taxonID	type	description	language	source
71538795FFE2FFACFCF2FD86FE7288D8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to Africa, the continent where it was collected.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE2FFACFCF2FD86FE7288D8.taxon	description	Sporodochia orange, formed abundantly on SNA and CLA. Sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, giving rise to 1 – 6 conidiogenous cells, 10 – 35 × 3 – 5 µm; sporodochial phialides monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 2 – 4 µm diam. Sporodochial macroconidia slender, falcate, slightly curved with almost parallel sides tapering slightly towards both ends, with a papillate to hooked, curved apical cell and a blunt to poorly developed foot-like basal cell, 2 - septate, with septa a third up from hilum and down from apex, not median, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (27.2 –) 28.0 – 29.0 (– 30.4) × (3.2 –) 3.5 – 3.9 (– 4.1) µm. Microconidia not observed. Chlamydospores intercalary, solitary or in short chains, ellipsoid to cylindrical, 4 – 8 µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 7 – 7.5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelia dense, colony margin entire, surface and reverse white. Colonies on PDA reaching 7.5 – 8 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white. Colonies on SNA reaching 7 – 7.5 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white; pigment and odour absent.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE2FFACFCF2FD86FE7288D8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: South Africa, Gauteng Province, from Encephalartos sp. leaf, Mar. 2018, P. W. Crous (holotype CBS H- 25455, culture ex-type CBS 153387 = CPC 34902); ibid., culture CPC 34903.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE2FFACFCF2FD86FE7288D8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium africanum clusters within a fully supported clade containing B. biseptatum, B. colchici, B. penzigii and B. solicola; all phylogenetically well-separated species. Bisifusarium africanum differs from B. biseptatum by 36 bp in the combined alignment (ITS 9, rpb 2 5, tef 1 12 and tub 2 10 bp), from B. colchici by 15 bp (ITS 1, rpb 2 6 and tef 1 8 bp, while no tub 2 sequences are available B. colchici), from B. penzigii by 24 bp (ITS 2, rpb 2 6, tef 1 10, and tub 2 6 bp), and from B. solicola by 17 bp (ITS 0, rpb 2 2, tef 1 11, and tub 2 4 bp). Morphologically, B. africanum is similar to B. biseptatum, but can be distinguished from that species based on macroconidial septation (2 - septate in B. africanum vs 0 – 1 - septate in B. biseptatum), macroconidial shape (macroconidial ends equally hooked in B. biseptatum in contrast to more strongly apically hooked in B. africanum), and the absence of microconidia, which are present in B. biseptatum (Schroers et al. 2009).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE2FFAFFF4CFB46FBE089F8.taxon	description	Sexual morph unknown. Conidiophores simple (aerial conidiophores) or grouped on sporodochia; aerial conidiophores simple, unbranched or irregularly branched, mostly reduced to terminal or single lateral conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells often formed as (i) lateral phialidic pegs arising from superficial or submerged intercalary hyphal cells or, (ii) cylindrical and slightly tapering towards apex or ampulliform, smooth- and thin-walled monophialides, rarely polyphialides, with inconspicuous or absent periclinal thickening, solitary or aggregated to represent a poorly developed pionnotal sporodochial-like structure, producing micro- and macroconidia. Microconidia hyaline, thin-walled, 0 – 1 - septate, ellipsoidal, allantoid, broadly lunate to reniform, straight or curved, tapering towards both ends. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, (0 –) 1 – 2 (– 3) - septate, thick-walled, curved to lunate, with a blunt to hooked apical cell and obtuse to poorly developed, foot-shaped basal cell, typically formed on sporodochia. Sporodochia pale yellow to orange; sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, consisting of short, smooth- and thin-walled stipes bearing an apical whorl of 2 – 3 monophialides; sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, cylindrical to subulate, smooth- and thin-walled, with reduced or flared collarette. Chlamydospores, if present, globose to subglobose to ellipsoidal, solitary or in chains, sometimes aggregated in sclerotia (Lombard et al. 2015, Crous et al. 2021).