identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
654387C7FF98FFDD6DB8FB0137750F78.text	654387C7FF98FFDD6DB8FB0137750F78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864	<div><p>Genus  Callyspongia Duchassaing &amp; Michelotti, 1864</p><p>Definition.  Callyspongiidae with a regular ectosomal tangential reticulation of primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary spiculo-fibres (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Valentine 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF98FFDD6DB8FB0137750F78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF98FFDB6DB8FA2934E20B7F.text	654387C7FF98FFDB6DB8FA2934E20B7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Callyspongia (Callyspongia) californica Dickinson 1945	<div><p>Callyspongia (Callyspongia) californica Dickinson, 1945</p><p>Figure 2, Table 2</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-8— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.806755&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.523722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.806755/lat 13.523722)">El Faro</a> (13°31’25.4”N, 89°48’24.3”W), depth 1 m, A. Trejo (18. VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-22— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.814186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.529069" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.814186/lat 13.529069)">Salinitas</a> (13°31’44.65”N, 89°48’51.05”W), depth 2 m, A. Trejo (19. VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91- 32— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79761&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.501889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79761/lat 13.501889)">La Naviera</a> (13°30’6.8”N, 89°47’51.4”W), depth 15 m, A. Trejo (17. VII.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-34— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.785385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.504486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.785385/lat 13.504486)">El Bajón de Zúniga</a> I (13°30’16.15”N, 89°47’7.4”W), depth 8 m, A. Trejo (18. VII.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-45— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.787636&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.500806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.787636/lat 13.500806)">El Bajón de Zúniga</a> II (13°30’2.9”N, 89°47’15.5”W) depth 12 m, A. Trejo (18. VII.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-54— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.511278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79908/lat 13.511278)">El Candado</a> (13°30’40.6”N, 89°47’56.7”W) depth 7 m, A. Trejo (19. VII.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Thin cushioned or lobed sponge, color in life ranges from lilac-purple, pale orange, light brown, and white (Figure 2A). The species has small oscula like volcano-shaped elevations or small tubular projections, the oscula are circular and measure between 1.5 to 4.5 mm. The surface is even and smooth. It has a compressible, elastic and resistant consistency, it quickly returns to its original shape after being compressed. The ectosome consists of a reticulated tangential network of primary and secondary fibers, which create triangular or polygonal networks (Figure 2B). The choanosome is made up of a square reticulation of primary fibers (Figure 2C). The spicules are small oxeas slightly curved in the center (Figure 2D).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found on rocks and calcareous algae up to 16 m depth.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Dickinson in 1945 from the Gulf of California, also, Sim &amp; Bakus (1986) made a report from Santa Catalina Island. Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo (2008) have reported the species along the Pacific coast of Mexico, and Jaramillo et al. (2021) reported it from Reserva  Marina El Pelado, Ecuador. Here we extend the species distribution and present the first record for El Salvador and the Pacific coast of Central America (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. Our specimens are consistent with the descriptions of Sim &amp; Bakus (1986), and Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo (2008), but the spicules of these specimens are slightly shorter (up to 95.6 μm).  Callyspongia (Callyspongia) roosevelti van Soest, Kaiser &amp; Van Syoc, 2011 is another species reported from the eastern Pacific, specifically from Clipperton Islands, this species is similar in shape to our specimens but differs in the size of the oxeas (up to 150 x 5 µm).