identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
622D1C01FF9DFF9BF99F297AFB794925.text	622D1C01FF9DFF9BF99F297AFB794925.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lithoxini Lujan & Armbruster & Lovejoy 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> LITHOXINI TRIB. NOV.</p>
            <p> Composition: This taxon is established for the clade containing the described genera  Exastilithoxus and  Lithoxus and for the newly resurrected or described genera  Avalithoxus and  Paralithoxus (Fig. 3). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: Externally,  Lithoxini can be diagnosed from all other  Loricariidae except  Leporacanthicus by having a distinctly round and flat oral disc, in which the anterior lip does not fold ventrally and the mandibular barbels are anterolaterally positioned and directed (Fig. 1; vs. typically ovoid oral disc, with an anterior lip that folds ventrally and mandibular barbels that are </p>
            <p>Asterisks (*) indicate corrected values that differ from those in the original description and have been confirmed via personal correspondence with the authors. Plate counts are given as modes, with less common variations from the mode in parentheses. Abbreviation: n.a., not applicable.</p>
            <p> laterally positioned and posterolaterally directed); from all non-Hypostominae loricariids plus  Corymbophanes ,  Hypostomus and most  Pterygoplichthys by having a well-developed cluster of evertible cheek odontodes on each side of the head; from all other members of the  Hypostominae except  Hypancistrus ,  Leporacanthicus ,  Panaqolus ,  Panaque ,  Pseudacanthicus ,  Pseudoqolus ,  Scobinancistrus and  Spectracanthicus by having &lt;13 teeth in either the dentary or the premaxilla; from  Hypancistrus ,  Leporacanthicus ,  Panaqolus ,  Panaque Pseudacanthicus ,  Pseudoqolus ,  Scobinancistrus and  Spectracanthicus by having an extremely depressed body with maximum head depth&gt; 7.2 times in standard length (SL; vs. &lt;7 times; head depth measured from immediately posterior to the supraoccipital to a point directly ventral on the ventral surface); from  Leporacanthicus ,  Panaque ,  Pseudacanthicus ,  Pseudoqolus ,  Scobinancistrus and  Spectracanthicus by growing no larger than 60 mm SL (vs.&gt; 90 mm SL); from  Panaqolus ,  Panaque ,  Pseudoqolus and  Scobinancistrus by having flattened, acute tooth cusps (vs. spoon shaped or broadly truncate); and from  Leporacanthicus by having all teeth approximately coequal in length (vs. two enlarged and elongate premaxillary teeth much longer than dentary teeth). </p>
            <p> Cladistically, Armbruster (2004) found 23 mostly internal osteological changes along the branch leading to  Lithoxini , including many reversals. These changes included the following: a decrease in the length and width of the accessory process of ceratobranchial 1 (characters 7-1, 8-1), loss of the accessory process of epibranchial 1 (14-0), loss of the posterior shelf of epibranchial 4 (17-0), elongation of hypobranchial 1 (23-1), loss of the interhyal (26-0), reversal to a round upper pharyngeal tooth plate with evenly distributed teeth (30-0), reversal to a pointed lateral edge of the posterohyal (32-0), incorporation of the posterior process of the hyomandibula into the main body of the hyomandibula (41-1; unique to the clade), loss of the lateral wall of the metapterygoid channel (52- 1), longitudinal ridge on the quadrate (68-1), dentaries forming an acute angle (69-1), a bowling pin-shaped maxilla (71-1), reduction in the size of the metapterygoid disc (100-1), presence of bifid hemal spines (122-1), first neural spine anterior to first dorsal-fin pterygiophore (125-1), reduced exposure of the cleithral process (157-1), reversal to curved anterolateral processes of the pelvic basipterygium meeting or nearly meeting at the midline (167-0), loss of the posteroventral ridge of the pelvic basipterygium (173-0) and the presence of enlarged teeth (205-2).  Lithoxini was among the best-supported clades described by Armbruster (2004) with a Bremer decay index (Bremer, 1988) of 17. </p>
            <p> Phylogenetic relationships within  Lithoxini (Fig. 3): Molecular data strongly support monophyly of  Lithoxini (node 15: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) and its inclusion of the respectively strongly monophyletic genera  Exastilithoxus (node 13: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) and  Paralithoxus (node 8: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) and the monotypic genera and species  L. lithoides and  Avalithoxus jantjae gen. nov. Relationships among these lineages were weakly supported, albeit topologically consistent. Both Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses found weak support for  A. jantjae to be sister to a clade containing all other species (node 14: BI, 0.85; ML, 27), and within this latter clade  Exastilithoxus was consistently found to be sister to a clade in which  L. lithoides was sister to  Paralithoxus (node 9: BI, 0.88; ML, 31). </p>