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE2FFAFFF4CFB46FBE089F8.taxon	type_taxon	Type species: Bisifusarium dimerum (Penz.) L. Lombard & Crous	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE2FFAFFF4CFB46FBE089F8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium was established to accommodate fusarioid species characterized by pionnotal culture growth, their short, chiefly 1 – 2 - septate sporodochial macroconidia and the formation of lateral phialidic pegs arising from hyphae (Gerlach & Nirenberg 1982, Schroers et al. 2009, Lombard et al. 2015). Bisifusarium forms a well-supported clade (BS = 100 %, PP = 1.0) closely related but separate from Fusarium s. str. (Crous et al. 2021).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCFF66FE358DF8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to Australia, where it was collected.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCFF66FE358DF8.taxon	description	Sporodochia greyish orange, formed abundantly on CLA. Sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed; sporodochial phialides subulate to subcylindrical, 15 – 20 × 2 – 3.5 µm, smooth- and thin-walled. Sporodochial macroconidia slender, falcate, slightly curved with almost parallel sides tapering slightly towards both ends, with a papillate to hooked, curved apical cell and a blunt to poorly developed foot-like basal cell, 1 - septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (11.5 –) 12.0 – 13.5 (– 15.0) × (2.0 –) 2.5 – 3.0 (– 3.6) µm. Aerial conidiophores 30 – 50 µm tall, often reduced to single monophialides; aerial phialides subulate to subcylindrical, smooth- and thin-walled, 20 – 29 × 2 – 3 µm; Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 4.5 – 5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin entire, surface and reverse white. Colonies on PDA reaching 4 – 4.5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white. Colonies on SNA reaching 4.5 – 5 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white; odour absent.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCFF66FE358DF8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Australia, from poultry feed, collection date and collector unknown, isol. M. D. Connole, dep. C. Booth (holotype CBS H- 25445, culture ex-type CBS 366.73 = ATCC 16553 = ATCC 24368 = IMI 117087 b = NRRL 20712).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCFF66FE358DF8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium australianum is phylogenetically closely related to B. aseptatum. Morphologically, B. australianum is distinguished from B. aseptatum in macroconidial septation (1 - septate in B. australianum vs aseptate in B. aseptatum). Additionally, both species differ by 213 bp in the combined alignment (ITS 38, rpb 2 48, and tef 1 127, while tub 2 are lacking for B. australianum).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCF986FCD28CB8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to the cactus host from which this fungus was isolated.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCF986FCD28CB8.taxon	description	Sporodochia greyish orange, formed abundantly on CLA. Sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed; sporodochial phialides subulate to subcylindrical, 15 – 35 × 3 – 4 µm, smooth- and thin-walled. Sporodochial macroconidia slender, falcate, slightly curved with almost parallel sides tapering slightly towards both ends, with a papillate to hooked, curved apical cell and a blunt to rarely poorly developed foot-like basal cell, 1 (– 2) - septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (14.6 –) 16.3 – 19.0 (– 21.1) × (2.4 –) 2.7 – 3.0 (– 3.5) µm. Chlamydospores intercalary, solitary or in short chains, globose to ellipsoid, hyaline becoming pale reddish brown, 5 – 8 µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA grown in the dark, reaching 7 – 8 cm diam., pale brown. Colonies on PDA reaching 7 – 8 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse red. Colonies on SNA reaching 2.5 – 3.5 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin filamentous, snowflake-like embedded in agar, nearly transparent, with chestnut pigmentation.