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF98FFDB6DB8FA2934E20B7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF9EFFDB6DB8FD3036330C13.text	654387C7FF9EFFDB6DB8FD3036330C13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona (Soestella) caerulea Hechtel 1965	<div><p>Haliclona (Soestella) caerulea Hechtel, 1965</p><p>Figure 3, Table 3</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-1— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.77281&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.495889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.77281/lat 13.495889)">Las Parguetas</a> (13°29’45.2”N, 89°46’22.1”W) depth 12 m, A. Trejo (13. VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-35— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.81275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.500778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.81275/lat 13.500778)">Punta de Monte</a> (13°30’2.8”N, 89°48’45.9”W) depth 16 m, A. Trejo (17.VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-49— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79761&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.501889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79761/lat 13.501889)">La Naviera</a> (13°30’6.8”N, 89°47’51.4”W) depth 15 m, A. Trejo (17.VI.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Sponge that lives in association with the calcareous algae  Jania adherens J.V.Lamouroux, 1816, it is massive and has mounds that resemble small volcanoes. The oscula are circular and mostly oval, 2–6 mm in diameter (Figure 3A). The surface is rough, not very compressible and brittle. The ectosome is regular, tangential, made up of single oxeas that are joined at each end by spongin (Figure 3D). The choanosome is more difficult to differentiate due to the ramifications of the calcareous algae, but a reticulate network of spicule lines is distinguished (Figure 3E). It has robust oxeas, with a slight curve in the middle and sharp ends (168.5 x 6.7 µm), the microsclere are C-shaped sigmas (20.4 µm) (Figure 3B–C).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found over rocks and calcareous algae from 12 to 16 m deep.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Hechtel in 1965 from Jamaica and has been reported from different Caribbean locations as Curaçao (Van Soest 1980), Gulf of Mexico (Rützler et al. 2009; Ugalde et al. 2021), Belize (Rützler et al. 2000) and Bocas del Toro, Panamá (Díaz 2005). Its distribution in the Pacific Ocean has been reported from Hawaii (Núñez et al. 2017), the Mexican Pacific coast (Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo 2008) and the Pacific of Panama (Wulff 1996). Here we extend the species distribution and present the first record from Los Cóbanos, El Salvador (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens coincide with the original description in size and form of the spicules (Hetchel 1965). They also agree with the ones described by Cruz-Barraza &amp; Carballo (2008) which they found between the intertidal to 6 m depth, unlike our specimens that were found from 12 to 15 m depth. There are two other Hacliclona (Soestella) species described from the eastern Pacific:  H. (S.) spuma and  H. (S.) roslynae Sim-Smith, Hickman &amp; Kelly, 2021, but these species have larger oxeas (up to 192 x 13 µm and 117x7 µm respectively) and they lack of microsclere (Sim-Smith et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF9EFFDB6DB8FD3036330C13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF9EFFDB6DB8FE6437ED0803.text	654387C7FF9EFFDB6DB8FE6437ED0803.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Haliclona Grant 1841	<div><p>Genus  Haliclona Grant, 1841</p><p>Definition.  Chalinidae whith unispicular secundary lines (De Weerdt 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF9EFFDB6DB8FE6437ED0803	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF9FFFDA6DB8FA7831450C76.text	654387C7FF9FFFDA6DB8FA7831450C76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axinella Schmidt 1862	<div><p>Genus  Axinella Schmidt, 1862</p><p>Definition.  Axinellidae with axial and extra-axial differentiation in the choanosomal skeleton. Megascleres are styles and oxeas. Microscleres are microraphides and trichodragmata, if present (Alvarez &amp; Hooper 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF9FFFDA6DB8FA7831450C76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF9FFFD96DB8F92730E40803.text	654387C7FF9FFFD96DB8F92730E40803.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axinella nayaritensis Carballo, Bautista-Guerrero & Cruz-Barraza 2018	<div><p>Axinella nayaritensis Carballo, Bautista-Guerrero &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2018</p><p>Figure 4, Table 4</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-12— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.785385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.504486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.785385/lat 13.504486)">El Bajón de Zúniga</a> (13°30’16.15”N, 89°47’7.4”W), depth 12 m, A. Trejo (13.VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-41— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.511278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79908/lat 13.511278)">El Candado</a> (13°30’40.6”N, 89°47’56.7”W), depth 4 m, A. Trejo (19.VI.