            <p> Atthebasalnodewithin  Exastilithoxus , anundescribed species from the Cuao River in southern Venezuela was found to be sister to a strongly supported clade (node 12: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) containing  E. fimbriatus , from headwaters of the Caroni River on the eastern Venezuelan Gran Sabana plateau, and three undescribed lineages from tributaries of the upper Orinoco in southern Venezuela. Intriguingly,  E. fimbriatus was strongly supported as sister (node 10: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) to an undescribed lineage from the far upper Ventuari River. Both these species originate from streams atop the Guiana Shield escarpment that are&gt; 450 km apart from east to west (Fig. 2). Despite this disjunct distribution and great distance, these lineages exhibited only ~2.4% Cytb sequence divergence. The two remaining, undescribed  Exastilithoxus lineages, respectively from the Iguapo and Soromoni rivers, were also strongly monophyletic (node 11: BI, 1.0; ML, 100). The Iguapo and Soromoni rivers are lower-elevation tributaries that enter the right bank of the upper Orinoco River upstream of the Casiquiare Canal and have mouths that are &lt;25 river km apart (Fig. 2). Despite the geographical proximity of these localities and the hydrological connectivity of these habitats via the Orinoco River main channel, the Iguapo and Soromoni rivers drain opposite (east–west) sides of Cerro Duida [elevation, 2358 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], and their  Exastilithoxus populations also exhibit ~2.4% Cytb sequence divergence. All  Exastilithoxus lineages were restricted to drainages west of the Essequibo River watershed (Fig. 2). </p>
            <p> At the basal node within  Paralithoxus ,  P. planquettei (from the Oyapock River along the border between French Guiana and Brazil) was sister to a strongly supported clade (node 7: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) containing species distributed from the Maroni (French; Dutch: Marowijne) River in the northeast to the Ireng River, which is&gt; 650 linear km to the west of the Maroni, and the Maicurú River, which is&gt; 650 linear km to the south of the Maroni (Fig. 2). Within this latter clade, a clade containing  Paralithoxus stocki morphotypes from the geographically distant and disjunct Maroni and Maicurú rivers was found to be strongly monophyletic (node 6: BI, 1.0; ML, 100), albeit with ~4.9% Cytb sequence divergence between lineages. The  P. stocki clade was found to be sister to a strongly supported clade (node 5: BI, 1.0; ML, 94) containing all remaining species. Within this last clade, a clade of  P. pallidimaculatus morphotypes from the Saramacca and Marowijne drainages in Suriname was sister to a strongly supported clade (node 3: BI, 1.0; ML, 97) containing  P. bovallii morphotypes. Within the  P. bovallii clade, a lineage from the Coppename River in Suriname was sister to a strongly supported clade (node 2: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) containing an undescribed species from the Konawaruk River in Guyana, and the strongly supported clade (node 1: BI, 1.0; ML, 100) containing  P. bovallii topotypes from the Ireng River and P. sp. nov.  aff. bovallii from the Courantijne River. The undescribed Courantijne River lineage exhibited ~3% Cytb and 1.1% ND2 sequence divergence from topotypic  P. bovallii . The undescribed Konawaruk River species exhibited ~2.8% ND2 sequence divergence from both topotypic  P. bovallii and the undescribed species from the Courantijne (Cytb was not obtained from the Konawaruk lineage). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/622D1C01FF9DFF9BF99F297AFB794925	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lujan, Nathan K.;Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lovejoy, Nathan R.	Lujan, Nathan K., Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2018): Multilocus phylogeny, diagnosis and generic revision of the Guiana Shield endemic suckermouth armoured catfish tribe Lithoxini (Loricariidae: Hypostominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1169-1186
622D1C01FF93FF98F9AF28CFFCE34EBA.text	622D1C01FF93FF98F9AF28CFFCE34EBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Avalithoxus Lujan & Armbruster & Lovejoy 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> AVALITHOXUS GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 68E963BF-A8CA-437C-BE9C- DD593968E34D</p>
