma. In dorsal view, petiole subrectangular, anterior and posterior margins of petiole of equal width, lateral margins forming a rhombus, with their sides meeting towards the middle of their length; anterior and posterior margin of node with two tubercles of equal length located laterally; lateral margin of petiole node with a posterolateral tubercle; in lateral view, petiole trapezoidal, peduncle and petiole node without apparent differentiation, forming a continuous line, which extends to the dorsal face of the petiole node; anterior face of petiole with anteromedial petiolar spine on each side, above the petiole spiracle; dorsal face weakly rounded and short; anteroventral process of petiole developed, triangular in shape; in dorsal view, postpetiole hexagonal, twice as wide as long, with two lateral tubercles towards its middle length; in lateral view, postpetiole globose, taller than long.</p><p>Sculpture. Dorsal surface of head mostly smooth and shiny, with reticulated area restricted to anterior area of eyes, continuing into frontal lobes and malar area; dorsal surface of mandibles partly smooth and shiny, with slight striation restricted to inner margin; clypeus smooth and shiny; scapes smooth and shiny; dorsum of mesosoma rugose-reticulate; lateral surface of mesosoma finely reticulate; petiole and postpetiole dull and rough-reticulate; gaster smooth and shiny.</p><p>Pilosity and color. Dorsal surface of body, except head, with erect flattened hairs mostly separated by a distance equal to or greater than its length; hairs as long as base of propodeal spines; in full-face view, head capsule with simple, erect to suberect hairs; erect hairs restricted to vertex area; scapes covered with short decumbent hairs; propodeal spines with sparse erect hairs; legs with simple, appressed hairs, sparse and restricted to apex of femur; gaster with abundant erect hairs, separated by a distance equal to its length. Body yellowish brown, except for dark brown masticatory margin of mandible and antennomeres posterior to pedicel, varying from pale yellow to dark brown on antennal club.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Several of the type workers were extracted from the leaf litter in a fragment of tropical dry forest that has been recovering for more than 20 years in eastern Colombia.</p><p>Queen and male.</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The word  konina means smooth and shiny in the Sikuani aboriginal language, the language of the indigenous population that has shared the habitat where this species lives. The word is used to refer to the smooth and shiny sculpture of the cephalic dorsum of the ants of this species. This is a name in apposition and thus invariable.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Nesomyrmex konina is included in the group of echinatinodis species due to its morphological similarity (see comments in  N. echinatinodis). It is distinguished from the other species in the group by its coloration and the smooth, shiny sculpture of the first gastral tergite.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/B5A743066B13534EB7B3D9F3B0DC4E69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
99D09D34BB6C56399A14680FE250C1B0.text	99D09D34BB6C56399A14680FE250C1B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex pittieri (Forel 1899)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex pittieri (Forel, 1899)</p><p>Figs 24, 29</p><p>Leptothorax pittieri Forel, 1899: 56. Holotype (worker): Costa Rica. [MHNG] (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0908997).</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Goniothorax): Emery 1924: 250.</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Nesomyrmex): Kempf 1958: 93.</p><p>Combination in  Nesomyrmex: Bolton 2003: 272.</p><p>Worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 1) HL 0.81, HW 0.68, SL 0.53, ML 0.33, EL 0.21, PW 0.51, PTW 0.24, PPW 0.36, WL 0.98, PH 0.3, PTL 0.35, PTH 0.26, PPL 0.24, PPH 0.24, GL 0.78. CI 83, SI 78.</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago.</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>Colombia • 1 worker; Valle del Cauca, Jamundí, Vda. San Isidro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.5413&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.33931" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.5413/lat 3.33931)">Colindres</a>; 3.33931°N, 76.5413°W; 979 m a. s. l.; 30 Jul. 2021; M. A. Bautista-Giraldo, I. Armbrecht legs.; CBUMAG:ENT:41664  .</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Species collected by manual sampling on vegetation in Parque Nacional Natural Tuparro.