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Erect sponge with cylindrical ramifications, and corrugated surface very difficult to break. The size of the sponge varies between 15–20 cm high by 16–20 cm wide. Branches have a diameter of 0.4–1.2 cm and in young sponges a simple bifurcation can be observed. It has small, slightly raised oscula. Color in life is orange and turns brown when preserved in alcohol (Figure 4A). The skeleton is distinguished by having a condensed axial center that expands towards the surface (Figure 4D), many styles exceed the surface of the sponge forming groups of spicules that resemble brushes (Figure 4E). The spicules present are oxeas (260–501 µm) and styles (254–440 µm) (Figure 4B–C).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found on sandy substrate, usually in sites surrounded by large rocks and is colonized by large numbers of brittle stars. It was collected in sites from 4 to 12 m depth.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Carballo et al. (2018) from Nayarit, Mexico. Lizarazo et al. (2020) reported the species from the northern Colombian Pacific and, Trejo &amp; Segovia (2024) previously reported it from El Salvador at Punta Amapala. Here we extend the species distribution to Los Cóbanos, the southwestern reef of the country (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. The specimens agree to the original description in the spicules form and skeletal arrangement (Carballo et al. 2018), although, our specimens have slightly shorter oxeas (up to 501 μm). The species has been collected from the Eastern Tropical Pacific in a range of 7 to 25 m depth (Carballo et al. 2018; Lizarazo et al. 2020) while in El Salvador appears to have a shallower distribution starting at 3 m and up to 12 m depth.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF9FFFD96DB8F92730E40803	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF9DFFD86DB8FC8E35D4098D.text	654387C7FF9DFFD86DB8FC8E35D4098D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endectyon Topsent 1920	<div><p>Genus  Endectyon Topsent, 1920</p><p>Definition.  Raspailiidae with acanthostyle geometry and acanthostyles confined to a particular region outside of the skeletal axis (Hooper 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF9DFFD86DB8FC8E35D4098D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF9DFFD76DB8FC4237C30BCB.text	654387C7FF9DFFD76DB8FC4237C30BCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endectyon (Endectyon) hyle (de Laubenfels 1930)	<div><p>Endectyon (Endectyon) hyle (de Laubenfels, 1930)</p><p>Figure 5, Table 5</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-52 — <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.511278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79908/lat 13.511278)">El Candado</a> (13°30’40.6”N, 89°47’56.7”W), depth 6 m, A. Trejo (19. VI.2018).</p><p>Description. Branched sponge 3 cm wide and 5 cm high. Each branch of the sponge has two rounded lobes, each 0.5 cm in diameter (Figure 5A). The surface is irregular, no oscula are observed. Hard consistency and difficult to break. Color in life is bright orange with fine sediment on it, when preserved in alcohol it turns beige. The ectosome consists of a layer of straight, long and thin styles (200–250 x 1–2 µm) (Figure 5B). There is an extra-axial subectosome made up of styles that project their tips toward the surface. The choanosome is a compressed axial skeleton formed by primary multispicular fibers interconnected by secondary fibers of two or more spicules, where styles and acanthostyles meet (Figure 5C). The species presents styles in two categories, those of the ectosome that are straight and very thin, while those of the sub ectosome and choanosome are robust, with a sharp point and some are curved in the middle or in the third region closest to the head, the acanthostyles are stout with prominent spines from the mid-region to the tip of the spicule (Figure 5D–F).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found on sandy substrate at 6 m depth.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by de Laubenfels in 1930 from California. Reports have been made from Galapagos Islands (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Van Soest 1997) and Mexican Pacific Ocean (Aguilar-Camacho &amp; Carballo 2013). In El Salvador, the species has been recorded in Punta Amapala (Trejo &amp; Segovia 2024). Here we extend the species distribution in the country to Los Cóbanos (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen is similar to the original description in skeletal arrangement and spicule composition (De Laubenfels 1932), although, the size of our specimen is slightly larger, up to 5 cm high. Also, in the type specimen there are two size categories of choanosome styles, unlike our specimen where only one size category was found. Aguilar-Camacho et al. (2013) also describe specimens with a single size category of choanosome style, but these are much larger than the ones reported here (up to 780 µm length).