taxonID	type	description	language	source
5D514B04FFBCFFD92D7E44018D6CB8E9.taxon	description	Notes — Dalbergia maritima was delimited by Bosser and Rabevohitra (2002) to include the populations from southeastern Madagascar recognized here as D. pseudomaritima and D. razakamalalae, as well as superficially similar collections from the northeastern part of the island (Service Forestier 2591 and 27751). However, the populations from the southeast and northeast are genetically distinct and less closely related to D. maritima than the latter is to D. louvelii s. s. (Crameri 2020), with which D. maritima co-occurs (Fig. 3 D) and from which it is morphologically distinct, as summarized in Fig. 3 A – B and Table 3 (but see notes below under D. maritima subsp. pubescens). The narrower circumscription of D. maritima adopted here avoids confusion with the distantly related D. pseudomaritima and results in the recognition of monophyletic as well as geographically and morphologically coherent species. The binary rather than gradual differences in indument between the two infraspecific taxa of D. maritima (Fig. 3 A – B; Table 3), along with their non-overlapping documented geographic ranges (Fig. 3 D), align better with the rank of subspecies than variety, following the infraspecific taxonomic concepts of Christensen (1987). It would not, however, be appropriate to treat these two entities as separate species because they appear to represent one metapopulation with no genetic structure that would indicate their separate evolution, and virtually no genetic differentiation between them (F ST 5 0.01, see p. 116 in Crameri 2020).	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFB8FFDB2D7E417D8967BBA3.taxon	description	The heartwood of Dalbergia maritima subsp. pubescens is used in carpentry, cabinet making, and construction (Service Forestier 18 - R- 195). It is considered to be a high-quality rosewood (Razakamalala & Bernard 8368). Habitat, Distribution, and Phenology — Dalbergia maritima subsp. pubescens occurs in inland low-elevation evergreen humid forests on lateritic soils, at 80 – 450 m elevation. It is restricted to east-central Madagascar (Atsinanana Region), occurring between and around the protected areas of Sahafina in the south and Betampona in the north, and potentially extending to the Analalava protected area (Fig. 3 D). Dalbergia maritima subsp. pubescens has only been collected once in full flower, in late March (G. Rakotonirina et al. 389). Immature fruits have been recorded from late January, and mature fruits have been recorded from June to early August. Conservation Status — Dalbergia maritima subsp. pubescens is known from 15 positively identified collection records that represent 5 extant occurrences and 3 occurrences that appear to have been extirpated. Its former extent of occurrence (EOO) was at least 1355 km 2 and its former area of occupancy (AOO) was at least 52 km 2 (based on a 4 km 2 grid), whereas its current documented geographic range has the form of an EOO of 779 km 2 and an AOO of 40 km 2, and comprises three subpopulations. The subspecies occurs in forest ecosystems (Madagascar Catalogue 2021). Forest cover decline between 1953 and 2017 was estimated from the forest cover time series of Vieilledent et al. (2018 a, 2018 b) to be 85 % in the altitudinal range of 80 – 450 m and within the minimum convex polygon encompassing all known collections of this subspecies. Therefore, D. maritima subsp. pubescens is inferred to have undergone and to be undergoing continuing decline in EOO, AOO, quality of habitat, number of subpopulations, and number of mature individuals. This subspecies occurs at three locations with respect to the most serious plausible threat, which is selective logging for trade in its high-quality heartwood, as inferred from older collections with exploitable diameter and its documented use for carpentry, cabinet making, and construction. The occurrences within the protected areas of Betampona and Sahafina represent two separate locations. All occurrences outside of protected areas can be inferred to represent a single additional (third) location based on the IUCN Red List guidelines (IUCN 2019), because of the large spatial scale at which illegal selective logging (or habitat degradation and loss) can severely reduce the population within a single generation (at least 30 – 40 yr). Moreover, most known