identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
771087E8C94CFFE5FF40FBD247167F71.text	771087E8C94CFFE5FF40FBD247167F71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe longa Malmgren 1865	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PHOLOE LONGA (O.F. MULLER €, 1776) </p>
            <p>FIGS 1 – 4</p>
            <p> Aphrodita longa O.F. M uller €, 1776: 218; Fabricius, 1780: 313 – 314. </p>
            <p> Pholoe longa Malmgren, 1865: 89 , pl. XI, fig. 13a – c (part); Pettibone, 1992: 4 – 6, fig. 1 a – j (part). </p>
            <p> Pholoe minuta Pettibone, 1954: 229 – 231 , fig. 26f. (part). </p>
            <p>Neotype: Near Ilulissat: 69 ° 29.766N, 50 ° 38.520W, depth 6 – 8 m, 6 June 2009, formalin, complete specimen (ZMUC-POL-2404).</p>
            <p>
                 Non-type material:   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.0005221/lat 39.000034)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.0005221&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.000034">North Atlantic Ocean</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.0005221/lat 39.000034)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.0005221&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.000034">Western</a>
                 Greenland:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.0005221/lat 39.000034)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.0005221&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.000034">Bay</a>
                 NW of Dundas: 76 ° 34 0 0 ″ N 68 ° 50 0 12 ″ W, 14-Aug-1982, depth 13 m, clay, sand, formalin, 1 af (ZMUC-POL-2363);  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.0005221/lat 39.000034)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.0005221&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.000034">Tasiusak</a>
                 , N of Upernavik: 73 ° 22 0 54.72 ″ N 55 ° 58 0 58.92 ″ W, 13-Aug-1931, depth 10 – 18 m, formalin, 1 complete, 6 af (ZMUC-POL-2377); E  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.0005221/lat 39.000034)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.0005221&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.000034">Upernavik</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.0005221/lat 39.000034)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.0005221&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.000034">Harbour</a>
                 : 72 ° 47 0 20.43 ″ N 56 ° 08 0 54.71 ″ W, 17-Jun-1936, depth 24 m, sand, formalin, 1 af (ZMUC-POL-2373); Upernavik, Harbour: 72 ° 39 0 00.13 ″ N 56 ° 02 0 01.88 ″ W, 05-Jul-1936, depth 22 m, sand, formalin: 1 complete, 3 af (ZMUC- POL-2371), 3 af (ZMUC-POL-2372), depth 13 m, 3 af (ZMUC-POL-2365), depth 24 m, 3 complete, 14 af (ZMUC-POL-2368), depth 34 m, 1 complete (ZMUC- POL-2376), depth 10 – 30 m, 2 af (USNM 62044)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.366665/lat 69.0)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.0">Kronprinsens Ejland</a>
                 , Disko Bay: 69 ° N 53 ° 22 0 W, 20- Jul-1978, depth 6 m, sand, formalin, 6 af (ZMUC- POL-2369)  ;   near  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.642/lat 69.4961)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.642&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.4961">Ilulissat</a>
                 : 69 ° 29.766N 50 ° 38.520W, depth 6 – 8 m, 6-Jun-2009, formalin, 27 af (SMF 24089)  ;  same area, depth about 15 m, formalin, 2 af (ZSRO-P2396) ;  69 ° 20.624N 50 ° 54.985W, depth 6 – 8 m, mixed sediment, 6-Jun-2009, formalin: 6 complete, 1 af (ZMH-P 27776) ,  many specimens (ZSRO-P2393) ,  1 af (ZMH-P 27772) ,  1 af (ZMH-P 27773) ,  18 af (ZSRO-P2399) ,  96% ethanol, 40 af (ZSRO-P2383) ;  69 ° 15.249N 51 ° 2.822W, eulittoral, 5- Jun-2009, formalin: 2 af (ZSRO-P2389) ,  3 af (SMF 24090) ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -53.533333/lat 14.013889)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-53.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.013889">Godhavn</a>
                 , 69 ° 14 0 50 ″ N 53 ° 32 0 W, 19-Jul-1977, depth 50 m, coarse gravel with clay, formalin, 2 juveniles, 18 af (USNM 62046)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -34.001667/lat 14.016111)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-34.001667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.016111">Lyngmarksbugt</a>