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species is recognized by the following characters: wide and deep foveae on the dorsal surface of the head, antennal scapes curved at their base, and propodeal spines as long as the distance between their tips.</p><p>The only specimen examined shows variation in coloration with respect to specimens from other forest types in Colombia (unpublished data). Populations found in premontane forest show bicoloration, with variations between reddish brown to dark. The sculpture of the frontal area is consistent in all populations (Fig. 24).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/99D09D34BB6C56399A14680FE250C1B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
67EE9217248554D499111ECCC135C492.text	67EE9217248554D499111ECCC135C492.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex pleuriticus (Kempf 1959)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex pleuriticus (Kempf, 1959)</p><p>Figs 25, 29</p><p>Leptothorax (Nesomyrmex) pleuriticus Kempf, 1959: 414. Syntype series (male, queen, worker): Guyana, Kartabo. [MCZC, MZSP]. (image examined, MZSP 87353, MZSP 87354).</p><p>Combination in  Nesomyrmex: Bolton 2003: 272.</p><p>Worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 1) HL 0.61, HW 0.58, SL 0.50, ML 0.25, EL 0.15, PW 0.36, PTW 0.16, PPW 0.22, WL 0.77, PH 0.21, PTL 0.242, PTH 0.16, PPL 0.18, PPH 0.19, GL 0.64.</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guyana, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Surinam, Venezuela</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>Colombia • 1 worker; Vichada, Cumaribo, Cgto. Santa Rita, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.89083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.331667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.89083/lat 5.331667)">Parque Nacional Natural el Tuparro</a>; 5.331667°N, 67.890833°W; 135 m a. s. l.; 08 Feb. 2004 – 10 Feb. 2004; I. Quintero; E. González legs.; Winkler; IAvH -E-79866  .</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Foragers were collected on vegetation.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species can be distinguished from other ones by having a straight anterior margin of the pronotum, an opaque mesosoma with striate sculpture and imbricate microsculpture, a dorsum of the postpetiole with longitudinal striations, scapes and legs covered with long, erect hairs, and a smooth, shiny clypeus.</p><p>The previous records of  N. pleuriticus for the tropical dry forest in Colombia are based on information recorded for the departments of Cauca (Chacón de Ulloa et al. 2014) and Valle del Cauca (Armbrecht et al. 2001, Chacón de Ulloa et al. 2012) but we were unable to analyze these specimens to confirm the taxonomic identity of these ants (see comments on  N. vargasi).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/67EE9217248554D499111ECCC135C492	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
9409219A903D5F39BBB82133FBBCAC1C.text	9409219A903D5F39BBB82133FBBCAC1C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex spininodis (Mayr 1887)	<div><p>Nesomyrmex spininodis (Mayr, 1887)</p><p>Figs 26, 29</p><p>Leptothorax spininodis Mayr, 1887: 617. Lectotype worker: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro or Chile, Valparaiso. [NHMW]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0919734).</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Goniothorax): Emery 1896: 59.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) umbratilis Wheeler, 1921: 160. Syntype (queen, worker): Guyana, Bartica, Penal Settlement. [MCZC, MZSP]. (Image examined, MZSP 78366). Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 427.</p><p>Leptothorax (Goniothorax) genualia Santschi, 1922: 252. Holotype (worker): Paraguay, Asuncion. [NHMB]. (AntWeb image examined, CASENT 0913001). Synonymy by Kempf 1959: 427.</p><p>Combination in  Leptothorax (Nesomyrmex): Kempf 1959: 427</p><p>Combination in  Nesomyrmex: Bolton 2003: 272.</p><p>Worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 1) HL 0.68, HW 0.62, SL 0.48, ML 0.29, EL 0.15, PW 0.44, PTW 0.21, PPW 0.28, WL 0.82, PH 0.25, PTL 0.32, PTH 0.22, PPL 0.22, PPH 0.22, GL 0.79, CI 91, SI 77.</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela.</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>Colombia • 1 worker; Vichada, Cumaribo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.87666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.350278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.87666/lat 5.350278)">Parque Nacional Natural Tuparro</a>; 5.350278°N, 67.876667°W; 100 m a. s. l.; 12 Apr. 1995; J. Muñoz leg.; Manual coll.; IAvH -E-251254  .