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCF986FCD28CB8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Italy, from Opuntia ficus-indica, collection date unknown, G. Granata (holotype CBS H- 25450, culture ex-type CBS 101615). Additional materials examined: South Africa, Limpopo Province, Mokopane, from dry rot of Opuntia ficus-indica cv. Zastron, Mar. 2013, W. J. Swart, cultures CBS 153382 = CPC 22100, CBS 153383 = CPC 22120; Limpopo Province, Nebo, dry rot of Opuntia ficus-indica cv. Morado, Mar. 2013, W. J. Swart, culture CBS 153384 = CPC 22132. USA, Washington, human sinus, collection date and collector unknown, culture CBS 110312 = CBS 116525 = FRC E- 0306 = NRRL 34031 = NRRL 36185.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFACFFBCF986FCD28CB8.taxon	discussion	Note: Originally assigned to Fusarium sp. 5 by Schroers et al. (2009), B. cacticola is closely related to B. lunatum but can be distinguished from that species by its growth on PDA at 25 ° C for 7 d, reaching 7 – 8 cm diam. in B. cacticola, and 4 – 4.5 cm diam. in B. lunatum. Furthermore, B. cacticola produces greyish orange sporodochia on CLA (Schroers et al. 2009), while B. lunatum has hyaline sporodochia on the same substrate. Additionally, both species differ by 56 bp in the combined alignment (ITS 1, rpb 2 21, tef 1 22, and tub 2 12 bp).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFABFCFDFB46FA8089D8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to Colchicum, the host genus from which the type strain was isolated.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFABFCFDFB46FA8089D8.taxon	description	Sporodochia greyish orange, formed abundantly on CLA. Sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, giving rise to 1 – 2 conidiogenous cells, subulate to subcylindrical, 2 – 3 µm wide near aperture, smooth- and thin-walled. Sporodochial macroconidia slender, falcate, slightly curved with almost parallel sides tapering slightly towards both ends, curved apical cell, basal cell curved, generally not foot-like, 2 - septate, hyaline, smooth-and thin-walled, (22.0 –) 23.5 (– 24.5) × (3.8 –) 4.0 (– 4.5) µm. Microconidia aseptate, typically ellipsoidal, straight or curved, allantoid, formed on SNA on submerged or aerial hyphae, average 10 × 2.5 µm; Chlamydospores in PDA and SNA intercalary, solitary or in chains, globose to ellipsoid, smoothwalled, 3 – 6 µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA grown in the dark, reaching 5.5 – 6 cm diam., surface and reverse partly light umber. Colonies on PDA reaching 7 – 8 cm diam., raised in centre. Colonies on SNA reaching 6 – 6.4 cm diam., flat, radial hyphae extending in the agar, surface and reverse nearly transparent.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFABFCFDFB46FA8089D8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Clanwilliam, leaf spots on Colchicum sp., Sep. 2022, M. J. Wingfield & F. Roets, HPC 4017 (holotype CBS H- 25443, culture ex-type CBS 153389 = CPC 45105). Additional materials examined: South Africa, Western Cape Province, Clanwilliam, Trachyandra sp., Sep. 2022, M. J. Wingfield, HPC 4028, culture CBS 153390 = CPC 45109; Western Cape Province, Clanwilliam, Lachenalia sp., Sep. 2022, M. J. Wingfield, HPC 4022, cultures CBS 153391 = CPC 45111, CBS 153392 = CPC 45112.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE1FFABFCFDFB46FA8089D8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium colchici is phylogenetically closely related to B. penzigii, from which it differs by 12 bp in the four loci dataset (ITS 1, rpb 2 9, and tef 1 2, while no tub 2 sequences of F. colchici are available for comparison). Morphologically, B. colchici is distinguished by its macroconidial shape (macroconidia equally hooked at both ends in B. colchici vs more strongly apically hooked in B. penzigii), macroconidial size (mostly exceeding 20 µm long in B. colchici vs less than 20 µm long in B. penzigii), and B. colchici has chlamydospores arranged in long chains (Schroers et al. 2009).