identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
660A87BBFFE158354FC0E3AFFED1FC21.text	660A87BBFFE158354FC0E3AFFED1FC21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothriocera Burmeister 1835	<div><p>Genus  Bothriocera Burmeister, 1835</p><p>Type species:  Bothriocera tinealis Burmeister, 1835 .</p><p>Diagnosis. (modified from Kramer 1983) Small to medium-sized (3.9–5.8 mm); head in dorsal view narrower than pronotum, broad and subrectangular, strongly produced beyond anterior margin of eyes, its anterior margin concave and as broad or broader than its interocular width at base, lateral and posterior margins of vertex carinate, subapical transverse carina between anterior margins of eyes medially joining median carina extending anteriorly onto frons (median carina of vertex absent posterior to subapical transverse carina), posterior margin of vertex nearly transverse between eyes. In lateral view, head declinate to level of antennae, antennae arising from a deep elongated depression in front of eye formed by lateral carinae of the frons defining a foliate, inverted C-shaped concavity, ocellus prominent above antennae in front of anterodorsal margin of eye. Head from frontal view with sides of frons and clypeus carinate, dorsolateral portions of frons expanded and auriculate and level of antennae, longitudinal midline of frons carinate only on upper half, frontal ocellus prominent (ventral margin of frons may bear a variably expressed broadly U-shaped ridge above frontoclypeal suture). Frontoclypeal suture approximately transverse. Longitudinal midline of clypeus incompletely carinate. Pronotum extremely narrowed medially (may be entirely concealed medially by hind margin of head). Mesonotum elongated, tricarinate. Hind tibiae without spines before apex. Forewings broadly spatulate, held broadly tectiform only slightly (or not) overlapping on inner margin (versus more broadly overlapped in  Bothrioceretta), usually boldly patterned, veins without prominent setae-bearing pustules. Male pygofer bearing short medioventral lobe (approximately as tall as wide, not elongated as in  Bothrioceretta). Phallus bearing varied but few processes or projections from shaft, endosoma (flagellum of Kramer 1983) elongate, sinistrally curving into a partial helix, bearing varied processes.</p><p>Remarks. The position of the antennae (in front of the eye in a distinct cup-like concavity) readily separates  Bothriocerini from all other New World cixiids. The only extant genera of  Bothriocerini are  Bothriocera and  Bothrioceretta .  Bothrioceretta is putatively distinguished from  Bothriocera by the presence of a ‘prominent transverse carina’ at midlength of the vertex (in addition to the subapical transverse carina), head not as forward-produced as in  Bothriocera, and by wing orientation (forewings distinctly overlapping apically in  Bothrioceretta and slightly (or not) overlapping in  Bothriocera), and the male terminalia (the medioventral process of the pygofer elongate in  Bothrioceretta and short in  Bothriocera, and the aedeagus with flagellum bearing processes in  Bothriocera that are lacking in  Bothrioceretta). It also appears that  Bothrioceretta includes species that tend to be dark in color (both wings and body).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/660A87BBFFE158354FC0E3AFFED1FC21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bahder, Brian W.;Myrie, Wayne;Helmick, Ericka E.;Bartlett, Charles R.	Bahder, Brian W., Myrie, Wayne, Helmick, Ericka E., Bartlett, Charles R. (2023): A new species of planthopper in the genus Bothriocera (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae) from coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) in Jamaica. Zootaxa 5375 (1): 111-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5375.1.7, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5375.1.7/52317
660A87BBFFE6583C4FC0E6F4FF77F89F.text	660A87BBFFE6583C4FC0E6F4FF77F89F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bothriocera harthi Bahder & Myrie & Helmick & Bartlett 2023	<div><p>Bothriocera harthi Bahder &amp; Bartlett sp. n.</p><p>(Figures 2–6)</p><p>Type Locality.  Black Hill, Portland Parish, Jamaica.</p><p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized (for the genus) with strongly patterned forewings bearing a fuscous transverse band from stigma to apex of clavus and second highly irregular band along nodal line. Medioventral lobe of pygofer slightly wider than tall, rounded with slight point at apex. Phallus without processes along shaft, endosoma elongate, helically curved in sinistral direction bearing elongated basal projection (with 2 elongate subapical teeth) on left side and broad ‘fin-like’ projection on right side. Anal tube broadened subapically in left lateral view.</p><p>Description. Color. General body color brown (Fig. 2), anterior portion of head darker, posterior region and genae paler, intercarinal regions of mesonotum slightly paler than lateral region, ventrally more pallid to testaceous on legs; forewings (Fig. 4) with veins dark, cells translucent, bearing strong fuscous pattern: small dark patch around apex of Sc, broad, irregular transverse fuscous band from stigma to claval apex, very irregular transverse band at nodal level including apices of RA, RP and CA veins, small patch in cell C3aa.