            <p> Type species:  Lithoxus jantjae Lujan, 2008: 414 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Avalithoxus can be diagnosed from other members of  Lithoxini by having 12 branched caudal-fin rays (vs. 14 or, rarely, 13), four branched anal-fin rays (vs. five in  Paralithoxus ), five interdorsal plates (vs. six to nine in  Exastilithoxus and  Paralithoxus ), at most low hemispherical papillae around the oral disc margin (Fig. 1; vs. digitate papillae in  Exastilithoxus ), and a maximum of 25 hypertrophied cheek odontodes (mode, 18; range, 16–25) vs. a maximum of 21 in  Lithoxus (mode, 12; range, 5–21). </p>
            <p> Etymology:  Avalithoxus is a portmanteau of the Latin word ava, meaning ‘grandmother’, and the genus name  Lithoxus . It refers to both the apparently basal position of this lineage and the matronym of the type species, which honoured Jeanne Lujan, mother of N.K.L. </p>
            <p> Composition:  Avalithoxus currently includes only  Avalithoxus jantjae (Lujan, 2007) . </p>
            <p> Geographical range:  Avalithoxus is known only from ~ 180 m a.s.l. in the Ventuari River, immediately upstream of Salto Tencua in the central region of Amazonas State, Venezuela (Fig. 2). Repeated sampling of habitats immediately downstream of Salto Tencua, at ~ 130 m a.s.l., in 2004 and 2010, and ~50 linear km further upstream (130 m higher elevation) in 2010, yielded no specimens of  Avalithoxus . At our most upstream sampling points in the Ventuari River, near the Yekuana community of Cacuri,  Avalithoxus was entirely replaced by an undescribed species of  Exastilithoxus that we found in the present study to be sister to  E. fimbriatus . Across the ~50 linear km between Salto Tencua and Cacuri, there is a 130 m drop in river elevation and a long series of high-energy rapids that might act as a barrier or intergrade zone between these two  Lithoxini lineages. </p>
            <p>Interlandmarks are the points between which each measurement was made (from Armbruster, 2003). Abbreviations: D, depth; HL, head length; L, length; N, number of specimens examined; SL, standard length; W, width.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/622D1C01FF93FF98F9AF28CFFCE34EBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lujan, Nathan K.;Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lovejoy, Nathan R.	Lujan, Nathan K., Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2018): Multilocus phylogeny, diagnosis and generic revision of the Guiana Shield endemic suckermouth armoured catfish tribe Lithoxini (Loricariidae: Hypostominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1169-1186
622D1C01FF90FF98FA832C5CFB034DDF.text	622D1C01FF90FF98FA832C5CFB034DDF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralithoxus Boeseman 1982	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARALITHOXUS BOESEMAN, 1982: 46 . </p>
            <p> Type species:  Ancistrus bovallii Regan, 1906: 96 . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Paralithoxus can be diagnosed from other members of  Lithoxini by having at most low hemispherical papillae around the oral disc margin (Fig. 1; vs. digitate papillae in  Exastilithoxus ), 14 (rarely 13) branched caudal-fin rays (vs. 12 in  Avalithoxus ), five branched anal-fin rays (vs. four in  Avalithoxus and  Lithoxus ), seven to nine interdorsal plates (vs. five in  Avalithoxus and  Lithoxus ), and five rows of plates on the caudal peduncle (vs. three in  Avalithoxus and  Lithoxus ). Etymology: Boeseman (1982) did not provide an etymology for  Paralithoxus , but it can be assumed that the original Greek meaning of the prefix para - (i.e. beside; next to, near, from; against, contrary to) was intended to distinguish this clade from  Lithoxus while still alluding to their close relationship. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/622D1C01FF90FF98FA832C5CFB034DDF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lujan, Nathan K.;Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lovejoy, Nathan R.	Lujan, Nathan K., Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2018): Multilocus phylogeny, diagnosis and generic revision of the Guiana Shield endemic suckermouth armoured catfish tribe Lithoxini (Loricariidae: Hypostominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1169-1186
622D1C01FF91FF99F9052B69FB084A1D.text	622D1C01FF91FF99F9052B69FB084A1D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralithoxus bovallii (REGAN 1906)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PARALITHOXUS BOVALLII (REGAN, 1906: 96)</p>
            <p>[FIGS 4, 5, TABLE 4]</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/622D1C01FF91FF99F9052B69FB084A1D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lujan, Nathan K.;Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lovejoy, Nathan R.	Lujan, Nathan K., Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2018): Multilocus phylogeny, diagnosis and generic revision of the Guiana Shield endemic suckermouth armoured catfish tribe Lithoxini (Loricariidae: Hypostominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1169-1186
