taxonID	type	description	language	source
8004083E854054B8A3441AEEB4EF879B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet Allobates albiventris is a combination of two Latin words, albus (white) and ventris (venter), in reference to the pale ventral coloration of the new species. Vernacular names: pale-ventered nurse frog (English), rana cuidadora de vientre blanco (Spanish), and razinha cuidadora de ventre branco (Portuguese).	en	Souza, Jesus R. D., Ferrao, Miqueias, Kaefer, Igor Luis, Cunha-Machado, Antonio Saulo, Melo-Sampaio, Paulo Roberto, Hanken, James, Lima, Albertina Pimentel (2023): A new pale-ventered nurse frog (Aromobatidae: Allobates) from southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 647-675, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534
8004083E854054B8A3441AEEB4EF879B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Allobates albiventris sp. nov. differs from other Allobates by the following combination of characters: males in life with a throat and vocal sac translucent white with melanophores uniformly distributed and a white belly; females in life with throat white centrally and posteriorly, translucent laterally and anteriorly, chest and belly white; small adult size, SVL 14.3 - 16.4 mm (n = 22) in males and 15.6 - 17.8 mm (n = 16) in females; one subarticular tubercle on finger IV; finger III of adult males weakly swollen; disc of finger II approximately the same width as the distal phalanx; interdigital membranes present between toes II, III and IV; paired digital scutes white; advertisement call with a duration of 42 - 60 ms and comprising two notes (the first note is smaller than the second), with an inter-note interval of 8 - 23 ms and dominant frequency of 4,953 - 6,331 Hz; exotrophic tadpoles with 2 pyramidal papillae on each end of the anterior labium, 10 - 13 pyramidal and cylindrical papillae on the posterior labium, LTRF = 2 (2) / 3 (1), gap in row A- 2 ≈ 40 % of A- 1, relative length P- 1> P- 2> P- 3, and P- 3 ≈ 65 % of P- 1.	en	Souza, Jesus R. D., Ferrao, Miqueias, Kaefer, Igor Luis, Cunha-Machado, Antonio Saulo, Melo-Sampaio, Paulo Roberto, Hanken, James, Lima, Albertina Pimentel (2023): A new pale-ventered nurse frog (Aromobatidae: Allobates) from southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 647-675, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534
8004083E854054B8A3441AEEB4EF879B.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Adult male, INPAH 45035 (Figs 4 A-C; 6 A, C; 8 A-C; Table 3). Snout-vent length 14.6 mm. Head wider than long (HW / HL = 1.04); HW equals 35 % of SVL and HL equals 33 % of SVL. Eye diameter exceeds distance from eye to nostril (EL / END = 1.33); EL equals 43 % of HL. Interorbital region flat; IOD equals 88 % of HW. Tympanum rounded, visible to the naked eye. Snout slightly rounded in dorsal and lateral view. Inter-nostril region flat; nostrils rounded, laterally positioned and visible in lateral and ventral view; IND equals 49 % of IOD. Canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view; loreal region flat. Maxillary teeth present. Median lingual process absent. Vocal sac single, subgular. Lateral folds of vocal sac present at the level of angle of maxilla. Palmar tubercle rounded and conspicuous, diameter 0.42 mm. Thenar tubercle elliptical and conspicuous, width 0.29 mm. Diameter of thenar tubercle equals 69 % of that of the palmar tubercle. Subarticular tubercles protruding, oval on finger I and rounded in other fingers; two tubercles on finger III but one in each of the others; distal tubercle smaller than proximal tubercle on finger III; tubercle on finger I larger than others. Supernumerary tubercles absent. Lateral keels on fingers I-IV, poorly defined on finger I. When placed side by side, the tip of finger IV reaches the distal subarticular tubercle of finger III. Preaxial phalangeal swelling on finger II and III. Relative length of fingers: IV <II <I <III. Discs are wider than the third phalanx on fingers I, III and IV, but approximately the same width on finger II. Paired dorsal digital scutes present. Tibia and thigh lengths approximately the same (TIL / THL = 1.01), equal 49 % and 48 % of SVL, respectively. Foot length 