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF9DFFD76DB8FC4237C30BCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF93FFD66DB8FE99352A0B93.text	654387C7FF93FFD66DB8FE99352A0B93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale Gray 1867	<div><p>Genus  Mycale Gray, 1867</p><p>Definition.  Mycalidae with megascleres in a single category of shape, but may have size categories (Van Soest &amp; Hajdu 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF93FFD66DB8FE99352A0B93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF93FFD56DB8FE41362A0D47.text	654387C7FF93FFD56DB8FE41362A0D47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Carmia) cecilia de Laubenfels 1936	<div><p>Mycale (Carmia) cecilia de Laubenfels, 1936</p><p>Figure 6, Table 6</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-2— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.814186&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.529069" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.814186/lat 13.529069)">Salinitas</a> (13°31’44.65”N, 89°48’51.05”W), depth 1 m, A. Trejo (19. VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-7— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.787636&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.500806" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.787636/lat 13.500806)">El Bajón de Zúniga</a> II (13°30’2.9” N, 89°47’15.5”W), depth 12 m, A. Trejo (18. VII.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-27— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79253&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.514139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79253/lat 13.514139)">El Arco</a> (13°30’50.9”N, 89°47’33.1”W), depth 4 m, A. Trejo (20. VII.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-33— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79691&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.515139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79691/lat 13.515139)">La Peñona</a> (13°30’54.5”N, 89°47’48.9”W), depth 8 m, A. Trejo (20. VII.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Cushion or encrusting sponge 3–7 mm thick. Color in life is intense orange or reddish, when preserved it becomes light brown or beige (Figure 6A). In the skeleton, free mycalostyles are observed, while in the choanosome there are multispicular bands that ascend to the surface, forming brushes (Figure 6B). Spicules are mycalostyles, these are straight and with a very pronounced tip (264.8 x 5.4 µm), the head is slightly oval (5.1 µm). As microscleres, there are anisochela in a single category (19.4 µm) and C shape sigmas (37.7 µm) (Figure 6C–F).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found on rocky substrate and calcareous algae from the intertidal zone to 12 m depth.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by de Laubenfels in 1936 from the Pacific end of the Panama Canal. Reports have been made from the Pacific Coast of Mexico (Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza 2010; Castillo-Páez et al. 2024) and Galápagos Islands (Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Van Soest 1997). In El Salvador the species is reported from Punta Amapala (Trejo &amp; Segovia 2024) and now its distribution is extended to Los Cóbanos (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. Our specimens were found in only one coloration type, bright red to reddish-orange, with the typical formation of brushes composed of mycalostyles towards the surface of the sponge. We determined that the specimens correspond to  M. cecilia due to the absence of ectosomal skeleton specialization, that is a shared characteristic within the genus  Mycale (Carmia) Gray, 1867 . Toxas were also absent in our specimens, which are present in  M. (Carmia) contax (Dickinson, 1945) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF93FFD56DB8FE41362A0D47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF91FFD46DB8FF2936C3099B.text	654387C7FF91FFD46DB8FF2936C3099B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mycale (Zygomycale) ramulosa Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2010	<div><p>Mycale (Zygomycale) ramulosa Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2010</p><p>Figure 7, Table 7</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-5— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.81275&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.500778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.81275/lat 13.500778)">Punta de Monte</a> (13°30’2.8”N, 89°48’45.9”W) depth 16 m, A. Trejo (17.VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-16— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79761&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.501889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79761/lat 13.501889)">La Naviera</a> (13°30’6.8”N, 89°47’51.4”W) depth 14 m, A. Trejo (17.VI.