</p><p>Structure. Body length male (n = 2): 5.21 mm with wings; 3.28 mm without wings (Table 3), female 5.25 mm with wings, 3.31 mm without.</p><p>Head. In dorsal view (Fig. 3A), vertex broadly pentagonal, approximately 2X wide as long at midpoint, subapical transverse carinaat fastigium distinct, jointing medially in broadly obtuse angle, connecting to median carina of frons, anterior margin concave (except projected at median carina), posterior margin of head broadly concave (nearly truncate medially). In frontal view (Fig. 3B) frons broadly and irregularly quadrate, laterally expanded at antennae (widest at midpoint of eye), median carina becoming obsolete ventrad; ventral margin of frons with broadly Ushaped ventral ridge. Median ocellus prominent. Frontoclypeal suture nearly transverse (slightly convex). In lateral view (Fig. 3C), head projected in front of eyes, margins irregularly sinuate, vertex declinate to level of antennae, lateral margins of frons forming reverse C-shaped concavity ahead of antennae, antennae subtended by genal carina from ventroanterior margin of eye to ventral margin of cup formed by lateral margins of frons. Clypeus, from anterior view triangular with incomplete median carina. Antennae short, scape very short and obscure, pedicle emarginate, appearing horseshoe-shaped in lateral view (bearing many sensory plaques) with central bristle-like flagellum with a bulbous base. Lateral ocelli prominent above antennae and anterior to dorsal margin of compound eyes. Compound eyes dorsoventrally elongate, anterior margin concave, posterior margin truncate.</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum very short medially, mostly hidden beneath posterior margin of head (Fig. 3A), deeply concave on posterior margin; paradiscal region foliate in front of tegulae, lateral margin, in lateral view broad, apex squared off well below lower level of compound eyes. Mesonotum elongated, much longer than wide (about 2.5x length of head at midline; Fig. 3A), width approximately 2/3 length at midpoint, tricarinate with lateral carinae evident (subparallel, appearing to reach hind margin), median carina weak, in lateral view mesoscutum convex, inclected slightly upward at scutellum. Forewing relatively short and broadly spatulate (Fig. 4), stigma distinct, claval apex before wing midlength, apex rounded, weakly projected near apex of RP 4; crossveins r-m and m-cu in proximal half; branching pattern; RA 2-branched, RP 3-branched, MP 5-branched, CuA 2-branched.</p><p>Terminalia. Pygofer in lateral view (Fig. 5A) irregularly triangular, shortest dorsally, expanded to midlength, narrowed to ventral margin (caudal margin appearing broadly rounded), dorsal margin rounded, posterior margin broadly rounded, anterior margin irregularly sinuate. In ventral view (Fig. 5B) medioventral process present, rounded, just wider than long bearing slight point at apex. Gonostyli in lateral view (Fig. 5A) narrowest basally, angled dorsad near midlength, then expanding to rounded apex, strongly concave along ventral margin in distal half; in ventral view (Fig. 5B), narrowest proximally, expanding distad, medial concavity near midlength point on inner lateral margin. Aedeagal shaft simple (without lateral or apical processes), cylindrical (Figs. 6 &amp; 7), approximately straight; endosoma elongate (longer than aedeagal shaft) and helically curved in sinistral direction distally narrowed to blunt, membranous apex; two primary processes arising subapically, the first (F1) arising on left lateral margin near endosoma base, comprised primarily of a process sclerotized along leading margin (otherwise membranous), curving ventrad on right lateral side with two sclerotized elongate teeth (F1a and F1b) arising subapically, F1a slightly longer and more slender than F1b; second process (F2) broadly falcate (“fin-like”), weakly sclerotized, with irregular serrulations along trailing margin; distal region of endosome bearing slender, elongated sclerotized internal rod (F3) extending nearly to apex. Anal segment in lateral view (Fig. 5A) elongated, distally downcurved; narrow basally, dorsal, and ventral margins subparallel, curved ventrad at 1/3 length, constricting slightly, then expanding near apex, generally rounded with slight point at apex; in dorsal view (Fig. 5C), broad, lateral margins sinuate, apex irregularly sinuate and slightly asymmetrical; paraproct conical, short and stout.</p><p>Plant associations. Coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera L.).</p><p>Distribution. Black Hill, Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is given in reference to the field site where the holotype was collected (Hart Hill) that was amalgamated as “harthi”. The specific name is intended to be indeclinable.</p><p>Material examined.  Holotype male “♂” (FLREC);  Paratypes 1 male, 2 females, same data as holotype (FSCA).