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE4FFA9FF4CFF06FBA089F8.taxon	description	Aerial conidiophores scarce, up to 106 µm long, prostate, borne from substrate or submerged mycelium, mostly reduced to solitary, lateral or terminal phialides, or lateral phialidic pegs, rarely laterally branched and multiseptate. Aerial phialides monophialidic, (2.5 –) 9 – 22.5 (– 30) × 1.5 – 4 µm, subcylindrical, navicular to subulate, smooth- and thin-walled, with or without a short apical collarette. Aerial microconidia ellipsoidal to somewhat allantoid, often with a minute flattened base, 0 - septate, hyaline, smooth and thin-walled, (5.5 –) 7 – 10 (– 12.5) × 2 – 3.5 µm. Sporodochia light orange to citrine, formed abundantly on the surface and vicinity of carnation leaves. Sporodochial conidiophores up to 50 µm long, smooth- and thin-walled, irregularly and verticillately branched, bearing 1 – 2 terminal conidiogenous cells. Sporodochial phialides monophialidic, (8.5 –) 10 – 16.5 (– 21) × 2 – 3.5 µm, subcylindrical to subulate, smooth- and thin-walled. Sporodochial macroconidia short lunate to falcate, slightly dorsiventrally curved, with a blunt apical end or apical cell and a barely foot-shaped or often not foot-like base or basal cell, 0 (– 1) - septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (8 –) 9 – 11 (– 13) × 2 – 3.5 µm; Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA grown in the dark, reaching 4.5 – 5 cm diam., surface and reverse primrose to straw coloured, flat, margin entire and regular, lacking aerial mycelium. Colonies on PDA reaching 4.5 – 5.5 cm diam., buff to sulphur yellow, reverse sulphur yellow to straw, flat, with abundant and short aerial mycelium. Margin entire and regular. Colonies on SNA reaching 2 – 2.4 cm diam., pale buff to straw, flat, irregular with radiate margins.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE4FFA9FF4CFF06FBA089F8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Australia, Victoria, Melbourne, on Sansevieria sp., 7 Oct. 2008, J. Kapitany (holotype BRIP 52699 a, a metabolically inactive culture, culture ex-type BRIP 52699 a = CBS 150895). Additional materials examined: South Africa, from Aloe dyeri, Nov. 2019, P. W. Crous, culture CBS 153388 = CPC 39039; Eastern Cape Province, Amathole, Haga Haga, on leaf of Lederbouria floribunda, Dec. 2014, M. J. Wingfield, culture CBS 153385 = CPC 25710	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE4FFA9FF4CFF06FBA089F8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium hedylamarriae was originally described based on unique nucleotide position differences, without a morphological description or illustrations; hence these are provided here (Fig. 7). This species was found here to encompass strains recently described as B. sinense (Zhang et al. 2024), forming a fully supported monophyletic clade, distinct from B. aseptatum and B. australianum. Although tef 1 sequences are not identical among all strains of B. hedylamarriae, there is 99.1 % tef 1 sequence similarity between both ex-type strains. Additionally, the ex-type strains of B. sinense and B. hedylamarriae show 100 % sequence similarity of ITS and rpb 2 sequences. As indicated in the protologue of B. sinense, micro- and macroconidia were difficult to distinguish, hence no separate measurements were included; however, the conidial measurements and morphology shown in the original illustration (microconidia only) match with those of B. hedylamarriae. Additionally, several morphological features distinguish B. hedylamarriae from its closest phylogenetic relatives B. australianum and B. aseptatum, i. e., yellowish colonies (white in the two latter species), pale orange to citrine sporodochia (greyish orange and yellowish white in B. australianum and B. aseptatum, respectively), and ellipsoidal to allantoid microconidia (ovoid to reniform in B. aseptatum and lacking in B. australianum).