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-25— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.785385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.504486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.785385/lat 13.504486)">El Bajón de Zúniga</a> I (13°30’16.15”N, 89°47’7.4” W), depth 8 m, A. Trejo (18.VI.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Massive sponge with 13 cm long x 16 wide coverage, it presents lobes 1–2 cm high and 1.3–1.9 cm in diameter. Color in life is orange-brown or purple-brown (Figure 7A). Surface is irregular and smooth, but when observed under the microscope there are notable groups of spicules that protrude from it (Figure 7B). The sponge is of compressible and elastic consistency. The skeleton is formed by a tangential reticulate ectosome containing fibers of multiple mycalostyles. The choanosome contains tracts formed by mycalostyles that arise from the base of the sponge and come to exceed the surface assimilating small brushes. Spicules are mycalostyles, isochelae, sigma and anisochelae in two size categories, toxa and raphides (Figure 7C–I).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found covering large rocks and calcareous algae up to 16 m depth.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza in 2010 from the Mexican Pacific coast, and has also been reported from Punta Amapala in El Salvador (Trejo &amp; Segovia 2024). Here we extend its distribution in the country to Los Cóbanos (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. Our specimens coincide with the original description in skeletal arrangement and spicule composition, above all, on the presence of anisochela in two categories and palmate isochelae (Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza 2010), this last characteristic was determinant for the identification of  M. ramulosa above all  Mycale species reported for the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Color in life of the specimens was brownish orange and brownish purple, and they were found with massive and incrusting morphologies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF91FFD46DB8FF2936C3099B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF96FFD36DB8FA8D310E0FAB.text	654387C7FF96FFD36DB8FA8D310E0FAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tedania Gray 1867	<div><p>Genus  Tedania Gray, 1867</p><p>Definition.  Tedaniidae with differentiated ectosomal and choanosomal megascleres (Van Soest 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF96FFD36DB8FA8D310E0FAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF96FFD16DB8FA5830EB0B23.text	654387C7FF96FFD16DB8FA5830EB0B23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tedania (Tedania) tropicalis Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo & Cruz-Barraza 2018	<div><p>Tedania (Tedania) tropicalis Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2018</p><p>Figure 8, Table 8</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-18— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79691&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.515139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79691/lat 13.515139)">Punta de Monte</a> (13°30’54.5”N, 89°47’48.9”W), depth 7 m, A. Trejo (20. VII.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Massive sponge 7 cm long and 2–5 cm thick. The surface is irregular and smooth, with a flexible and elastic consistency. Color in life is orange and becomes pale when preserved in alcohol (Figure 8A). The ectosome consists of tylotes with microspined heads (170–200 µm x 2.5–5 µm). Styles (220–240 µm) are found in the choanosome, forming multispicular lines and scattered onychaetes (150–180 µm) (Figure 8B–E).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found on rocky substate surrounded by fine sediment.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Aguilar-Camacho et al. in 2018 from the Mexican Pacific Coast and Islas Secas, Panama. In El Salvador, the species was reported from Punta Amapala (Trejo &amp; Segovia 2024), and now its distribution is extended to Los Cóbanos (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen agrees with the original description in spicule composition, with onychaetes in one category and its characteristic reddish-orange color, unlike  Tedania fulvum Aguilar-Camacho, Carballo &amp; Cruz-Barraza, 2018, which is another species distributed in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, but has onychaetes in two categories, and it has been reported only from the Bay of Mazatlan (Aguilar-Camacho et al. 2018).