622D1C01FF91FF9FF9492BDFFB244CEE.text	622D1C01FF91FF9FF9492BDFFB244CEE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ancistrus bovallii Regan 1906	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Ancistrus bovallii Regan, 1906</p>
            <p>  Lectotype: BMNH 1905.11.1.43, 43.5 mm SL; British Guiana,  Kaat River , tributary to the Treng River (sic, now confirmed as a misspelling of the Ireng River), C. Bovallius. </p>
            <p> Paralectotypes: BMNH 1905.11.1.44–48 (six, four examined, 33.0– 39.6 mm SL), same location as lectotype . </p>
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                 Other specimens examined: All collections Guyana, Region 8 (Potaro-Siparuni):   AUM 67039, ten,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.03852/lat 4.72536)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.03852&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.72536">Ireng River</a>
                 at Orinduik Falls, between upper and lower falls, 04.72536°N, 060.03852°W, 2 January 2016, GUY 16-01, D. C. Werneke, J. W. Armbruster, N. K. Lujan, M. Ram  ;   AUM 67048, one,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.03507/lat 4.71898)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.03507&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.71898">Ireng River</a>
                 below lower Orinduik Falls, 04.71898°N, 060.03507°W, 3 January 2016, GUY 16-03, N. K. Lujan, J. W. Armbruster, D. C. Werneke, M. Ram  ;   AUM 67103, 13,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.01311/lat 4.71971)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.01311&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.71971">Tumong Creek</a>
                 , left-hand tributary of Ireng River, 04.71971°N, 060.01311°W, 6 January 2016, GUY 16-18, D. C. Werneke, N. K. Lujan, J. W. Armbruster, M. Ram  ;   AUM 67119, one,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97423/lat 5.07711)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97423&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.07711">Ireng River</a>
                 at first shoal upriver from split with Sukwabi Creek, 05.07711°N, 059.97423°W, 8 January 2016, GUY 16-23, N. K. Lujan, J. W. Armbruster, D. C. Werneke, M. Ram  ;   AUM 67152, three,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.96504/lat 5.03524)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.96504&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.03524">Monkey Creek</a>
                 and tributary 1.65 km upstream from mouth of Monkey Creek, 05.03524°N, 059.96504°W, 10 January 2016, GUY 16-28, J. W. Armbruster, D. C. Werneke, M. Ram  ;   AUM 67174, 17,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97514/lat 5.08955)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97514&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.08955">Sukwabi Creek</a>
                 at top of Andu Falls, 05.08955°N, 059.97514°W, 12 January 2016, GUY 16-33, J. W. Armbruster, N. K. Lujan, D. I. Brooks, M. Ram  ;   AUM 67180, 11,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97717/lat 5.04398)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97717&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.04398">Ireng River</a>
                 shoals at mouth of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97717/lat 5.04398)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97717&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.04398">Monkey Creek</a>
                 near Patamona community of Kaibarupai, 05.04398°N, 059.97717°W, 12 January 2016, GUY 16-34, J. W. Armbruster, N. K. Lujan, D. I. Brooks  ;   AUM 67198, one,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97763/lat 5.02404)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97763&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.02404">Ireng River</a>
                 downstream of Kaibarupai, 05.02404°N, 059.97763°W, 14 January 2016, GUY 16-37, D. C. Werneke, J. W. Armbruster, N. K. Lujan, M. Ram, D. I. Brooks  ;   AUM 67206, three,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.99514/lat 4.93345)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.99514&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.93345">Ireng River</a>
                 at Waipa Landing, 04.93345°N, 059.99514°W, 14 January 2016, GUY 16-39, D. C. Werneke, J. W. Armbruster, N. K. Lujan, M. Ram, D. I. Brooks  ;   AUM 67059, 16,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.02234/lat 4.71388)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.02234&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.71388">Tumong Creek</a>