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE4FFB4FCF2FD86FA9C88D8.taxon	description	Aerial conidiophores up to 20 µm long, mostly reduced to simple, lateral phialidic pegs on aerial and substrate mycelium, rarely erect and simple and proliferating subterminally. Aerial phialides monophialidic, mostly reduced to phialidic pegs or subcylindrical, 1.6 – 16.5 × 1.5 – 4.5 µm, smooth- and thin-walled, without apical collarette. Aerial microconidia ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, slightly curved to straight, 0 (– 1) - septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (4 –) 5 – 10.5 (– 17) × 1.5 – 4 µm. Sporodochia pale to bright pinkish orange, formed abundantly on the surface and proximity of carnation leaves. Sporodochial conidiophores up to 45 µm long, laterally and irregularly branched, bearing single lateral or 1 – 3 terminal conidiogenous cells. Sporodochial conidiogenous cells monophialidic, subulate to subcylindrical, (6 –) 9 – 13.5 (– 17) × 2.5 – 4.5 µm, smooth- and thin-walled without apical collarette. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, dorsiventrally curved and tapering towards both ends, apical cell blunt to pointy, basal cell papillate to barely foot-like, (0 –) 1 – 2 (– 3) - septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (14.5 –) 18.0 – 21.5 (– 23.7) × (2.5 –) 3.0 – 4.0 (– 5) µm. Chlamydospores terminal or intercalary on mycelium, solitary or in chains, subglobose to doliiform, smooth- and thick-walled, 4.5 – 9 µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 5.5 – 6 cm diam., surface and reverse pale apricot to amber, flat, with scarce aerial mycelium, margin entire and regular. Colonies on PDA reaching 6.4 – 6.6 cm diam., surface and reverse saffron to luteous, flat, with scarce aerial mycelium, margin entire and regular. Colonies on SNA reaching 5.4 – 5.8 cm diam., flat, nearly transparent to pale luteous at centre, margin entire and regular.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE4FFB4FCF2FD86FA9C88D8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Australia, Queensland, Whyanbeel, on Epipremnum pinnatum leaf spot, 9 May 2022, Y. P. Tan, M. D. E. Shivas & R. G. Shivas (holotype BRIP 75047 a, a metabolically inactive culture, culture ex-type BRIP 75047 a = CBS 150777). Additional materials examined: Thailand, Loei Province, from banana grove, before 11 Jan. 1983, unknown collector, culture CBS 110145 = FRC E- 0167; from soil in banana grove, before 11 Jan. 1983, unknown collector, cultures CBS 110307 = FRC E- 0173 = NRRL 36180, CBS 110308 = FRC E- 0177 = NRRL 36181.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFE4FFB4FCF2FD86FA9C88D8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium lovelliae was originally assigned to Fusarium sp. 2 by Schroers et al. (2009) and recently described based only on differences in unique nucleotide positions (Tan & Shivas 2023 a). The species is described and illustrated here based on the ex-type strain (CBS 150777, Fig. 8). Phylogenetically, B. lovelliae is resolved within a fully supported clade that also includes B. delphinoides, B. nectrioides and the undescribed lineage Bisifusarium sp. 1; all these taxa are characterized by predominantly 2 - septate macroconidia. Apart from their chlamydospores and aerial phialides having different sizes, B. lovelliae can be distinguished from all its sibling species by the presence of distinct, regularly curved macroconidia. This is in comparison to asymmetrical macroconidia of B. delphinoides, B. nectrioides and Bisifusarium sp. 1, which are more pronouncedly curved toward the apex, resulting in slightly hooked distal ends (Schroer et al. 2009).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFF9FFB2FCFDFF66FEB989B8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to the fact that it was isolated from soil collected in the Namib desert.