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF96FFD16DB8FA5830EB0B23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF94FFD16DB8FD4A30AF0FDE.text	654387C7FF94FFD16DB8FD4A30AF0FDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cliona euryphylle Topsent 1888	<div><p>Cliona euryphylle Topsent, 1888</p><p>Figure 9, Table 9</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-43 — <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.79253&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.514139" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.79253/lat 13.514139)">El Arco</a> (13°30’50.9”N, 89°47’33.1”W) depth 6 m, A. Trejo (20. VII.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Boring sponge of calcareous substrate, with a surface area of 5 x 3 cm. Color in life is bright yellow, it turns pale yellow when preserved in alcohol. It has oval oscular papillae of 2–4 mm in diameter slightly protruding from the surface (Figure 9A). The skeleton consists of tylostyles and spiraster. Tylostyles have a wellformed head, are straight and with a pointed termination, measuring between 149–354.8 µm. Spiraster are short, stout and with many thick spines (Figure 9B–C). The sponge was collected on calcareous algae at a depth of 6 m, and it was possible to observe it thanks to the oscular papillae that protruded from the surface.</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found over calcareous algae surrounded by turf and coarse sand.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Topsent in 1888 from the Gulf of Mexico, later it was reported in New Zealand (Bergquist 1968; Kelly et al. 2009). For the Eastern Tropical Pacific, it has been reported from the states of Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco and Baja California Sur in México (Carballo et al. 2008), also from Costa Rica (Pacheco et al. 2018) and previously from Punta Amapala, El Salvador (Trejo &amp; Segovia 2024). Here we extend its distribution to Los Cóbanos (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen is similar to the description made by Carballo et al. (2008) and Pacheco et al. (2018) for  C. euryphylle from the Mexican and Central America Pacific, with tylostyles and spirasters as the only spicules present. Another species with these characteristics is  C. flavifodina Rützler, 1974, but its spirasters are much longer (up to 75 µm) and may have three to four undulations than in our sample which only has one.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF94FFD16DB8FD4A30AF0FDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF94FFD16DB8FDBF35420895.text	654387C7FF94FFD16DB8FDBF35420895.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cliona Grant 1826	<div><p>Genus  Cliona Grant, 1826</p><p>Definition. Excavating, mostly cryptic  Clionaidae without elaborate aquiferous morphology; with microscleres composed of raphides or spirasters, including amphiastrose modifications of spirasters or entirely smooth forms (Rützler 2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF94FFD16DB8FDBF35420895	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF95FFCF6DB8F83F35EA0AC6.text	654387C7FF95FFCF6DB8F83F35EA0AC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberea Bergquist 1995	<div><p>Genus  Suberea Bergquist, 1995</p><p>Definition.  Aplysinellidae with coarse irregular dendritic fibres in which bark and pith elements are present but the pith predominates. The surface is smooth or conulose and the sponge form massive, sometimes stalked or branching (Bergquist &amp; de Cook 2002a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF95FFCF6DB8F83F35EA0AC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF8AFFCE6DB8FE8130AE0E1E.text	654387C7FF8AFFCE6DB8FE8130AE0E1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberea etiennei Van Soest, Kaiser & Van Syoc 2011	<div><p>Suberea etiennei Soest, Kaiser &amp; Van Syoc, 2011</p><p>Figure 10, Table 10</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-51— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.785385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.504486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.785385/lat 13.504486)">El Bajón de Zúniga</a> I (13°30’16.15”N, 89°47’7.4”W), depth 9 m, A. Trejo (18.VII.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Pale yellow sponge in life, after preservation it turned violet-black, it does not have a specific morphology and has a low proportion of fibers compared to the organic material, it is soft and irregular to touch (Figure 10A). It presents mostly dichotomous dendritic fibers that divide irregularly and much more frequently when approaching the surface. The fibers are thin (35–90 µm) compared to other species of the same genus, the pith is dark and granular, occupying between 43–75% of the fiber (Figure 10B–C).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found attached to large rocks and surrounded by turf at 9 m depth.