                 , Godhavn, 69 ° 14 0 58 ″ N 53 ° 34 0 06 ″ W, 28-Aug-1959, depth 35 – 38 m, clay, mud, detritus, formalin, 7 af (USNM 62045)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.07082/lat 69.23562)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.07082&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.23562">Jacobshavn</a>
                 (Ilulissat): south of airfield: 69 ° 14.1372N 51 ° 4.2492W, eulittoral, mud, influenced by meltwater, 8-Jun-2009, 96% ethanol, 1 af (SMF 24088)  ;  69 ° 13 0 18 ″ N 51 ° 06 0 55 ″ W, 7-Aug-1870, depth 64 m, clay, formalin, 2 af (USNM 59928) ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.00528/lat 42.010563)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.00528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.010563">Aasiaat</a>
                 (Egedesminde): 68 ° 42 0 38.03 ″ N 52 ° 52 0 19 ″ W, 20-October-1890, formalin: 4 complete, 8 af (ZMUC- POL-2366), 4 af (USNM 62041)  ,  year 1891, 56 specimen (ZMUC-POL-2367), year 1892, 6 af (USNM 62042) ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.5/lat 67.53333)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.53333">Nordre Stromfjord</a>
                 : 67 ° 32 0 N 52 ° 30 0 W, year 1911, depth 21 – 41 m, formalin, 1 complete, 2 af (ZMUC-POL-2370)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.00095/lat 10.0083475)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.00095&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.0083475">Nuuk</a>
                 (Godthab): 64 ° 10 0 30.05 ″ N 51 ° 45 0 03.42 ″ W, 01-Sep-1953, depth 9 m, sand, formalin, 2 af (ZMUC-POL-2364)  ;   near  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.6868/lat 62.011818)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.6868&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.011818">Paamiut</a>
                 : 62 ° 0.709N 49 ° 41.208W, eulittoral, 12-Jun-2009, sand between stones, gravel, macrophyta, formalin, 1 complete (ZSRO-P2391)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -22.004168/lat 54.016388)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-22.004168&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.016388">Bredefjord</a>
                 : 60 ° 54 0 59 ″ N 46 ° 22 0 15 ″ W, 26-Aug-1912, gravel with dead algae, depth 10 – 15 m, formalin: 5 af (ZMUC-POL-2374), 1 af (ZMUC-POL-2375), 1 complete (USNM 62043)  . 
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            <p>Diagnosis: Specimens white with no pigment discernible; mid-dorsum not completely covered by elytra; elytral papillae usually articulated; facial tubercle present; lateral antenna absent; notopodium with short row of large simple papillae along its anterior and posterior edge, neuropodium with several terminal papillae (stylodes); neurochaetae heterogomph compound chaetae with distinctly serrated blades.</p>
            <p>Description: Neotype complete specimen (fragmented into two parts) with 47 chaetigers, about 10.6 mm in length and 1.7 mm wide. Examined specimens 6.2 – 16.3 mm long and 0.9 – 2.5 mm wide; specimen with most chaetigers, 77 chaetigers, 27.6 mm long, 2.1 mm wide. Body short, linear, depressed; ventral surface papillate with longitudinal groove. Mid-dorsum not covered by elytra (Figs 1A, 2A, 3A – B). First pair of elytra rounded (Figs 1A, E, 3B, 4C), in succeeding segments reniform (Figs 1B, F – H, 4D), in posterior segments becoming rounded again; segments without elytra with nodular lobes in the position of elytrophores; each elytron with short marginal papillae, also some papillae distributed over the dorsal elytral surface, in particular in anterior elytra (Fig. 1A, B, E – H); elytral papillae usually articulated (Figs 2D, E, 3C, D), in posterior segments with broad base and long, articulated, thin tip; elytral surface without pigment (Fig. 3A).</p>