</p><p>Sequence Data. For  Bothriocera harthi sp. n., a 642 bp product for COI, a 1,298 bp product for 18S, a 344 bp product for H3, and a 753 bp product for 28S were generated. In addition, products for COI, 18S, H3, and 28S were also generated for  B. drakei (Fig. 8),  B. maculata (Fig. 9),  B. transversa (Fig. 10),  B. datuna (Fig. 11), and  B. basalis (Fig. 12) with corresponding GenBank accession numbers presented in Table 2. Based on the phylogenies, there is strong bootstrap support for all loci (89, 100, 95, and 100 for COI, 18S, H3, and 28S respectively) (Fig. 13) and strong bootstrap support in the consensus tree (100) for  Bothriocera being monophyletic (Fig. 14). Furthermore,  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. resolves within  Bothriocera with strong bootstrap for COI (100, adjacent to  B. drakei),18S (86, adjacent to  B. datuna, being 100% identical), H3 ((85, adjacent to  B. datuna). Finally, while the consensus tree generated shows strong bootstrap support (100) for the monophyly of  Bothriocera (with  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. resolving within the genus), the bootstrap support for relationshipsamong species available and loci analyzed was low (&lt;52) (Fig. 14).</p><p>TABLE 4. Pairwise comparison showing estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences based on the COI gene for  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. demonstrating intrageneric (orange) and intergeneric (blue) variability; the number of base differences per site from between sequences are shown. Standard error estimate(s) are shown above the diagonal and were obtained by a bootstrap procedure (1000 replicates).</p><p>TABLE 5. Pairwise comparison showing estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences based on the 18S gene for  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. demonstrating intrageneric (orange) and intergeneric (blue) variability; the number of base differences per site from between sequences are shown. Standard error estimate(s) are shown above the diagonal and were obtained by a bootstrap procedure (1000 replicates).</p><p>TABLE 6. Pairwise comparison showing estimates of evolutionary divergence between sequences based on the H3 gene for  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. demonstrating intrageneric (orange) and intergeneric (blue) variability; the number of base differences per site from between sequences are shown. Standard error estimate(s) are shown above the diagonal and were obtained by a bootstrap procedure (1000 replicates).</p><p>Based on the pairwise comparison for COI nucleotide sequences, species in  Bothriocera differed from each other by an average of 16.9% (SE ±0.9) whereas variability among genera, on average, was 23.9% (SE ±0.9).  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. differed on average by 17.2% (SE ±2.8) from other species within  Bothriocera, and differed from genera in other higher taxa on average by 26.5% (SE ±1.3) (Table 4).</p><p>Based on the multiple pairwise comparisons for the loci analyzed, the highest levels of variance were observed for COI, followed by H3 with variances observed among 28S and 18S being significantly lower (with 28S being being slightly more variable than 18S). Regardless,  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. varied from other congeners by levels that were within the observed range of intrageneric variability for all loci analyzed (Table 7).</p><p>Remarks.  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. is easily placed in the genus  Bothriocera by head morphology (antennae in a cavity in front of compound eyes), the weakly overlapped wings (relative to  Bothrioceretta), and the short medioventral lobe of the pygofer. This placement is also supported by molecular data (COI, 18S, H3, and 28S genes). In general,  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. superficially resembles the other  Bothriocera in the pattern of the forewings. The forewing pattern may (as Caldwell 1943 asserted) be useful for species diagnosis, but better documentation of variation in color pattern of the known species is needed before relying on this feature.</p><p>Bothriocera harthi sp. n. appears most like  Bothriocera datuna Kramer (see Fig. 11 and Kramer 1983, figs. 39–41). Aside from geography,  Bothriocera harthi sp. n. differs most readily from  B. datuna in that the latter species has less extensive wing markings the medioventral lobe of the pygofer bears an apical projection; also, and differences in the shape of the gonostyli.</p><p>Other material examined.</p><p>Bothriocera basalis .   Costa Rica, La Tarde Ecolodge,  Osa Peninsula, 16.VI.2021 (3 males, 2 females).</p><p>Bothiocera datuna .   Coral Springs, FL, U.S.A.,  Tall Cypress Natural Area, 3.IV.2022 (1 male).</p><p>Bothriocera drakei .   Milford, DE, U.S.A.,  Woods Haven, 6.VII.2021 (1 male).</p><p>Bothriocera maculata .   Coral Gables, FL, U.S.A.,  Montgomery Botanical Center, 16.V.2022 (2 males).</p><p>Bothriocera transversa .   Coral Gables, FL, U.S.A.,  Montgomery Botanical Center, 16.V.2022 (5 males, 2 females).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/660A87BBFFE6583C4FC0E6F4FF77F89F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bahder, Brian W.;Myrie, Wayne;Helmick, Ericka E.;Bartlett, Charles R.	Bahder, Brian W., Myrie, Wayne, Helmick, Ericka E., Bartlett, Charles R. (2023): A new species of planthopper in the genus Bothriocera (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cixiidae) from coconut palm (Cocos nucifera) in Jamaica. Zootaxa 5375 (1): 111-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5375.1.7, URL: https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/download/zootaxa.5375.1.7/52317