                 , left-bank tributary of Ireng River, 04.71388°N, 060.02234°W, 3 January 2016, GUY 16-04, N. K. Lujan, J. W. Armbruster, D. C. Werneke, M. Ram  ;   AUM 67075, two,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.03852/lat 4.72536)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.03852&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.72536">Ireng River</a>
                 at Orinduik Falls between upper and lower falls, 04.72536°N, 060.03852°W, 4 January 2016, GUY 16-09, D. C. Werneke, J. W. Armbruster, D. I. Brooks, M. Ram, N. K. Lujan  ;   AUM 67080, four,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.03703/lat 4.72176)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.03703&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.72176">Ireng River</a>
                 at Orinduik Falls about halfway between upper and lower falls, 04.72176°N, 060.03703°W, 4 January 2016, GUY 16-10, D. C. Werneke, J. W. Armbruster, D. I. Brooks, M. Ram, N. K. Lujan  ;   AUM 67127, 33,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97514/lat 5.08955)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97514&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.08955">Sukwabi Creek</a>
                 at top of Andu Falls, 05.08955°N, 059.97514°W, 9 January 2016, GUY 16-25, N. K. Lujan, J. W.Armbruster, D. C. Werneke, M. Ram, D. I. Brooks  ;   AUM 67140, 25,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.97717/lat 5.04398)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.97717&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.04398">Ireng River</a>
                 shoals at mouth of Monkey Creek near Kaibarupai, 05.04398°N, 059.97717°W, 9 January 2016, GUY 16-27, N. K. Lujan, J. W. Armbruster, D. C. Werneke  ;   AUM 67192, nine,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.96952/lat 5.08867)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.96952&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.08867">East Fork of Sukwabi Creek</a>
                 downstream of Wotowanda Falls, 05.08867°N, 059.96952°W, 13 January 2016, GUY 16-35, J. W. Armbruster, N. K. Lujan, D. I. Brooks, D. C. Werneke, P. Peters  ,   R.  Daniel , local fishermen  . 
            </p>
            <p> Diagnosis: A summary of interspecifically variable characters within  Paralithoxus is presented in Table 3.  Paralithoxus bovallii can be diagnosed from  P. pallidimaculatu s and  P. surinamensis by having an adipose fin (vs. adipose fin absent), from  P. boujardi ,  P. jariensis ,  P. planquettei ,  P. raso and  P. stocki by having five or more predorsal plates (vs. four or, rarely, three), from  P. boujardi ,  P. planquettei ,and  P. stocki by having paired fins irregularly banded (vs. paired fins uniformly coloured), from  P. jariensis ,  P. planquettei ,  P. raso and  P. stocki by having typically eight (rarely seven) interdorsal plates (vs. typically seven), from  P. boujardi ,  P. raso and  P. pallidimaculatus by having a uniformly or mottled brown body lacking white spots (vs. body having small, distinct white spots in  P. boujardi and  P. pallidimaculatus , or large indistinct spots in  P. raso ), from  P. boujardi and  P. stocki by lacking a marginal white caudal-fin band (vs. band present), and from  P. boujardi and  P. stocki by lacking enlarged odontodes on the anterodistal margin of the pectoral-fin spines (vs. enlarged pectoral-fin spine odontodes present on males and females). </p>
            <p>Description: Morphometrics are presented in Table 4. The largest specimen was 58.0 mm SL. Body depressed; dorsal profile forming slightly convex arc from tip of snout to posterior end of dorsal fin, with apex of arc slightly anterior to dorsal fin; nearly straight from end of dorsal fin to end of adipose-fin membrane, then angled dorsally to caudal fin. Ventral profile somewhat straight from snout tip to anal fin then slightly concave to caudal fin (apex of arc below posterior edge of adipose-fin spine). Caudal peduncle approximately teardrop shaped in cross-section, with ventral surface slightly flattened and wider than dorsal. Body widest at insertion of pectoral fins, narrowest at insertion of caudal fin. Snout rounded in dorsal view.</p>
            <p>Eyes small; iris operculum absent. Interorbital surface flat, with modest lateral rise at supraorbital crests. Supraoccipital not elevated. Odontodes along lateral margin of opercle enlarged. Oral disc occupying entire ventral surface of head and extending anterior to snout. Ventral surface of dic covered with low, wide papillae; margin of disc fringed with low triangular papillae (Fig. 1D). Maxillary barbel short and projecting laterally or posterolaterally from anterolateral corners of upper lip (Fig. 1D).</p>