subpopulations of this species can be accessed by road or train, and harvest intensity can be regarded as similar over large spatial scales spanning similarly accessible areas. For these reasons, D. maritima subsp. pubescens is assigned a preliminary IUCN conservation status of Endangered: EN B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) 12 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v). Notes — Dalbergia maritima subsp. pubescens is distinct from the nominal subspecies on the basis of the presence of indument on its leaves, inflorescence axes, and gynoecium, although sterile specimens can potentially be confused with D. louvelii s. l. (Figs. 1 C – D, 2 C), from which it differs in its smaller flowers (as observed in D. louvelii s. s., from littoral forests in east-central Madagascar) and narrower fruits, and in its smaller, more numerous, consistently pubescent, and differently shaped leaflets, as shown in Figs. 1 B, 2 B, 3 A – B and summarized in Table 3. Moreover, the currently known geographic ranges of these two taxa do not appear to overlap, and the geographically closest similar entity (D. louvelii s. s., which co-occurs with D. maritima subsp. maritima in littoral forests in east-central Madagascar) occupies a different habitat type (Fig. 3 C – D). Two collections (Service Forestier 34291 and the type, Service Forestier 32824) increase the documented distribution range of D. maritima subsp. pubescens by ca. 50 km to the north, including the southern limits of the Analanjirofo Region and potentially the Analalava protected area, situated ca. 6 km to the southwest of Mahavelona, but no extant occurrences are known from these areas, despite intensive recent botanical inventory work at Analalava, so these populations are presumed to have been extirpated. Additional Specimens Examined — Madagascar. — ANALANJIROFO [Toamasina]: Ambatomalama, 4 Jun 1991 (fr), Service Forestier 34291 (MO, TEF); ATSINANANA [Toamasina]: Ambodiriana commune, 24 Mar 2017 (fl), G. Rakotonirina et al. 9 1 (K, MO, P, TAN, UPS); Antetezambaro commune, 12 Oct 2019 (st), Karatra & Ramanitrinizaka 190 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 28 Jan 2021 (y. fr), Antilahimena 9712 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, same date (y. fr), Antilahimena 9720 (MO, P, TAN); Betampona Special Reserve and surrounding areas, 11 Nov 2016 (st), Randrianaivo & Sylvain 2928 (P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 16 Feb 2018 (y. fr), Randrianaivo 3136 (G, MO, P, TEF, ZT); same locality, 18 Jan 2014 (st), Razakamalala & Bernard 7704 (BR, G, MO, P, ZT); same locality, 20 Jan 2014 (st), Bernard & Razakamalala 2247 (BR, G, MO, P, ZT); same locality, 7 Aug 1986 (fr), Service Forestier 31184 (P, TEF); Masiabarika forest, 17 Dec 1954 (st), Service Forestier 18 - R- 195 (P); Sahafina protected area, 16 Apr 2019 (st), Razakamalala & Bernard 8368 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 17 Apr 2019 (st), Bernard & Razakamalala 2734 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); Toamasina suburbaine commune, 21 Feb 2018 (y. fr), G. Rakotonirina et al. 389 (K, MO, P, TAN, UPS).	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFBBFFDA2EA445C28C25B91C.taxon	description	Deciduous tree to ca. 12 m tall, or shrub-like when resprouting after felling, bole to ca. 7 m high, DBH to at least 25 cm; bark pale gray to brown, smooth at first, becoming fissured with age. Branches glabrous, orange-brown in vivo (dark brown to dark purple in sicco) when young, becoming gray, lenticels present. Leaves alternate, (4 –) 5 – 8 (– 10) cm long, with (8 –) 10 – 17 (– 21) alternate leaflets, petiole and rachis bright green in vivo, purple-brown in sicco, glabrous; petiole (6 –) 8 – 10 (– 12) mm long; stipules obovate, 4.0 – 6.5 3 1.0 – 2.0 mm, glabrous, early caducous; leaflets (5 –) 7 – 14 (– 22) 3 (4 –) 5 – 8 (– 12) mm, sometimes noticeably smaller toward base, but often rather uniform; petiolule 0.5 – 2.0 mm long, yellow-green in vivo, dark brown to black in sicco, glabrous; lamina broadly elliptic to orbicular, rarely obovate, thinly coriaceous, base broadly cuneate, margins thickened but not revolute in sicco, apex shallowly retuse, sometimes mucronulate or rounded, venation brochidodromous, with 5 – 9 principal lateral veins per side; upper surface matt, yellow-green in vivo, olive-green to red-brown in sicco, glabrous, venation