97 % of tibia length. Tarsal keel conspicuous and curved, narrowing towards the internal metatarsal tubercle. Internal metatarsal tubercle protuberant, elliptical. External metatarsal tubercle small and round, protruding, smaller than diameter of internal metatarsal tubercle. Metatarsal fold absent. Lateral keels present on preaxial and postaxial sides of each toe. Basal webbing between toes II and IV. Subarticular tubercles rounded and evident; one each on toes I and II but two each on toes III-V. Discs rounded, wider than distal phalanx on toes II, III and IV but of similar width on toe I; disc of toe V with smaller expansion compared to toes II-IV. Paired dorsal digital scutes present. Dorsal skin smooth with small flattened and barely visible tubercles, mostly on the posterior portion; skin on arms smooth; skin on legs smooth with small tubercles. Ventral surface of body, arms and legs smooth. In preservative (Fig. 4 A-C), dorsal surface of body and limbs light brown; numerous dark brown melanophores form a longitudinal band, which is slightly constrained behind the eyes and diffuse towards the cloaca (Fig. 4 A). A narrow and cream-colored dorsolateral stripe with an irregular upper border extends from posterior region of eyelids to mid-posterior region of body (Fig. 4 B). Lateral stripe dark brown; darkest from the tip of the snout to the region above the axilla; lower border regular on snout but irregular in ventrolateral region of body (Fig. 4 B). Paler oblique stripe diffuse, extends from the inguinal region to the axilla. Ventrolateral stripe absent. Ventrolateral region beige; melanophores form small dark brown irregular spots. Transverse dark brown bar on thigh and tibia is widest on tibia (Fig. 4 A). Anterior region of thigh light brown, posterior region dark brown; paracloacal marks cream, conspicuous. Chest, throat and vocal sac cream with small dark brown melanophores; belly cream, lacks melanophores or dark spots. Ventral surface of arms beige with scarce brown melanophores; light brown on forearms. Mid-ventral surface of thigh and tibia cream, without melanophores; ventrolateral surface with irregular dark brown spots (Fig. 4 C). Palmar and plantar surfaces dark brown (Figs 4 C, 5 A, C). Tongue longer than wide, with anterior third attached to the floor of the mouth, cream-colored (Fig. 4 B). Coloration in life is similar to that in preservative. Dark marks, spots, stripes, lines and bars are more conspicuous. Background coloration of the dorsum cream. Ventrolateral stripe discontinuous from the posterior corner of the eye to the axilla; small iridescent dots and spots visible below the dark brown band (Fig. 8 A-C). Iris metallic bronze, pupil black. Ventral surface of arms and legs varies between light gray and rosaceous gray. Throat and vocal sac translucent white; chest and belly white. Paired digital dorsal scutes white.	en	Souza, Jesus R. D., Ferrao, Miqueias, Kaefer, Igor Luis, Cunha-Machado, Antonio Saulo, Melo-Sampaio, Paulo Roberto, Hanken, James, Lima, Albertina Pimentel (2023): A new pale-ventered nurse frog (Aromobatidae: Allobates) from southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 647-675, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534
8004083E854054B8A3441AEEB4EF879B.taxon	distribution	Geographic distribution and natural history. Allobates albiventris sp. nov. is known from only five localities in southwestern Brazilian Amazonia: four in the State of Acre and one in the State of Amazonas (Figs 1 and 11). The species inhabits the leaf litter of primary and secondary ombrophilous forests at elevations between 125 and 184 m asl (Fig. 11). It has a diurnal habit and is generally active between 0500 and 1800 h, with vocal activity peaks between 0500 - 0900 h and 1600 - 1800 h. Allobates albiventris sp. nov. breeds in the rainy season between November and March. Males vocalize both on litterfall and while perched on shrubs or fallen branches up to 40 cm above ground (Fig. 8 M). Clutches are deposited on the adaxial portion of living, attached leaves of small shrubs approximately 10 - 15 cm from the ground (Fig. 12 F-H). We found eight egg clutches-three at the type locality (Manoel Urbano, Acre), four in Parque