            <p>Prostomium with smooth, distally tapering median antenna without articulations (Figs 1B, 2B, 3B); lateral antenna absent; with two pairs of closely set, black eyes, sometimes anterior and posterior pair of eyes fused. Facial tubercle distinct, located below the median antenna and above the mouth (Figs 1B, 2A, B, 3B). Tentacular segment achaetous, with two pairs of tentacular cirri rising from a tentaculophore, dorsal and ventral tentacular cirrus cirriform with few simple papillae (Figs 1B, 2B). Palps massive, tapering (Figs 1B, 2B).</p>
            <p>Parapodia biramous, proximoventrally with numerous simple short papillae (Figs 1C, D, 4A, B); notopodium short, of conical shape at the end, without distinct terminal papillae, row of large simple papillae along its anterior and posterior edge (Figs 1C, D, 4A, B); neuropodium tapering, longer than notopodium, with numerous simple papillae mainly anteriorly and ventrally distributed over the surface, also several terminal papillae (stylodes) present (Figs 1C, D, 4A, B); cirriform ventral cirrus present on neuropodia, ventral cirrus almost doubled in size and anteriorly oriented at first chaetiger (the so-called buccal cirrus), otherwise laterally oriented. Both podial lobes bearing single stout aciculae that penetrate epidermis (Fig. 1C, D); notopodium with long, spinous capillaries and short, geniculate, spinous capillaries (Figs 1J, L, 2H, I); neurochaetae compound falcigerous, heterogomph chaetae with distinct serrations of the blade and fine serrations at the tip of the shaft (Figs 1K, 2G, 3C); blade length variable, usually longest in superior neurochaetae and shortest in inferior neurochaetae.</p>
            <p>Pygidium with pair of cirriform anal cirri (Fig. 1I), anus dorsal.</p>
            <p>Pigmentation: Specimens white with no pigment discernible (Fig. 3); sometimes with ‘rusty’, orange-coloured cover on the elytra that can be brushed off.</p>
            <p>Biology: Specimens from station 28 (collected on 6 June 2009, north of Ilulissat) ovigerous. Eggs ovoid, 100 – 155 lm long, about 80 – 100 lm wide.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution (assessment based on molecular data, see following chapters of the present paper): All along the west coast of Greenland; Canada, in Bay of Fundy, Hudson Bay, and Resolute Bay; Bering Sea (Alaska).</p>
            <p> Remarks: The designated neotype was not collected at the presumed type locality as material from this exact location was not in very good condition. We selected a well-preserved complete specimen from another sampling location in West Greenland.  Pholoe longa is large in comparison with other  Pholoe spp. from the North Atlantic or the North Pacific. It is characterized by its white appearance, the absence of pigment on the prostomium or other parts of the body, the absence of lateral antenna, a mid-dorsum uncovered by the elytra, articulated elytral papillae, a notopodium with a short row of large simple papillae along its anterior and posterior edge, a neuropodium with several terminal papillae (stylodes), distinctly serrated blades of the compound neurochaetae, and the presence of a facial tubercle. The latter is usually easily seen if specimens are stained with methyl green; problems to detect it have only been encountered when the pharynx was everted. </p>
            <p> The material that the redescription of  P. longa by Pettibone (1992) was based upon has been examined in the course of the present study and its identity was confirmed; however, the description provided by the author was incorrect in parts. Most importantly, the presence of lateral antenna could not be confirmed and the size of the facial tubercle is incorrectly reflected in the illustrations. Relying on the correct labelling of the vials of lot USNM 06046, the specimens illustrated by Pettibone (1992) are recognized as juveniles. The presence of the lateral antenna in  P. longa was quoted in succeeding publications (e.g. Jirkov, 2001; Padovanni &amp; Amaral, 2013), but is incorrect. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771087E8C94CFFE5FF40FBD247167F71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Meißner, Karin;Bick, Andreas;Götting, Miriam	Meißner, Karin, Bick, Andreas, Götting, Miriam (2017): Arctic Pholoe (Polychaeta: Pholoidae): when integrative taxonomy helps to sort out barcodes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (2): 237-262, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12468, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12468