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Van Soest et al. in 2011 from Clipperton Islands. Here we report it for the first time in Central America (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen shares the common characteristics of the genus  Suberea as the low proportion of fibers compared to the soft tissue. We state that the specimen belongs to  S. etiennei because it has very thin fibers and the proportion of the pith is similar to the original description (Van Soest et al. 2011). There are only two species of  Suberea described from the eastern Pacific:  S. etiennei from Clipperton Islands, and  S. esmerelda Sim-Smith, Hickman Jr &amp; Kelly, 2021 from Galapagos Islands, this species differs with our specimen because of its morphological external characteristics as a massive and multilobate sponge with large conspicuous oscules at the ápex of the lobes, also its color in life is dull yellow to greenish grey (Sim-Smith et al. 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF8AFFCE6DB8FE8130AE0E1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF8BFFCE6DB8FB0436F40F7E.text	654387C7FF8BFFCE6DB8FB0436F40F7E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplysina Nardo 1834	<div><p>Genus  Aplysina Nardo, 1834</p><p>Definition.  Aplysinidae characterised by possession of fibres of only one kind with no foreign detritus and having a thick pith component (Bergquist &amp; de Cook 2002b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF8BFFCE6DB8FB0436F40F7E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
654387C7FF8BFFCC6DB8FA2F35C70BCB.text	654387C7FF8BFFCC6DB8FA2F35C70BCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplysina chiriquiensis Diaz, Van Soest, Rutzler & Guzman 2005	<div><p>Aplysina chiriquiensis Díaz, Van Soest, Rützler &amp; Guzmán, 2005</p><p>Figure 11, Table 11</p><p>Examined material.   MUHNES-91-4— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.785385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.504486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.785385/lat 13.504486)">El Bajón de Zúniga</a> I (13°30’16.15”N, 89°47’7.4”W), depth 8 m, A. Trejo (18.VII.2018) ;   MUHNES-91-13— <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.81117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.50575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.81117/lat 13.50575)">La Puntita</a> (13°30’20.7”N, 89°48’40.2”W), depth 8 m, A. Trejo (19.VII.2018)  .</p><p>Description. Branched sponge, with finger-like branches coming from a common base. Specimens are 10 to 20 cm tall, their branches 3 to 15 cm tall and 1 to 4 cm thick. Branches are soft to touch, they can be cylindrical and sometimes compressed (Figure 11A–B). The external color of the sponge is intense yellow and when exposed to air they turn blue, when preserved they turn dark brown or black. The skeleton has a compressible and elastic consistency, and generally presents oscula located in small protuberances. The skeleton consists of a reticulate meshwork of laminated amber fibers 70–170 µm in diameter, a granular pith occupying 10–38% of the fiber diameter (Figure 11C–D).</p><p>Ecological notes. The species was found attached to large rocks and among octocorals of the genus  Carijoa Müller, 1867, at 8 m depth.</p><p>Distribution and previous records. The species was described by Díaz et al. in 2005 from the Gulf of Chiriqui, Panama. It was previously reported by Desqueyroux-Faúndez &amp; Van Soest in 1997 from Galápagos Islands under the synonym of  Aplysina ecuatorensis . Later, Lizarazo et al. (2020) and Willenz &amp; Hajdu (2022) reported the species from the Pacific of Colombia and Peru, respectively. Here we report it for the first time from Los Cóbanos, El Salvador (Table 12).</p><p>Remarks. From the four species of the genus  Aplysina reported in the Eastern Tropical Pacific, our specimen matches the description of  A. chiriquiensis, since is the only species with pedunculate morphology and bright yellow coloration, although, the species can be found in color ranges from pinkish-red or purple too (Díaz &amp; Van Soest 2005), the only coloration identified for our specimens was bright yellow. Our samples differ from the other species specially in morphology and coloration since  A. clathrata Cruz-Barraza, Carballo, Rocha-Olivares, Ehrlich &amp; Hog, 2012, is a semi-spherical to massive sponge with bright yellow or yellow to brown, red, violet or pink (Cruz-Barraza et al. 2012). The other two species  A. gerardogreeni, Gómez &amp; Bakus, 1992, and  A. revillagigedi Cruz-Barraza, Carballo, Rocha-Olivares, Ehrlich &amp; Hog, 2012, are cushion-shaped to massive sponges, the first one commonly yellow with tubes topped by an oscule and the second one usually green with oscula lineally on rims (Cruz-Barraza et al. 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/654387C7FF8BFFCC6DB8FA2F35C70BCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Trejo, Alejandra;Carballo, José Luis;Segovia, Johanna	Trejo, Alejandra, Carballo, José Luis, Segovia, Johanna (2025): New records and checklist of sponges from El Salvador (Eastern Tropical Pacific). Zootaxa 5613 (1): 99-125, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5613.1.4