</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Species collected by manual sampling on vegetation in Parque Nacional Natural Tuparro.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>This species can be recognized by 11 antennomeres, uniformly testaceous or yellowish-brown coloration, dorsal surface of head finely reticulate-punctate and longitudinally rugose, without presence of shiny areas, and basal third of first gastral tergite generally aciculate-striate in its sculpture.</p><p>Kempf (1959) synonymized all previously described species and subspecies within the echinatinodis complex under the nominal species, except for  N. spininodis . A potential revision of the  N. echinatinodis complex could either result in the synonymization of certain species or the division of the complex into multiple forms. It is common to find  N. echinatinodis exhibiting sculpture similar to that of  N. spininodis, particularly in populations from Colombia different from those living in the TDF (Unpublished data). Additionally, coloration is highly variable within the echinatinodis complex. For this reason, using coloration as the primary criterion for distinguishing between different forms is not recommended. Thus, the separation of both species should not rely solely on coloration; instead, the sculpture of the frontal area of the head and the first gastral tergum should also be compared.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9409219A903D5F39BBB82133FBBCAC1C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
50DBCF393F2D54C583DC84C22407947F.text	50DBCF393F2D54C583DC84C22407947F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex vargasi Longino 2006	<div><p>Nesomyrmex vargasi Longino, 2006</p><p>Figs 27, 29</p><p>Nesomyrmex vargasi Longino, 2006: 136. Holotype worker: Costa Rica, Heredia Prov. [INBC]. (AntWeb image examined, JTLC 000008517, JTLC 000008518, LACMENT 144699).</p><p>Worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 5) HL 0.70–0.76, HW 0.64–0.68, SL 0.54–0.61, ML 0.28–0.33, EL 0.15–0.16, PW 0.42–0.46, PTW 0.14–0.18, PPW 0.25–0.27, WL 0.88–0.96, PH 0.24–0.30, PTL 0.33–0.38, PTH 0.19–0.21, PPL 0.18–21, PPH 0.21–0.23, GL 0.79–0.91. CI 89–91, SI 84–89.</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Colombia, Costa Rica.</p><p>Examined material.</p><p>Colombia • 1 worker; Bolivar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.82421&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=9.744721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.82421/lat 9.744721)">Zambrano</a>; 9.744721°N, 74.82421°W; 1993–1994; Pitfall; IAvH -E-251258  •   1 worker; Cesar, Valledupar, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.761215&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.241965" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.761215/lat 10.241965)">Vda. Tierras nuevas</a>; 10.241965°N, 73.761216°W; 881 m a. s. l.; 31 Mar. 2016; R. Achury leg.; Pitfall; CBUMAG:ENT:41665  . •   1 worker; Vichada, Cumaribo, Cgto. Santa Rita, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.89083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.331667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.89083/lat 5.331667)">Parque Nacional Natural el Tuparro</a>; 5.331667°N, 67.890833°W; 135 m a. s. l.; 08–10 Feb. 2004; I. Quintero; E. González legs.; Winkler; IAvH -E-79867  .</p><p>Note.</p><p>Longino (2006) presents the diagnosis for  N. vargasi but does not fully describe the species. To address the possible variability of this taxon, we offer a redescription of the worker caste based on specimens from Colombia.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Anterior margin of pronotum convex; mesosoma with marked longitudinal striations, space between the striae smooth and shiny; dorsum of postpetiole smooth and shiny; clypeus smooth and shiny; body surface smooth and shiny; antennal scape and legs with erect hairs (Longino, 2006).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Worker. In full-face view, head subquadrate, slightly longer than wide (CI: 89), slightly narrowing behind the eyes; occipital margin slightly straight; occipital angles rounded; lateral margins slightly convex, converging posteriorly; anterior margin of clypeus rounded, projecting over mandibles; mandible triangular; inner margin with five teeth, separated from basal margin by fifth tooth; lateral eyes, with 12 ommatidia at greatest diameter, situated toward mid-length of head; frontal lobes slightly expanded, antennal insertions partly exposed; front carina extending to anterior margin of eye; antenna with 11 antennomeres; scapes of moderate size (SI: 84), at rest reaching occipital margin; pedicel longer than wide, as long as next two antennomeres; antennal club with three antennomeres.