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFF9FFB2FCFDFF66FEB989B8.taxon	description	Sporodochia formed on SNA and on CLA, giving rise to a creamy conidial mass. Sporodochial conidiophores apically branched, consisting of primary and secondary branches giving rise to 1 – 2 conidiogenous cells, 20 – 50 × 3 – 4 µm. Sporodochial phialides monophialidic, ampulliform to ellipsoid, 10 – 15 × 3.5 – 4 µm, with a tubular collarette, 1 – 3 µm tall, 2 µm diam. Sporodochial macroconidia falcate, gently dorsiventrally curved, with blunt apical cell and blunt basal cell, or poorly developed foot-like basal cell which is rarely present; medianly 1 - septate, (14 –) 15 – 17 (– 18) × 3 (– 3.5) µm. Microconidia mostly 0 (– 1) - septate, typically ellipsoidal, straight or curved, formed on PDA substrate or in aerial hyphae, 7.5 – 9.5 × 3 – 3.5 µm. Chlamydospores intercalary, solitary or in short chains, globose to ellipsoid, 5 – 10 µm diam. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 7 – 8 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium sparse, colony margin entire, surface and reverse pale luteous. Colonies on PDA 6 – 7 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse dirty white. Colonies on SNA reaching 3 – 4 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin erose, surface and reverse cream; odour absent.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFF9FFB2FCFDFF66FEB989B8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Namibia, Gobabeb, desert soil, Nov. 2019, N. Yilmaz (holotype CBS H- 25454, culture ex-type CBS 153393 = DTO 484 - E 6). Additional materials examined: Namibia, Gobabeb, desert soil, Nov. 2019, N. Yilmaz, cultures CBS 153394 = DTO 484 - E 8, CBS 153395 = DTO 484 - E 9, CBS 153537 = DTO 484 - E 7.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFF9FFB2FCFDFF66FEB989B8.taxon	discussion	Note: Bisifusarium namibense is morphologically similar to B. lunatum (0 – 1 - septate macroconidia, (11.5 –) 18 – 22.5 (– 26.5) × (2.5 –) 3 – 3.5 (– 4) µm; Shroers et al. 2009), but can be distinguished based on its smaller macroconidia, and DNA sequence data.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCFE46FDD88F98.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to Phlox, the host genus from which it was isolated.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCFE46FDD88F98.taxon	description	Sporodochia greyish orange, formed abundantly on CLA. Sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed, subulate to subcylindrical, septate, 13 – 17 × 2 – 4 µm, smooth- and thin-walled. Sporodochial macroconidia slender, falcate, slightly curved with almost parallel sides, tapering slightly towards both ends, with a papillate to hooked, curved apical cell and a blunt to poorly developed foot-like basal cell, 1 - septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (13.6 –) 15.5 – 18.0 (– 20.9) × (2.0 –) 2.3 – 2.8 (– 3.0) µm. Chlamydospores intercalary, globose to ellipsoid, solitary or in chains. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 3 – 3.5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelia dense, colony margin entire, surface and reverse pale orange. Colonies on PDA reaching 3 – 3.5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white, orange at the centre. Colonies on SNA reaching 3 – 4 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white; odour absent.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCFE46FDD88F98.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Germany, from Phlox drummondii, collection date and collector unknown (holotype CBS H- 25448, culture ex-type CBS 110137 = BBA 64304). Additional material examined: Germany, from Phaseolus vulgaris, collection date and collector unknown, culture CBS 110142 = BBA 71614.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCFE46FDD88F98.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium phloginum is phylogenetically closely related to B. penicilloides and B. salinasense, from which it differs by 68 bp (ITS 2, rpb 2 17, tef 1 28, and tub 2 21 bp) and 47 bp (ITS 2, rpb 2 8, tef 1 27, and tub 2 10 bp), respectively. Morphologically, B. phloginum is distinguished by its slender, falcate, slightly curved macroconidia with almost parallel sides, a papillate to hooked apical cell, and a blunt to poorly developed foot-like basal cell. This is in contrast to those of B. penicilloides that are ellipsoidal, straight or curved, lunate or reniform with distinct foot-like basal cells (Savary et al. 2021), or the more robust macroconidia of B. salinense.