            <p>Median plates 24(1), 25(12), 26(9), 27(2). Plates not keeled, but median rows of odontodes slightly larger, with odontodes increasing in size posteriorly in all plate rows. Plates in dorsal series: 5(17), 6(2) or 7(1) predorsal plates; 6(4) or 7(16) plates below dorsal fin; and 7(7) or 8(13) interdorsal plates. Five rows of plates on caudal peduncle; rows difficult to discern from adipose fin to caudal fin. Ventrum from anteroventral margin of snout to anal fin without plates. Evertible cheek plates supporting hypertrophied odontodes; odontodes evertible to ~90° from longitudinal body axis. Hypertrophied cheek odontodes 18–46 (mode, 26). Longest evertible cheek odontode extending to approximately one-half to three-quarters of the length of the opercle (not reaching opercular opening). Slightly enlarged odontodes present along anterodorsal surface of pectoral-fin spine, increasing in length distally. Parietosupraoccipital, compound pterotic, opercle, preopercle, frontal, nasal and infraorbitals supporting odontodes. Tip of snout completely covered in small plates.</p>
            <p>Dorsal fin II,7; dorsal-fin spinelet V-shaped, dorsal-fin locking mechanism functional, dorsal-fin origin approximately equidistant from snout and insertion of dorsal spine of caudal fin; tip of dorsal fin very distant from adipose spine when adpressed. Adipose fin with single azygous preadipose plate, adipose-fin membrane generally directed straight ventrally from spine tip, but may extend slightly posteriorly. Caudal fin I,13,I(1) or I,14,I(23); caudal fin slightly emarginate, with lower lobe longer than upper. Procurrent caudal-fin spines appearing as plates, becoming larger posteriorly; 3(3) or 4(21) dorsal procurrent caudal-fin spines and 2(1) or 3(23) ventral procurrent caudal-fin spines. Pectoral fin I,6; pectoral-fin spine reaching slightly beyond base of pelvic-fin spine when adpressed ventral to pelvic fin; pectoral-fin spine thin. Pelvic fin i,5; unbranched pelvic-fin ray reaching approximately half of base of anal fin when adpressed. First branched rays of dorsal, caudal, pectoral and pelvic fins slightly longer than unbranched rays or spines. Anal fin i,5. Urogenital papilla distinct.</p>
            <p>Teeth bicuspid with deep division between cusps, medial cusp longer than lateral; three to six left premaxillary teeth (mode five), and three to eight left dentary teeth (mode five); premaxillary teeth smallest laterally, with longest tooth usually the second or third from the midline, longest teeth two to four times the length of the smallest. Dentary teeth considerably shorter than premaxillary teeth, only slightly emergent from flesh around dentary; dentary teeth about half the width of premaxillary teeth.</p>
            <p>Live coloration: Mottled light to dark brown dorsum, fins indistinctly and irregularly banded, no more than five indistinct bands on light brown base, abdomen and ventrum of anteromedial caudal peduncle translucent white, with melanophores dispersed around outer margin and concentrated around anal-fin origin, oral disc pale yellow.</p>
            <p>Preserved coloration: Dorsum dark brown, with large, tan blotches behind head and occasionally faint spots on head. Tan blotches appearing as light saddles from middle of dorsal fin to posterior caudal peduncle; number of saddles variable, dark interspaces sometimes broken by thin, tan blotches. Tan areas not contiguous with each other but sometimes contiguous with tan ventrum of caudal peduncle. All fins except anal dark, with elongate spots centred on spines and rays (interspaces and membranes tan to hyaline). Anal fin tan, with small dark spot located at the middle of anterior fin rays.</p>
            <p>Sexual dimorphism: External body shape differences are subtle (Figs 4 vs. 5). Males have a narrow, tubular genital papilla. Females have a wide, flat genital papilla (longer than males), with short, thin, posteromedial projection. One mature male examined (Fig. 4) with very large, flat testes, and one mature female examined (Fig. 5) with approximately six large eggs per ovary.</p>
            <p>Range: Known only from the upper Ireng River along the western border between Guyana and Brazil (Fig. 2), although morphologically similar species occur patchily within the Essequibo River drainage (e.g. Konawaruk River) in Guyana and in the Nickerie and Sipalawini rivers in Suriname.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/622D1C01FF91FF9FF9492BDFFB244CEE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Lujan, Nathan K.;Armbruster, Jonathan W.;Lovejoy, Nathan R.	Lujan, Nathan K., Armbruster, Jonathan W., Lovejoy, Nathan R. (2018): Multilocus phylogeny, diagnosis and generic revision of the Guiana Shield endemic suckermouth armoured catfish tribe Lithoxini (Loricariidae: Hypostominae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 184: 1169-1186