771087E8C94FFFE4FEA0F96C41287FCC.text	771087E8C94FFFE4FEA0F96C41287FCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pholoe minuta (Fabricius 1780)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> PHOLOE MINUTA (FABRICIUS, 1780)</p>
            <p>FIGS 5 – 8</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771087E8C94FFFE4FEA0F96C41287FCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Meißner, Karin;Bick, Andreas;Götting, Miriam	Meißner, Karin, Bick, Andreas, Götting, Miriam (2017): Arctic Pholoe (Polychaeta: Pholoidae): when integrative taxonomy helps to sort out barcodes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (2): 237-262, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12468, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12468
771087E8C94FFFF2FF0CF920469A7C04.text	771087E8C94FFFF2FF0CF920469A7C04.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aphrodita minuta Fabricius 1780	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Aphrodita minuta Fabricius, 1780: 314 – 315 . </p>
            <p> ?  Pholoe minuta Augener, 1928: 673 . </p>
            <p>Neotype: Paamiut, south of airfield, 62 ° 0.551 0 N, 49 ° 40.555 0 W, 10 June 2009, depth 2 m, sand and mud, formalin: complete specimen (ZMUC-POL-2405).</p>
            <p>
                  Non-type material:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.642/lat 69.49627)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.642&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.49627">North Atlantic Ocean</a>
                 , Western Greenland: Pakitsup ilordlia, near meltwater runoff, 69 ° 29.776 N 50 ° 38.520 W, 06-Jun-09, depth 6 – 8 m, formalin: 25 af (ZMH-P 27771)  ,  4 af (ZSRO-P2400) ,  depth 15 m, formalin: 18 af (ZSRO-P2397) ,  96% ethanol: 8 complete, 7 af (SMF 24085) ,  4 complete, 2 af (ZSRO-P2385) ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.916416/lat 69.343735)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.916416&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.343735">Kangersuneq bay</a>
                 , N of Rodebay, 69 ° 20.624N 50 ° 54.985W, 06-Jun-09, depth 6 – 8 m, formalin: 16 af (ZMH-P 27775)  ,  5 af (SMF 24092) ,  1 af (ZSRO-P2394) ,  96% ethanol: 2 complete, 2 af (ZSRO-P2384) ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.047035/lat 69.25415)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.047035&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.25415">Ilulissat</a>
                 , N of airfield, 69 ° 15.249 N 51 ° 2.822 W, 05-Jun-09, eulittoral, formalin: 5 af (ZSRO-P2390)  ,  35 af (ZSRO-P2398) ,  96% ethanol: 6 complete, 18 af (ZSRO-P2382) ,  S of airfield, 69 ° 14.137 N 51 ° 4.2494 W, 08-Jun-09, eulittoral, mud, influenced by meltwater, formalin: 9 complete, 2 af (SMF 24091) ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.6868/lat 62.011818)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.6868&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.011818">Aasiaat</a>
                 (Egedesminde), 68 ° 42.634 N 52 ° 52.310 W, year 1890, formalin: 1 complete (ZMUC-POL-2362); Paamiut, S of airfield, 62 ° 0.709 N 49 ° 41.208 W, 11-Jun-09, eulittoral, sandy mud, formalin: 4 af (ZSRO-P2388)  ,   12-Jun-09, eulittoral, sand between stones, gravel,  Fucus , formalin: 19 af (ZMH-P 27770)  ,  96% ethanol: 1 complete, 3 af (ZSRO-P2386) ;   62 ° 0.623 N 49 ° 41.075 W, 12-Jun-09, eulittoral, sand,  Arenicola , formalin: 11 complete, 4 af (ZMH-P 27777)  ;  62 ° 0.623 N 49 ° 41.208 W, 12-Jun- 09, mixed sediment, 96% ethanol: 7 af (ZMH-P 27769) ;  62 ° 0.551 N 49 ° 40.555 W, 10-Jun-09, depth 2 m, sand and mud, formalin: 7 complete, 6 af (ZSRO-P2395) ,  96% ethanol: 2 complete, 3 af (ZMHP 27768) ;   near  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.419716/lat 61.834316)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.419716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.834316">Paamiut</a>
                 , Iluilarssuk ^, type locality, 61 ° 50.059N 49 ° 25.183W, 14-Jun-09, eulittoral, rock pool influenced by meltwater, formalin: 1 complete (ZSRO-P2392)  ,  96% ethanol: 1 complete (ZSROP2387) . 