inconspicuous (slightly raised in sicco), midrib inconspicuous or forming a groove; lower surface matt, paler than upper in vivo and in sicco, glabrous, venation forming a dense network of higher-order veins, contrasting and often darker than matrix in sicco, highest-order veins often open-ended, midrib prominent. Inflorescences paniculate, composed of 6 – 20 flowers each, compact, 2 – 5 cm long, with (2 –) 4 – 6 partial inflorescences composed of (1 –) 2 – 6 flowers each; axes green in vivo, dark brown in sicco, glabrous or sparsely and minutely ciliate at junctions; anthesis before or concurrent with leaf emergence; peduncle to 8 mm long. Flowers subtended by glabrous or minutely ciliate, oblong to obovate bracts, 3.5 – 6.0 3 1.0 – 1.5 mm, early caducous; pedicel 0.5 – 2.5 mm long, glabrous; bracteoles obovate, (1.5 –) 3.5 – 4.5 3 (0.5 –) 1.0 – 1.5 mm, glabrous or minutely ciliate, early caducous; calyx base to apex of longest petal 8 – 12 mm long in sicco; calyx green, reddish at base in vivo, yellow-brown to purple-brown in sicco, with a 2.5 – 3.4 mm long tube, 5 – 8 mm long from base to apex of lower lobe, glabrous or sparsely and minutely ciliate, persistent, 2 upper sepals long-connate, their lobes 1.8 – 2.5 3 1.9 – 2.5 mm, apex obtuse to subacute, 2 lateral sepals cymbiform, 3.1 – 4.2 3 1.3 – 1.9 mm, lowest sepal triangular, margins incurved, apex often distinctly hooked, 3.4 – 4.6 3 1.0 – 2.5 mm; petals glabrous, white or pinkish-white at anthesis, becoming cream post anthesis, yellow to brown in sicco; standard petal ovate to elliptic to obovate, claw and lamina almost perpendicular, margins incurved forwards in vivo, base truncate to subcordate, apex notched, 8.8 – 10.0 3 3.7 – 4.7 mm, including 2.5 – 3.5 mm long claw; wing petals 7.3 – 10.3 3 2.0 – 2.8 mm, including 1.5 – 2.9 mm long claw, base distinctly auriculate; keel petals 7.4 – 9.4 3 2.5 – 3.1 mm, including 1.8 – 2.7 mm long claw, base distinctly auriculate; androecium glabrous, monadelphous or diadelphous, 9.4 – 10.6 mm long; stamens 9 – 10 or 9 1 1, free for upper 2.7 – 4.0 mm; gynoecium 6.4 – 8.2 mm long, glabrous; stipe 3 – 4 mm long; ovary 3.5 – 4.5 mm long, with 3 – 5 ovules; style slender, slightly incurved, 1.9 – 2.5 mm long. Fruits (immature) yellow-green becoming red-brown in vivo, yellow-brown to red-brown in sicco, with 1 – 3 (– 4) seeds, body elliptic to oblong, 4.5 – 6.5 3 1.6 – 2.3 cm when single-seeded, up to 8.5 3 2.5 cm when 3 - seeded, base attenuate, apex rounded or obtuse, surface with reticulate veins, glabrous; stipe 5 – 10 mm long; style persistent. Seeds (immature) sub-reniform, flattened, brown, 8.0 – 9.0 3 5.0 – 6.0 mm. Figures 1 F, 2 F, 4.	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFBBFFDA2EA445C28C25B91C.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet reflects the superficial similarity to and confusion with Dalbergia maritima. Vernacular Names and Uses — Manary (Ramamonjiarisoa 4), Manary toloho (Ramamonjiarisoa 10), Sambalahy (Ramison & Ramisy 108), Tombobitsy (Raza fi mandimby et al. 237). The heartwood of Dalbergia pseudomaritima is orange-brown in color (S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 58, Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8566). Its wood is used as firewood and for charcoal production (R. Randrianaivo pers. comm.). Habitat, Distribution, and Phenology — Dalbergia pseudomaritima occurs in littoral forests on sand and adjacent swamp forests (Razakamalala et al. 6675), with one collection from inland low-elevation evergreen humid forests on sandy lateritic soils near a stream (Bernard et al. 2654), at 0 – 30 m elevation. It is restricted to southeastern Madagascar (Anosy Region), occurring mainly in the protected areas of Mandena and Sainte Luce (Fig. 3 D). Dalbergia pseudomaritima has been collected in full flower from October to January. Immature fruits have been recorded from October, and mature fruits have been observed only once in late March (Gereau et al. 3326).	