</p><p>Mesosoma. In lateral view, mesosomal profile convex; in dorsal view, pronotum wider than long, with its greatest width towards anterior margin, anterior margin of pronotum slightly convex; humeral angles slightly angulated; lateral margins of pronotum curved; in lateral view, pronotal suture marked; lateral dorsopropodeal processes (ldpp) long, covering propodeal spiracle in dorsal; propodeal spines of moderate size, slightly longer than the distance between their apices, in dorsal view propodeal spines diverge; in lateral view, propodeal spines curved; propodeal spiracle large, circular, projecting posterodorsally, diameter (0.071 mm) approximately equal to length of third and fourth antennomere; propodeal lobe angulate, apex blunt.</p><p>Metasoma. In dorsal view, petiole rectangular, anterior and posterior margins of petiole of equal length; lateral margins of petiole parallel, twice the size of anterior margin; lateral margins of petiole node with 1 posterolateral tubercle on each side; in lateral view, petiole trapezoidal, peduncle and petiole node without apparent differentiation forming a continuous outline, extending to dorsal surface of petiole node; anterior surface of petiole with anteromedial petiolar spine on each side, superior to petiole spiracle; dorsal surface weakly rounded and short; anteroventral process of petiole broad, triangular in shape; in dorsal view, postpetiole cup-shaped, twice as wide as long; in lateral view postpetiole globose, taller than long.</p><p>Sculpture. Dorsal surface of head mostly smooth and shiny, with a striate area restricted to the lower part of the frontal area, between the antennal insertions and the eyes; dorsal surface of mandibles smooth and shiny, with slight striation restricted to inner margin; clypeus smooth and shiny; scapes smooth and shiny; dorsum of mesosoma with longitudinal striations extending over entire surface; lateral surface of mesosoma smooth and shiny, with longitudinal striation restricted to lower margin; dorsum of petiole and postpetiole smooth and shiny; gaster smooth and shiny.</p><p>Pilosity and color. Dorsal surface of body with erect hairs, separated by a distance less than the length; erect hairs as long as the length of propodeal spines; in full-face view, head capsule with simple, erect to suberect hairs; scapes covered with erect hairs as long as the maximum width of the scape; antennae and mandibles pale brown; propodeal spines and legs with erect hairs equal to the length of propodeal spines; gaster with abundant erect hairs, separated by a distance less than its length.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>Ants were collected in lowlands, foraging on the ground and in leaf litter.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>According to Longino (2006),  N. vargasi and  N. pleuriticus are parapatric species differentiated by the sculpture of the body surface, much smoother and shinier in  N. vargasi . The latter is distributed in humid forests at medium elevations of ~ 1100 m, while  N. pleuriticus lives in lowlands, below 500 m. In Colombia, the populations of  N. vargasi and  N. pleuriticus present a sympatric distribution since workers of both species were collected as foragers on the vegetation in the same fragment of TDF in the Tuparro National Natural Park (Vichada). This record increases the distribution range of  N. vargasi from 135 m in the tropical dry forest to 1100 m in humid forest.</p><p>The examined workers of  N. vargasi fit the definition of Longino (2006), with a smooth and shiny body, although they are slightly paler in color. Sympatric populations of  N. pleuriticus and  N. vargasi show variation in size, sculpture, coloration and shape of the petiole and postpetiole, exhibiting contrasting characteristics between both species, reaffirming the description of  N. vargasi by Longino (2006). This record expands the distribution of  N. vargasi, being the first report for South America.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/50DBCF393F2D54C583DC84C22407947F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