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            <p>Diagnosis: Specimens brownish or greenish, with partially black-bordered light-yellow spot in the centre of the elytra; mid-dorsum usually completely covered by elytra or sometimes narrow gap left uncovered along the dorsal midline; elytra undulated, elytral papillae usually not articulated; facial tubercle absent; lateral antenna absent; neurochaetae heterogomph compound chaetae with finely serrated blades.</p>
            <p>Description: Neotype complete specimen (without anal cirri) with 43 chaetigers, about 8.5 mm in length and 1.5 mm wide. Examined specimens were 4 – 18 mm long and 0.8 – 1.7 mm wide; large specimen with 56 chaetigers, 16 mm long, 1.7 mm wide. Body short, linear, depressed; ventral surface papillate with longitudinal groove. Mid-dorsum usually completely covered by elytra, sometimes narrow gap left uncovered along the dorsal midline (Figs 5A, C, 7A); often elytra slightly ruffled (Fig. 6A, H). First pair of elytra rounded (Figs 5A, D, 8C), in succeeding segments reniform (Figs 5B, I, J, 8D), in posterior segments becoming rounded again; segments without elytra with nodular lobes in the position of elytrophores; each elytron with short marginal papillae, also some papillae distributed over the dorsal elytral surface, in particular in anterior elytra and close to the posterior and lateral margins (Figs 5A, D, I, J, 8C – D); elytral papillae usually not articulated, sometimes appearing pseudoarticulated (Figs 6G, I, 8C, D); elytral surface often pigmented (see below, under pigmentation; Fig. 7A).</p>
            <p>Prostomium with smooth, distally tapering median antenna without articulations (Figs 5A, B, 7B); lateral antenna absent; with two pairs of closely set, black eyes, sometimes anterior and posterior pair of eyes fused (Figs 5A, B, 7B). Facial tubercle absent (Figs 6A, C, 7B). Tentacular segment achaetous, with two pairs of tentacular cirri rising from a tentaculophore, dorsal and ventral tentacular cirrus cirriform with few simple papillae (Fig. 6C). Palps massive, tapering (Figs 5A, B, 6C).</p>
            <p>Parapodia biramous, proximoventrally with numerous simple short papillae (Figs 5E, K, 8A, B); notopodium short, of conical shape at the end, without distinct terminal papillae, simple papillae along its anterior and posterior edge arranged in an irregular row (Figs 5E, K, 6D, 8A, B); neuropodium tapering, longer than notopodium, with numerous simple papillae distributed mainly anteriorly and ventrally over the surface, few inconspicous terminal papillae present (Figs 5E, K, 6D, 8A, B); cirriform ventral cirrus present on neuropodia, ventral cirrus at first chaetiger (so-called buccal cirrus) anteriorly oriented and slightly larger than on other chaetigers, otherwise laterally oriented. Both podial lobes bearing single stout aciculae that penetrate epidermis (Fig. 5E, K); notopodium with long, spinous capillaries and short, geniculate, spinous capillaries (Figs 5G, H, 6E, J); neurochaetae compound falcigerous, heterogomph chaetae with fine serrations of the blade and few serrations at the tip of the shaft (Figs 5F, 6F, 7C); blade length variable, usually longest in superior neurochaetae and shortest in inferior neurochaetae.</p>
            <p>Pygidium with pair of cirriform anal cirri (Fig. 5C), anus dorsal.</p>
            <p>Pigmentation: Specimens with greenish to brownish pigment at the base of the antenna and tentacular cirri, anteriorly on the dorsum, on the ventral surface, and around the elytrophores; elytra of the same colour, with partially black-bordered light-yellow spot in the centre, where the elytron is attached below to the elytrophore (Fig. 7A); sometimes with ‘rusty’, orange-coloured cover on the elytra that can be brushed off (Fig. 7A). Pigment preserves well in 96% ethanol, but degrades in specimens originally preserved in formalin and later kept in 70% ethanol.</p>
            <p>Biology: Specimens from station 31 (collected on 5 June 2009, north of Ilulissat) ovigerous. Eggs ovoid, 90 – 130 lm long, about 60 – 110 lm wide.</p>
            <p>Geographical distribution (assessment based on molecular data, see following chapters of the present paper): West coast of Greenland, Hudson Bay (Canada).</p>
            <p> Remarks: The designated neotype was collected near Paamiut, not far from the exact position of the presumed type locality.  Pholoe minuta is characterized by its greenish to brownish colour, with a light-yellow spot in the centre of the elytra, often ruffled elytra that usually cover the dorsum completely, the unarticulated elytral papillae, the absence of lateral antenna, the finely serrated blades of the compound neurochaetae, and the absence of a facial tubercle. The most recent taxonomic account of  P. minuta , a literature review by Padovanni &amp; Amaral (2013), listed some general morphological features of the species that are probably not sufficient for species identification. Comparing our results with characters listed by Padovanni &amp; Amaral (2013) we can neither confirm that elytral papillae are distinctly annulated nor that they become larger towards the posterior region. The geographical distribution ranging from the Arctic to South Africa reported in the same publication seems doubtful. Currently the distributional range of the species can only be discussed by also considering information from genetic data (see Discussion). </p>