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFBBFFDA2EA445C28C25B91C.taxon	description	Conservation Status — Dalbergia pseudomaritima is known from 42 collection records that represent 5 extant occurrences and 1 occurrence that appears to have been extirpated. Its former extent of occurrence (EOO) was at least 275 km 2 and its former area of occupancy (AOO) was at least 56 km 2 (based on a 4 km 2 grid), whereas its current documented geographic range has the form of an EOO of 252 km 2 and an AOO of 44 km 2, and comprises three subpopulations. The species mainly occurs in forest ecosystems and rarely extends to marshes (Madagascar Catalogue 2021). Forest cover decline between 1953 and 2017 was estimated from the forest cover time series of Vieilledent et al. (2018 a, 2018 b) to be 35 % in the altitudinal range of 0 – 30 m and within the minimum convex polygon encompassing all known collections of this species. Therefore, D. pseudomaritima is inferred to have undergone and to be undergoing continuing decline in EOO, AOO, quality of habitat, number of subpopulations, and number of mature individuals. This species occurs at four locations with respect to the most serious plausible threat, which is habitat degradation or loss due to land clearing and fire for subsistence agriculture. The occurrences within the protected areas of Mandena and Sainte Luce represent two separate locations. Occurrences outside of the Sainte Luce protected area, including sites north of the Ebakika river, represent the third location. The Ampasy forest subpopulation, which is comparatively less accessible, represents the fourth location. For these reasons, D. pseudomaritima is assigned a preliminary IUCN conservation status of Endangered: EN B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) 12 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v). Notes — Material of Dalbergia pseudomaritima has previously been included in or associated with D. maritima sensu Bosser and Rabevohitra (2002), mainly owing to their overlapping morphological variation with respect to leaflet size and number, and due to their occurrence in littoral forest. However, D. pseudomaritima differs by numerous characters of its leaves, inflorescences, flowers and fruits, as summarized in Fig. 3 A – B and Table 3. By contrast, the inflorescence and flower characters of D. pseudomaritima are similar to those of the closely related D. chapelieri s. l., with which it shares an often conspicuous reticulate venation with open-ended highest-order veins on the lower leaflet laminae. The currently known geographic ranges of D. chapelieri s. l. and D. pseudomaritima do not appear to overlap locally, but the widely distributed D. chapelieri s. l. occurs both to the east and north of D. pseudomaritima. A single collection of D. pseudomaritima is known from a site located outside of the species’ typical (remaining or former) littoral forest habitat (Bernard et al. 2654), on sandy lateritic soils near a stream. In the same general area, D. pseudomaritima might come into contact with neighboring populations from low-elevation evergreen humid forests attributed to the most closely related lineage within D. chapelieri s. l. (e. g. Razakamalala 7739, Razakamalala 7765, and S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 51, Fig. 1 H). However, D. pseudomaritima clearly differs from these individuals by its shorter leaves [(4 –) 5 – 8 (– 10) cm vs. (8 –) 10 – 13 cm long] with distinctly smaller leaflets [distal leaflets 7 – 15 (– 22) 3 5 – 8 (– 12) mm vs. 24 – 40 (– 51) 3 14 – 20 (– 25) mm] that are broadly elliptic to orbicular (vs. ovate to elliptic) and thinly coriaceous (vs. coriaceous) with plane (vs. strongly revolute) margins (Figs. 1 F – H, 3 A; Table 3), and no individuals with an intermediate leaf morphology (Fig. 3 A) or genotype (Crameri 2020) have yet been found. Additional Specimens Examined — Madagascar. — ANOSY [Toliara]: Ambanihazo village (Iabakoho commune), 31 Aug 2012 (st), Ludovic 1570 (TAN); same locality, 25 Nov 2011 (fl), Razakamalala et al. 6675 (MO, P, TAN); Ampasy forest (Iabakoho commune), 10 Feb 2019 (st), Bernard et al. 2654 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); Mandena protected area and surroundings, 21 Nov 1977 (st), Ramamonjiarisoa 2 (P); same locality, same date (fl), Ramamonjiarisoa 4 (P); same locality, same date (st), Ramamonjiarisoa 5 (P); same locality, same date (st), Ramamonjiarisoa 10 (P); same locality, 12 Jun 1991 (st), Zarucchi et al. 7593 (K, MO, P); same locality, 7 Dec 1989 (fl), Dumetz & McPherson 1139 (K, MO, P); same locality, 7 Apr 2014 (st), Razakamalala 7783 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, Nov 1978 (fl), Service Forestier 30547 (P); same locality, 16 Oct 1989 (bud), Service Forestier 33262 5 Rabevohitra 2033 (K, MO, P, TEF, WAG); Mandromodromotra, 6 Dec 2006 (fl), Ramison & Ramisy 108 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, same date (y. fr), Ramison & Ramisy 109 (MO, P, TAN); Sainte Luce protected area and surroundings, 22 Nov 2011 (y. fr), Ratovoson 1713 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, 16 Jan 1990 (y. fr), McPherson et al. 14804 (MO); same locality, 16 Oct 2008 (fl, y. fr), Raza fi mandimby et al. 237 (TEF); same locality, 18 Nov 2004 (fl), Raharimampionona et al. 1 (MO, P, TEF); same locality, 4 Nov 2003 (fl), Rabenantoandro et al. 1556 (MO, P, TEF); same locality, 15 Dec 2000 (fl), Faliniaina et al. 10 (L, MO, P, TEF, WAG); same locality, 18 Dec 1993 (y. fr), Luckow 4150 (BH, K, MO, TAN, WAG, Z); same locality, 16 Jan 1990 (y. fr), Dumetz 1195 (K, MO, P); same locality, 26 Apr 1989 (st), Rabevohitra 1928 (MO, P); same locality, 15 – 16 Jan 1990 (y. fr), Rabevohitra 2145 (K, MO, P, TEF); same locality, 17 – 18 Jan 1990 (fl), Rabevohitra 2178 (K, MO, P, TEF); same locality, 6 Nov 2019 (st), Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8566 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (fl), Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8567 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (st), Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8568 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (y. fr), Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8569 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (st), Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8570 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (y. fr), Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8571 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 5 Apr 2014 (st), Razakamalala et al. 7767 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, 20 Oct 2012 (fl), Razakamalala et al. 7228 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, 17 Oct 2012 (fl, y. fr), Ramananjanahary et al. 780 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, 20 Oct 2012 (bud, fl, y. fr), Ramananjanahary et al. 830 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, 29 Mar 1989 (fr), Gereau et al. 3326 (K, MO, P, WAG); same locality, 7 Nov 2019 (st), S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 58 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (fl), S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 60 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (fl, y. fr), S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 63 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (st), S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 64 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (fl, y. fr), S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 65 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT).	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFBAFFC42D7E47138B81BDF5.taxon	description	Deciduous tree to ca. 20 m tall, or shrub-like when resprouting after felling, bole to ca. 15 m high, DBH to at least 40 cm; bark gray-brown, smooth at first, becoming fissured with age. Branches glabrous, pale brown to purple-brown in vivo (dark brown to dark purple in sicco) when young, becoming gray-brown, lenticels present. Leaves alternate, 7 – 13 (– 16) cm long, with 11 – 19 (– 23) alternate leaflets, petiole and rachis purplish-green in vivo, dark brown to dark purple in sicco, glabrous; petiole (9 –) 12 – 20 (– 25) mm long; stipules narrowly ovate, ca. 3.0 3 1.0 mm, glabrous, early caducous; leaflets (8 –) 13 – 25 (– 35) 3 (4 –) 5 – 10 (– 14) mm, often noticeably smaller toward base or / and apex; petiolule 1.0 – 2.0 mm long, yellow-green in vivo, dark brown to dark purple in sicco, glabrous; lamina narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic, rarely ovate to elliptic, thinly coriaceous, base cuneate, margins not revolute in sicco, apex emarginate, rarely obtuse, venation brochidodromous, with 5 – 7 principal lateral veins per side; upper surface matt, mid-green in vivo, dark purple-brown in sicco, glabrous, venation inconspicuous (slightly raised in sicco), midrib inconspicuous or forming a groove; lower surface paler than upper in vivo and in sicco, glabrous, venation forming a loose network with higher-order veins (often paler than matrix in sicco), midrib prominent. Inflorescences racemose, composed of (1 –) 4 – 12 alternate flowers each, often with imparipinnate