BC051E13C8215581A9840E21F9F60A48.text	BC051E13C8215581A9840E21F9F60A48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nesomyrmex xerophilus Arredondo-H & Guerrero 2025	<div><p>Nesomyrmex xerophilus Arredondo-H &amp; Guerrero sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 28, 29</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Colombia • 1 worker; Magdalena, Santa Marta, Vda. Puerto Mosquito, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.185165&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.176972" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.185165/lat 11.176972)">Reserva la Iguana Verde</a>; 11.176972°N, 74.185167°W; 02 Nov. 2019; M. Escárraga leg.; Manual capture; CBUMAG:ENT:12440 [CBUMAG]  .  Paratypes (n = 14). Colombia • 8 workers; same data as holotype; CBUMAG:ENT:12441 (ICN), CBUMAG:ENT:41656 (CBUMAG), CBUMAG:ENT:42097 (CBUMAG), CBUMAG:ENT:42098 (CBUMAG), CBUMAG:ENT:42099 (CBUMAG), CBUMAG:ENT:42100 (CBUMAG), CBUMAG:ENT:42101 (CBUMAG), CBUMAG:ENT:42102 (MEFLG) . •   1 worker; Cesar, Valledupar, Cgto. Los Corazones, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.27122&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.572165" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.27122/lat 10.572165)">PNR Los Besotes</a>; 10.572165°N, 73.271218°W; 584 m a. s. l.; 14 16 Sep. 2023; H. Sierra, L. Ramos, R. Guerrero y S. De La Hoz legs.; Winkler; CBUMAG:ENT:41655 (CBUMAG)  . •   2 workers; Magdalena, Santa Marta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.10167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.213139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.10167/lat 11.213139)">Reserva Caoba</a>; 11.213139°N, 74.101667°W; 27 Nov. 2018; M. Escárraga leg.; CBUMAG:ENT:12164, CBUMAG:ENT:12165 (CBUMAG)  . •   1 worker; Magdalena, Santa Marta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.18014&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.259111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.18014/lat 11.259111)">Cerro Taganga</a>; 11.259111°N, 74.180139°W; 117.3 m a. s. l.; 03 Mar. 2007; D. Ramírez y D. Olivero-G legs.; Pitfall; CBUMAG:ENT:12163 (IAvH)  . •   2 workers. Magdalena, Santa Marta, Ciénaga, 5 km SE, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.883306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.13333/lat 10.883306)">Río Frío</a>; 10.883306°N, 74.133333W; 100 m a. s. l.; 16 ago. 1985; P. Ward leg.; ICN 019704 (ICN)  .</p><p>Geographic range.</p><p>Colombia.</p><p>Holotype worker measurements.</p><p>HL 0.69, HW 0.6, SL 0.44, ML 0.29, EL 0.15, PW 0.43, PTW 0.28, PPW 0.37, WL 0.88, PH 0.23, PTL 0.23, PTH 0.25, PPL 0.22, PPH 0.23, GL 0.66 CI 86, SI 0.73.</p><p>Paratype worker measurements.</p><p>(n = 4) HL 0.69–0.7, HW 0.59–0.6, SL 0.43–0.44, ML 0.29, EL 0.15–0.16, PW 0.43–0.44, PTW 0.28–0.29, PPW 0.36–0.37, WL 0.9–0.91, PH 0.22–0.23, PTL 0.23–0.27, PTH 0.24–0.25, PPL 0.22–0.23, PPH 0.23–0.24, GL 0.66–0.68, CI 85–86, SI 72–73.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Frontal lobe projected laterally, covering the antennal insertions. Frontal carina extending to posterior cephalic vertex, forming a weak scrobus. Dorsum of mesosoma straight and flattened. Lateral margin of pronotum straight, converging towards mesonotum. Lateral projection of the mesonotum dentate. Lateral dorsopropodeal processes long, covering propodeal spiracle in dorsal view.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Worker. In full-face view, head longer than wide (CI 85–86), slightly narrowing behind the eyes; occipital margin weakly convex; occipital angles rounded; lateral margins slightly curved posteriorly; anterior margin of clypeus weakly convex, projecting over mandibles; eyes lateral, with 10 ommatidia at greatest diameter; frontal lobes laterally expanded, antennal insertions completely hidden by frontal lobes; frontal carina extending to posterior cephalic vertex, as if forming a weak scrobus; antenna with 12 antennomeres; mandible triangular; inner margin with five teeth, separated from basal margin by fifth tooth; scapes short (SI 72–73) barely reaching posterior margin of eye, curved towards mid-length; pedicel longer than wide, and almost as long as next three antennomeres together; antennal club with three antennomeres.</p><p>Mesosoma. In lateral view, mesosomal profile straight; in dorsal view, pronotum wider than long, with its maximum width towards anterior margin, the latter slightly convex, humeral angle angulated, lateral margins of pronotum curved; in lateral view, promesonotal suture present, in dorsal view, absent; in dorsal view, mesosomal lateral projection angulate; dorsopropodeal lateral projection angulate, projecting over propodeal spiracles; propodeal spines short, less than half the distance between their apices in length, and divergent; in lateral view, propodeal spiracle small (diameter = 0.057 mm), approximately equal to the length of the 10 th antennomere, circular, projected posterolaterally; propodeal lobe short and uniformly rounded.