            <p>GENETIC ANALYSES</p>
            <p>Revision of archived sequence data</p>
            <p> We retrieved all publicly available  Pholoe sequences for COI, 16S, and 18S from GenBank and BOLD, and aligned those with our sequences obtained for  P. longa and  P. minuta from the species’ type localities. The COI alignment revealed that eight haplotypes deposited under  P. minuta belong instead to  P. longa , whereas 15 haplotypes tentatively archived under  Pholoe sp. belong to  P. minuta (Table 2). The COI sequence of a specimen identified as  P. baltica (Psp38, AY839585; Wiklund et al., 2005) showed a closer relationship to  P. pallida (Psp39, AY894318; Struck et al., 2005) than to other haplotypes identified as  P. baltica by Carr et al. (2011) and Hardy et al. (2011). Also considering clade affiliation (see below), we suggest referring to the latter as  Pholoe sp. I and to Psp38 and Psp39 as  Pholoe sp. IV for the present. Furthermore, the identities of 22 haplotypes belonging to at least five other  Pholoe species (II, VI, VII, VIII, and IX) remain currently unknown (Table 2). Likewise, the 16S and 18S sequences deposited for  P. baltica and  P. pallida (Struck et al., 2005; Wiklund et al., 2005; Worsaae et al., 2005; Norlinder et al., 2012) should preferably be referred to as  Pholoe sp. until the identities of these species are reliably fixed (see below). </p>
            <p>Phylogenetic relationships in mitochondrial proteincoding COI</p>
            <p> For the COI alignment, all available  Pholoe sequences deposited in GenBank and BOLD (Table 2) were combined with the data obtained in the present study. This resulted in 588 aligned nucleotides from 142 individuals (65 haplotypes), and included sequences from eight sites. For the alignment with the outgroup taxa the sequences were shortened to 576 nucleotides. Intraspecific distances in  P. longa and  P. minuta were 1.2 and 1.6%, respectively, and between those two taxa the distance ranged from 26.3 to 28.2% (Table 3). The lowest interspecific distances (11.9%) were found between  P. longa and two GenBank sequences of ‘  P. baltica ’ (AY839585; Wiklund et al., 2005) and ‘  P. pallida ’ (AY894318; Struck et al., 2005), and the highest (30.2%) were found between  P. minuta and haplotype Psp8 (clade VIII; Table 3), an unidentified individual from St Andrews (Canada; HQ024191; Carr et al., 2011). Phylogenetic analysis revealed 204 parsimony-informative characters in the alignment (35%), and 180 equally parsimonious trees (623 evolutionary steps) were used for tree reconstruction. Tree reconstructions (Fig. 9) identified nine clades supported by significant consensus indices: clade I comprises haplotypes identified as ‘  P. baltica ’ (Carr et al., 2011; Hardy et al., 2011), originating from sampling sites in Russia and North America. Clades II and IX include unidentified haplotypes from North American sites (Carr et al., 2011), and are sisters to clades III and IV. Clade III combines the Greenlandic  P. longa haplotypes of the present study with individuals that were identified as  P. minuta from North America (Carr et al., 2011). Two of the haplotypes found from Greenlandic populations were identical to haplotypes from Churchill (Canada; Carr et al., 2011), whereas the other two were exclusive to Kangersuneq Bay (Greenland). The sister clade IV consists of ‘  P. baltica ’ (AY839585; Wiklund et al., 2005) and ‘  P. pallida ’ haplotypes from European populations (AY894318; Struck et al., 2005). In clade V, the largest group, Greenlandic  P. minuta haplotypes are combined with unidentified haplotypes from Churchill (Canada; Carr et al., 2011). Four new haplotypes for  P. minuta were found in the Greenlandic populations of Ilulissat and Paamiut; three individuals from these sites had the same and very common haplotype HH9. Clades VI, VII, and VIII consist of haplotypes identified as  Pholoe sp. from the sampling sites at Churchill (clade VI) and St Andrews (clades VII and VIII) in Canada (Carr et al., 2011). </p>
            <p> The amplified COI fragment translated into 196 amino acids, and  Pholoe species were divided into three clades based on four variable residues (Fig. 9). One clade is composed of ‘  P. baltica ’ based on Ser at positions 88 and 108,  Ala at position 107, and  Ile at position 164. In the second clade,  P. longa was grouped with GenBank ‘  P. pallida ’ and ‘  P. baltica ’, and with an unknown species of clade II. This clade differs from the ‘  P. baltica ’ clade by an  Ala (position 108) and Val (position 164).  Pholoe minuta is included in a third clade together with unknown species of nucleotide clades VI, VII, and VIII, based on  Ala (position 88), Ser (positions 107 and 108), and  Ile (position 164). Outgroup taxa, representing the ancestral state, had Ser at position 88, Ser or  Ala at position 107 and 108, and  Ile at position 164. Analysis of the partial COI sequences for selection revealed only negatively selected sites in  Pholoe . </p>