reduced leaves subtending individual flowers especially near base (thus becoming single-flowered), sometimes pseudo-paniculate with smaller racemes (bearing abortive flower buds) branching off from close to base, 2 – 5 cm long; axes green to purple-green especially at apex in vivo, dark brown to dark purple in sicco, glabrous; anthesis before or concurrent with leaf emergence; peduncle to 6 mm long. Flowers often subtended by glabrous, imparipinnate reduced leaves, 22 – 57 mm long, with 7 – 13 alternate, narrowly ovate to narrowly elliptic leaflets, leaving visible scar, bracts not seen (early caducous and leaving visible scar); pedicel 2 – 4 (– 6) mm long, slender, glabrous; bracteoles lanceolate, ca. 2.5 – 3.0 3 0.6 – 0.8 mm, glabrous, early caducous; calyx base to apex of longest petal 10 – 14 mm long in sicco; calyx bright green to purple and brightly dotted especially at base in vivo, purple-brown, darker at base in sicco, with a 3.1 – 4.0 mm long tube, 7.0 – 8.2 mm long from base to apex of lower lobe, glabrous, persistent, 2 upper sepals long-connate, their lobes 2.3 – 3.9 3 2.5 – 2.9 mm, apex obtuse to rounded, 2 lateral sepals triangular, 3.2 – 4.2 3 1.5 – 2.2 mm, lowest sepal triangular, margins weakly incurved, apex slightly hooked, 3.2 – 4.2 3 1.4 – 2.2 mm; petals glabrous, white with often pink or bluish tinged veins at anthesis, dark yellow to dark cream in sicco; standard petal broadly obovate to orbicular, claw and lamina forming an obtuse angle, margins slightly incurved backwards when in full flower in vivo, base attenuate, apex notched, 9.6 – 11.5 3 5.8 – 9.2 mm, including 2.4 – 3.9 mm long claw; wing petals 7.3 – 10.8 3 2.2 – 3.2 mm, including 2.0 – 2.8 mm long claw, base distinctly auriculate; keel petals 7.3 – 9.3 3 2.4 – 2.9 mm, including 2.0 – 2.9 mm long claw, base distinctly auriculate; androecium glabrous, diadelphous, 6.4 – 10.3 mm long; stamens 9 1 1, free for upper 1.7 – 5.0 mm; gynoecium 7.0 – 7.7 mm long, glabrous; stipe ca. 3.5 mm long; ovary 4.3 – 5.5 mm long, with 3 – 5 ovules; style slender, slightly incurved, 1.4 – 1.8 mm long. Fruits (immature) purple-red to carmine in vivo, purple-brown in sicco, with 1 – 3 seeds, body oblong or narrowly elliptic, 3.5 – 5.5 3 0.8 – 1.5 cm when single-seeded, up to 7.5 3 1.7 cm when 3 - seeded, base cuneate, apex rounded or acute, surface indistinctly net-veined, glabrous; stipe ca. 7 – 10 mm long; style rarely persistent. Seeds (immature) sub-reniform, flattened, brown, ca. 6 3 3 mm. Figures 1 E, 2 D, 5.	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFBAFFC42D7E47138B81BDF5.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Dalbergia razakamalalae is named in honor of the botanist Richardson Razakamalala, who has made more than 9000 high-quality collections over the last two decades, contributing significantly to the knowledge of the flora of Madagascar, and which have included collections of this and many other Dalbergia species made while working together with local guides and other members of the Missouri Botanical Garden’ s research team in Madagascar. Vernacular Names and Uses — Sambalahimanga (Andriamihajarivo et al. 2455), Tombobitsy lahy (Razakamalala & S. N. Andrianarivelo 8035), Tongobitsy or Tambobitsy (Reserves Naturelles 1689). The heartwood of Dalbergia razakamalalae is beautifully veined and burgundy-colored (Bernard et al. 2645, Karatra & Rakotovao 242, Ramanitrinizaka & Sandratriniaina 1). It is considered to be a high-quality rosewood (Humbert 20607) and is used in cabinet making (Humbert 20355 bis). Habitat, Distribution, and Phenology — Dalbergia razakamalalae occurs in inland low-elevation evergreen humid forests on lateritic soils, at 20 – 510 m elevation in southeastern Madagascar (Anosy and Atsimo-Atsinanana Regions). It occurs in and around the Tsitongambarika protected area, the Ankarabolava protected area, in the northern parcel of the Manombo protected area, and in the Ampotaky forest farther north and more inland of Tsitongambarika (Fig. 3 D). Dalbergia razakamalalae has been collected in full flower from November to February. Immature to mature fruits have been recorded from December to February.	