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCF826FAFA8EB8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to Salinas, California (USA), where it was collected.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCF826FAFA8EB8.taxon	description	Sporodochia greyish orange, formed abundantly on carnation leaves. Sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed; sporodochial phialides subulate to subcylindrical, 10 – 20 × 3 – 4 µm, smooth- and thin-walled. Sporodochial macroconidia slender, falcate, slightly curved with almost parallel sides tapering slightly towards both ends, with a papillate to hooked, curved apical cell and a blunt to foot-like basal cell, 1 - septate, rarely 2 - septate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (16.2 –) 17.5 – 19.5 (– 22.2) × (3.0 –) 3.5 – 4.0 (– 4.3) µm. Aerial conidiophores often reduced to single monophialides. Chlamydospores intercalary, solitary or in short chains, globose to ellipsoid. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 4 – 4.5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelia dense, colony margin entire, surface and reverse white. Colonies on PDA reaching 2.5 – 3 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse peach. Colonies on SNA reaching 3 – 3.5 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white; odour absent.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCF826FAFA8EB8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: USA, California, Salinas, from air sampling, collection date and collector unknown (holotype CBS H- 25447, culture ex-type CBS 110139 = FRC E- 0010). Additional material examined: Germany, on rotting fruit of Solanum lycopersicum (≡ Lycopersicon esculentum), 1955, R. Schneider, culture CBS 119875 = BBA 62195 = MRC 1652.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB2FFBCF826FAFA8EB8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Schroers et al. (2009) treated B. salinasense as Fusarium sp. 1. This species is phylogenetically similar but clearly differentiated from B. penicilloides and B. phloginum, differing by 61 bp (ITS 2, rpb 2 17, tef 1 16, and tub 2 26 bp) and 47 bp (ITS 2, rpb 2 8, tef 1 27. and tub 2 10 bp), respectively, in the combined four locus dataset. Compared to other Bisifusarium species, both B. salinasense and B. penicilloides are characterized by relatively slow growth on PDA (Schroers et al. 2009, Savary et al. 2021 and this study). Bisifusarium salinasense and B. penicilloides differ in their macroconidial size and septation, averaging 18.4 × 3.7 µm and 1 - septate in B. salinasense vs av. 6.5 × 2.7 µm and aseptate in B. penicilloides (Savary et al. 2021). Bisifusarium salinasense is distinguished from B. phloginum, by its slightly longer and wider macroconidia [(16.2 –) 17.5 – 19.5 (– 22.2) × (3.0 –) 3.5 – 4.0 (– 4.3) µm vs (13.6 –) 15.5 – 18.0 (– 20.9) × (2.0 –) 2.3 – 2.8 (– 3.0) µm in B. phloginum], and by its often white colonies, compared to pale orange in B. phloginum.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB0FCFDF946FD3688F8.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Name refers to Sechium, the host genus from which it was isolated.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB0FCFDF946FD3688F8.taxon	description	Sporodochia greyish orange, formed abundantly on carnation leaves. Sporodochial conidiophores verticillately branched and densely packed; sporodochial phialides subulate to subcylindrical, 13 – 17 × 3 – 4 µm, smooth- and thin-walled. Sporodochial macroconidia slender, falcate, slightly curved with almost parallel sides tapering slightly towards both ends, with a papillate to hooked, curved apical cell and a blunt to poorly developed foot-like basal cell, aseptate, hyaline, smooth- and thin-walled, (7.3 –) 8.0 – 11.0 (– 13.0) × (1.8 –) 2.0 – 2.5 (– 3.0) µm; aerial microconidia forming small false heads on tips of mono- and polyphialides, hyaline, ellipsoid to falcate, partially club-shaped, smooth- and thin-walled, aseptate, (4.4 –) 5.0 – 6.5 (– 7.0) × (1.5 –) 1.8 – 2.0 (– 2.3) µm. Chlamydospores not observed. Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 4 – 4.5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelia dense, colony margin entire, surface and reverse white. Colonies on PDA reaching 3.5 – 4 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white. Colonies on SNA reaching 3.5 – 4 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white; odour absent.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB0FCFDF946FD3688F8.taxon	materials_examined	Typus: Mexico, Colima, from Sechium edule, 31 Oct. 2008, M. de J. Yáñez-Morales (holotype CBS H- 25449, culture ex-type CBS 153536 = CPC 16016).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFFFFB0FCFDF946FD3688F8.taxon	discussion	Notes: Bisifusarium sechiicola is morphologically and phylogenetically close to B. allantoides (macroconidia 9.5 – 23.6 × 2.72 – 4.1 µm, av. 12.41 × 3.2 µm; Savaray et al. 2021), from which it differs by its smaller macroconidia, and white colonies on PDA, whereas those of B. allantoides are pale orange. Additionally, both species differ by 58 bp in the four loci dataset (ITS 3, rpb 2 22, tef 1 24, and tub 2 9 bp).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFFDFFBFFFBCFE86FE2C8B18.taxon	description	Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 5.5 – 6 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelia dense, colony margin entire, surface and reverse white. Colonies on PDA reaching 7 – 8 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelia dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white. Colonies on SNA reaching 6 – 6.4 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelia scant, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white; pigment and odour absent. Material examined: Australia, cultivated soil, collection date and collector unknown, isol. L. Burgess, F 7749, culture CBS 110318 = FRC E- 0300 = NRRL 36191. Notes: Bisifusarium sp. 1 was originally assigned to Fusarium sp. 3 by Schroers et al. (2009) and it is closely related to B. lovelliae (Tan & Shivas 2023 a). Both lineages have identical ITS sequences, while rpb 2 sequences are not available for Bisifusarium sp. 1. Both taxa differ by 51 bp in the combined alignment (tef 1 39, and tub 2 12 bp). Morphologically, Bisifusarium sp. 1 differs from its closest phylogenetic relatives (B. delphinoides, B. lovelliae and B. nectrioides) by the absence of microconidia, and its often well-developed macroconidial foot cells.	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
71538795FFF2FFBFFF4CFCA6FE188FF8.taxon	description	Culture characteristics: Colonies in the dark for 7 d at 25 ° C: on OA reaching 6 – 6.5 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin entire, surface and reverse brownish orange. Colonies on PDA reaching 7.5 – 8 cm diam., raised, aerial mycelium dense, colony margin erose, surface and reverse white, pale brown in centre. Colonies on SNA reaching 6.5 – 7 cm diam., flat, aerial mycelium scant, colony margin erose, snowflake-like, surface and reverse white; odour absent. Material examined: India, Gijarat, Ahmedabad, from human cornea, collection date and collector unknown, culture CBS 135686. Notes: Bisifusarium sp. 2 is phylogenetically closely related to but different from B. dimerum by 51 bp in the combined alignment (ITS 9, and rpb 2 42 bp, while tef 1 and tub 2 sequences are not available for the novel lineage). Morphologically, Bisifusarium sp. 2 is characterized by its wider macroconidia (width up to 3.3 µm in Bisifusarium sp. 2 in comparison to less than 3 µm wide in B. dimerum). Furthermore, conidia of Bisifusarium sp. 2 are mostly aseptate, while those of B. dimerum are 1 - septate, and Bisifusarium sp. 2 lacks chlamydospores and microconidia in culture (Schoers et al. 2009).	en	Zhang, K., Sandoval-Denis, M., Kandemir, H., Yilmaz, N., Groenewald, J. Z., Yáñez-Morales, M. de J., Wingfield, M. J., Crous, P. W. (2025): Taxonomic revision of Bisifusarium (Nectriaceae). Persoonia 54 (1): 197-223, DOI: 10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06, URL: https://doi.org/10.3114/persoonia.2025.54.06