            <p>Genetic diversity in mitochondrial 16S</p>
            <p> The alignment of 16S combined 29 sequences with 316 bp from five species (  P. minuta ,  P. longa , ‘  P. baltica ’, ‘  P. pallida ’, and  Pholoe sp. ), resulting in 11 haplotypes. After alignment of  Pholoe spp. with the outgroup, the alignment contained 343 bp.  Pholoe minuta is represented by three haplotypes (HH16 – 19; Table 1; p-distance 0.3 – 0.6 %; Table 3), Species ID </p>
            <p>Species ID (according to Sampling location</p>
            <p>Haplotype (according to original GenBank/BOLD according to code present study) reference) accession no. reference Reference</p>
            <p>COI</p>
            <p> Pm1  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta GU 672255 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Pm2  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta HQ 024187 St Andrews (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Pm3  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta GU 672371 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Pm4  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta GU 672311 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Pm5  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta HM 473782 Bering Sea (USA) Carr et al. (2011) Pm6  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta GU 672206 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Pm7  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta HQ 024186 St Andrews (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Pm8  Pholoe longa (III) Pholoe minuta HM 473781 Bering Sea (USA) Carr et al. (2011) Psp1  Pholoe sp. (VII)  Pholoe sp. HQ024188 St Andrews (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp2  Pholoe sp. (IX)  Pholoe sp. HM473783 Bering Sea (USA) Carr et al. (2011) Psp3  Pholoe sp. (VII)  Pholoe sp. HQ024189 St Andrews (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp4  Pholoe sp. (VII)  Pholoe sp. HQ024190 St Andrews (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp5  Pholoe sp. (II)  Pholoe sp. HQ932539 Bamfield (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp6  Pholoe sp. (II)  Pholoe sp. HQ932568 Haida Gwaii (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp7  Pholoe sp. (II)  Pholoe sp. HM473560 Bamfield (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp8  Pholoe sp. (VIII)  Pholoe sp. HQ024191 St Andrews (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp9  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. GU672236 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp10  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023713 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp11  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ938306 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp12  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ938307 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp13  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023716 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp14  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023726 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp15  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. GU672247 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp16  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023718 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp17  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. GU672186 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp18  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. N /A Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp19  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023723 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp20  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023728 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp21  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023717 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp22  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023722 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp23  Pholoe minuta (V)  Pholoe sp. HQ023714 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp24  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023712 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp25  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. GU672136 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp26  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. GU672203 