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFBAFFC42D7E47138B81BDF5.taxon	description	Conservation Status — Dalbergia razakamalalae is known from 42 positively identified collection records that represent 6 extant occurrences and 5 occurrences that appear to have been extirpated. Its former extent of occurrence (EOO) was at least 4293 km 2 and its former area of occupancy (AOO) was at least 80 km 2 (based on a 4 km 2 grid), whereas its current documented geographic range has the form of an EOO of 2096 km 2 and an AOO of 60 km 2, and comprises four subpopulations. The species occurs in forest ecosystems (Madagascar Catalogue 2021). Forest cover decline between 1953 and 2017 was estimated from the forest cover time series of Vieilledent et al. (2018 a, 2018 b) to be 73 % in the altitudinal range of 20 – 510 m and within the minimum convex polygon encompassing all known collections of this species. Therefore, D. razakamalalae is inferred to have undergone and to be undergoing continuing decline in EOO, AOO, quality of habitat, number of subpopulations, and number of mature individuals. This species occurs at five locations with respect to the most serious plausible threat, which is selective logging for trade in its high-quality heartwood, as inferred from recent field observations of exploited trees at several sites. The occurrences within the protected areas of Ankarabolava, Manombo, and Tsitongambarika represent three separate locations. Occurrences outside of the Tsitongambarika protected area represent the fourth location. The subpopulation from the Ampotaky forest at Beampingaratry, which is situated at higher elevation and appears to be less accessible, represents the fifth location. For these reasons, D. razakamalalae is assigned a preliminary IUCN conservation status of Endangered: EN B 1 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v) 12 ab (i, ii, iii, iv, v).	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
5D514B04FFBAFFC42D7E47138B81BDF5.taxon	materials_examined	Notes — Material of Dalbergia razakamalalae has previously been included in or associated with D. maritima sensu Bosser and Rabevohitra (2002), mainly owing to their overlapping morphological variation with respect to leaflet size, shape, and number, and to inflorescence structure. However, D. razakamalalae differs in its leaflet texture and margins, and in its larger flowers. Its flowers are similar in size to those of D. louvelii s. l., and it inhabits inland low-elevation evergreen humid forests like D. maritima subsp. pubescens, but unlike these taxa, its leaves are consistently glabrous, as summarized in Figs. 1 E, 2 D, 3 A – B and Table 3. A specimen with both flowers (Reserves Naturelles 1689) and immature fruits (Reserves Naturelles 1689 bis, collected 19 d later) was examined by Bosser and Rabevohitra in 1995, who associated it with both D. maritima and D. louvelii on account of its small and glabrous leaflets (as in D. maritima subsp. maritima) and large flowers (as in D. louvelii). They suggested that this collection might be a hybrid between these two taxa, without any evidence for the presence of D. louvelii in the region, and evidently without realizing that its morphology is consistent with other collections they saw from the same region and habitat type, viz. Reserves Naturelles 1124 and Service Forestier 22334, both included in their broad definition of D. maritima, and potentially also Humbert 20355 bis and 20607, two sterile collections present in the Paris herbarium at the time. The collections made in the 1940 s (Humbert 20355 bis, Reserves Naturelles 1689 and 1689 bis) from forests around Manantantely, and the collection from the 1960 s from the Ivola forest (Reserves Naturelles 1124) increase the documented distribution range of D. razakamalalae southwards, including to the southern part of the Tsitongambarika protected area, but no extant occurrences are known from these areas, despite extensive recent collection efforts, so these populations are presumed to have been extirpated. Likewise, a sterile collection from Ambila in the Manakara district (Service Forestier 38 - R- 118) increases the documented range of D. razakamalalae by ca. 110 km to the north, but it probably dates from the 1950 s and originates from a site that is not included in a protected area, so this possible subpopulation likewise probably no longer exists. A recently made sterile collection from the degraded forests of Fotobohitra in the Ifanadiana district (Ravaomanalina 71) may also represent D. razakamalalae and would further increase its range northwards, but the physical specimen could