Ambiental Chico Mendes (Rio Branco, Acre) and one in Reserva Extrativista Arapixi (Boca do Acre, Amazonas). The number of eggs per clutch ranged from 17 to 31 (Fig. 12 F, G). Two clutches were found on the same leaf (nest) (Fig. 12 H). In freshly laid eggs, approximately half of the animal pole is darkly pigmented; the rest of the egg is white. The eggs are surrounded by an opaque, colloidal gel (Fig. 12 F, G), which becomes denser and more opaque over the course of larval development. Four mating pairs were observed in courtship, one at the type locality and three in Parque Ambiental Chico Mendes. Each observation began with the approach of a female to the perch where a male was emitting courtship calls. In each case, the male, perceiving the approach of a female, began to emit courtship calls interspersed with advertisement calls. He then jumped from the call perch and attempted to guide the female (Fig. 12 B) by conducting her to an oviposition site (bushes or seedlings) located up to 3 m from the perch. During the courtship march (sensu Rocha et al. 2018), which lasted between 3 and 5 min, the male continued to emit advertisement and courtship calls while the female sporadically made short stops. Once arriving at the oviposition site, the male jumped to the adaxial surface of the leaf, located 10 - 15 cm from the ground, and continued vocalizing. The female followed the male and positioned herself underneath the leaf, at the edge closest to the ground. She then observed the male, raising her head toward the leaf. In all courtships, females positioned themselves vertically, with forelimbs only lightly touching the ground, for up to 1 min before jumping to the leaf (Fig. 12 C). After the jump, the female approached the male. On one occasion, the female faced the male and put her snout on the male's pectoral region, then turned in the opposite direction. The male then climbed onto the female's back and they initiated amplexus (it was not possible to clearly discern the type of amplexus). In the other courtships, the female approached the male and quickly was grabbed by him. The male positioned himself laterally, snout to snout, and with one hand held the female's head, either by the region between the eyes and nostrils or directly on the snout (Fig. 12 D). The resulting cephalic amplexus lasted from 1 to 4 min. During and after amplexus, a barely audible vocalization (similar to " cheeps "), was emitted by the male. Following amplexus, on one occasion the male quickly jumped into the leaf litter and returned to vocalize within 3 min. In the three other courtships, the male remained on the leaf while the female deposited eggs (Fig. 12 E, H) but left the leaf before she finished. Two males initiated advertisement calls while the female was still ovipositing (Fig. 12 H), while the third left the nest without vocalizing. On two occasions oviposition started with the male still in amplexus. During oviposition, females repeatedly moved their heads upwards. This movement was interspersed with continuous clockwise or counterclockwise rotations relative to the vertical plane. Oviposition lasted ~ 11 to 15 min and ended when the female stopped the tilting motion with her head. However, she remained at the nest, on the clutch, and performed sporadic returns (apparently, hydrating the clutch, as her skin became excessively moist). Residence time of each female after oviposition ranged from 10 to 15 min, and the total time in the nest from 21 to 30 min. Males returned to the nest between 25 and 30 min after the female left, probably to hydrate the eggs and promote swelling of the surrounding jelly. We collected one clutch immediately after the female's departure, prior to the male's return, and the embryos developed normally. Only one male was observed performing larval transport (Fig. 12 I).	en	Souza, Jesus R. D., Ferrao, Miqueias, Kaefer, Igor Luis, Cunha-Machado, Antonio Saulo, Melo-Sampaio, Paulo Roberto, Hanken, James, Lima, Albertina Pimentel (2023): A new pale-ventered nurse frog (Aromobatidae: Allobates) from southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Vertebrate Zoology 73: 647-675, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/vz.73.e103534