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp27  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023707 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp28  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. GU672211 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp29  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023702 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp30  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023692 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp31  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. GU672246 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp32  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023697 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp33  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023693 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp34  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023701 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp35  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. GU672210 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp36  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. GU672248 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp37  Pholoe sp. (VI)  Pholoe sp. HQ023699 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Psp38  Pholoe sp. (IV)  Pholoe baltica AY 839585 Koster Area (Sweden) Wiklund et al. (2005) Psp39  Pholoe sp. (IV)  Pholoe pallida AY 894318 Trondheim (Norway) Struck et al. (2005) Pb1  Pholoe sp. (I)  Pholoe baltica GU 672253 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) Pb2  Pholoe sp. (I)  Pholoe baltica HQ 561101 Churchill (Canada) Carr et al. (2011) The following haplotypes were identical to haplotypes sampled in this study: Psp13 = HH9; Pm6 = HH7; and Pm3 = HH8. Roman numerals given in parentheses in the second column refer to the clades in Figure 9. </p>
            <p> whereas all  P. longa sequences had the same haplotype (HH18; Table 1).  Pholoe minuta and  P. longa differed by 13.1% from each other. Interestingly, the  Pholoe sp. individual from the North Sea (HH10) had the same haplotype as ‘  P. pallida ’ from Norlin- der et al. (2012), but was by 15.9% different from the ‘  P. baltica ’ (AY839585) of the same study. In the phylogenetic analyses,  P. minuta was placed as a sister to a clade with specimens provisionally determined as  Pholoe sp. , and  P. longa was sister to a clade consisting of ‘  P. baltica ’ and  Pholoe sp. sequences (Fig. S1). The haplotype shared by HH10 and ‘  P. pallida ’ (JN852912; Norlinder et al., 2012) was placed as a sister to the other clades. </p>
            <p>Genetic diversity in nuclear 18S</p>
            <p> The 18S alignment resulted in 462 nucleotides from 36 sequences of five species (  P. minuta ,  P. longa , ‘  P. baltica ’, ‘  P. pallida ’, and  Pholoe sp. ). Only three haplotypes were found, with HH21 (Table 1) being the most common 18S haplotype (N = 34). All  P. minuta and  P. longa sequences shared this haplotype, and thus no species-specific differences were found between both species. Furthermore, two ‘  P. baltica ’ (AY176301 and AY839573) and four individuals assigned to  Pholoe sp. from North Sea sites (this study) showed this haplotype. Sequences of ‘  P. pallida ’ (AY894318) and HH20 (  Pholoe sp. ; Table 1) had between 0.3 and 0.6% (between three and six substitutions) difference to haplotype HH21, which comprised all other sequences. </p>
            <p>Haplotype networks of COI</p>
            <p> To picture the spatial distribution among  Pholoe haplotypes and to detect the ancestral haplotypes, we constructed haplotype networks from COI sequences. The haplotype network reconstruction of  P. longa (Fig. 10A) included 37 sequences from seven populations. The mean number of polymorphic sites in  P. longa was 3.1 2.3 (Table 4). The results revealed HH8 as the central and ancestral haplotype; 65% (N = 24) of the sequenced individuals had this haplotype, and it was found in five populations from both North American and Greenland. In contrast to the  P. minuta network, a geographic pattern was observed in the  P. longa network (Fig. 10A; Table S2). The haplotypes (Pm2, Pm7, and Pm8) from the Bering Sea (Alaska) and St Andrews (New Brunswick) were clustered together, and were separated from the other haplotypes by sharing one synapomorphy (position 297). Only Pm5 from the Bering Sea showed a closer relationship to haplotype </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/771087E8C94FFFF2FF0CF920469A7C04	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Meißner, Karin;Bick, Andreas;Götting, Miriam	Meißner, Karin, Bick, Andreas, Götting, Miriam (2017): Arctic Pholoe (Polychaeta: Pholoidae): when integrative taxonomy helps to sort out barcodes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (2): 237-262, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12468, URL: https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12468