</p><p>Metasoma. In dorsal view, petiole trapezoidal, anterior margin shorter than posterior margin; posterior margin with two mesial tubercles of equal length; lateral margins diverging from anterior to posterior margin; lateral margin with two posterolaterals tubercles; in anteroposterior direction, first tubercle poorly developed, length less than half the total length of the following tubercle; in lateral view, petiole subquadrate, peduncle and petiolar node without apparent differentiation, forming a continuous outline, which extends to the dorsal surface of the petiolar node; anterior surface of petiole with anteromedial petiolar spine on each side, superior to the petiolar spiracle; dorsal surface weakly rounded and short; anteroventral process of petiole acute; in dorsal view, postpetiole hexagonal, twice as wide as long; in lateral view postpetiole globose, taller than long.</p><p>Sculpture. Body generally opaque, with smooth, shiny areas restricted to gaster; dorsal surface of body rugose-reticulate, excluding gaster; lateral surface of mesosoma reticulate; clypeus smooth and shiny, with medial longitudinal carina; dorsal surface of mandibles shiny, with weakly marked striation; scape and legs shiny with superficial sculpture; gaster weakly imbricate.</p><p>Pilosity and color. Dorsal surface of body with flattened erect hairs, mostly separated by a distance equal to or greater than its length; hairs as long as the base of the propodeal spines; in full-face view, head capsule with erect hairs restricted to the clypeus, area between the frontal carinae and vertex; scapes covered with short decumbent hairs, without erect hairs; propodeal spines with erect hairs; legs with simple, appressed, sparse hairs restricted to the apex of the femora; gaster with abundant erect hairs, separated by a distance equal to its length. Body pale yellow, legs slightly paler, base and apex of femur and tibia darker.</p><p>Queen and male. Unknown.</p><p>Natural history.</p><p>This species lives within dead branches of shrub vegetation. Populations are distributed in fragments ~ 100 m altitude. In all cases, the ants were found within dry forest with dense vegetation.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The epithet  xerophilus is a word composed of the prefix xero - (from ancient Greek ξηρο - meaning dry) and the suffix - philo or - philus (from ancient Greek φίλος meaning attraction towards). The species epithet refers to the dry habitat where these ants live, that is, the tropical dry forest, a life zone highly threatened by the high rate of deforestation in Colombia. It is a noun in apposition and thus invariant.</p><p>Comments.</p><p>Species easily recognizable by the lateral expansion of the frontal lobes and the lateral projection of the mesosoma and dorsopropodeum in the form of an angled lobe. Morphologically, the closest species to  N. xerophilus is  N. iku (see comments on  Nesomyrmex iku sp. nov.).  N. xerophilus is morphologically similar to  N. wilda, with both species exhibiting a lateral projection of the mesonotum dentate, long lateral dorsopropodeal processes covering of the propodeal spiracle in dorsal view. Additionally, they share the shape of the propodeal lobes, coloration, and sculpture. Despite these similarities,  N. xerophilus differs from  N. wilda in the number of antennomeres, as well as in the shape of the frontal lobes, petiole, and postpetiole.</p><p>Unlike  N. asper, the position and number of petiolar and postpetiolar tubercles in  N. xerophilus remain consistent across its populations, with no variation observed in this characteristic. This stability may be attributed to its limited distribution in the tropical dry forest of the Colombian Caribbean region. In contrast, the variation in the position and number of petiolar and postpetiolar tubercles in  N. asper appears to be linked to its altitudinal distribution and geographic location (see comments on  N. asper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BC051E13C8215581A9840E21F9F60A48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Arredondo, Brandon S.;Guerrero, Roberto J.	Arredondo, Brandon S., Guerrero, Roberto J. (2025): The ant genus Nesomyrmex Wheeler (Formicidae, Myrmicinae) from the threatened Colombian tropical dry forest: three new species, a new synonymy, and new distributional data. ZooKeys 1232: 131-172, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1232.141693