not yet be examined. Additional Specimens Examined — Madagascar. — ANOSY [Toliara]: Ampotaky forest (Beampingaratry), 3 Dec 2019, Karatra & Rakotovao 241 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 3 Dec 2019, Karatra & Rakotovao 242 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); Ivola forest (Tolagnaro district), s. d. (y. fr), Reserves Naturelles 1124 (P); Manampanihy valley (Ampasimena), 18 Mar 1947, Humbert 20607 (P); Manatantely forest (Tolagnaro district), 1 Mar 1947, Humbert 20355 bis (MO, P, TAN); same locality, 20 Nov 1948 (fl), Reserves Naturelles 1689 (P); same locality, 9 Dec 1948 (y. fr), Reserves Naturelles 1689 bis (P); Tsitongambarika protected area and surroundings (Iabakoho commune), 6 Feb 2019 (fr), Ramanitrinizaka & Sandratriniaina 1 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 9 Feb 2019, Ramanitrinizaka & Sandratriniaina 12 (DBEV, P); same locality, 9 Feb 2019 (fr), Ramanitrinizaka & Sandratriniaina 13 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN); same locality, same date, Ramanitrinizaka & Sandratriniaina 18 (DBEV, MO, P); same locality, 12 Feb 2019, Ramanitrinizaka & Sandratriniaina 25 (DBEV, MO, P); same locality, 7 Feb 2019, Ramanitrinizaka & Sandratriniaina 57 (DBEV, MO, P); same locality, 16 Feb 2019, Sandratriniaina & Ramanitrinizaka 23 (DBEV, MO, P); same locality, same date, Sandratriniaina & Ramanitrinizaka 26 (DBEV, MO, P); same locality, same date, Sandratriniaina & Ramanitrinizaka 27 (DBEV, MO, P); same locality, same date, Sandratriniaina & Ramanitrinizaka 29 (DBEV, MO, P); same locality, 1 Apr 2014, Razakamalala 7736 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, same date, Razakamalala 7761 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, same date, Razakamalala 7762 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, same date, Razakamalala 7764 (MO, P, TAN); same locality, 12 Feb 2016, Razakamalala & S. N. Andrianarivelo 8036 (MO, P, TAN, TEF, ZT); same locality, 14 Feb 2016 (fr), Razakamalala & S. N. Andrianarivelo 8040 (MO, P, TAN, TEF, ZT); same locality, 4 Nov 2019, S. A. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 53 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, Feb 1963 (fl), Service Forestier (Capuron) 22334 (P, TEF); Tsitongambarika protected area and surroundings (Manantenina commune / Ivohibe-Bemangidy / Antsotso), 11 Feb 2016, Razakamalala & S. N. Andrianarivelo 8032 (MO, P, TAN, TEF, ZT); same locality, same date, Razakamalala & S. N. Andrianarivelo 8035 (MO, P, TAN, TEF, ZT); same locality, 1 Nov 2019 (fl), Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8558 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 2 Nov 2019, Razakamalala & S. A. Andrianarivelo 8560 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 6 Feb 2019 (fr), Razakamalala et al. 8266 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date (fr), Bernard et al. 2641 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 9 Feb 2019, Bernard et al. 2645 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 11 Feb 2016, S. N. Andrianarivelo & Razakamalala 255 (MO, P, TAN, TEF, ZT); ATSIMO-ATSINANANA [Fianarantsoa]: Amparihy (Ambitananona - Amparihy - Vangaindrano), 23 Nov 1953 (fl), Service Forestier 7110 (P, TEF); Ankarabolava protected area, 20 Feb 2021, Andriamiarisoa et al. 2620 (MO, P, TAN); Manombo Special Reserve, 5 Nov 2019, Rakotovao & Andriamiarisoa 7522 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date, Rakotovao & Andriamiarisoa 7523 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, same date, Rakotovao & Andriamiarisoa 7528 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); same locality, 28 Jan 2014, Emeline 23 (MO, P, ZT); same locality, 4 Nov 2019, Andriamiarisoa & Rakotovao 2424 (DBEV, MO, P, TAN, ZT); FITOVI- NANY [Fianarantsoa]: Canton Ambila (Manakara district), s. d., Service Forestier 38 - R- 118 (P).	en	Crameri, Simon, Phillipson, Peter B., Rakotonirina, Nivohenintsoa, Wilding, Nicholas, Andriamiarisoa, Roger Lala, Lowry Ii, Porter P., Widmer, Alex (2022): Taxonomic Studies on Malagasy Dalbergia (Fabaceae). III. Two New Species from Southeastern Madagascar and an Emended Description of the Rosewood Species Dalbergia maritima. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 47 (2): 397-416, DOI: 10.1600/036364422X16512564801614, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364422x16512564801614
